CAPTURING ELECTRICITY FROM ATMOSPHERE

It may sound impossible but capturing electricity from the air could be a really good alternative energy source for the future. The idea is not just a pie in the sky but just like the solar energy which is being used now a days, the energy from the atmosphere can also be thought to be a great source of electrical energy. It may be possible to develop collectors, similar to the solar cells that collect the sunlight to produce electricity, to capture hygroelectricity and route it to homes and businesses. Just as solar energy could free some households from paying electric bills, this promising new energy source could have a similar effect. Just as solar cells work best in sunny areas of the world, hygroelectrical panels would work more efficiently in areas with high humidity, such as the northeastern and southeastern United States and the humid tropics. Electricity captured from the air is also known as hygroelectricity.

Need for Renewable Energy

Humans can be curious creatures. They can be amazingly ingenious and creative, capable of putting a man on the moon or building huge and magnificent temples. And yet, when it comes time for their own survival, they can be slow to act and display, at times, a complete head-in-the-sand posture. And so it has been with the world’s energy crises, which continues to grow by leaps and bounds. The response by the civilized world to the impending disaster has been largely to ignore it, hoping it will simply go away. Unfortunately, the problem won’t go away, and is increasingly banging at humanity’s door, demanding attention. The good news is that humans may be finally getting the message and looking at ways to turn around a disastrous trend of burning diminishing fossil fuels, which may fuel the planet now, but cannot be maintained indefinitely. And burning them only ads to the heavy environmental toll they have taken on the planet.

The End Of Fossil Fuel

Oil, natural gas and coal are set to peak and go into decline within the next decade, and no technology can change that. Peaking is a simple concept. We generally exploit natural resources in a bell-shaped curve, with the rate of extraction increasing over time until we reach a peak and then gradually slowing down until we stop using them.

Peak oil is not about "running out of oil"; it's about reaching the peak rate of oil production. It's not the size of the tank that matters, but the size of the tap.

Global PopulationThe future population growth of the world is difficult to predict. Birth rates and death rates can change drastically over the course of time. The United States Census Bureau issued a revised forecast for world population that increased its projection for the year 2050 to above 9.4 billion people (which was the United Nation’s 1996 projection for 2050), up from 9.1 billion people. A new U.S. Census Bureau revision from June 18, 2008 has increased its projections further, to beyond 9.5 billion in 2050.

Demand for EnergyAnd that could only mean a greater need for energy sources, which lately have been fossil fuels. The demand for fossil fuels has been on the rise for decades. Since the advent of the industrial revolution, the worldwide energy consumption has been growing steadily. The 20th century saw a rapid twentyfold increase in the use of fossil fuels — first coal, then oil and gas. Between 1980 and 2004, the worldwide annual growth rate was two per cent. According to the U.S. Energy Information Administration’s breakdown of total energy consumption of 2004, fossil fuels supplied 86 per cent of the world’s energy. Consumption rates can’t continue without cataclysmic results. In one scenario, a disaster triggered by the growing population’s demand for scarce resources will eventually lead to a sudden population crash, or even a Malthusian catastrophe (food shortage).

Global WarmingBurning fossil fuels creates another grave problem: global warming.Is it really happening? Some argue that it is not but that is the head-in-the-sand attitude. Some experts point out the natural cycles in Earth's orbit can alter the planet's exposure to sunlight, which may explain the current trend. Earth has indeed experienced warming and cooling cycles roughly every hundred thousand years due to these orbital shifts, but such changes have occurred over the span of several centuries. Today’s changes have taken place over the past 100 years or less.

Conclusion

Considering all these we can conclude that there is a need to discover alternative sources of energy which can meet our growing need of energy in the future completely. "Renewable energy could provide all global energy needs by 2090," according to the study, entitled "Energy (R)evolution." EREC represents renewable energy industries and trade and research associations in Europe. With solar power looking the only reliable energy source in the future we have to look out for every other alternatives.

Hygro-electricity- the basic principle

The basic principle lies in exploiting the fact that any metal placed in a humid environment develops charge on its surface depending upon the nature of the metal , exposure time, surface area etc. Actually adsorption of water molecules takes place on the surface which is ionized due to the acidic or basic nature of the metal surface. The amount of charge deposited rises steeply with the increase in humidity which is in contrast to our earlier understanding of the phenomenon.

