Handbook of Bioceramics andBiocomposites

Iulian Vasile AntoniacEditor

Handbook of Bioceramicsand Biocomposites

With 367 Figures and 80 Tables

EditorIulian Vasile AntoniacUniversity Politehnica of BucharestBucharest, Romania

ISBN 978-3-319-12459-9 ISBN 978-3-319-12460-5 (eBook)ISBN 978-3-319-12461-2 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-3-319-12460-5

Library of Congress Control Number: 2016933676

# Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2016This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of thematerial is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation,broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or informationstorage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodologynow known or hereafter developed.The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoes not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevantprotective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this bookare believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or theeditors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errorsor omissions that may have been made.

Printed on acid-free paper

This Springer imprint is published by SpringerNatureThe registered company is Springer International Publishing AG Switzerland

Dedicated to the memory ofProfessor Raquel LeGeros andProfessor Daniel Bunea

Foreword

This 44-chapter Handbook of Bioceramics and Biocomposites edited by Prof. IulianAntoniac of the University of Bucharest provides a comprehensive view of one ofthe best investigated classes of biomaterials in research and practice, namelybioceramics and related biocomposites.

In his logical approach to this theme, Prof. Antoniac uses a tripartite division,beginning with the “History and Materials Fundamentals” in which 15 chapterscover terrain from the early developments via different bioceramic classes to anexciting variety of composites, for example with polymers, graphene, or naturalbiopolymers, such as collagen. The fact that the first two chapters, which are on thehistory and development of bioceramics and bioactive glasses, are authored by thetwo “fathers” of these fields, Profs. Guy Daculsi and Larry Hench, respectively, putsthe standard of the entire handbook on elevated ground. Nevertheless, the choice ofthe remaining authors is ample proof that the Editor was determined to make nocompromises with respect to the knowledge, experience, and standing of all thosechosen to be contributors.

The middle part, “Materials Engineering and Biological Interactions,” is naturallysub-divided into 6 chapters which address biomimetic strategies and process engi-neering of these biomaterials, followed by a set of 6 chapters with a life scienceemphasis. In the latter, surface engineering techniques and themes quintessential tointeractions with living systems, including protein interactions as well as engineer-ing approaches to reduce microorganism adhesion, are discussed. In addition, testingsystems in vitro and in vivo as well as bioceramic strategies for tissue engineeringespecially of the musculoskeletal system have an important focus.

The third and final part, “Clinical Performance in Bioresorbable and Load-Bearing Applications,” is a state-of-the-art resumé of what bioceramics andbiocomposites have so far achieved in patient care. It is fitting that in this sub-divided part, the field of orthopedics should lead the way, followed by dentistry, andthen completed with other applications, including carriers for medication andimplants for cranioplasty or the orbital region.

Professor Antoniac has succeeded in compiling a comprehensive handbookwhich will undoubtedly become a standard reference work on the theme ofbioceramics and biocomposites. The all-embracing nature of the approach he has

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adopted has been highly effective in spanning the traditional fields of development inthese biomaterial classes as well as their novel modifications, which hold promise fora wide range of clinical applications in the future. He and his truly internationalauthor team have to be congratulated on this invaluable contribution to the bioma-terial literature.

C. James Kirkpatrick M.D., Ph.D., D.Sc., F.R.C.Path.Emeritus Professor of PathologyJohannes Gutenberg University

Mainz, Germany

viii Foreword

Preface

Information related to different aspects about bioceramics and biocomposites sci-ence together with their accompanying technology and applications in medicalpractice is scattered in the relevant literature.

In provided thisHandbook of Bioceramics and Biocomposites, the editor believesthat the latter stage has been reached in many parts of these investigated classes ofbiomaterials in research and practice. Also, many medical applications based on thebioceramics and composites are in clinical use for a long time and researchers havebeen studying their performance in order to offer potential solutions for theirimprovement.

