INDONESIA Chief of State and Head of Government: President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono Government type: Republic Cabinet: Appointed by the president Elections: President and vice president are both elected for 5-year terms and are eligible for 2nd terms by direct vote of the citizenry Suffrage: 17 years old; married persons regardless of age Legislative branch: Peoples Consultative Assembly; House of Representatives (560 seats); House of Regional Representatives (132 seats)

Indonesia Made up of 17,000 islands; South Eastern Asia, in between the Indian Ocean and Pacific Ocean In the 16th century, the Portuguese and Dutch traders arrived in Indonesia Portuguese traders were driven out by the Dutch. Dutch proceeded to control the spice trade in SEA. United East India Company was established and became a political and economic power in Indonesia after the demise of the Mataram empire Established its headquarters in present day Jakarta. Conquered the cities and ports of Surabaya (east Java), Banten (West Java), and Malacca (West Malaysia) In the 17th century, the Dutch started to colonize Indonesia 1796: bankruptcy of United East India Company led to it being nationalized by the Dutch state The Ethical Policy: repaying the debt of honour to Indonesians (irrigation, education, emigration) Was aimed at raising the living standards of the native population. Education: awakening of Indonesian Nationalism. Provided tools to organize and introduced the concept of democracy and freedom. 1908: Establishment of Budi Outomo First native political society; Seen as the birth of Indonesian nationalism. Established a working relationship between the young Indonesian elite and Dutch authorities that would lead to acquiring some degree of independence 1920s: Communist uprising which led to a repressive regime by the Dutch authorities West Java in 1926 and West Sumatra in 1927 led to the radicalization of nationalist movements 1927: Establishment of Indonesian Nationalist Party whose goal was for freedom and independence 1928: Youth Pledge: congress of youth organiztaions One motherland, one nation, one language Future national anthem (Indonesia Raya) and future national flag was shown Also led to the jailing of national leaders such as Soekarno and Mohammad Hatta in 1929 1942-1945: Start of Japanese occupation Sukarno collaborated with the Japanese -> outside help to defeat Dutch. Fueled by desire for oil; gave full support to Indonesian Nationalist Movement by removing Dutch officials and replacing them with Indonesians, promoting use of their own language, freed nationalist leaders from jail. Aimed to make it difficult for western powers to colonize them again. August 17, 1945: Soekarno and Hatta proclaimed Indonesias Independence Published a short and provisional constitution; Pancasila philosophy1. Belief in one supreme God2. Justice and civility among peoples3. Unity of Indonesia4. Democracy through deliberation and consensus among representatives5. Social justice for all the people of Indonesia Dutch, after being freed from Germany in Europe, came back and tried to reclaim Indonesia. This led to revolutions. 1949: Dutch relinqushied colony and acknowledged Indonesian independence Led to the establishment of Republic of the United States of Indonesia that contained a federal constitution that was considered to be too influenced by the Dutch 1950: New constitution that established a parliamentary system of government Provided guarantees for personal freedom and made military subordinate to the nations civilian leadership. President has a ceremonial role Political instability brought by Indonesias pluralistic society Muslims wanted to make Indonesia an Islamic state under the shariah law -> might be a cause for separatism since millions of Indonesians arent Muslim Army wanted a bigger role + 60 political parties in parliament Come back of PKI, became one of the popular parties 1955: Elections; beginning of Sukarnos second term Last fair and free elections for 44 years Results: no majority dominant party led to coalition government 1950-1959: seven cabinets took turns in rapid succession but failed to make progress 1957-1965: Guided democracy- attempt to bring stability by using 1945 Constitution Had strong executive powers with authoritarian tendencies; established government control of media and sent enemies into exile Disbanded parliament and replaced it with people he appointed; Western democracy didnt work for Indonesia Nasakom philosophy: army, religion, communism Created by President Sukarno as a solution to the troubles that Indonesia experienced at that time New view of democracy that is more appropriate for Indonesia compared to the Western model Based on the indigenous village system of discussions and consensus under the guidance of the village elders and the presence of a central political figure (sultan 1965: September 30 movement; failed coup detat Execution of 6 army generals and 1 lieutenant by supposedly communists. Resulted to the killing of millions of Indonesians March 11, 1966-1980: Suhartos New Order Sukarno signed off his emergency powers to Sukarno to keep peace (Supresemar) Authoritarian regime dominated by the military; banned the PKI party (communist movement) Malari-riots made the government more oppressive since they were afraid of the capacity of people to uprise against the government; they were unable to control the people Filled with corruption and nepotism; repression and censorship -> no one was allowed to speak against the govt; Used a political patronage system 1967: Suharto officially named as acting president 1968: Suharto became the second president of Indonesia Golkar (functional groups) system made sure that Suharto won elections Opened the economy again -> industrialization, East Asian miracle -> improved the welfare of the people albeit trampled on their human rights 1990s: Impressive economic development led to more people being educated and assertive Asian financial crisis made Indonesians determined to kick out Suharto -> led to a violent riot in Jakarta May 21, 1988: Resignment of Suharto led to vice president, Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie, becoming Indonesias third president Habibie ushered the period of Indonesian reformation Freed political and labor prisoners, lifted censorship, control on political parties, and stopped dwifungsi (involvement of armed forces in government) Democracy and decentralization: central govt -> national defence, foreign & fiscal & monetary policy Limiting presidency to two terms of 5 years 1999: Free and fair elections After 44 years; people vote for political parties, not people More than 40 political parties participated Abdurrahman Wahid won; followed by Megawati Soekarnoputri

