Transportation

   

 

Summary

In lower organisms, there is no transport system as the cells are in touch with the

surrounding medium. The transport is by the physical processes like diffusion, osmosis, etc.

With the advancement in structure, the organisms have to evolve methods to transport

nutrients and wastes. The actual transport into the cells involves the physical processes -

active or passive transport.

However, the transport of materials across the plant or animal body occurs by processes

broadly called the mass flow system called the vascular system

Vascular system in plants relies mainly on physical processes whereas transport in

animals utilises muscular energy

The materials to be transported across the plant body are water, minerals, food,

hormones, etc.

The transport of materials in plants takes place through specialised tissues called the

xylem and the phloem

Xylem transports water and dissolved minerals and phloem transports food

Two types of xylem cells are involved in transport of water - tracheids and vessels. They

are dead cells with lignified walls. They are joined end to end forming a capillary system to

draw water up the plant.

Phloem is a living tissue. Sieve tubes and companion cells are the phloem cells involved

in the transport of food. The sieve tube cells are also joined end to end. The end walls of sieve

tube cells are perforated and the cytoplasm of the adjacent cells are continuous through it.

They are enucleated. The companion cells are present next to the sieve tube cell and are

nucleated.

The upward movement of water is called ascent of sap. Ascent of sap involves root

pressure and transpiration pull.

Roots absorb water from the soil by osmosis or diffusion. The water ultimately enters

the xylem. Thus, the xylem in the root develops a positive water potential called the root

pressure with which the water is pushed up.

In tall trees transpiration pulls water up the xylem. Transpiration is the loss of water from

the aerial parts of the plant, mainly through the stomata of the leaves.

Due to transpiration, the upper parts of the trees develop negative water potential. The

water is then pulled up from the region of higher water potential in the lower regions. This is

called transpiration pull.

The continuous column of water resulting from the transpiration pull is called transpiration

stream. The continuity of the stream is maintained by the adhesive and cohesive properties of

water.

Minerals are absorbed from the soil in the ionic form along with water as they are

dissolved in water. Some of the mineral ions like the nitrates enter into the phloem along with

the prepared food. From the xylem and the phloem, the minerals enter the cells by active

transport as per requirement.

Food is transported as sucrose along phloem in not only downward but also upward

direction. Sucrose moves from the region of positive potential (region of synthesis - leaves) to

the region of negative potential (region of utilisation - roots, young leaves, flowers and fruits)

along the concentration gradient.

Other than sucrose, phloem also transports hormones (from the site of synthesis to the

site of action) and some of the mineral ions (from the leaves about to fall to the other regions).

The transport of soluble substances like the sugars, amino acids and hormones by the phloem

is called translocation.

Animals in general have a higher metabolic rate than the plants and thus require a more

efficient transport system

In man, there are two circulatory systems - Blood circulatory system and Lymphatic

circulatory system

There are two types of blood circulatory systems - open and closed. In open circulatory

system the blood vessels are open-ended as they open into the common cavities called the

haemocoel. It is seen in insects.

In closed circulatory system the blood always remains inside the blood vessels and never

comes in direct contact with the cells. It is seen in mammals including man.

Blood is an alkaline fluid that consists of the liquid portion called plasma and the formed

elements called the cells

Plasma consists of water and soluble components - proteins (like fibrinogen), nutrients (

like glucose), metabolic substances , inorganic ions and pigments

The formed elements include the erythrocytes, leucocytes and the thrombocytes. The

erythrocytes are called the red blood cells as they contain the red coloured haemoglobin

pigment. Haemoglobin is the oxygen carrier. Leucocytes are called the white blood cells and

are involved in the immune system. Thrombocytes are the platelets that are involved in the

clotting of blood.

The functions of blood include transport of nutrients, respiratory gases, excretory wastes

and hormones, protection against infections and allergies, homeostasis (maintenance of pH,

ionic balance and water content, regulation of blood pressure, temperature) and clotting of

blood

In human circulatory system the blood is flows in closed blood vessels called the arteries,

veins and their capillaries.

