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Handbook of Archaeoastronomy andEthnoastronomy

Clive L. N. RugglesEditor

Handbook ofArchaeoastronomy andEthnoastronomy

With 969 Figures and 88 Tables

EditorClive L. N. RugglesSchool of Archaeology and Ancient HistoryUniversity of LeicesterUniversity RoadLeicester, UK

ISBN 978-1-4614-6140-1 978-1-4614-6141-8 (eBook)ISBN Bundle 978-1-4614-6142-5 (print and electronic bundle)DOI 10.1007/978-1-4614-6141-8Springer New York Heidelberg Dordrecht London

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014942048

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Preface

All human cultures have a sky. Through the ages, the celestial vault visible at night

has formed a breathtaking spectacle, as it continues to do in places beyond the reach

of modern lighting. For countless millennia, how people interpret what they

perceive in the sky has played a vital role in human communities’ understanding

of the cosmos that they inhabit.

For human societies ranging from small groups of hunter-gatherers and herders

through to states and empires, the sky formed a prominent and immutable part of

the observed world. The repeated cycles of the sun, moon, and stars helped to

regulate human activity as people strove to make sense of their world and to keep

their actions in harmony with the cosmos as they perceived it. In some cases, this

was simply in order to maintain seasonal subsistence cycles; in others it helped to

support dominant ideologies and complex social hierarchies. This quest for knowl-

edge and understanding – “science” in its broadest sense – links the earliest

skywatchers to modern astronomers and cosmologists. Sky perceptions very dif-

ferent in nature from those offered by modern “Western” science persist in many

indigenous cultures around the world.

Archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy, also referred to jointly as “cultural

astronomy”, are concerned with humankind’s perceptions and understanding

of astronomical phenomena, throughout human history and among all cultures.

Monumental and other human constructions, artifacts, cultural landscapes, histor-

ical accounts, and modern indigenous practices all bear witness to the extraordinary

diversity of ways in which human communities have comprehended what they

perceived in the skies and used or manipulated this knowledge for social ends. The

twin disciplines have been recognized since the 1970s as a distinct academic field of

endeavor of significant value in informing broader cultural questions.

Research in archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy has been burgeoning since

the 1980s, when academics from across the divide between the social sciences

and the physical and formal sciences began to work together in earnest to develop

common goals and approaches. The result is a rich cross-disciplinary field

with input from a wide range of academic disciplines including anthropology,

archaeology, history (also the history of art, history of science, and history of

religions), architecture, astronomy, and statistics. Nonetheless archaeoastronomy,

v

in particular, has long courted controversy and acted as a magnet for sensationalism

and uncritical speculation. A contributing factor is doubtless that each of its main

constituent disciplines, archaeology and astronomy, has huge popular appeal. Such

uncritical or sensationalistic accounts, often widely available, tend to obscure and

undermine serious scholarship in the field.

This three-volume handbook sets out to provide a definitive picture of the state

of the art of research in archaeoastronomy and ethnoastronomy and to be a reliable

and comprehensive source of reference regarding theory, method, interpretation,

and best practice. It aims to be equally accessible to interested scholars regardless

of the discipline in which they are qualified, as well as for tertiary-level students and

serious general readers. Its authors are drawn from a full range of relevant disci-

plines and geographical areas.

Part I of the handbook comprises thematic essays addressing general themes

such as cosmologies, perceptions of space and time, calendars, and navigation. The

chapters here also highlight various aspects of the social context of astronomy such

as its role in sustaining social and political power; its use in the service of world

religions, particularly Christianity and Islam; and its relationship to astrology.

There is discussion of various disciplinary approaches to the study of prehistoric,

historical, and indigenous astronomical knowledge, a historical perspective on the

development of archaeoastronomy itself, and coverage of issues relating to heritage

and tourism.

Part II, “Methods and Practice”, covers topics ranging from social theory to field

methodology, survey procedures, data analysis, and visualization. The opening

chapters are concerned with the cultural interpretation of archaeological, historical,

and ethnographic evidence. Several of the remainder deal with the identification

and analysis of structural orientations and putative alignments upon various astro-

nomical bodies; one with light-and-shadow interactions. A number of chapters here

also provide broad definitions and explanations of key concepts that may be useful

to readers unfamiliar with background matter in the relevant disciplines.

The case studies that form the remainder, and major part, of the handbook have

been selected to best illustrate broader themes and issues while ranging as widely as

possible both geographically and through time and also in terms of the nature of the

society in question and of their astronomical perceptions and practices. The subject

matter does not extend to the development of modern scientific astronomy from the

European Renaissance onward, but does include topics such as Babylonian, Greek,

and Islamic astronomy, focusing in the Greek case (for example) more broadly

upon calendars, religious practices, and perceptions of the cosmos, rather than

exclusively upon the development of mathematical astronomy.

I would like to thank all the authors for taking time out from their many other

commitments to complete their excellent contributions to this handbook. My

particular thanks are due to the section editors without whose thoroughness,

reliability, and punctuality, not to say tenacity, it simply would not have been

possible to produce a work of such impressive scope. Finally, I am immensely

vi Preface

grateful to the Springer staff, and particularly to our production editors Sylvia

Blago and Simone Giesler, for their endless patience and good humor, as well as

their unyielding support, at all stages in helping us to bring this project to a very

satisfactory completion.