In approaching his task, the Editor has tried to bring together into one source bookall the information that is available about bioceramics and related biocomposites interms of material fundamentals, materials engineering, biological interactions, andclinical performance in various medical applications, from orthopedics and dentistryto carriers for medication and implants for cranioplasty or the orbital region.

In order to do this, I asked for the help of many colleagues worldwide to becontributors to this handbook. Another important fact was that the contributors havedifferent backgrounds, from materials science to biology or clinicians in differentmedical specializations.

The topic of bioceramics and related biocomposites has attracted manyresearchers of other fields to make contributions, at the same time helping traditionalceramic science and technology in its transition to work at multidisciplinary researchfrontiers. Having a synergic effect with the rapid developments of related areas, e.g.,tissue engineering, nanotechnology, drug delivery, smart materials, and structures,bioceramics and related biocomposites has become a frontier field of researchleading to many technological breakthroughs.

As a result, Handbook of Bioceramics and Biocomposites has expanded to threemain parts. They cover the following topics:

The first part, “History and Materials Fundamentals,” sub-divided into 15 chap-ters addresses history and development, fundamental properties, and presentation ofthe main bioceramics, like alumina, zirconia, calcium phosphates, hydroxyapatite,and carbonate apatite, and a large variety of related composites, from ceramic-polymer to grapheme-ceramic. “In order to move forward we must look back.”Based on this consideration and as a sign of respect for the pioneers that opened this

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field, the first two chapters of this handbook are dedicated to the history anddevelopment of bioceramics and bioactive glasses. Authored by two pioneers ofbioceramics and related biocomposites, these chapters demand higher and elevatedstandards for all contributors of the handbook. Other chapters of this part present thefundamental properties and different aspects about the major bioceramics, likealumina, zirconia, calcium phosphates, hydroxyapatite, and carbonate apatite, anda large variety of related composites, from ceramic-polymer to grapheme-ceramic.

The second part, “Materials Engineering and Biological Interactions,” covers twoimportant aspects: biomimetic strategies, and surface engineering and interactionswith living cells. Six chapters are dedicated to biomimetic strategies and presentessential requirements and manufacturing and evaluation aspects for differentbioceramics and related composites used for tissue engineering and regeneration.The last six chapters of this part are dedicated to surface engineering and interactionswith living cells, and describe processing technologies, characterization, and bio-compatibility evaluation of different bioceramic coatings and biocomposites.

The last part, “Clinical Performance in Bioresorbable and Load-Bearing Appli-cations,” provides a generous view on the clinical performance of various medicalapplications which comprise 17 chapters. The field of orthopedics and dentistry leadthe way. Many clinicians have contributed to these parts describing the performanceof various implants based on their clinical experience or retrieval analysis. The lastchapters of this part describe other applications, including carriers for medicationand implants for cranioplasty or the orbital region. This part is very importantbecause the dedicated chapters are written mainly by clinicians, who could appreci-ate better the performance of various bioceramics and related biocomposites. Untilthe end, the clinical applications of the new bioceramics or related biocompositesmust be the main target of the researchers who work in this field, and collaborativeactivities with clinicians are very useful and important.

It is hoped that the handbook will be used and useful, not perfect but a valuablecontribution to the bioceramics and related biocomposites field that I believe isevolving sufficiently to deserve such a publication. The handbook can also serve asthe basis of instructional course lectures for audiences ranging from advancedundergraduate students to post-graduates in materials science and engineering andbiomedical engineering.

I wish readers to find the Handbook of Bioceramics and Biocomposites informa-tive and useful in their endeavors.

