habitat model of himanthalia elongata: responses to a warming climate
DESCRIPTION
Habitat Model of Himanthalia elongata: responses to a warming climate.Brezo MartínezTRANSCRIPT
Habitat Model of Himanthalia elongata: responses to a warming climate
Brezo Martínez, Rosa M. Viejo, Francisco Carreño & Silvia C. Aranda
[email protected] Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Madrid, Spain
SPECIES
DISTRIBUTION
BIOGEOGRAPHY
ENVIRONMENTAL
DRIVERS
MAJOR RESEARCH TOPIC DURING LAST DECADES
Grinnell 1917 Am. Nat. Gaston 2003
Gaston 2009 Proc. R. Soc. B.
SPECIES
DISTRIBUTION
BIOGEOGRAPHY
ENVIRONMENTAL
DRIVERS
HUMAN IMPACTS:
- Habitat fragmentation - Alien species
- Biodiversity crisis - Global Climate Change
Parmesan et al. 2005 Oikos
GLOBAL WARMING RANGE SHIFTS
Species worldwide: Higher altitudes
Pole-ward displacement
Thomas & Lennon 1999 Nature Wilson et al. 2005 Ecol. Lett. Parmesan 2006 Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst.
IPCC, 2007IPCC, 2007IPCC, 2007IPCC, 2007
IPCC, 2007IPCC, 2007IPCC, 2007IPCC, 2007
Spain: sun, siesta…
PREDICTIONS: high thermal increase
INCREASING NW Iberia OCEAN TEMPERATURES 0.1 - 0.5 ºC per decade since mid 70s
deCastro et al. 2009 Cont. Shelf Res.
Michel et al. 2009 Cont. Shelf Res.
INCREASING NW Iberia OCEAN TEMPERATURES 0.1 - 0.5 ºC per decade since mid 70s
deCastro et al. 2009 Cont. Shelf Res.
Michel et al. 2009 Cont. Shelf Res. FIRST EVIDENCES OF RETRACTIONS OF COLD-TEMPERATE INTERTIDAL SEAWEEDS: Himanthalia elongata: 130 km W Cantabrian Sea -N Spain
Fernández & Anadón 2008 Algas
INTERIDAL Porcía, mid Cantabrian Sea (N Spain), August 2000
INTERIDAL Porcía, mid Cantabrian Sea (N Spain), August 2000
Porcía September 2008
Porcía September 2008
TEMPERATURE
Latitudinal – large scale spp. DISTRIBUTION marine & terrestrial, ectotherms & endotherms
Hutchins 1947 Ecol. Monogr.
Marine: OCEANIC ISOTHERM MODELS August & February, lethal & sublethal, survival & fitness
Lüning 1990
SUN
SHADED
refugees under
boulders
HOWEVER: EMERSIÓN STRESS IN THE in the INTERTIDAL???
INTERTIDAL EMERSION STRESS
- Aerial Thermal Shock - Wind
- Low humidity - High incoming solar radiation (UV)
- Nutrient limitation
PREDICTIVE MODEL EQUATION
for Himanthalia elongata distribution
- Relate occurrence/absence with:
Oceanic & atmospherical climatic variables
Non-climatic variables & 2D resources
- Predict trends in the ongoing Global Warming
AIMS
GIS + HABITAT DISTRIBUTION MODELS Fully developed in terrestrial systems Guisan & Zimmermann 2000 Ecol. Model. Austin 2002 Ecol. Model. Heikkinen et al. 2006 Prog. Phys. Geog.
To our knowledge…
first HABITAT MODEL for an intertidal seaweed
Many STATISTICAL TECHNICHES
available: multiple regression, logistic
regression - GLMs, GAMs, HP, AIC, BIC, etc.
Many STATISTICAL TECHNICHES
available: multiple regression, logistic
regression - GLMs, GAMs, HP, AIC, BIC, etc.
BIOLOGICAL DATA sp1
Presence/absence sp1
Abundance sp1
Herbarium data
Many STATISTICAL TECHNICHES
available: multiple regression, logistic
regression - GLMs, GAMs, HP, AIC, BIC, etc.
BIOLOGICAL DATA sp1
ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS
X, Y, Z, β Presence/absence sp1
Abundance sp1
Herbarium data
Climatic variables: temperature, humidity Spatial variables: kind of substrate
Model equation (multivariate Logistic regression): p, the probability of occurrence of the sp1
Many STATISTICAL TECHNICHES
available: multiple regression, logistic
regression - GLMs, GAMs, HP, AIC, BIC, etc.