Arteries and veins have elastic and muscular walls. Capillaries lack muscles.

Arteries arise from the heart and carry oxygenated blood (except the pulmonary artery).

The main artery is called the aorta. The aorta gives off branches called the arteries. Arteries

branch into arterioles and then into capillaries. The arteries are more muscular than the veins.

Veins take deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary vein) back to the heart. The capillaries

in the tissue region unite to form venules which then form veins. The smaller veins join

together to form two great veins called vena cavae. Vena cavae take the blood back to the

heart.

Heart is a muscular pumping organ which pumps the blood with enough pressure to

transport the blood through the arteries into different parts of the body. Human heart is four

chambered. There are two receiving chambers, the auricles and two pumping chambers, the

ventricles. The right side of the heart is concerned with deoxygenated blood and the left side is

concerned with the oxygenated blood.

The pumping action results in a sequence of events called the cardiac cycle. Each cycle

produces one heart beat. Adult human heart beats 72 times per minute.

The normal blood pressure is considered to be 120/80 mm of Hg where 120 mm of Hg is

the systolic pressure and 80 mm of Hg is the diastolic pressure

Heart rate is the same as the pulse rate that can be felt at the wrist. It is the rate at which

the arterial muscles contract and relax

Human circulatory system shows double circulation where the blood passes through the

heart twice, once for circulation to the different parts of the body and the other time for

circulation to the lungs

In man, there are three circulations - systemic, hepatic portal and pulmonary

In systemic circulation, the blood is supplied to the different parts of the body by the

respective arteries and the blood is brought back to the heart by the respective veins

In pulmonary circulation, the blood is circulated between the heart and lungs for its

purification

At the capillary end of the arteries, the plasma leaks into the interstitial space. This

plasma is without the proteins (as the proteins cannot pass through the walls of the capillaries)

and is called the interstitial fluid or the tissue fluid.

In the interstitial spaces there are some blindly ending vessels called the lymph vessels.

The lymph vessels form enlarged spaces called the lymph nodes. In these nodes, lymphocytes

synthesise anitbodies and there are phagocytic cells.

The tissue fluid enters the lymph vessels and is called the lymph. The lymph circulates in

the body in only one direction and returns to the venous system near the heart.

Question (1): How do organisms like amoeba transport materials? 

Answer:  Amoeba is a unicellular organism. In unicellular

organisms a single cell carries out all the life processes as the

cell itself is the organism. The uptake of materials from the

environment is through the general body surface and the

transport within the cell is by diffusion.

Question (2): Why do higher

plants and animals need a

transportation system?

Answer:  In higher plants and animals, the sites of absorption

and synthesis are very specific and separated by a greater

distance from the other parts of the body. Thus, they need a

transportation system.

Question (3): What is mass flow

system?

Answer:  The transport of materials in bulk across the plant or

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tissues  gravitation  Valence Shell

animal body through the vascular tissue is called the mass flow

system.

Question (4): Which transport

system - plant or animal, does

not use muscular energy?

Answer:  Transport in plants does not use muscular energy.

Question (5): What are vascular

plants?

Answer:  The higher plants are also called the vascular plants

as the transport in them is with the help of the vascular system.

Question (6): Which are the

materials transported in plants?

Answer:  The materials transported across the plant body are

water, minerals, food and metabolites like the hormones and

vitamins.

Question (7): What are the two

types of vascular tissues?

Answer:  The two types of vascular tissues are xylem and

phloem.

Question (8): What are the

functions of xylem and phloem?

Answer:  Xylem conducts water from the roots to the other

parts of the plant and phloem conducts food from the leaves to

the different parts of the body.

Question (9): Which tissue

conducts organic substances in

plants?

Answer:  Phloem conducts organic substances in plants.

Question (10): Why are the

sieve tube cells called so?

Answer:  The sieve tube cells are joined end to end and their

end walls are perforated. This gives the appearance of a sieve

and hence they are called as the sieve tube cells.