March 2016Bucharest, Romania

Iulian Vasile Antoniac

x Preface

Contents

Volume 1

Part I History and Materials Fundamentals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1 History of Development and Use of the Bioceramics andBiocomposites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3Guy Daculsi

2 Bioactive Glass Bone Grafts: History and ClinicalApplications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23Larry L. Hench

3 Fundamental Properties of Bioceramics and Biocomposites . . . . . 35Maria Grazia Raucci, Daniela Giugliano, and Luigi Ambrosio

4 Bioinert Ceramics: Zirconia and Alumina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59Corrado Piconi and Alessandro Alan Porporati

5 Calcium Phosphates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91Sergey V. Dorozhkin

6 Hydroxyapatite: From Nanocrystals to Hybrid Nanocompositesfor Regenerative Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119Anna Tampieri, Michele Iafisco, Simone Sprio, Andrea Ruffini,Silvia Panseri, Monica Montesi, Alessio Adamiano, and Monica Sandri

7 Cationic and Anionic Substitutions in Hydroxyapatite . . . . . . . . . 145Ilaria Cacciotti

8 Carbonate Apatite Bone Replacement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213Kunio Ishikawa

9 Natural and Synthetic Polymers for Designing CompositeMaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233Bogdan C. Simionescu and Daniela Ivanov

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10 Ceramic-Polymer Composites for Biomedical Applications . . . . . . 287Toshiki Miyazaki, Masakazu Kawashita, and Chikara Ohtsuki

11 Collagen–Bioceramic Smart Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301Iulian Vasile Antoniac, Madalina Georgiana Albu, Aurora Antoniac,Laura Cristina Rusu, and Mihaela Violeta Ghica

12 Bioactive Glass-Biopolymer Composites for Applications in TissueEngineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325Yaping Ding, Marina T. Souza, Wei Li, Dirk W. Schubert,Aldo R. Boccaccini, and Judith A. Roether

13 Resin-Based Dental Composite Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357Hanadi Y. Marghalani

14 Composite Hybrid Membrane Materials for Artificial Organs . . . 407Stefan Ioan Voicu and Marius Sandru

15 Graphene-Bioceramic Composites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 431Xingyi Xie and Marta Cerruti

Part II Materials Engineering and Biological Interactions:Biomimetic Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469

16 Essential Requirements for Resorbable Bioceramic Development:Research, Manufacturing, and Preclinical Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 471Guy Daculsi, Eric Aguado, and Thomas Miramond

17 Biomimetic Strategies to Engineer Mineralized HumanTissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503Sandra Pina, Joaquim Miguel Oliveira, and Rui L. Reis

18 Biomimetics and Marine Materials in Drug Delivery and TissueEngineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521Andy H. Choi, Sophie Cazalbou, and Besim Ben-Nissan

19 Silicate-Based Bioactive Composites for Tissue Regeneration . . . . 545Y.L. Zhou, Z.G. Huan, and J. Chang

20 Biomimetic Customized Composite Scaffolds and TranslationalModels for the Bone Regenerative Medicine Using CAD-CAMTechnology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 585Isidoro Giorgio Lesci, Leonardo Ciocca, and Norberto Roveri

21 In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation of Composite Scaffolds forBone Tissue Engineering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 615Svetlana Schussler, Khadidiatou Guiro, and Treena Livingston Arinzeh

xii Contents

Volume 2

Part III Materials Engineering and Biological Interactions: SurfaceEngineering and Interactions with Living Cells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637

22 Processing Technologies for Bioceramic Based Composites . . . . . . 639Ipek Akin and Gultekin Goller

23 Glass-Ceramics: Fundamental Aspects Regarding the Interactionwith Proteins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667C. Gruian, E. Vanea, H.-J. Steinhoff, and Simion Simon

24 Bioceramic Coatings for Metallic Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703Alina Vladescu, Maria A. Surmeneva, Cosmin M. Cotrut,Roman A. Surmenev, and Iulian Vasile Antoniac

25 Sol-gel Nanocoatings of Bioceramics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 735B. Ben-Nissan, A.H. Choi, I.J. Macha, and S. Cazalbou

26 Biomaterial Functionalized Surfaces for Reducing BacterialAdhesion and Infection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 757Maria G. Katsikogianni, David J. Wood, and Yannis F. Missirlis

27 Biocomposites used in Orthopedic Applications: Trends inBiocompatibility Assays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785Martin J. Stoddart and Mauro Alini

Part IV Clinical Performance in Bioresorbable and Load-BearingApplications: Orthopedics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819