BIOLOGICAL DATA sp1
ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS
X, Y, Z, β
zy..bxa
zy..bxa
e1eP ++
++
+=
POWERFOOL TOOL:
- MAP of the probability of presence of the sp1 in
areas not sampled, DESCRIPTIVE TOOL
- HYPOTHESIS TESTING on species distribution-
environmental variables relationships
- PREDICTIVE EQUATION, trends in future
scenarios
Himanthalia elongata
BIOLOGICAL DATA:
Absences/presences
in 198 1 Km2 UTM cells.
Himanthalia elongata
1. Fucal.
BIOLOGICAL DATA:
Absences/presences
in 198 1 Km2 UTM cells.
Himanthalia elongata
1. Fucal. 2. Biannual.
BIOLOGICAL DATA:
Absences/presences
in 198 1 Km2 UTM cells.
Himanthalia elongata
BIOLOGICAL DATA:
Absences/presences
in 198 1 Km2 UTM cells.
HIGH TIDE
LOW TIDE
1. Fucal. 2. Biannual. 3. Low intertidal.
Himanthalia elongata
BIOLOGICAL DATA:
Absences/presences
in 198 1 Km2 UTM cells.
LOW TIDE
1. Fucal. 2. Biannual. 3. Low intertidal.
Himanthalia elongata
Canopy forming Seasonally dominant
Autogenic engineering
BIOLOGICAL DATA:
Absences/presences
in 198 1 Km2 UTM cells.
TRACK CHANGES IN THE WHOLE COMMUNITY
Himanthalia elongata
Cold temperate species: southernmost limit
in N Portugal and mid N Spain
BIOLOGICAL DATA:
Absences/presences
in 198 1 Km2 UTM cells.
Figure 2. The 21-year (1985–2005) mean sea surface temperature (SST) (C) field for (a) winter, (b) spring, (c) summer, & (d) autumn. From Goméz-Gesteira et al. 2008.
Distribution along the coldest coast line (Lima 2007, Araújo et al. 2009).
Winter Spring
Autumn Summer
Study area: NW corner Iberian Peninsula.
1189 UTM cells, 1 Km2
1189 UTM cells, 1 Km2
7 ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS:
1. Mean August Sea Surface Temperature SST AUG 2. Mean February Sea Surface Temperature SST FEB 3. Mean maximum air temperature of August MaxT AUG 4. Mean minimum air temperature of February MinT FEB 5. Mean August cloudiness CLOUDINESS 6. Mean wave height WAVES 7. Presence/absence of rocky substratum ROCK
7 ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS:
1. Mean August Sea Surface Temperature SST AUG 2. Mean February Sea Surface Temperature SST FEB 3. Mean maximum air temperature of August MaxT AUG 4. Mean minimum air temperature of February MinT FEB 5. Mean August cloudiness CLOUDINESS 6. Mean wave height WAVES 7. Presence/absence of rocky substratum ROCK
7 ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS:
1. Mean August Sea Surface Temperature SST AUG 2. Mean February Sea Surface Temperature SST FEB 3. Mean maximum air temperature of August MaxT AUG 4. Mean minimum air temperature of February MinT FEB 5. Mean August cloudiness CLOUDINESS 6. Mean wave height WAVES 7. Presence/absence of rocky substratum ROCK
7 ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS:
1. Mean August Sea Surface Temperature SST AUG 2. Mean February Sea Surface Temperature SST FEB 3. Mean maximum air temperature of August MaxT AUG 4. Mean minimum air temperature of February MinT FEB 5. Mean August cloudiness CLOUDINESS 6. Mean wave height WAVES 7. Presence/absence of rocky substratum ROCK
THERMAL SEA & AIR CONDITONS
7 ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS:
1. Mean August Sea Surface Temperature SST AUG 2. Mean February Sea Surface Temperature SST FEB 3. Mean maximum air temperature of August MaxT AUG 4. Mean minimum air temperature of February MinT FEB 5. Mean August cloudiness CLOUDINESS 6. Mean wave height WAVES 7. Presence/absence of rocky substratum ROCK
SURROGATE OF LOW TIDE CONDITONS
7 ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS:
1. Mean August Sea Surface Temperature SST AUG 2. Mean February Sea Surface Temperature SST FEB 3. Mean maximum air temperature of August MaxT AUG 4. Mean minimum air temperature of February MinT FEB 5. Mean August cloudiness CLOUDINESS 6. Mean wave height WAVES 7. Presence/absence of rocky substratum ROCK
IMPORTANT FOR ALGAE FIXATION & SURVIVAL
7 ENVIRONMENTAL PREDICTORS:
1. Mean August Sea Surface Temperature SST AUG 2. Mean February Sea Surface Temperature SST FEB 3. Mean maximum air temperature of August MaxT AUG 4. Mean minimum air temperature of February MinT FEB 5. Mean August cloudiness CLOUDINESS 6. Mean wave height WAVES 7. Presence/absence of rocky substratum ROCK
SOURCES: - SSTs & cloudiness: NOAA (US National Oceanic & Atmospheric Administration) family satellites (2002 to 2004). - Air Temperatures: WorldClim database (Hijmans et al. 2005). - Waves: Coastline Modelling System Software (SMC 2.0), Coasts & Oceanographic Engineering Group, University of Cantabria. - Substrate: topographic maps & aerial pictures.