January 2014 Clive L. N. Ruggles

Preface vii

About the Editor

Clive L. N. Ruggles Emeritus Professor of Archaeoastronomy, School of Archae-

ology and Ancient History, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Professor Clive L.N. Ruggles obtained an M.A. in Mathematics from Cambridge

University in 1974 and a D. Phil in Astrophysics from Oxford University in 1978.

Having already published several papers in archaeo- and ethnoastronomy, he

moved shortly after this to University College, Cardiff (now Cardiff University),

where he became a research fellow in the Department of Archaeology, moving on

in 1982 to the Mathematics Department at the University of Leicester to pursue

research in statistical applications in archaeology and archaeoastronomy. From

1984, he held various posts at the university, first as a lecturer and subsequently

senior lecturer (1989) in Computing Studies, and later directing a cross-campus

computer-based-learning project while also affiliated to two different departments

(Mathematics and Computer Science, and Archaeology). He moved full time into

the newly created School of Archaeological Studies (now the School of Archaeol-

ogy and Ancient History) in 1997, gaining promotion to a personal chair in 1999

and becoming emeritus professor in 2007.

Professor Ruggles has authored over 120 research and review papers in archaeo-

astronomy and ethnoastronomy as well as various other subjects, and has authored,

ix

edited, or coedited 17 books including Records in Stone (Cambridge University

Press, 1988), Astronomies and Cultures (University Press of Colorado, 1993),

Astronomy in Prehistoric Britain and Ireland (Yale University Press, 1999),

Ancient Astronomy: An Encyclopedia of Cosmologies and Myth (ABC-CLIO,

2005), Cultural Astronomy in New World Cosmologies (University Press of

Colorado, 2007), and Archaeoastronomy and Ethnoastronomy: Building BridgesBetween Cultures (Cambridge University Press, 2011). His early work focused on

the Neolithic and Bronze Age standing stone monuments of Britain and Ireland,

a topic of great controversy at the time between archaeologists and astronomers.

Since then his interests have ranged from prehistoric perceptions of the skies in

various contexts around the world to modern indigenous calendars in sub-Saharan

Africa. He has undertaken fieldwork in several European countries, as well as in

Egypt, the Americas, and Polynesia, concentrating most recently on major projects

in Peru and the Hawaiian Islands. Throughout his career he has been concerned

with developing sounder theoretical foundations and more robust methodologies

and practice. In 2010, he was awarded the “Carlos Jaschek” prize by the European

Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) for outstanding contributions in the fields

of cultural astronomy and archaeoastronomy.

From 2009 to 2012, Professor Ruggles served as president of the Inter-Union

Commission on the History of Astronomy (ICHA), a joint Commission of the

International Astronomical Union (IAU) and the International Union of

the History and Philosophy of Science (IUHPS). He has also served as president

of the Prehistoric Society (2006–2010), the International Society for Archaeoas-

tronomy and Astronomy in Culture (ISAAC) (1999–2004), and the European

Society for Astronomy in Culture (SEAC) (1993–99). He was editor from 1987

to 2001 of Archaeoastronomy, the supplement to Journal for the History ofAstronomy, and coeditor from 1998 to 2010 of Archaeoastronomy: the Journal ofAstronomy in Culture. He has organized two of the ten “Oxford” International

Symposia on Archaeoastronomy, the principal conferences in the field, that have

taken place between 1981 and 2014: Oxford III in St Andrews, Scotland, in 1990

and Oxford IX in Lima, Peru, in 2011. He is a fellow of the Society of Antiquaries

of London.

Since 2008, Professor Ruggles has worked on behalf of UNESCO and the

International Astronomical Union to advance their joint initiative to promote,

preserve, and protect the world’s most important astronomical heritage sites.

From 2008 to 2012, he chaired the IAU’s Working Group on Astronomy and

World Heritage, and he continues as a special advisor to the IAU, liaising with

UNESCO. He has also worked with UNESCO’s advisory body for cultural sites,

ICOMOS, to produce a joint ICOMOS–IAU Thematic Study on the Heritage Sitesof Astronomy and Archaeoastronomy (2010), and with their advisory body for

natural sites, IUCN, as a member of the Dark Skies Advisory Group (DSAG). He

is director of UNESCO’s Astronomy and World Heritage Web Portal Project.

x About the Editor

Section Editors

Themes and Issues

Juan Antonio Belmonte Instituto de Astrofısica de Canarias, Universidad de La

Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

Methods and Practice

Stephen C. McCluskey Department of History, West Virginia University,

Morgantown, WV, USA

Pre-Columbian and Indigenous North America


Morgantown, WV, USA

Pre-Columbian and Indigenous Mesoamerica

Stanisław Iwaniszewski Division de Posgrado, Escuela Nacional de Antropologıa

e Historia, Tlalpan, Mexico, D.F., Mexico

Pre-Columbian and Indigenous South America

Alejandro Martın Lopez Seccion de Etnologıa, Instituto de Ciencias

Antropologicas, Facultad de Filosofıa y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires,

Buenos Aires, Argentina

Indigenous and Islamic Astronomy in Africa




Prehistoric Europe (Western Part)



xi

Prehistoric Europe (Central and Eastern Part) and Central Asia



Ancient Egypt and the Classical World

John M. Steele Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies,

Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Traditional Astronomies in Medieval and Modern Europe