Eletroneutrality principle

Scientists once believed that water droplets in the atmosphere were electrically neutral, and remained so even after coming into contact with the electrical charges on dust particles and droplets of other liquids.This is known as the principle of electroneutrality. But new evidence suggested that water in the atmosphere really does pick up an electrical

charge.This study was not a challenge to the principle of electroneutrality but suggested that water has ion imbalances that could allow it to produce a charge. The principle of electroneutrality states that if you consider the liquid as a whole that the net charge within the liquid will be neutral . The principle does not state that if you subdivide a liquid and only consider a portion of its volume that the charge in that portion has to be neutral.

Evidences towards the new idea

It was observed that sparks of static electricity were formed as steam escaped from boilers. Those who touched the steam even got painful electrical shocks. Experiments were carried out and tiny particles of silica and aluminum phosphate, both common airborne substances, were humidity and aluminum phosphate became more positively charged. Silica or phosphate particles almost certainly have surface charges due to unsatisfied ionic valences at the particle surface. These surfaces are not chemically innocent. In contact with water, they’ll react and split the water into hydroxide (silica) and hydronium (phosphate). The silica particle can become negatively charged thereby, and the aluminum phosphate positively charged. The evidences made it clear that water in the atmosphere can accumulate electrical charges and transfer them to other materials it comes into contact with .

Gameblack’s report

The scientists, from Brazil’s University of Campinas, presented their research Aug. 25 at the 240th National Meeting of the American Chemical Society (ACS) in Boston. “If we know how electricity builds up and spreads in the atmosphere, we can also prevent death and damage caused by lightning strikes,” said Dr. Fernando Galembeck of the University of Campinas, who led the study, in a press release. His team of researchers, who are testing metals to find those that work best in capturing hygroelectricity, envisions placing hygroelectric panels on tops of buildings to remove electric charges in the atmosphere of areas with frequent thunderstorms. In 2009, Dr. Kate Ovchinnikova and Dr. Gerald Pollack of the University of Washington published a paper, confirming that water can store electrical charges. Now, Galembeck’s research provides further evidence suggesting that water droplets in the atmosphere can pick up the charges. “Starting in 1997, my students have been acquiring much information from electron and scanning probe microscopy, revealing unexpected patterns of electric charge distribution on the surfaces of insulators that I (and everyone else, I think) thought to be electroneutral,” Galembeck told

The Epoch Times. “This forced me to review many questions in electrostatics, especially the nature and identity of charge-bearing species. Then, I found statements by distinguished authors in leading journals saying that there are too many knowledge gaps, in this area. After reviewing much recent and old literature (including Schrodinger's doctoral thesis), I started to build and test a model for explaining charge build up on solids and liquids, based on selective adsorption of ions derived from water (OH- and H+).”“These are fascinating ideas that new studies by ourselves and by other scientific teams suggest are now possible,” Galembeck said. “We certainly have a long way to go. But the benefits in the long range of harnessing hygroelectricity could be substantial.”

Mechanism

Isolated metals within Faraday cages spontaneously acquire charge at relative humidity

above 50%: aluminum and chrome-plated brass become negative, stainless steel is

rendered positive, and copper remains almost neutral. Isolated metal charging within

shielded and grounded containers confirms that the atmosphere is an electric charge

reservoir where OH−and H+ ions transfer to gas−solid interfaces, producing net current.

The electricity buildup dependence on humidity, or hygroelectricity, acts simultaneously

but in opposition to the well-known charge dissipation due to the increase in surface

conductance of solids under high humidity. Acknowledging this dual role of humidity

improves the reproducibility of electrostatic experiments.

Behavior of dielectrics

The electrostatic behavior of dielectrics is not well understood, and this is largely due to a

lack of consensus on the nature of species responsible for electrostatic charge buildup and

dissipation. Recent publications provide evidence for the participation of ions and electrons

in electrostatic charging under various conditions. The effect of relative humidity (RH) on

charge buildup and dissipation in dielectrics has been evidenced in recent papers from this

laboratory with an intriguing result: in many systems, charging is faster under high RH than

in dry environments. This is in apparent conflict with common knowledge, according to

which low humidity is conducive to the appearance of static electricity.

The effectiveness of high humidity to eliminate static charging from dielectrics is assigned in

the literature to high surface conductance through thick adsorbed water layers, but this

widespread argument cannot explain the faster charge buildup under high humidity that has

been observed in many systems studied under well-defined conditions.