28 Perspective and Trends on Bioceramics in Joint Replacement . . . 821Corrado Piconi and Giulio Maccauro

29 Evolution of Cementation Techniques and Bone Cements in HipArthroplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859Marius Niculescu, Bogdan Lucian Solomon, George Viscopoleanu, andIulian Vasile Antoniac

30 Retrieval Analysis of Hip Prostheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901Iulian Vasile Antoniac, Florin Miculescu, Dan Laptoiu, Aurora Antoniac,Marius Niculescu, and Dan Grecu

31 Clinical Limitations of the Biodegradable Implants Used inArthroscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 935Rodica Marinescu and Iulian Vasile Antoniac

32 Bioceramics and Biocomposites in Spine Surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . 967Gianluca Vadalà, Fabrizio Russo, Luca Ambrosio, and Vincenzo Denaro

Contents xiii

Part V Clinical Performance in Bioresorbable and Load-BearingApplications: Dentistry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989

33 Biofilm Formation on Implants and Prosthetic DentalMaterials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 991Lia Rimondini, Andrea Cochis, Elena Varoni, Barbara Azzimonti, andAntonio Carrassi

34 Guided Bone Regeneration for Dental Implants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1029Mishel Weshler and Iulian Vasile Antoniac

35 Performance of Dental Composites in Restorative Dentistry . . . . . 1075Diana Dudea, Camelia Alb, Bogdan Culic, and Florin Alb

36 Clinical Evaluation of Disilicate and Zirconium in Dentistry . . . . 1115Domenico Baldi, Jacopo Colombo, and Uli Hauschild

37 Ceramic Veneers in Dental Esthetic Treatments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1129Dan Pătroi, Teodor Trăistaru, and Sergiu-Alexandru Rădulescu

38 Alveolar Augmentation Using Different Bone Substitutes . . . . . . . 1159Cena Dimova, Biljana Evrosimovska, Katerina Zlatanovska, andJulija Zarkova

39 CAD-CAM Processing for All Ceramic Dental Restorations . . . . . 1201Alexandru Eugen Petre

40 Failure Analysis of Dental Prosthesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1217Florin Miculescu, Lucian Toma Ciocan, Marian Miculescu,Andrei Berbecaru, Josep Oliva, and Raluca Monica Comăneanu

Part VI Clinical Performance in Bioresorbable and Load-BearingApplications: Other Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247

41 Bioceramics and Composites for Orbital Implants: CurrentTrends and Clinical Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249Francesco Baino

42 Current Implants Used in Cranioplasty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1275Dumitru Mohan, Aurel Mohan, Iulian Vasile Antoniac, andAlexandru Vlad Ciurea

43 Marine Biomaterials as Drug Delivery System for Osteoporosisand Bone Tissue Regeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1309Joshua Chou and Jia Hao

44 Antibacterial Potential of Nanobioceramics Used asDrug Carriers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1333T.S. Sampath Kumar and K. Madhumathi

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1375

xiv Contents

About the Editor

Iulian Vasile AntoniacFaculty Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity Politehnica of BucharestBucharest, Romania

Professor Dr. habil. Iulian Vasile Antoniac is a materialsscience engineer working in the field of biomaterials andmedical devices. Professor Antoniac is the past WorldPresident of the International Society for Ceramics inMedicine (ISCM) and past President of the RomanianSociety for Biomaterials (SRB).

He completed his Ph.D. in Materials Science andEngineering from University Politehnica of Bucharest (UPB), Romania, in 1998.After several specializations in laboratories of Switzerland, Portugal, France, and theUSA on surface analysis, composite materials, implant design, and biomaterialscharacterizations, his scientific interest spans from the synthesis and characterizationof biomaterials and interactions with living tissues, retrieval implant analysis,biodegradable magnesium alloys, ceramic coatings on metallic biomaterials, to thenew ceramic composites and scaffolds based on nanostructured and biologicallyinspired biomaterials for bone regeneration. He received in 2013 his post-doctoraldegree in Materials Science and Engineering from UPB, completed his habilitationin 2015 (habilitation thesis was on “orthopedic biomaterials”), and now is the leaderof Biomaterials Group from Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, Univer-sity Politehnica of Bucharest, Romania.