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Transportation

Introduction

Transportation in Human Beings

Blood Circulatory System

Components of Closed Circulatory

System in Man

Components of Closed Circulatory

System in Man - Contd 1

Components of Closed Circulatory

System in Man - Contd 2

Blood Vessels

Heart

The Heart Beat

Blood Pressure

Circulation

Lymphatic System

Transport in Plants

Processes Involved in Transport

Transpiration

Ascent of Sap - Transport of Water

Transport of Minerals

Transport of Food

Question (11): What is the

process by which carbon dioxide

enters the cell?

Answer:  The process by which carbon dioxide enters the cell

is called diffusion.

Question (12): Define osmosis.

Answer:  The process of movement of solvent particles from

the regions of higher concentration to the regions of lower

concentrations through a semi-permeable membrane is called

osmosis.

Question (13): What is turgor

pressure?

Answer:  It is a positive pressure developed inside the cells

due to the pushing of the cytoplasm against the cell wall as the

cytoplasm gets more water.

Question (14): When does a

cell become flaccid?

Answer:  A cell becomes flaccid on losing water.

Question (15): What is active

transport? Give an example.

Answer:  Active transport is the transport of materials across

the cell membrane with the help of energy. For example, the

entry of mineral ions into the cells.

Question (16): What is

transpiration?

Answer:  It is the loss of water from the aerial parts of the plant

in the form of water vapour.

Question (17): What are the

three types of transpiration?

Answer:  The three types of transpiration are stomatal,

lenticular and cuticular transpiration.

Question (18): What are

stomata? Where are they

present?

Summary

Question and Answers

Multiple Choice Questions

Answer:  Stomata are openings on the surface of the leaves

that are surrounded by the guard cells. They are present more

on the lower surface of the leaves.

Question (19): How is the rate

of transpiration affected?

Answer:  The rate of transpiration is affected by many factors

such as light, temperature, availability of soil water and

atmospheric humidity.

Question (20): Why is

transpiration important?

Answer:  Transpiration is important because:

1) it is responsible for uptake of water from the soil

2) it is responsible for movement of water and dissolved

minerals from the roots to different parts of the plant.

3) it results in cooling of the leaf surfaces, thereby protecting

them from excessive heat.

Question (21): What is ascent

of sap?

Answer:  The upward movement of water along with the

dissolved solutes up the xylem is called ascent of sap.

Question (22): What are the two

factors responsible for ascent of

sap?

Answer:  The two factors responsible for ascent of sap are root

pressure and transpiration pull.

Question (23): What are root

hairs? What is their function?

Answer:  Root hairs are outgrowths of the epidermal cells.

They help in increasing the surface area of water absorption.

Question (24): What is root

pressure?

Answer:  The water enters the roots through the root hairs. It

then travels through the root tissue to reach the root xylem.

Therefore the xylem in the root has more water than the xylem

column above it and this creates a positive pressure in the

xylem of the root. This is called the root pressure.

Question (25): What is

transpiration pull? What is its

effect?

Answer:  The force with which the water is pulled up the xylem

is called the transpiration pull. The transpiration pull results in a

continuous stream of water called the transpiration stream

extending from the xylem of the leaves to the xylem of the

roots.

Question (26): How is the

continuity of the water column

maintained?

Answer:  The continuity of the water column is maintained by

the adhesive and cohesive properties of water. The adhesive

property of the water molecules makes them adhere to the

xylem walls and its cohesive property makes the water

molecules remain together and move up as a stream.

Question (27): How are the

minerals transported across the

plants?

Answer:  The minerals are transported in their ionic, soluble

form along with water across the plant in xylem and phloem.

Question (28): In what form is

the food transported along

phloem?

Answer:  The food is transported along the phloem in the form

of sucrose, a carbohydrate.

Question (29): What is

translocation?

Answer:  The transport of soluble substances like the sugars,

amino acids and hormones by the phloem is called

translocation.

Question (30): What are the

substances translocated by the

phloem?

Answer:  The phloem translocates the food manufactured by

the leaves, the hormones and the mineral ions from the falling

leaves to the other regions of the plant.