Experimental facts

This work shows that the exposure of isolated metal samples to water vapor leads to charge

buildup on the metal and presents an explanation based on water ion partitioning at the

air−solid interface. The water vapor effect on metal charging was first observed in this

laboratory during Faraday cup measurements to determine the charge on insulators. Charge

measurements were in turn made to verify observations made in the Kelvin probe scanning

microscope, showing a marked effect of RH on the ubiquitous charge distribution patterns

observed on dielectrics and metals.

There are reports in the literature showing that the corrosion potential of metals changes

when the surrounding humidity increases. However, changing air pressure and humidity

cause a small flow of current (10−13 A) to and from a gold-plated brass electrode

surface, which was assigned to a Nernst voltage change due to metal ions dissolving in the

water layer at the metal surface. However, neither case is currently clearly understood.

Results and Discussion

The electric charge on any isolated metal sample should remain equal to zero after the

sample is grounded, as long as it is kept shielded from external fields except those due to

exposure to high-energy ionizing radiation. In this case, charge builds up in the isolated

metal, as in the Faraday cups used as radiation and electron detectors.

When the metal sample is made out of brass (average composition: Cu 64.1%, Zn 35.9%,

determined by X-ray fluorescence) or electrolytic copper mounted within but electrically

isolated from an outer, grounded, hollow chrome-plated brass (CPB) cylinder. Figure S1, the

charge drifts slowly to negative values, independent of RH. Changing the RH does not

significantly change the rate of charge change, and this is highly reproducible, as shown in

Figure.

Figure 1. RH, charge per area, and charge change rate vs time plots for a brass cylinder during dry−wet−dry N2 cycles.

Different behavior is observed when the sample is a hollow cylinder made out of aluminum,

stainless steel (SS), or CPB or when it is an SS screen. Under low humidity, charge drifts

slowly as in the case of copper and brass, but as the humidity is increased, the charge

changes significantly.

CPB and aluminum cylinders acquire negative charge as RH increases, as shown in

Figure 2 and SI Figure S3. SS shows the opposite behavior (Figure S4): as the RH increases, a

positive charge increase is observed. In every case, successive experiments yield

reproducible measurements that are an uncommon feature of electrostatic experiments.

Figure 2. RH, charge per area, and charge change rate vs time plots for a CPB cylinder during dry−wet−dry N2 cycles.

Rates of charge change thus vary pronouncedly with RH and the nature of the metal sample,

as shown in SI Figure S5.

All these results point toward a connection between metal charging and water vapor

adsorption. This assumption was verified by coating the aluminum and SS cylinders with

silicone oil, which delays water vapor contact with the metal surface. Charge accumulation

on coated metal is then negligible up to RH = 95%.

These observations raise the possibility of producing electricity by charging metals under

high humidity, which was verified by building a simple device made of stacked sheets of

filter paper, aluminum, filter paper, SS, and filter paper in this order. These stacks or “piles”

are just capacitors with some singular features: electrodes are made out of two metals that

are always coated with oxides showing different adsorptive abilities, separated by a porous

dielectric with a high capacity to absorb water vapor. They were mounted within a closed

aluminum box that was grounded and kept within a Faraday cage, and the two electrodes

were connected to an electrometer. The voltage between the two metal sheets increases

steeply when the humidity increases, and it tends to level off on charged electrodes, as

shown in Figure 3, to be dissipated when electrodes are short-circuited (SI Figure S6).

Charging and electrode short-circuiting are repeated many times, with good reproducibility

and without any evidence of an irreversible change.

Figure 3. Charge−discharge cycles of the capacitor formed by two metal sheets (aluminum and SS) separated by a sheet of cellulose and enclosed within two cellulose sheets, within a humid N2 atmosphere.

Charge buildup on metals under high humidity, as described in this work, is a novel example

of electrostatic charging at the solid−gas interface, and it can be understood by making an

analogy to the well-known behavior of solid surfaces within liquid water: they always

acquire charge by some mechanism such as specific ion adsorption or ionizable group

dissociation.

Aluminum, chromium, and SS acquire charge under high humidity and are well known for

their resistance to oxidation, which is due to the coating metal oxides that protect the highly

reactive metals in the bulk from the atmosphere. Water vapor adsorbs in the oxide layers,

causing a number of structural changes.