RESULTS:
1. Mean August Sea Surface Temperature SST AUG 2. Mean February Sea Surface Temperature SST FEB 3. Mean maximum air temperature of August MaxT AUG 4. Mean minimum air temperature of February MinT FEB 5. Mean August cloudiness CLOUDINESS 6. Mean wave height WAVES 7. Presence/absence of rocky substratum ROCK
VARIABLES FINALLY INCLUDED IN THE MODEL.
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsencesPresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
NONO ROCKROCK
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsencesPresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
NONO ROCKROCK
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsencesPresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
NONO ROCKROCK
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.521.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.521.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
RESULTS:
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsencesPresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
NONO ROCKROCK
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsencesPresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
NONO ROCKROCK
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsencesPresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
NONO ROCKROCK
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.521.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.521.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
RESULTS:
PRESENT IN CELLS WITH ROCKY SUBSTRATUM FREE OF SEDIMENTS
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsencesPresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
NONO ROCKROCK
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsencesPresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
NONO ROCKROCK
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Himanthalia elongata A
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pelvetia canaliculata C
Ascophyllum nodosum D
NO ROCK
PresencesAbsencesPresencesAbsences
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
Percent(%)
2040
8060
100
NONO ROCKROCK
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.521.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata
Pres
ence
s(%
)
40
80
60
21.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.521.6 22.1 22.7 23.2 23.8 24.3 24.8 25.4 25.9 26.5
MAXIMAL AIR TEMPERATURE(August mean, ºC)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
Himanthalia elongata A
Bifurcaria bifurcata B
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
Pres
ence
s(%
)
2040
8060
100
14.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.414.3 14.9 15.5 16.1 16.7 17.3 17.9 18.5 19.1 19.8 20.4
AUGUST MEAN SST (º C)
RESULTS: PRESENT IN COLD SEA & AIR CONDITIONS
PRESENT IN CELLS WITH ROCKY SUBSTRATUM FREE OF SEDIMENTS
CENTRE OF DISTRIBUTION The coldest ocean & benign low tide rocky area
CANTABRIAN SEA LIMIT High maximal ocean temperatures
ABSENCE AREA & N Portugal LIMIT ?????????????????
ABSENCE AREA & N Portugal LIMIT High maximal atmospheric temperature
RESULTS:
Himanthalia elongata
p (y) = EXP (19.40 + 1.50 * ROCK - 0.46 * MAXAGO - 0.61 * SSTAGO) (1 + EXP (19.40 + 1.50 * ROCK - 0.46 * MAXAGO - 0.61 * SSTAGO)
Predicted probability of presence - p (y)
Abs
ence
/ pr
esen
ce
0.5
0
1
0 1
Himanthalia elongata
p (y) = EXP (19.40 + 1.50 * ROCK - 0.46 * MAXAGO - 0.61 * SSTAGO) (1 + EXP (19.40 + 1.50 * ROCK - 0.46 * MAXAGO - 0.61 * SSTAGO)
Predicted probability of presence - p (y)
Abs
ence
/ pr
esen
ce
0.5
0
1
0 1
Himanthalia elongata
p (y) = EXP (19.40 + 1.50 * ROCK - 0.46 * MAXAGO - 0.61 * SSTAGO) (1 + EXP (19.40 + 1.50 * ROCK - 0.46 * MAXAGO - 0.61 * SSTAGO)
Predicted probability of presence - p (y)
Abs
ence
/ pr
esen
ce
0.5
0
1
0 1
PREDICTIVE MODEL EQUATION Prevalence: 0.34 Relative true presences: 69%, relative true absences: 71% AUC = 0.767, Kappa = 0.38 - FAIR discrimination Predicted P with Jack-knifing procedures and with full data set: R2= 0.99
WARMING SCENARIOS (increases per decade): - SCENARIO 1- MORE CONSERVATIVE
SST AUG 0.37 ºC Cantabrian Sea 0.27 ºC Atlantic coast MaxT AUG 0.34 ºC until 2040 then 0.69 ºC
Sea: Gómez-Gesteira et al. 2008 J. Geophys. Res.-Oceans. Air: B1 low emission scenario, Spanish Environment Ministry
- SCENARIO 2- LESS CONSERVATIVE
SST AUG 0.53 ºC Cantabrian Sea 0.50 ºC Atlantic coast MaxT AUG 0.52 ºC until 2040 then 1.21 ºC
Sea: trend by Llope et al. 2006 J. Geophys. Res. Oceans. Cabanas et al. 2003 ICES Marine Science Symposia Air: A1 high emission scenario, Spanish Environment Ministry
Both scenarios underestimate the
rate of August changes:
- Reported warming trends for SST
- Annual Mean SST instead of SST AUG
- Mean Summer Air instead of MaxT AUG
Absence of georeferred future climatic trends at the studied scale.