Morgantown, WV, USA

Ancient Near East



India and the Islamic Near East



China and the Far East

Xiaochun Sun Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of

Sciences, Xicheng, Beijing, China

Oceania (Including Australasia and Malay Archipelago)




xii Section Editors

Contents

Volume 1

Part I Themes and Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Juan Antonio Belmonte

1 Concepts of Space, Time, and the Cosmos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Stanisław Iwaniszewski

2 Calendars and Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Clive L. N. Ruggles

3 Astronomy and Chronology - Babylonia, Assyria, and Egypt . . . 31

Rolf Krauss

4 Astronomy and Navigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

Fernando Pimenta

5 Astronomy and Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Edwin C. Krupp

6 Astronomy and Politics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

John M. Steele

7 Astrology as Cultural Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103

Nicholas Campion

8 Astronomy, Astrology, and Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117

Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum

9 Ancient “Observatories” - A Relevant Concept? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133


10 Origins of the “Western” Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

Roslyn M. Frank

11 Astronomy in the Service of Christianity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165

Stephen C. McCluskey

xiii

12 Astronomy in the Service of Islam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181

David A. King

13 Interactions Between “Indigenous” and “Colonial”

Astronomies: Adaptation of Indigenous Astronomies in the

Modern World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197

Alejandro Martın Lopez

14 Development of Archaeoastronomy in the English-Speaking

World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213

Alun Salt

15 Disciplinary Perspectives on Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227


16 Astronomy and Rock Art Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

William Breen Murray

17 Presentation of Archaeoastronomy in Introductions to

Archaeology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251

Victor B. Fisher

18 Archaeoastronomical Concepts in Popular Culture . . . . . . . . . . 263

Edwin C. Krupp

19 Astrotourism and Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287


20 Archaeoastronomical Heritage and the World Heritage

Convention . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301

Michel Cotte

Part II Methods and Practice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313