Al and Cr oxides are amphoteric, reacting with acids and bases. Aluminum oxides on metal

contain OH and O sites with Bronsted /Lewis acid−base properties that are fairly

independent of the oxidation procedure, but dry aluminum oxide usually shows marked

acidic character. Hydroxyl groups in mixed chromium−aluminum oxides prepared by the

sol−gel technique to be used as catalysts show the opposite acid−base behavior: chromium

oxide sites are acidic , but aluminum oxide sites are basic. This means that when the two

oxides are formed together, H+ binds preferentially to Cr oxide but Al oxide rather collects

hydroxyl ions from the aqueous medium. Water itself is amphoteric, acting as an acid or a

base, under various conditions.

An explanation of charge buildup on metals can thus be presented as follows: adsorbed

water molecules contribute OH− or H+ ions to the oxide-coated metal surface, depending on

its nature and state and thus imparting excess overall charge to the isolated metal.

According to this view, metal charging under high humidity is the outcome of one or more

concurrent acid−base surface reactions, for instance,

where S represents surface

sites and the H+ or OH− ions formed are released to the atmosphere, bound to desorbed

water molecule clusters.

H+ or OH− ions derived from adsorbed water may also pre-exist in the gas phase as ionic

water clusters. Whenever the ion concentration in the gas phase is significant, their

adsorption should also contribute charge to the metal, but in the present case, the

atmosphere is contained within a grounded box where gas-phase ions can be discharged.

Thus, the adsorption and desorption of water carries charge to and from the metal surface,

depending on the acid−base nature of its oxide layer, imparting positive or negative charge

to the metal. Unfortunately, the current status of knowledge on the structure and especially

on the specific acid−base properties is still insufficient to establish a detailed correlation

between charge buildup and the metal surface structure. This was recently acknowledged as

follows: “the structure of the first water layer in contact with the surface, including the

possibility of dissociation into OH and H groups, remain largely unanswered”.

These results strengthen the role of atmospheric water as a charge reservoir for solids,

which was initially proposed only for dielectrics but is now extended to metals. A schematic

description of the charge exchange mechanism is in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1. Mechanism for Charge Transfer from the Atmosphere to the Metal Surfacea

a(Top) Formation of positive charge over a basic oxide. (Bottom) Formation of negative

charge over an acidic oxide. Neutral water molecules are amphoteric, reacting differently

with different oxides according to their acid−base properties.

Water and water ions are ubiquitous: water fits into many crystalline structures, it solvates

positive and negative ions, and it is soluble, albeit to a limited extent, in nonpolar media.

The difficulty of removing the last traces of water from any solid surface at room

temperature has long been known, and traces of water in material surfaces and the bulk

receive daily attention from many experimenters, from high-vacuum users to thermoplastics

processors.

Acknowledging aqueous ion partitioning at interfaces and applying this concept in other

contexts may eventually help us to understand many intriguing phenomena, from the

“steam electricity” that received attention from Faraday and Volta but was ultimately

forgotten without being understood to the formation and (in) stability of atmospheric

electricity.

Because all surfaces relevant to environmental problems are covered by water forming

thinner or thicker layers, it is certainly important to know that the growth of adsorbed water

layers on most surfaces contributes to changing their electrical state.

Finally, the present results suggest a new approach to capturing electricity from the

atmosphere, an objective that has been eluding a number of scientists and inventors. It is

quite convenient that metals can be used as traps for atmospheric charge because they can

easily transfer charge to devices and circuitry. However, the present findings may help to

design new protective measures for electrical circuits on every size scale.

Experimental details

Faraday cups consist of open-ended, hollow metal cylinders placed within an outer CPB

cylinder (20.0 cm length, 5.0 cm outer diameter (o.d.), and 0.05 cm wall thickness (w.t.)).

Samples of 20.0 cm length, 3.8 cm o.d., and 0.16 cm w.t. (CPB: 0.05 cm w.t.; copper: 3.5 cm

o.d., 0.07 cm w.t.) were polished, washed with ethanol, and air dried, whereas the SS screen

(17.1 × 3.3 cm2, 400 mesh) and NiCr yarn (31.7819 g, 0.0825 cm ) were washed with

ethanol and air dried. Separation between cylinder walls was 0.57 cm (except for copper,

0.72 cm). Silicone-coated SS and aluminum cylinders were also immersed in silicone oil,

followed by allowing the excess oil to drip off. Cylindrical samples and the outer cylinder

were held together (and isolated) by three polyethylene foam rings mounted between the

cylinders, as shown in Figure S1. The steel screen and NiCr yarn are supported by a stick of

polyethylene, which hangs from the top end of the outer cylinder. This is grounded, and the

isolated samples are connected to the input of a Keithley 6514 electrometer. The setup is

vertically placed within a grounded aluminum box with fittings for gas circulation and kept

within a Faraday cage. RH is measured with a Minipa MTH-1380 thermohygrometer

connected to a PC. The metal samples are initially grounded. After the connection to ground

is removed, charge is measured as a function of time, starting at RH ≈ 0. After 15 min under

dry N2, water-saturated nitrogen is admitted to the chamber for a specific amount of time.