GENERAL TRENDS!
Probability of presence = 0 in all cells within the CANTABRIAN SEA - extinction: THERMAL ANOMALIES: 1.3-1.4 ºC – Mean August SST 1.5-1.4 ºC – Mean Maximal Air Temperature of August 36 and 27 years for the 1st and 2nd scenarios … AND 58 or 38 YEARS LATER, EXTINCTION FROM THE ENTIRE IBERIAN PENINSULA
RESULTS:
The model suggests a southern limit associated
to OCEAN and ATMOSPHERICAL hot conditions
during summer.
CONCLUSIONS
The model suggests a southern limit associated
to OCEAN and ATMOSPHERICAL hot conditions
during summer.
First time the contribution of both modeled
versus ISOTHERMS MODELS
CONCLUSIONS
The model predicts the extinction of
Himanthalia elongata from the Cantabrian Sea first
since departing ocean temperatures are harsher
and increasing at a faster rate than in the Atlantic
front (and coef. higher in the equation).
Different scheme N Spain versus N Portugal
CONCLUSIONS
Our results are supported by the current
retraction of Himanthalia elongata in the
Cantabrian Sea reported by Fernández &
Anadón 2008 Algas during the ongoing
warming period.
CONCLUSIONS
Current distributional records and biological
observations suggest that the rate of
extinction is faster than predicted.
CONCLUSIONS
… faster than predicted.
In situ fixed HOBO TidbiTs: coastal sea
Temperature increase >2.8 ºC 2005-2008
CONCLUSIONS
SUPERIMPOSED SHORT FLUCTUATIONS Goikoetxea et al. 2009 Cont. Shelf Res. Michel et al. 2009 Cont. Shelf Res.
We are facing a major constrain of cold
temperate flora in the Iberian Peninsula in
the ongoing warming
CONCLUSIONS
June 2007, Playa de S. Pedro, Lugo, Galicia.
June 2009
Dwarf morphs Viejo et al. 2011 Ecography
Kelp forest?
MORE WORK ON THIS:
- Demography marginal vs. central populations (Viejo et al.
2011 Ecography).
- Physiological experiments manipulating low tide x
submersed stress (1 Spanish and 1 Portuguese founded
projects). Producing a MECHANISTIC DISTRIBUTIONAL
MODEL.
- Cascade effects in the intertidal community of the
disappearance of canopy algae – diversity & functioning,
trophic structure (1 Spanish founded project)
¡MUCHAS GRACIAS!
Habitat Model of Himanthalia elongata: responses to a warming climate.
Brezo Martínez*, Rosa M. Viejo, Silvia C. Aranda & Francisco Carreño.
Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, Tulipán s/n, 28933 Móstoles, Spain.
Traditional models explaining macroalgae distribution are based on ocean temperature (August and February Isotherms). The predictive power of this approach is restricted because it lacks a mathematical expression, and omits factors relevant for intertidal seaweeds distribution, particularly atmospheric temperature. We aimed to improve our understanding about the role of other factors in seaweed biography using a niche-based approach suitable to make projections. Presence and absence records of Himanthalia elongata (Linnaeus) S.F.Gray from 1 km2 cells selected on a grid along the NW Iberian Peninsula were related using GLMs and HP to the variables that potentially influence this species distribution: August and February SSTs, maximum and minimum air temperature, kind of substrate, wave height, and cloudiness. Three of the former were included in the final predictive equation: 1. presences were restricted to places with hard substrate for fixation, 2. absences were found in sites with high August SST at the mid Cantabrian Sea, 3. hot conditions during low tide i.e. maximum august atmospheric temperature, restricted presences at the south, largely explaining the N Portuguese limit. The equation was applied to two warming scenarios suggesting Himanthalia elongata extinction from the Iberian Peninsula in few decades in response to both increasing ocean and atmospheric temperatures. In fact, a retraction of this species border of about 130 km has been recently noted. This confirms the model projected trend, although it is occurring at a faster rate. We propose a methodology to investigate coastal species biogeography and forecast changes in response to the warming, able to account for the effects of other environmental stressors aside ocean temperature.