His professional and scientific activity comprises more than 200 internationaljournal papers and conference proceedings, 7 research monographs, and over 10 pat-ents in the areas of biomaterials and their clinical applications that received manyinternational awards at the International Exhibition of Inventions. He was therecipient of the Daniel Bunea Award of the Romanian Society for Biomaterials in2005 and the Excellence Award of the Romanian Society for Biomaterials in 2012,top individual awards offered by this professional organization. He also acts as amember of the international editorial board and reviewer for many journals andconferences on biomaterials and bioceramics.

xv

Contributors

Alessio Adamiano Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC),National Research Council (CNR), Faenza, Italy

Eric Aguado ONIRIS, National Veterinary School of Nantes, Nantes, France

Ipek Akin Istanbul Technical University, Department of Metallurgical andMaterials Engineering, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

Camelia Alb Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Universityof Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj–Napoca, Romania

Florin Alb Department of Periodontology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy“Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj–Napoca, Romania

Madalina Georgiana Albu INCDTP –Division of Leather and Footwear ResearchInstitute, Bucharest, Romania

Mauro Alini AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland

Luca Ambrosio Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, CampusBio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Luigi Ambrosio Department of Chemical Sciences and Materials Technology,National Research Council of Italy, Rome, Italy

Aurora Antoniac Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, UniversityPolitehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Iulian Vasile Antoniac University Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Treena Livingston Arinzeh Department of Biomedical Engineering, New JerseyInstitute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

Barbara Azzimonti Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università del PiemonteOrientale, Novara, Italy

Francesco Baino Institute of Materials Physics and Engineering, Applied Scienceand Technology Department, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy

xvii

Domenico Baldi Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Genova,Genova, Italy

Besim Ben-Nissan School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science,University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia

Andrei Berbecaru Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, UniversityPolitehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Aldo R. Boccaccini Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen, Germany

Ilaria Cacciotti Engineering Department, University of Rome “Niccolò Cusano”,Rome, Italy

Italian Interuniversity Consortium on Materials Science and Technology (INSTM),Rome, Italy

Antonio Carrassi Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche edOdontoiatriche, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Sophie Cazalbou CIRIMAT Carnot Institute, CNRS-INPT-UPS, Faculty ofPharmacie, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France

Marta Cerruti Department of Mining and Materials Engineering, McGill Univer-sity, Montreal, QC, Canada

J. Chang State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and SuperfineMicrostructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai, China

Andy H. Choi School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science,University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia

Joshua Chou Advanced Tissue Regeneration and Drug Delivery Group, Univer-sity of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Lucian Toma Ciocan Dental Medicine Faculty, “Carol Davila” University ofMedicine and Pharmacy from Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Leonardo Ciocca Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Universityof Bologna, Bologna, Italy

Alexandru Vlad Ciurea University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Carol Davila”Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Andrea Cochis Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università del PiemonteOrientale, Novara, Italy

Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche, Universitàdegli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

Jacopo Colombo Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Genova,Genova, Italy

xviii Contributors

Raluca Monica Comăneanu Faculty of Dental Medicine, Titu Maiorescu Univer-sity, Bucharest, Romania

Cosmin M. Cotrut Materials Science and Engineering Faculty, UniversityPolitehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Bogdan Culic Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Universityof Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj–Napoca, Romania

Guy Daculsi Dental Faculty, Laboratory for Osteoarticular and Dental TissueEngineering, INSERM U791, Nantes University, Nantes, France

Vincenzo Denaro Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, CampusBio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Cena Dimova Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dental Medicine, Macedonia FYR,University “Goce Delcev” – Stip, Stip, FYR Macedonia

Yaping Ding Institute of Polymer Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg,Erlangen, Germany