Then, dry nitrogen is admitted again for 30−60 min, the sample is grounded, and another

dry−wet−dry N2 cycle is started.

Capacitors were built by using cellulose sheets (30.0 × 30.0 cm2, 0.20 mm thick, 80 g m−2, 3 μ

porosity) to separate and enclose 14 mesh Al and 400 mesh SS screens (25.0 × 25.0 cm2).

The capacitance was 9.68 nF. The stack was rolled and fastened with a rubber band and

mounted within an aluminum box, and the metal sheets were connected to the

electrometer in parallel with a 3.3 μF polyester capacitor.

Atmospheric lightning

Atmosphere can be considered as a large reservoir of charges. This was proved by Benjamin Franklin by his famous kite and key experiment. The idea was to fly the kite into the storm clouds and conduct electricity down the kite string. A key was then attached near the bottom, to conduct the electricity and create a charge. The kite was struck by lightning and, when Franklin moved his hand towards the key, a spark jumped across and he felt a shock, proving that lightning was electrical in nature. This huge amount of charge if used in a right way can prove to be very beneficial. It can serve electrical purposes. Materials are being tested in order to find out the ones with greatest potential to capture atmospheric electricity. Our approach could also be effective in reducing the devastating effect of lightning and thunderstorm. In the atmospheric electrical discharge, a leader bolt of lightning can travel at speeds of 36000km/hr and can reach temperatures approaching to 30000 C. Such is the intensity of the thunderstorm. By using this approach we may be able to channel this huge amount of energy for the human usage. “If we know how electricity builds up and spreads in the atmosphere, we can prevent death and damage caused by lightning strikes,” Charge separation appears to require strong updrafts which carry water droplets upward, supercooling them to between -10 and -20 °C. These collide with ice crystals to form a soft ice-water mixture called graupel. The collisions result in a slight positive charge being transferred to ice crystals, and a slight negative charge to the graupel. Updrafts drive the less heavy ice crystals upwards, causing the cloud top to accumulate increasing positive charge. Gravity causes the heavier negatively charged graupel to fall toward the middle and lower portions of the cloud, building up an increasing negative charge. Charge separation and accumulation continue until the electrical potential becomes sufficient to initiate a lightning discharge, which occurs when the distribution of positive and negative charges forms a sufficiently strong electric field. his technology is not about harvesting the lightnings themselves, they're talking about collecting the charge of charged air collecting this doesn't require a lightning to struck, but would be a more constant process, with a higher gain when the air is charged up like during a lightning storm. Therefore it may result into protection from lightning and thunderstorm which may otherwise cause a large damage to life and property.

Application

Generating electricity from this charge requires conversion of the static charge deposited on the metal surface into ambient electricity. We will use the concept of hygropanels which would work just like the solar panels except for the fact that the energy would be extracted from air (humidity ) than the solar light.

Hygropanels Basic constructional features

The device which we are calling hygropanel will be made of stacked sheets of filter paper, aluminum, filter paper, Stainless steel, and filter paper in this order. These stacks or “piles” are just capacitors with some singular features. The two metal sheets would act like electrodes. These electrodes will be connected by means of conducive wires made up of silver. Other metals with better acidic/basic properties can also be used. We have used filter paper because it is an excellent adsorber of humidity and also a good dielectric.

Working When the device is placed in a humid environment the alumunium metal will be attacked by H2O and thereby an oxide layer will be formed on its surface. Similarly stainless steel or chrome polished brass will also form an oxide layer on its surface. While the alumunium oxide is acidic in nature , the CPB or SS oxide is basic in nature. Thus alumunium oxide will attract OH- ions and CPB or SS will attract H+ ions. Thus there will be a charge deposition on both the surfaces opposite in nature creating a potential difference between them. Since both the electrodes are connected via conducive wires charge will flow from one electrode to the other. The H+ or OH- ions released in the atmosphere due to the charge deposition on the surfaces of the metals will combine with each other to form neutral water molecule. The electricity produced by one conducive wire may be in microscopic level but the panel would contain thousands of piles of stacks of electrodes and they will all be connected in parallel and thus there will be superposition of all the currents which can be of enough to be of practical utilization.