Question (31): What is the path

of translocation of food in

plants?

Answer:  The food is manufactured in the leaves. From the

mesophyll cells of the leaves, the food enters the phloem cells.

They are then transported along the phloem to the different

parts of the plant (stem, roots, etc.). From the phloem, the cells

draw the food as per their requirement.

Question (32): How is the food

translocated in the phloem?

Answer:  The food is translocated in the phloem along the

concentration gradient. That is, the food is translocated from

the region of higher concentration to a region of lower

concentration in the phloem.

Question (33): How are the

materials transported in higher

animals?

Answer:  In higher animals, the materials are transported by a

mass flow system called the circulatory system. This involves

the movement of a liquid medium through the closed tubes and

open spaces between the cells.

Question (34): What are the

types of substances transported

by the circulatory system?

Answer:  The materials transported by the circulatory system

include:

1) digested food

2) respiratory gases

3) hormones

4) excretory products

Question (35): What are the two

types of circulatory systems in

man?

Answer:  The two types of circulatory systems are:

1) blood circulatory system

2) lymphatic circulatory system

Question (36): What are the two

types of blood circulatory

systems?

Answer:  The two types of circulatory systems are:

1) open circulatory system

2) closed circulatory system

Question (37): What is open

circulatory system?

Answer:  In the open circulatory system the exchange of

materials between the cells and the blood is done directly. The

blood enters into the interstitial spaces (space between the

tissues) and circulates in these spaces. There are few blood

vessels but they are not extensive. The blood vessels are

open-ended as they open into the common cavities called the

haemocoel. For example: Insects.

Question (38): What are the

three components of circulatory

system in man?

Answer:  The three components of the circulatory system in

man are:

1) Blood: A fluid that carries all the materials

2) Heart: The pumping organ

3) Blood vessels: Tubes through which the fluid can flow to

different parts of the body.

Question (39): What is blood

made up of?

Answer:  Blood is made up of:

1) The liquid component called the plasma

2) The solid components: the formed elements that are freely

present in the plasma. The solid elements include the red blood

cells, white blood cells and the platelets.

Question (40): Mention any two

functions of the plasma.

Answer:  The two functions of plasma are:

1) Maintaining osmotic pressure and viscosity of the blood

2) Helping in transport of substances like the hormones and

enzymes

Question (41): What is the main

function of the red blood cells?

Answer:  The main function of the red blood cells is to carry

oxygen. These cells contain the pigment haemoglobin which

has an affinity for oxygen.

Question (42): Write short notes

on erythrocytes.

Answer:  Erythrocytes are the red blood cells. They are

biconcave discs with the edges being thicker than the centre.

They are enucleated and contain a pigment called the

haemoglobin. The haemoglobin gives the characteristic red

colour. They number 5 million per cubic mm in adult males and

4.5 million per cubic mm in adult females. They are synthesised

in the bone marrow of certian bones like the sternum. Each has

a life span of about 120 days. After this, they are destroyed in

the liver.

Question (43): What are the

functions of leucocytes?

Answer:  The functions of leucocytes are:

Phagocytosis The neutrophils and lymphocytes can engulf

foreign bodies by the process called phagocytosis.

Antibody Production The leucocytes produce antibodies that

attack the foreign bodies.

Anti-allergic Properties Eosinophil, a granulocyte is thought to

be anti-allergic.

Question (44): What is the other

name for platelets and what is

their function?

Answer:  Platelets are also called thrombocytes. They play an

important role in the clotting of blood.

Question (45): What are the

functions of platelets?

Answer:  The functions of platelets are:

1) Release of thromboplastin when damaged.

Thromboplastin which initiates a series of reactions that result

in the clotting of blood.

2) Retraction of clot.

The clot formed by the blood is further made dense by the

addition of platelets and this retracts the clot making it tighter

and smaller.

3) Repair of damaged endothelium.

The platelets stick to the damaged portion of the wall and

prevent loss of blood.

Question (46): List the various

functions of blood.