Sergey V. Dorozhkin Moscow, Russia

Diana Dudea Department of Prosthetic Dentistry and Dental Materials, Universityof Medicine and Pharmacy “Iuliu Hatieganu”, Cluj–Napoca, Romania

Biljana Evrosimovska Faculty of Dentistry, Macedonia, FYR, University “Sts.Cyril and Methody” Skopje, Skopje, FYR Macedonia

Mihaela Violeta Ghica Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Medicine and Phar-macy “Carol Davila” Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Daniela Giugliano Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB),National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy

Gultekin Goller Istanbul Technical University, Department of Metallurgical andMaterials Engineering, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey

Dan Grecu Department of Orthopaedics, University of Medicine and PharmacyCraiova, Craiova, Romania

Cristina Gruian Faculty of Physcis and Institute of Interdisciplinary Research inBio Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Khadidiatou Guiro Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Instituteof Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

Jia Hao Oral Implantalogy and Regenerative Dental Medicine, Tokyo Medical andDental University, Tokyo, Japan

Uli Hauschild Department of Fixed Prosthodontics, University of Genova,Genova, Italy

Contributors xix

Larry L. Hench Department of Biomedical Engineering, Florida Institute ofTechnology, Melbourne, FL, USA

Z. G. Huan State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and SuperfineMicrostructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai, China

Michele Iafisco Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC),National Research Council (CNR), Faenza, Italy

Kunio Ishikawa Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Dental Science, KyushuUniversity, Fukuoka, Japan

Daniela Ivanov “Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi,Romania

Maria G. Katsikogianni Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineer-ing, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras,Rion, Patras, Greece

Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, School of Dentistry, University ofLeeds, Leeds, UK

Advanced Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Informatics, Univer-sity of Bradford, Bradford, UK

Masakazu Kawashita Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, TohokuUniversity, Sendai, Japan

Dan Laptoiu Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma I, Colentina ClinicalHospital, Bucharest, Romania

Isidoro Giorgio Lesci Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University ofBologna, Bologna, Italy

Wei Li Institute of Biomaterials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen,Germany

Giulio Maccauro Medicine and Surgery Department, Clinical Orthopedics andTraumatology Institute, Catholic University, Rome, Italy

I. J. Macha School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, Faculty of Science,University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia

K. Madhumathi Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, IndianInstitute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Hanadi Y. Marghalani Operative Dentistry Department, King Abdulaziz Univer-sity, Jeddah, Saudi arabia

Rodica Marinescu Carol Davila University of Medicine, Bucharest, Romania

xx Contributors

Florin Miculescu Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, UniversityPolitehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Marian Miculescu Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, UniversityPolitehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Thomas Miramond Laboratory for Osteoarticular and Dental Tissue Engineering,INSERM U791, Nantes University, Nantes, France

Yannis F. Missirlis Laboratory of Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering,Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, University of Patras,Rion, Patras, Greece

Toshiki Miyazaki Graduate School of Life Science and Systems Engineering,Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu-shi, Fukuoka, Japan

Aurel Mohan University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

Dumitru Mohan University of Oradea, Oradea, Romania

Monica Montesi Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC),National Research Council (CNR), Faenza, Italy

Marius Niculescu Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma I, Colentina ClinicalHospital, Bucharest, Romania

Faculty of Medicine, Titu Maiorescu University, Bucharest, Romania

Chikara Ohtsuki Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya,Aichi Prefecture, Japan

Josep Oliva Clinica Oliva Dental, Barcelona, Spain

Joaquim Miguel Oliveira 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradablesand Biomimetics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute ofExcellence on Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Taipas/Guimarães,Portugal

ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal

Dan Pătroi UMF Carol Davila, Department of Fixed prosthodontics andOcclusology, Bucharest, Romania

Silvia Panseri Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), NationalResearch Council (CNR), Faenza, Italy

Alexandru Eugen Petre Department of Prosthodontics, Discipline of Fixed Pros-thodontics and Dental Occlusion, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “CarolDavila”, Bucharest, Romania

Corrado Piconi Medicine and Surgery Department, Clinical Orthopedics andTraumatology Institute, Catholic University, Rome, Italy