21 Cultural Interpretation of Archaeological Evidence Relating

to Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 315


22 Cultural Interpretation of Historical Evidence Relating

to Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325


23 Cultural Interpretation of Ethnographic Evidence Relating

to Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341


24 Nature and Analysis of Material Evidence Relevant

to Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353

Clive L. N. Ruggles

xiv Contents

25 Best Practice for Evaluating the Astronomical Significance

of Archaeological Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373

Clive L. N. Ruggles

26 Techniques of Field Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389

Frank Prendergast

27 Analyzing Orientations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411

Clive L. N. Ruggles

28 Analyzing Light-and-Shadow Interactions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427


29 Visualization Tools and Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445

Georg Zotti

30 Basic Concepts of Positional Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459

Clive L. N. Ruggles

31 Long-Term Changes in the Appearance of the Sky . . . . . . . . . . . 473

Clive L. N. Ruggles

32 Solar Alignments - Identification and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483


33 Lunar Alignments - Identification and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493

A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa

34 Alignments upon Venus (and Other Planets) - Identification

and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507

Ivan Sprajc

35 Stellar Alignments - Identification and Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517

Clive L. N. Ruggles

Part III Pre-Columbian and Indigenous North America . . . . . . . . . 531


36 Inuit Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533

John MacDonald

37 Medicine Wheels of the Great Plains . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 541

David Vogt

38 Hohokam Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551

Todd W. Bostwick

39 Mesa Verde Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 565

Gregory E. Munson

Contents xv

40 Great Houses and the Sun - Astronomy of

Chaco Canyon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577

J. McKim Malville and Andrew Munro

41 Rock Art of the Greater Southwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 593

Edwin C. Krupp

42 Hopi and Anasazi Alignments and Rock Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 607

Bryan C. Bates

43 Sun-Dagger Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 621

Ray A. Williamson

44 Dine (Navajo) Ethno- and Archaeoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629

Von Del Chamberlain

45 Pueblo Ethnoastronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Ray Williamson

46 Hopi and Puebloan Ethnoastronomy and Ethnoscience . . . . . . . 649


47 Astronomy and Rock Art in Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 659


48 Boca de Potrerillos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669


Part IV Pre-Columbian and Indigenous Mesoamerica . . . . . . . . . . 681


49 Astronomical Deities in Ancient Mesoamerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683

Susan Milbrath

50 Astronomy in the Dresden Codex . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 695

Gabrielle Vail

51 Counting Lunar Phase Cycles in Mesoamerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 709


52 Astronomical Correlates of Architecture and Landscape

in Mesoamerica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 715

Ivan Sprajc

53 Astronomy at Teotihuacan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 729


54 Pecked Cross-Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 737


55 Templo Mayor, Tenochtitlan - Calendar and Astronomy . . . . . . 743

Jesus Galindo Trejo

xvi Contents

56 Cave of the Astronomers at Xochicalco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749

Arnold Lebeuf

57 Colonial Zapotec Calendars and Calendrical Astronomy . . . . . . 759

John Justeson

58 Layout of Ancient Maya Cities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 769

Grant R. Aylesworth

59 Governor’s Palace at Uxmal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773

Ivan Sprajc

60 E-Group Arrangements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783

Grant R. Aylesworth

Volume 2

Part V Pre-Columbian and Indigenous South America . . . . . . . . . 793


61 Pre-Inca Astronomy in Peru . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 795

J. McKim Malville

62 Chankillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 807

Ivan Ghezzi and Clive L. N. Ruggles

63 Geoglyphs of the Peruvian Coast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821

Clive L. N. Ruggles

64 Inca Astronomy and Calendrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831

David S. P. Dearborn and Brian S. Bauer

65 Inca Calendar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839

Mariusz Ziołkowski

66 Ceque System of Cuzco: A Yearly Calendar-Almanac in

Space and Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 851

R. Tom Zuidema

67 Inca Royal Estates in the Sacred Valley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 865

J. McKim Malville

68 Machu Picchu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 879

J. McKim Malville

69 Island of the Sun: Elite and Non-Elite Observations of

the June Solstice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 893

David S. P. Dearborn and Brian S. Bauer

Contents xvii

70 Inca Moon: Some Evidence of Lunar Observations in

Tahuantinsuyu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 897

Mariusz Ziołkowski, Jacek Kosciuk, and Fernando Astete

71 Observations of Comets and Eclipses in the Andes . . . . . . . . . . . 913

Mariusz Ziołkowski

72 Landscape, Mountain Worship and Astronomy in Socaire . . . . . 921

Ricardo Moyano

73 Skyscape of an Amazonian Diaspora: Arawak Astronomy

in Historical Comparative Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931

Fabiola Jara

74 Astronomy in Brazilian Ethnohistory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 945

Flavia Pedroza Lima

75 Ticuna Astronomy, Mythology and Cosmovision . . . . . . . . . . . . 953

Priscila Faulhaber

76 Moxos’ Lagoons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 959

Juan Antonio Belmonte and Josep F. Barba

77 “Chiriguano” Astronomy - Venus and a Guarani New Year . . . 967

Gonzalo Pereira

78 Astronomy and Cosmology of the Guarani of Southern Brazil . . . . 975

Flavia Cristina de Mello

79 The Sky Among the Toba of Western Formosa

(Gran Chaco, Argentina) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981

Cecilia Paula Gomez

80 Astronomy in the Chaco Region, Argentina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 987


81 Ethnoastronomy in the Multicultural Context of the AgriculturalColonies in Northern Santa Fe Province, Argentina . . . . . . . . . . 997

Armando Mudrik

82 Selkᛌnam Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1005

Sixto R. Gimenez Benıtez

Part VI Indigenous and Islamic Astronomy in Africa . . . . . . . . . 1011


83 Cultural Astronomy in Africa South of the Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . 1013

Jarita Holbrook

84 Indigenous Astronomy in Southern Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1031

Thebe Rodney Medupe

xviii Contents

85 “Reading” Central African Skies - A Case Study from

Southeastern DRC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1037

Allen F. Roberts

86 Mursi and Borana Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1041

Clive L. N. Ruggles

87 Yoruba Ethnoastronomy - “Orisha/Vodun” or How People’s

Conceptions of the Sky Constructed Science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051

Dafon Aime Segla

88 Pre-Islamic Dry-Stone Monuments of the Central and

Western Sahara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1059

Yves Gauthier

89 Astronomy at Nabta Playa, Southern Egypt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1079

J. McKim Malville

90 Pre-Islamic Religious Monuments in North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 1093

Cesar Esteban

91 Astronomy as Practiced in the West African City ofTimbuktu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1101

Thebe Rodney Medupe

92 Calendar Pluralism and the Cultural Heritage of Domination

and Resistance (Tuareg and Other Saharans) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1107

Clare Oxby

93 Pre-Hispanic Sanctuaries in the Canary Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1115


94 A Modern Myth - The “Pyramids” of G€uımar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1125

Antonio Aparicio and Cesar Esteban

Part VII Prehistoric Europe [Western Part] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1133


95 Patterns of Orientation in the Megalithic Tombs of the

Western Mediterranean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1135

Michael Hoskin

96 Seven-Stone Antas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1149

Michael Hoskin

97 Megalithic Cromlechs of Iberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1153

Fernando Pimenta and Luıs Tirapicos

98 Iberian Sanctuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1163

Cesar Esteban

Contents xix

99 Taula Sanctuaries of Menorca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1169

Michael Hoskin

100 Celtic Sites of Central Iberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1175

Manuel Perez Gutierrez

101 Basque Saroiak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1187

Luis Mari Zaldua Etxabe

102 Possible Calendrical Inscriptions on Paleolithic Artifacts . . . . . 1197

Michael A. Rappengl€uck

103 Possible Astronomical Depictions in Franco-Cantabrian

Paleolithic Rock Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205

Michael A. Rappengl€uck

104 Astronomical Symbolism in Bronze-Age and

Iron-Age Rock Art . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1213

Marco V. Garcıa Quintela and Manuel Santos-Estevez

105 Stonehenge and its Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1223

Clive L. N. Ruggles

106 The Neolithic and Bronze Age Monument Complex of

Thornborough, North Yorkshire, UK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1239

Jan Harding

107 Irish Neolithic Tombs in their Landscape . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1249

Frank Prendergast

108 Boyne Valley Tombs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1263

Frank Prendergast

109 Recumbent Stone Circles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277

Clive L. N. Ruggles

110 Scottish Short Stone Rows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1287

Clive L. N. Ruggles

Part VIII Prehistoric Europe [Central and Eastern Part]and Central Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1297