CHINA Chief of state: President Xi Jinping Head of government: Premier LI KequiangCHINAINDONESIA

CapitalBeijingJakarta

Land Area9.6 million km1.8 million km

Population1, 354, 040, 000251, 160, 124

Population Growth Rate0.48 %1.04%

LanguageChineseBahasa Indonesia

ReligionBuddhism, Taoism, ConfucianismIslam, Protestantism, Roman Catholic, Hinduism

Government: Communist state Elections: president and vice president elected by National People's Congress for a five-year term (eligible for a second term)Suffrage: 17 years old; married persons regardless of age Legislative branch: Unicameral National People's Congress (2,987 seats; members elected by municipal, regional, and provincial people's congresses (Note: In practice, only members of the CCP, its eight allied parties, and CCP-approved independent candidates are elected)

Brief History Chinese civilization cradled in the Yellow and Yang Tze rivers for as early as 2500 BC. Divided into three eras, Chinese history started in the ancient times- from Xia to Zhou Dynasty, followed by a long imperial China, before it went to the modern China that we know. ca 1700-1046 BC - Shang Dynasty - the first Chinese state for which clear written records remain - unites much of north central China. Ming Dynasty (AD 1368 1644): urbanization and the industrialization in Nanjing and Beijing grew. 20th century: disordered China- despite the talks between factions craving for power. Slavery was abolished; the Xinhai Revolution : overthrew the Qing dynasty. In the 12th of March 1912, the provisional government of Republic of China was established and Sun Yat-Sen was elected as the first president. 1919: May Fourth Movement started an opposition onto the impositions of the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI. Sun Yat-Sen established a revolutionary movement in south China aiming to reestablish the fragmented nation. Sun Yat-Sens leadership was preceded by Chiang Kai-Shek. 1925 - The death of Sun Yat-sen 1931-45-Japan invades and gradually occupies more and more of China. 1934-Mao Zedong emerges as Communist leader. 1937 - Kuomintang and Communists unite against Japanese. 1949, 1 October - Mao Zedong proclaims the founding of the People's Republic of China. The Communist Party of China won the civil war leading to the birth of the Peoples Republic of China (PRC) in mainland China; the Republic of China or (RoC) that was restricted to Taiwan and few more islands. 1958 - Mao launches the "Great Leap Forward 1966-76-"Cultural Revolution", Mao's 10-year political and ideological campaign aimed at reviving revolutionary spirit, produces massive social, economic and political upheaval. 1986-90 - China's "Open-door policy" opens the country to foreign investment and encourages development of a market economy and private sector. 1989 - Troops open fire on demonstrators who have camped for weeks in Tiananmen Square. 2001 November - China joins the World Trade Organisation. 2002 November - Vice-President Hu Jintao is named head of the ruling Communist Party 2003 March - National People's Congress elects Hu Jintao as president. 2009 October - China stages mass celebrations to mark 60 years since the Communist Party came to power.CHINAINDONESIA

1. World Bank Income Group (2013)Upper middle incomeLower middle income

2. GDP (2012)$8,227,102,629,831$878,043,028,442

3. Political Rights (2013)72

4. Civil Liberty Score (2013)63

5. HDI (2013)0.6990.629

6. Freedom of the Press Index (2013)Rank: 173/179Status: Not FreeRank: 96/179Status: Partly Free

7. Perceived Corruption Index (2012)Rank: 80/176Score: 39Rank: 118/176Score: 32

1. World Bank Income Group: based on GNI per capita. lower middle income, $1,036 - $4,085; upper middle income, $4,086 - $12,6152. The gross domestic product (GDP) is one the primary indicators used to gauge the health of a country's economy. It represents the total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period3. The Freedom House Annual Survey employs the Political Rights checklist to help determine the degree to which people can participate in the political process of their country. Each country is then rated on a seven-category scale, 1 representing the most free and 7 the least free.4. The Freedom House Annual Survey employs a Civil Liberties checklist to help monitor the progress and decline of human rights worldwide. Each country is rated on a seven-category scale, 1 representing the most free and 7 the least free.5. The Human Development Index (commonly abbreviated HDI) is a summary of human development around the world and implies whether a country is developed, still developing, or underdeveloped based on factors such as life expectancy, education, literacy, gross domestic product per capita.6. Freedom of the Press Index. It reflects the degree of freedom that journalists, news organizations, and netizens enjoy in each country, and the efforts made by the authorities to respect and ensure respect for this freedom.7. The Corruption Perceptions Index ranks countries and territories based on how corrupt their public sector is perceived to be. A country or territorys score indicates the perceived level of public sector corruption on a scale of 0 - 100, where 0 means that a country is perceived as highly corrupt and 100 means it is perceived as very clean