Contributors xxi

Sandra Pina 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimet-ics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence onTissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Taipas/Guimarães, Portugal

ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal

Alessandro Alan Porporati Medical Products Division, CeramTec GmbH,Plochingen, Germany

Sergiu-Alexandru Rădulescu UMF Carol Davila, Department of Fixed prostho-dontics and Occlusology, Bucharest, Romania

Maria Grazia Raucci Institute of Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB),National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Naples, Italy

Rui L. Reis 3B’s Research Group – Biomaterials, Biodegradables and Biomimet-ics, University of Minho, Headquarters of the European Institute of Excellence onTissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Taipas/Guimarães, Portugal

ICVS/3B’s – PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal

Lia Rimondini Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università del PiemonteOrientale, Novara, Italy

Judith A. Roether Institute of Polymer Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

Norberto Roveri Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”, University of Bolo-gna, Bologna, Italy

Andrea Ruffini Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC),National Research Council (CNR), Faenza, Italy

Fabrizio Russo Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, CampusBio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Laura Cristina Rusu University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Victor Babes”Timisoara, Timisoara, Romania

T. S. Sampath Kumar Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering,Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India

Monica Sandri Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC),National Research Council (CNR), Faenza, Italy

Marius Sandru Department of Polymer Particles and Surface Chemistry, SectorBiotechnology and Nanomedicine, SINTEF Materials and Chemistry, Trondheim,Norway

Dirk W. Schubert Institute of Polymer Materials, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany

Svetlana Schussler Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Instituteof Technology, Newark, NJ, USA

xxii Contributors

Bogdan C. Simionescu Department of Natural and Synthetic Polymers, “GheorgheAsachi” Technical University, Iaşi, Romania

“Petru Poni” Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Iasi, Romania

Simion Simon Faculty of Physcis and Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in BioNano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Bogdan Lucian Solomon Royal Adelaide Hospital, Department of Orthopaedicsand Trauma, Centre for Orthopaedic and Trauma Research and Discipline of Ortho-paedics and Trauma, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia

Marina T. Souza Department of Materials Engineering, Federal University of SãoCarlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil

Simone Sprio Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC), NationalResearch Council (CNR), Faenza, Italy

Heinz-J€urgen Steinhoff Department of Physics, University of Osnabruk,Osnabruk, Germany

Martin J. Stoddart AO Research Institute Davos, Davos Platz, Switzerland

Roman A. Surmenev Department of Experimental Physics, Tomsk PolytechnicUniversity, Tomsk, Russia

Maria A. Surmeneva Department of Experimental Physics, Tomsk PolytechnicUniversity, Tomsk, Russia

Anna Tampieri Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics (ISTEC),National Research Council (CNR), Faenza, Italy

Teodor Trăistaru UMF Carol Davila, Department of Fixed prosthodontics andOcclusology, Bucharest, Romania

Gianluca Vadalà Department of Orthopaedic and Trauma Surgery, CampusBio-Medico University of Rome, Rome, Italy

Emilia Vanea Faculty of Physcis and Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in BioNano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania

Elena Varoni Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Chirurgiche ed Odontoiatriche,Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy

George Viscopoleanu Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, “Foisor” OrthopaedicHospital, Bucharest, Romania

Alina Vladescu National Institute for Optoelectronics, Magurele, Romania

Stefan Ioan Voicu Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Sciences, Univer-sity Politehnica of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania

Mishel Weshler Laniado Hospital, Netanya, Israel

Contributors xxiii

David J. Wood Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering Group, School of Dentistry,University of Leeds, Leeds, UK

Xingyi Xie College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University,Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Julija Zarkova Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dental Medicine, Macedonia FYR,University “Goce Delcev” – Stip, Stip, FYR Macedonia

Y. L. Zhou State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and SuperfineMicrostructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Shanghai, China

Katerina Zlatanovska Faculty of Medical Sciences, Dental Medicine, MacedoniaFYR, University “Goce Delcev” – Stip, Stip, FYR Macedonia

xxiv Contributors