111 TRB Megalithic Tombs and Long Barrows inCentral Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1299


112 Neolithic Longhouses and Bronze Age Houses in

Central Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1307

Emılia Pasztor and Judit P. Barna

xx Contents

113 Neolithic Circular Ditch Systems (“Rondels”) in

Central Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317

Emılia Pasztor, Judit P. Barna, and Georg Zotti

114 Celestial Symbolism of the Vucedol Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1327

Emılia Pasztor

115 Celestial Symbolism in Central European Later

Prehistory - Case Studies from the Bronze Age

Carpathian Basin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1337

Emılia Pasztor

116 Nebra Disk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1349

Emılia Pasztor

117 Lessons of Odry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1357


118 Astronomical Orientation in the Ancient Dacian Sanctuaries ofRomania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1365

Florin Stanescu

119 Astronomy in the Bulgarian Neolithic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1377

Alexey Stoev and Penka Maglova

120 Thracian Sanctuaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1385

Penka Maglova and Alexey Stoev

121 Thracian Dolmens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1395

A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa, Dimiter Kolev, and Vesselina Koleva

122 Sardinian Nuraghes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1403

Mauro Peppino Zedda

123 Nuraghic Well of Santa Cristina, Paulilatino,

Oristano, Sardinia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1413

Arnold Lebeuf

124 Temples of Malta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1421

Frank Ventura and Michael Hoskin

125 Minoan Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1431

Mary Blomberg and Goran Henriksson

126 Astronomy in the Ancient Caucasus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1443

Irakli Simonia and Badri Jijelava

127 Carahunge - A Critical Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1453

A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa

128 Observational and Cult Sites in Pre-Christian Georgia . . . . . . 1461

Irakli Simonia, Badri Jijelava, G. Gigauri, and Gordon Houston

Contents xxi

Volume 3

Part IX Ancient Egypt and the Classical World . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1469

John M. Steele

129 Egyptian Cosmology and Cosmogony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1471

James P. Allen

130 Egyptian Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1477

Jose Lull and Juan Antonio Belmonte

131 Ancient Egyptian Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1489

Anthony Spalinger

132 Egyptian “Star Clocks” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1495

Sarah Symons

133 Orientation of Egyptian Temples: An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . 1501


134 Monuments of the Giza Plateau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1519

Clive L. N. Ruggles

135 Karnak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1531


136 Kingdom of Kush . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1541


137 Greek Cosmology and Cosmogony . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1549

Alexander Jones

138 Greek Constellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1555

Stamatina Mastorakou

139 Ancient Greek Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1563

Robert Hannah

140 Greek Temples and Rituals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1573

Efrosyni Boutsikas

141 Greek Mathematical Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1583

Alexander Jones

142 Material Culture of Greek and Roman Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . 1589

James Evans

143 Reconstructing the Antikythera Mechanism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1603

Tony Freeth

144 Greco-Roman Astrometeorology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1625

Daryn Lehoux

xxii Contents

145 Greco-Roman Astrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1629

Roger Beck

146 Etruscan Divination and Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1637

Giulio Magli

147 Roman City Planning and Spatial Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . 1643

A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa and Giulio Magli

148 Light at the Pantheon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1651

Robert Hannah and Giulio Magli

149 Nemrud Dag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1659

Juan Antonio Belmonte and A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa

150 Mithraism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1669

Roger Beck

Part X Traditional Astronomies in Medieval and EarlyModern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1677


151 Skylore of the Indigenous Peoples of Northern Eurasia . . . . . . 1679

Roslyn M. Frank

152 Qibla in the Mediterranean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1687

Monica Rius-Pinies

153 Interactions Between Islamic and Christian Traditions

in the Iberian Peninsula . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1695

A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa and Juan Antonio Belmonte

154 Orientation of Christian Churches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1703


155 Orientation of English Medieval Parish Churches . . . . . . . . . . 1711

Peter G. Hoare

156 Church Orientations in Slovenia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1719

Sasa Caval

157 Church Orientations in Central and Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . 1727

Rimvydas Lauzikas

158 Role of Light–Shadow Hierophanies in Early Medieval Art . . . 1733

Kirsten Ataoguz

159 Light–Shadow Interactions in Italian Medieval Churches . . . . 1743

Manuela Incerti

160 Lost Skies of Italian Folk Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1755

Piero Barale

Contents xxiii

161 Folk Calendars in the Balkan Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1767

Dimiter Kolev

162 Wooden Calendar Sticks in Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1773

Vesselina Koleva and Svetlana Koleva

Part XI Ancient Near East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1781

John M. Steele

163 Orientation of Hittite Monuments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1783

A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa and Juan Antonio Belmonte

164 Orientation of Phoenician Temples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1793

Jose Luis Escacena Carrasco

165 Astronomy in the Levant During the Bronze Age

and Iron Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1801

Andrea Polcaro

166 Petra and the Nabataeans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1813

Juan Antonio Belmonte and A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa

167 Mesopotamian Cosmogony and Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1823

Wayne Horowitz

168 Mesopotamian Star Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1829

Wayne Horowitz

169 Mesopotamian Celestial Divination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1835

Lorenzo Verderame

170 Mesopotamian Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1841

John M. Steele

171 Astronomy, Divination, and Politics in the Neo-Assyrian Empire 1847

Lorenzo Verderame

172 Babylonian Observational and Predictive Astronomy . . . . . . . . 1855

John M. Steele

173 Babylonian Mathematical Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1863

Mathieu Ossendrijver

174 Late Babylonian Astrology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1871

John M. Steele

175 Transmission of Babylonian Astronomy to Other Cultures . . . 1877

Alexander Jones

xxiv Contents

176 Ancient and Medieval Jewish Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1883

Sacha Stern

177 Astronomy in the Book of Enoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1889

Jonathan Ben-Dov

178 Astronomy and Calendars at Qumran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1895

Jonathan Ben-Dov

179 Ancient Persian Skywatching and Calendars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1901

Arkadiusz Sołtysiak

Part XII India and the Islamic Near East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1907

John M. Steele

180 Islamic Mathematical Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1909

Clemency Montelle

181 Islamic Astronomical Instruments and Observatories . . . . . . . . 1917

Tofigh Heidarzadeh

182 Islamic Folk Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1927

Petra G. Schmidl

183 Folk Astronomy and Calendars in Yemen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1935

Daniel Martin Varisco

184 Star Clocks and Water Management in Oman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1941

Harriet Nash

185 Astronomy of the Vedic Age . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1949

Yukio Ohashi

186 Use of Astronomical Principles in Indian

Temple Architecture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1959

B. S. Shylaja

187 Astronomy of Indian Cities, Temples, and

Pilgrimage Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1969

J. McKim Malville

188 Mathematical Astronomy in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1981

Kim Plofker

189 Vakya System of Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1991

M. S. Sriram

190 Kerala School of Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2001

Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian

Contents xxv

191 Astronomical Instruments in India . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2007

Sreeramula Rajeswara Sarma

192 Observatories of Sawai Jai Singh II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2017

Susan N. Johnson-Roehr

Part XIII China and the Far East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2029

Xiaochun Sun

193 Ancient Chinese Astronomy - An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2031

Yunli Shi

194 Observation of Celestial Phenomena in Ancient China . . . . . . . 2043

Xiaochun Sun

195 Chinese Constellations and Star Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2051

Xiaochun Sun

196 Chinese Calendar and Mathematical Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . 2059

Xiaochun Sun

197 Shang Oracle Bones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2069

David W. Pankenier

198 Excavated Documents Dealing with Chinese Astronomy . . . . . 2079

Yuzhen Guan

199 Astronomy and City Planning in China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2085

David W. Pankenier

200 Gnomons in Ancient China . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2095

Geng Li

201 Taosi Observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2105

Xiaochun Sun

202 Dengfeng Large Gnomon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2111

Fengxian Xu

203 Ancient Chinese Sundials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2117

Kehui Deng

204 Chinese Armillary Spheres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2127

Xiaochun Sun

205 Water-Powered Astronomical Clock Tower . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2133

Xiaochun Sun

206 Beijing Ancient Observatory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2141

Yunli Shi

xxvi Contents

207 Astronomical Aspects of Korean Dolmens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2149

Hong-Jin Yang

208 Korean Astronomical Calendar, Chiljeongsan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2157

Eun Hee Lee

209 Striking Clepsydras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2163

Moon-Hyon Nam

210 Song I-Yeong’s Armillary Clock . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2179

Sang Hyuk Kim and Yong Sam Lee

211 Cultural Astronomy in Japan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2197

Steven L. Renshaw

Part XIV Oceania (Including Australasia andMalay Archipelago) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2205


212 Cultural Production of Skylore in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2207

Gene Ammarell and Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing

213 Australian Aboriginal Astronomy - An Overview . . . . . . . . . . . 2215

Ray P. Norris and Duane W. Hamacher

214 Australian Aboriginal Astronomy and Cosmology . . . . . . . . . . 2223

Philip A. Clarke

215 Archaeoastronomy in Polynesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2231

Clive L. N. Ruggles

216 Ancient Hawaiian Astronomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2247

Clive L. N. Ruggles

217 Archaeoastronomy of Easter Island . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2261

Edmundo Edwards

Erratum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E1

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2269

Contents xxvii

Contributors

James P. Allen Brown University, Providence, RI, USA

Gene Ammarell Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA

Antonio Aparicio Departamento de Astrofısica and Instituto de Astrofısica de

Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

Fernando Astete Parque Arqueologico Nacional de Machu Picchu, Direccion

Regional de Cultura Cusco, Cusco, Peru

Kirsten Ataoguz Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, Fort Wayne,

IN, USA

Grant R. Aylesworth Anthropology, St. Thomas University, Fredericton, NB,

Canada

Piero Barale Societa Astronomica Italiana, Rome, Italy

Josep F. Barba Centre d’Estudis Amazonics, Barcelona, Spain

Judit P. Barna Balatoni Museum, Keszthely, Hungary

Bryan C. Bates Coconino Community College, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

Brian S. Bauer University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA

Roger Beck University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada



Jonathan Ben-Dov Department of Bible, University of Haifa, Haifa, Israel

Mary Blomberg Department of Archaeology and Ancient History, Uppsala

University, Uppsala, Sweden

Todd W. Bostwick PaleoWest Archaeology, Phoenix, AZ, USA

Verde Valley Archaeology Center, Camp Verde, AZ, USA

Efrosyni Boutsikas University of Kent, Canterbury, UK

xxix

Nicholas Campion University of Wales Trinity Saint David, Lampeter, UK

Sasa Caval Institute of Anthropological and Spatial Studies, Scientific Research

Centre of the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia

Department of Anthropology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA

Von Del Chamberlain Kanab, UT, USA

Philip A. Clarke Environmental & Landscape Planning, Urban Research

Program, School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld, Australia