Answer:  The various functions of blood are:

1) Transport of nutrients, respiratory gases, excretory wastes,

hormones, etc.

2) Plays a role in immune system

3) Maintenance of pH

4) Maintenance of ionic balance

5) Maintenance of water content

6) Regulation of blood pressure

7) Plays a role in temperature regulation

8) Plays a role in homeostasis

9) Plays a role in clotting

Question (47): What is blood

transfusion?

Answer:  Replacement of blood from outside to make up for

lost blood is called blood transfusion.

Question (48): What is

agglutination?

Answer:  The sticking together (clumping) of red blood cells

because of the reaction between antigens and antibodies is

called agglutination.

Question (49): What are

arteries and veins?

Answer:  Arteries are blood vessels arising out of the heart and

supplying blood to all the parts of the body. Veins are blood

vessels that bring blood from different parts of the body back to

the heart.

Question (50): How does the

blood flow in the veins?

Answer:  The blood flows in the veins by the action of the

muscles of the veins and those of the skeletal muscles

surrounding them.

Question (51): Which are the

two chambers of the heart?

Which of the two is more

muscular?

Answer:  The two chambers are the upper atria (auricles) and

the lower ventricles. The ventricles are more muscular.

Question (52): What are the

functions of the following in the

heart:

1) Aorta

2) Inferior vena cava

3) Auriculoventricular valve

4) Semilunar valve

Answer: 1) Aorta It is a major blood vessel into which the

ventricle pumps the oxygenated blood.

2) Inferior vena cava The vein that collects the blood coming

from the different parts of the body and pours it into the right

auricle.

3) Auriculoventricular valve The valve between the auricles and

the respective ventricle allowing the movement of blood in only

one direction, that is, from the auricle into the ventricle and not

vice-versa.

4) Semilunar valve The valve having three semi-lunar shaped

flaps. These valves only allow the flow of blood from the auricle

into the aorta.

Question (53): What is systole

and diastole?

Answer:  The contraction of the heart is called the systole and

the relaxation of the heart is called the diastole.

Question (54): What are the

stages in the pumping action of

the heart?

Answer:  There are three stages in the pumping action of the

heart. They are:

1) Auricular systole

2) Ventricular systole

3) Joint diastole (auricular and ventricular)

Question (55): What are the

'lub' and 'dub' sounds produced

by the heart?

Answer:  These are the sounds of the heartbeat and they are

produced when the valves close during the contraction or

relaxation of the heart. At the start of the ventricular contraction

or systole, the auriculoventricular valve closes with a 'lub'

sound. The 'dub' sound is produced when the semilunar valve

at the entrance of the aorta closes at the beginning of the joint

diastole that is the relaxation of both ventricles and auricles.

Question (56): What initiates

and controls the pumping action

of the heart?

Answer:  The pumping action of the heart is initiated by a set

of muscles called the sinoatrial node (SAN). The rate of the

heart beat is also controlled by the nerves and the hormones.

Question (57): What is ECG?

Answer:  ECG stands for electrocardiogram. It is the recording

of the electropotential changes over the heart muscles. It is

used for detecting any abnormality in the functioning of the

heart that reflects as a change in the regular ECG pattern.

Question (58): What is the

normal value for blood pressure?

Which instrument is used to

measure the blood pressure?

Answer:  The normal value for blood pressure is 120/80 mm of

Hg. Sphygmomanometer is used to measure the blood

pressure.

Question (59): What is pulse

rate?

Answer:  If a finger is kept at a spot where an artery runs close

to the body surface, the rhythmic movement generated by the

contraction and relaxation of the heart can be felt. This is called

the pulse. It is found to be the same as the heart rate. The

number of pulses per minute is called the pulse rate.

Question (60): What is double

circulation?

Answer:  The circulation in which the blood passes through

heart twice during one circulation is called double circulation.

Question (61): Name the major

arteries of systemic circulation.