Comparison At the founding of both, each had political institutions dominated by their respective charismatic leaders, Sukarno in Indonesia and Mao in China. In China and Indonesia, there has been great interest in participating more actively in the evaluations carried out by external funding agencies such as the World Bank. China and Indonesia are taking steps to strengthen the capacity of independent oversight agencies outside the executive. In China and Indonesia, it was appropriate to begin the evaluation capacity development process with an institutional diagnosis. There was an expressed need to raise awareness among key decision makers. The two countries shared remarkable similarities in their economic and political development. Asian Financial Crisis 1997-1998 China* Was much less affected*Maintained a seemingly unchanged political landscape* Unmistakeably become less authoritarian over the past 2 decades* To an increasing extent, the government delegated responsibilities previously exclusive to central or provincial governments to other economic and social actors* political institutions have evolved into fragmented authoritarianism Indonesia* Indonesia was one of the worst casualties* It severely damaged the legitimacy of the New Order Regime* Eventually triggered President Suhartos political demise and catalysed swift transition characterised by deep political and economic decentralisation* Since the big-bang reform occurred, Indonesia displayed modest yet positive economic growth, dealt with major separatist movements and established the most democratic state in the region Both countries face similar development issues Rapid urbanisation, limited social protection and widening internal social-economic disparities are but a few of the most pressing concerns that need to be addressed China* Must juggle the often conflicting organisational and political interests of various vertical agencies and spatial regions* the party-state system exhibits much liveliness and continues to attract well-educated members of younger generations into its apparatus, resembling a powerful meritocracy* The public sectors have been engaged in wide-ranging reforms, from improvements in social welfare policies and fiscal rules to the introduction of performance-based measures to govern the promotion of civil servants Indonesia* Would likely go through long and complex process before the current political institutional setting grows into a fully-fledged democracy* Indonesias decentralised democracy as a political system must deliver economic prosperity in order to ensure its legitimacy* The question remains as to how to unleash the power of checks and balances of a democratic system and ensure the accountability of those in positions of authority. CorruptionIndonesia and China are both included to a group of countries with about 5 per cent average growth of Real GDP per capita on a severe corruption index of 5 because of the strong similarities on politics of corruption. China*A mutually benecial exchange of privileges and protection for bribes and kickbacks characterizes the relationship between government and the private sector, including the foreign private sector*The high level of corruption in PRC concerns low wages of civil servants, given the opportunities provided for corruption to grow during the last 20 years of Xiaopings modernization policy, and the lack of self-political will to implement anti-corruption measures against senior party officials. Indonesia*Indonesia, appear to have supported primitive accumulation and/or technological learning in simple labour-intensive industries, rather than technological learning in skill-intensive industries as in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. *Because governments in these economies are weaker and less autonomous, it may be clear that countries in Southeast Asia including Indonesia have softer developing states which used their corrupt ties to business to generate the high-speed technological learning in skills intensive industries. The question remains whether, in the absence of democratic checks and balances, will Chinas government be able to maintain legitimacy in the eyes of its people by achieving economic prosperity and improving social justice? In historical context, China is led to socialist planning combined with neoliberal strategies of governing from a distance. Chinas adoption of market-based reforms resulted in the emergence of socialist-neoliberal rationality, one that is both authoritarian and yet seeks to govern subjects through their own autonomy. This governmentality has rendered China its survival. However,* China faces growing unresolved grievances caused by issues such as misappropriation of private property, rampant corruption and widening inequality* government appears to be struggling to respond to the publics increasing demands for governance quality and accountability* Keenly aware of the potentially prohibitively high costs and uncertainty of the success of a democratisation process, the Chinese government seems to advocate a measured approach towards political reform* The mixed signals suggest that the government envisions a future that shares elements of contemporary Western-style democracies but remains distinctively Chinese

References: http://www.indonesia-investments.com/culture/politics/item65 https://www.cia.gov/ http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia http://data.worldbank.org/country/china http://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Summary.pdf http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/ http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2010/08/04/economic-and-political-transition-in-china-and-indonesia/ http://pages.rediff.com/guided-democracy-in-indonesia/1023429 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guided_Democracy_in_Indonesia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/China http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesia http://data.worldbank.org/country/china http://data.worldbank.org/country/indonesia http://www.freedomhouse.org/report-types/freedom-world http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDR2013_EN_Summary.pdf http://en.rsf.org/press-freedom-index-2013,1054.html http://cpi.transparency.org/cpi2012/