Quantitative analysisExperiments shows that a 5 cm area sheet can develop as much as 10-4 coulomb at relative humidity level greater than 60%. A stack of 10 cm thickness can contain 200 sheets of the metal as aluminium is malleable enough to be drawn into sheets of thickness 0.3-0.4mm.A 1m2 area , 10 cm thick panel can thus contain n number of sheets where n is given by n=(100*100/5) *200*10 =4*105

Energy generated by one pair of sheets = 0.8(V)*10-5 (C/s) W

This multiplied by n gives an average 3.2 W of energy. This may be small but can’t ruled out of future utility if researches are made in the the development of this technology i.e. hygroelectric technology.

Cost analysis of the proposed hygropanels

We have calculated the approximate cost as given below:

The hygro panel taken is of 1m2 area 10 cm thick

Materials used where aluminium, stainless steel, filter paper, conducive wires, etc.

Supposing 30% of the panel is made with aluminium and another 30% by stainless steel, and the rest with filter paper, conducive wiring, etc.

Density of aluminium = 2700kg/m3 Hence amount of aluminium used = 2700/1*1*0.1*3 = 85 kg approxSimilarly density of stainless steel = 8000 kg/m3

Hence amount of SS used = 240 kgRates Aluminium = Rs 70 per kgSS = Rs 100 per kgTotal cost on metal = 70*85+240*100= Rs 29950Extra cost on wiring panel and filter paper = Rs 10000

Total cost of hygropanel = Rs 39500 approx

Although in this amount of money we can have a 224 W solar panel, but further researches and developments would for sure bring down the cost per unit of electricity produced .

Efficiency Talking of the efficiency , we don’t have any idea about the exact value because it has never been practically implemented but it could be well around 90% due to the static nature of the device.

Why to waste money on the development of this technology than other renewable possible renewable sources like using waste heat , using body electricity, etc?

1. This technology is quite similar to the solar panels i.e. use of static (not mobile) devices. In other methods where the small electricity produces by mobile devices needs to be stored which does not seems practical.

2. Unlike solar technology it doesn’t work only in day time.3. The hygropanels can be monted on the roof tops quite easily.4. Doesn’t involve any manual interference during its working.5. Can be employed as a supplement to solar panels because the working is quite

similar to them.6. It can prove to be very efficient in regions of high humidity levels and less sunlight.7. The metals used are aluminium and brass which are not much costly.8. It can act as an absorber of the atmospheric electricity formed during a lightning

because the phenomenon of charge deposition on metals in high humidity levels looks like a solid answer to the age old mystery of lightning process. Thus it may be very useful in countries like Brazil where lightning is quite common.

Challenges Although theoretically the technology may seem quite fascinating but practical implementation may be not so easy and productive as it seems. The major area of concern is the small amount of current produced. Also it can only be used in areas of high humidity.

A very important fact which worries me is the possibility of development of reverse potential between the electrodes due to the desorbed or the left out charges on the surface of the metal.

ConclusionThe technology explained above if implemented will be challenged on a number of practical grounds but that doesn’t concern me a lot because “ THAT’S HOW SCIENCE WORKS”

Refrences

1. Schein, L. B. Science 2007, 316, 1572– 1573

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2. Crowley, J. M. Fundamentals of Applied Electrostatics; Laplacian Press: Morgan Hill, CA,1999.

3. Bailey, A. G. J. Electrostat. 2001, 51, 82– 90

[CrossRef]

4. Liu, C.; Bard, A. J. Nat. Mater. 2008, 7, 505– 509

[CrossRef], [PubMed], [ChemPort]

5. P htz, T.; Herrmann, H. J.; Shinbrot, T. Nat. Phys. 2010, 6, 364– 368

[CrossRef]

6. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/la102494k#notes-1

7. http://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/la102494k#notes-1

8. http://www.worldchanging.com/archives/011530.html

9. http://ceramics.org/ceramictechtoday/materials-innovations/brazil-groups-sees- hygroelectricity-as-new-renewable-power-source-lightning-preventer/

Report on Capturing electricity from humidity

Submitted by Sajjad hussain Neha gambhir Anuradha kalia

Report on

Hygroelectricity

Submitted by Sajjad hussain Neha gambhir