Answer:  The major arteries of systemic circulation are:

1) Aorta - the main artery that leaves the heart

2) Coronary artery - to the heart wall

3) Sub-clavian artery - to the shoulder region

4) Carotid artery - to the neck and head region

5) Mesentric region - to the stomach and intestines

6) Hepatic artery - to the liver

7) Iliac - to the genitals and the legs

Question (62): What is

pulmonary circulation ?

Answer:  The right ventricle pumps blood into the pulmonary

artery that carries it to the lungs. After purification in the lungs,

the blood is carried back by the pulmonary vein to the left

auricle of the heart. This circulation of blood between the heart

and the lungs is called pulmonary circulation.

Question (63): What are the

components of the lymphatic

system?

Answer:  The components of the lymphatic system are: 1) The

fluid lymph 2) The channels through which the fluid flows -

smaller lymph vessels and larger lymph ducts 3) The enlarged

cavities called the lymph glands or nodes

Question (64): What is tissue

fluid? How is it formed?

Answer:  The fluid that escapes from the blood vessels into the

interstitial spaces is called the tissue fluid. The blood flows

under high pressure in the arteries. These arteries branch out

as arterioles and then as capillaries. The walls of these vessels

are very thin. The blood under pressure comes out into the

tissue spaces. The cellular components and the larger proteins

are not able to come out. Thus, the blood without the cells and

the proteins is called the tissue fluid.

Question (65): What are lymph

nodes? Name one.

Answer:  The lymph vessels and ducts are enlarged at certain

areas. These enlarged portions are called the lymph nodes or

lymph glands. They contain lymphocytes that are involved in

the production of antibodies during infection. The nodes are

also lined by phagocytic cells that engulf the foreign bodies like

the bacteria. The tonsil in the throat is an example of a bacterial

infection.

Question (1): The colour of blood in the veins is _______________. 

1. bright red

2. dark red

3. blue

4. black

Ans:  2

Question (2): The colour of blood in the arteries is _________. 

1. bright red

2. dark red

3. blue

4. black

Ans:  1

Question (3): Blood is composed of ___________. 

1. plasma and red blood cells

2. plasma and formed elements

3. red and white blood cells

4. red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Ans:  2

Question (4): Blood fails to clot in the absence of __________. 

1. magnesium

2. calcium

3. sulphur

4. potassium

Ans:  2

Question (5): Transpiration takes place from ________________. 

1. all parts of the plant

2. leaves

3. only the aerial parts

4. stem

Ans:  3

Question (6): Stomata are present on the __________ of the leaves. 

1. upper surface only

2. lower surface only

3. mostly upper surface

4. mostly lower surface

Ans:  4

Question (7): The cells that are full of water and rigid are called ________. 

1. support cells

2. flaccid

3. turgid

4. none of the above

Ans:  3

Question (8): Much of the transpiration takes place through ___________. 

1. stomata

2. lenticels

3. cuticle

4. epidermis

Ans:  1

Question (9): The roots absorb water through _______________. 

1. epidermal hairs

2. root hairs

3. root xylem

4. root phloem

Ans:  2

Question (10): The ascent of sap in plants takes place due to __________. 

1. root pressure

2. transpiration pull

3. both a and b

4. osmosis

Ans:  3

Question (11): Stomata open and close due to _____________. 

1. presence of valves

2. hormonal control

3. turgor pressure of guard cells

4. concentration gradient of the gases

Ans:  3

Question (12): Minerals are absorbed into the cells by _____________. 

1. osmosis

2. diffusion

3. active transport

4. a, b or c

Ans:  3

Question (13): The liquid portion of the blood is called __________. 

1. water

2. plasma

3. serum

4. sap

Ans:  2

Question (14): The right side of the heart deals with ___________. 

1. oxygenated blood

2. deoxygenated blood

3. mixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

4. either a or b at a time

Ans:  2

Question (15): __________ carries oxygenated blood. 

1. pulmonary artery

2. hepatic portal vein

3. pulmonary vein

4. all of the above

Ans:  3

Question (16): Deoxygenated blood is carried by ______________. 