Michel Cotte University of Nantes, Nantes, France

Flavia Cristina de Mello Department of Anthropology, Universidade Estadual de

Santa Cruz – UESC, Ilheus, Bahia, Brazil

David S. P. Dearborn Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA,

USA

Kehui Deng College of Humanities and Sciences, Donghua University, Shanghai,

China

Edmundo Edwards Centro de Estudios Isla de Pascua, Universidad de Chile,

Santiago Metropolitan Region, Chile

Jose Luis Escacena Carrasco Department of Prehistory and Archaeology,

University of Seville, Seville, Spain

Cesar Esteban Departamento de Astrofısica and Instituto de Astrofısica de

Canarias, Universidad de La Laguna, La Laguna, Tenerife, Spain

James Evans University of Puget Sound, Tacoma, WA, USA

Priscila Faulhaber Museum of Astronomy and Related Sciences, Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil

Victor B. Fisher Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Criminal Justice,

Towson University, Towson, MD, USA

Roslyn M. Frank University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA

Tony Freeth Antikythera Mechanism Research Project, South Ealing, London, UK

Jesus Galindo Trejo Instituto de Investigaciones Esteticas, Universidad Nacional

Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), Mexico City, Mexico

Marco V. Garcıa Quintela University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de

Compostela, Spain

Yves Gauthier Reaumont, France

Ivan Ghezzi Instituto de Investigaciones Arqueologicas, Miraflores, Lima, Peru

G. Gigauri Eqvtime Takaishvili Historical Society, Tbilisi, Georgia

xxx Contributors

Sixto R. Gimenez Benıtez Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina

Cecilia Paula Gomez Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, University of Buenos

Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina

A. Cesar Gonzalez-Garcıa Instituto de Ciencias del Patrimonio, Incipit, Santiago

de Compostela, Spain

Dorian Gieseler Greenbaum University of Wales, Trinity Saint David,

Lampeter, Wales, UK

Yuzhen Guan Department of Egyptology and Ancient Western Asian Studies,


Duane W. Hamacher Nura Gili Indigenous Programs Unit, University of New

South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia

Robert Hannah University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand

Jan Harding School of History, Classics and Archaeology, Newcastle University,

Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK

Tofigh Heidarzadeh University of California, Riverside, CA, USA

Goran Henriksson Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University,

Uppsala, Sweden

Peter G. Hoare Ely, Cambridgeshire, UK

Jarita Holbrook University of the Western Cape, Belville, South Africa

Wayne Horowitz The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel

Michael Hoskin Churchill College, Cambridge, UK

Gordon Houston Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

Manuela Incerti Department of Architecture, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy



Panstwowe Muzeum Archeologiczne, Warszawa, Poland

Fabiola Jara Faculty of Social Sciences, Department of Cultural Anthropology,

Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands

Badri Jijelava Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

Susan N. Johnson-Roehr Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New

Brunswick, NJ, USA

Alexander Jones Institute for the Study of the Ancient World, New York

University, NY, USA

Contributors xxxi

John Justeson University at Albany, Albany, NY, USA

Sang Hyuk Kim Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Yuseong-gu,

Daejeon, Republic of Korea

David A. King Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main,

Germany

Dimiter Kolev Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory,

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

Svetlana Koleva Faculty of Classical and Modern Philology, Sofia University,

Sofia, Bulgaria

Vesselina Koleva Institute of Astronomy and National Astronomical Observatory,

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria

Jacek Kosciuk Laboratory of 3D Scanning and Modelling, Institute of History of

Architecture, Arts and Technology, Wrocław University of Technology, Wrocław,

Poland

Rolf Krauss Humboldt-University, Berlin, Germany

Edwin C. Krupp Griffith Observatory, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Rimvydas Lauzikas Faculty of Communication, Vilnius University, Vilnius,

Lithuania

Arnold Lebeuf Institute for the History of Religions, Jagiellonian University,

Krakow, Poland

Eun Hee Lee Yonsei University Observatory, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Yong Sam Lee Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea

Daryn Lehoux Queen’s University, Kingston, ON, Canada

Geng Li Center of Ancient Chinese Astronomy, National Astronomical

Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Flavia Pedroza Lima Rio de Janeiro Planetarium Foundation, Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil




Jose Lull Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Valles, Spain

John MacDonald Nunavut Research Institute, Iqaluit, Nunavut, Canada

Giulio Magli Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy

xxxii Contributors

Penka Maglova Stara Zagora Department, Space Research and Technology

Institute, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

J. McKim Malville Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences,

University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Stamatina Mastorakou Institute for Research in Classical Philosophy and

Science, Princeton, NJ, USA


Morgantown, WV, USA

Thebe Rodney Medupe Department of Physics, North West University,

Mahikeng, South Africa

Susan Milbrath Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida,

Gainesville, FL, USA

Clemency Montelle University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Ricardo Moyano Escuela Nacional de Antropologıa e Historia, Mexico, D.F.,

Mexico

Armando Mudrik Facultad de Matematica, Astronomıa y Fısica, Universidad

Nacional de Cordoba, Cordoba, Argentina

Andrew Munro Centre for Astronomy, James Cook University, Townsville, Qld,

Australia

Gregory E. Munson Dolores, CO, USA

William Breen Murray Departamento de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de

Monterrey, San Pedro Garza Garcıa, Nuevo Leon, Mexico

Moon-Hyon Nam Konkuk University and Jagyeongnu Research Institute, Seoul,

Republic of Korea

Harriet Nash University of Exeter, Exeter, UK

Ray P. Norris Department of Indigenous Studies, Macquarie University, Sydney,

NSW, Australia

CSIRO Astronomy & Space Science, Epping, NSW, Australia

Yukio Ohashi Tokyo, Japan

Mathieu Ossendrijver TOPOI, Humboldt University, Berlin, Germany

Clare Oxby Institute of Social Anthropology, University of Bern, Bern,

Switzerland

David W. Pankenier Department of Modern Languages and Literatures,

Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA

Contributors xxxiii

Emılia Pasztor Magistratum Studio, Dunafoldvar, Hungary

Gonzalo Pereira Planetario Max Schreier, Carrera de Fısica, Universidad Mayor

de San Andres, La Paz, Bolivia

Manuel Perez Gutierrez Higher Polytechnical School of Avila, University of

Salamanca, Avila, Castilla y Leon, Spain

Fernando Pimenta Associacao Portuguesa de Investigacao Arqueologica

(APIA), Lisbon, Portugal

Kim Plofker Union College, Schenectady, NY, USA

Andrea Polcaro Universita degli Studi di Perugia, Perugia, Italy

Frank Prendergast Spatial Information Sciences, College of Engineering and

Built Environment, Dublin Institute of Technology, Dublin, Ireland

Krishnamurthi Ramasubramanian Cell for Indian Science and Technology in

Sanskrit, Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, IIT Bombay, Mumbai,

India

Michael A. Rappengl€uck Adult Education Centre and Observatory, Gilching,

Germany

Steven L. Renshaw Kanda University of International Studies, Chiba, Japan

Monica Rius-Pinies Arabic Studies, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain

Allen F. Roberts University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Clive L. N. Ruggles School of Archaeology and Ancient History, University of

Leicester, Leicester, UK

Alun Salt University of Leicester, Leicester, UK

Manuel Santos-Estevez Centro de Ciencias Historicas y Sociales (CSIC),

Madrid, Spain

Sreeramula Rajeswara Sarma D€usseldorf, Germany

Petra G. Schmidl Institut f€ur Orient– und Asienwissenschaften – Abteilung

Islamwissenschaften, Rheinische Friedrich–Wilhelms–Universit€at, Bonn,

Germany

Exzellenzcluster “Normative Ordnungen”, Goethe–Universit€at, Frankfurt,

Germany

Dafon Aime Segla Martin–Luther University, Halle, Germany

Universite d’Abomey Calavi UAC – Centre Universitaire d’Aplahoue, Abomey

Calavi, Benin Republic

Yunli Shi University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

xxxiv Contributors

B. S. Shylaja Jawaharlal Nehru Planetarium, Bangalore, India

Irakli Simonia Ilia State University, Tbilisi, Georgia

Arkadiusz Sołtysiak Institute of Archaeology, University of Warsaw, Warszawa,

Poland

Anthony Spalinger Department of Classics and Ancient History, University of

Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand

Ivan Sprajc Institute of Anthropological and Spatial Studies, Research Center of

the Slovenian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Ljubljana, Slovenia

M. S. Sriram Department of Theoretical Physics, University of Madras, Guindy

Campus, Chennai, India

Florin Stanescu University “1 Decembrie 1918”, Alba Iulia, Romania



Sacha Stern University College London, London, UK

Alexey Stoev Stara Zagora Department, Space Research and Technology Institute,

Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria

Xiaochun Sun Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of


Sarah Symons McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada

Luıs Tirapicos Centro Interuniversitario de Historia das Ciencias e da Tecnologia,

Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal

Anna Lowenhaupt Tsing University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA

Gabrielle Vail Division of Social Sciences, New College of Florida, Sarasota, FL,

USA

Daniel Martin Varisco Department of Anthropology, Hofstra University,

Hempstead, NY, USA

Frank Ventura University of Malta, Msida, Malta

Lorenzo Verderame “Sapienza” Universita di Roma, Rome, Italy

David Vogt Media & Graphics Interdisciplinary Centre (MAGIC) Laboratory,

University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada

Ray Williamson Secure World Foundation, Broomfield, CO, USA

Fengxian Xu Institute for the History of Natural Science, Chinese Academy of


Contributors xxxv

Hong-Jin Yang Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute, Yuseong-gu,

Daejeon, Republic of Korea

SohNam Institute for History of Astronomy (SIHA), Seoul, Republic of Korea

Luis Mari Zaldua Etxabe Urnieta, Basque Country, Spain

Mauro Peppino Zedda Agora Nuragica, Cagliari, Italy

Mariusz Ziołkowski Centre for Precolumbian Studies, University of Warsaw,

Warsaw, Poland

Georg Zotti Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Archaeological Prospection and

Virtual Archaeology, Vienna, Austria

R. Tom Zuidema University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA

xxxvi Contributors