1. pulmonary artery

2. hepatic vein

3. renal vein

4. all of the above

Ans:  4

Question (17): The threads formed during clotting are made up of _____. 

1. thrombin

2. prothrombin

3. fibrinogen

4. fibrin

Ans:  4

Question (18): The double membraned structure surrounding the heart is called _____________. 

1. plasmalemma

2. pleural membrane

3. tonoplast

4. pericardium

Ans:  4

Question (19): An example of lymph gland is ________________. 

1. spleen

2. liver

3. tonsil

4. thyroid

Ans:  3

Question (20): Human circulatory system is called double circulation because of ___________. 

1. systemic and hepatic portal system

2. hepatic portal and pulmonary system

3. systemic and pulmonary circulation

4. systemic, hepatic and pulmonary circulation

Ans:  3

Question (21): Pulse beat is measured in _____________. 

1. nerve

2. artery

3. vein

4. heart

Ans:  2

Question (22): Thick muscular walls are present in ___________. 

1. arteries

2. arterioles

3. veins

4. venules

Ans:  1

Question (23): Diapedesis is shown by _______________. 

1. RBC

2. WBC

3. platelets

4. a,b and c

Ans:  2

Question (24): The main cells present in lymph are ___________. 

1. red blood cells

2. platelets

3. lymphocytes

4. monocytes

Ans:  3

Question (25): The normal blood pressure in man is ___________. 

1. 80/120 mm Hg

2. 120/80 mm Hg

3. 120/100 mm Hg

4. 100/80 mm Hg

Ans:  2

Question (26): The opening between the right auricle and the right ventricle is guarded by the _____. 

1. tricuspid valve

2. bicuspid valve

3. semi-lunar valve

4. mitral valve

Ans:  1

Question (27): The food is transported in the phloem in the form of ______. 

1. glucose

2. sucrose

3. amino acids

4. fats

Ans:  2

Question (28): The fluid that does not form clots is ___________. 

1. blood

2. plasma

3. lymph

4. serum

Ans:  4

Question (29): The smallest blood vessel in the body is a _____________. 

1. vein

2. vena cava

3. capillary

4. venule

Ans:  3

Question (30): The blood vessel carrying blood from heart to the lungs is called ___________. 

1. carotid artery

2. carotid vein

3. pulmonary artery

4. pulmonary vein

Ans:  3

Question (31): Valves are present in ___________. 

1. arteries

2. arterioles

3. veins

4. capillaries

Ans:  3

Question (32): The movement of particles from the region of their higher concentration to the region of their lower concentration is called as ________________. 

1. osmosis

2. diffusion

3. active transport

4. ascent of sap

Ans:  2

Question (33): A portal vein runs from 

1. an organ to the heart

2. the heart to an organ

3. one organ to another

4. an organ to the vena cava

Ans:  3

Question (34): Deoxygenated blood is received by the __________. 

1. left auricle

2. right auricle

3. left ventricle

4. right ventricle

Ans:  2

Question (35): Mitral valve is the other name for ________________. 

1. semilunar valve

2. bicuspid valve

3. tricuspid valve

4. venous valves

Ans:  2

Question (36): Lacteals in the intestine take up ______________. 

1. digested starch

2. digested fats

3. digested proteins

4. glucose

Ans:  2

Question (37): Semilunar valves guard the junction of _____________. 

1. left ventricle and aorta

2. right ventricle and aorta

3. left ventricle and pulmonary artery

4. right ventricle and pulmonary vein

Ans:  1

Question (38): Antibodies are produced as a reaction to the presence of _______________. 

1. red blood cells

2. haemoglobin

3. antigens

4. white blood cells

Ans:  3

Question (39): Red blood cells are destroyed in the ____________. 

1. lungs

2. liver

3. heart

4. spleen

Ans:  2

Question (40): Red blood cells are _____________. 

1. biconcave discs

2. biconvex discs

3. cylindrical

4. spherical

Ans:  1

Question (41): Thrombocytes is the other name of _____________. 

1. RBC

2. WBC

3. platelets

4. lymphocytes

Ans:  3