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ISRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYSRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETYISRAEL EXPLORATION SOCIETY

THE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEMTHE HEBREW UNIVERSITY OF JERUSALEM

Prof. EHUD NETZER (1934–2010),archaeologist and architect of the Institute of Archaeology of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, conducted extensive excavations at Herodium for nearly 40 years and was a leading authority on Herodian architecture. He excavated many other Herodian sites including Masada, Jericho, Caesarea, and Jerusalem. The exposure in 2007 of the mausoleum at Herodium, identified as Herod’s tomb, was one of the climaxes of Prof. Netzer’s career. In 2010, during work with his team at the site, Prof. Netzer tragically fell to his death next to the Herodian tomb precinct. This book is dedicated to his memory.

”.. But while he thus perpetuated the memory of his family and his friends, he did not neglect to leave memorials of himself… An artificial rounded hill, sixty furlongs from Jerusalem, was given the same name [Herodium], but more elaborate embellishment.”

(Josephus, War I.419)

”.. The body was thus conveyed for a distance of two hundred furlongs to Herodium where, in accordance with the directions of the deceased, it was interred. So ended Herod’s reign.”

(Josephus, War I.673)

Greater Herodium was one of the greatest architectural accomplishments of King Herod, the ”Great Builder,” and one of the more daring and impressive building projects carried out in the Roman Empire. The elaborate mausoleum exposed here is one of the most remarkable funerary monuments uncovered in Judea, and one of the greatest achievements of Herodian architecture. Remains of this building were unearthed on the mount’s northeastern slope, alongside a monumental stairway leading to the Mountain Palace-Fortress. Among the ruins of the mausoleum, deliberately destroyed during the First Jewish Revolt, were numerous fragments of ornate sarcophagi, clearly associated with the Jerusalem elite of the Second Temple period.

The mausoleum, identified by the excavators as Herod’s burial place, stands within a tomb precinct, part of a larger funerary complex built by Herod to perpetuate his memory and glorify his name. The complex was completed by the creation of the artificial cone-shaped mount that enveloped the tomb precinct and the palace at its top and functioned as a vast royal tumulus and memorial to Herod the Great.

This is the first volume in the series of Final Reports of the 1972–2010 Excavations Directed by Ehud Netzer. This volume presents the stratigraphy and architecture in the area of Herod’s tomb precinct, the pottery assemblages and other small finds including, among others, glass, metal and bone artifacts, coins, weapons and inscriptions, as well as a study of the sarcophagi and a proposed reconstruction of the mausoleum and its architectural decoration. Twenty-five authors contributed to this volume.

HERODIUM Final Reports of the 1972–2010 Excavations

Directed by Ehud Netzer

Volume I

Herod’s Tomb PrecinctRoi Porat, Rachel Chachy, and Yakov Kalman

HERODIUMFinal Reports of the 1972–2010 Excavations

Directed by Ehud Netzer

Volume I

Herod’s Tomb PrecinctRoi Porat, Rachel Chachy, and Yakov Kalman

II

HE

RO

DIU

M

Fin

alR

ep

orts

of

th

e1972–2010

Excavatio

ns

Dir

ected

by

Eh

ud

Netzer

Volu

me

I:H

erod’s

Tom

bP

recin

ct

RoiP

orat,

RachelC

hachy,and

Yakov

Kalm

an

CO

NT

EN

TS

Sam

uelIsrael

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ix–x

Preface

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xi–

xxi

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tof

Loci

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xxii

–xxvii

i

Lis

tof

Ill

ustr

ati

ons,P

lans,T

able

s,and

Pla

tes

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xxix

–xli

v

PA

RT

I:

In

trod

ucti

on

Chapte

r1:

Herodiu

min

His

tory

(D

anie

lR

.S

chw

artz

).

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1–14

Chapte

r2:

His

tory

of

Research

(R

achelC

hachy)

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.15–19

PA

RT

II:

Str

ati

grap

hy

an

dA

rch

itectu

re

Chapte

r3:

The

Str

ati

graphy

inth

eA

rea

of

Herod’s

Tom

bP

recin

ct

(R

oiP

orat,

Yakov

Kalm

an,and

RachelC

hachy).

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..

..

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..

.21–200

PA

RT

III:

Th

eM

au

sole

um

Chapte

r4:

The

Reconstr

ucti

on

of

the

Mausole

um

(R

achelC

hachy)

..

..

..

..

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..

..

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..

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..

..

201–313

Chapte

r5:

The

Archit

ectu

ralD

ecorati

on

of

the

Mausole

um

(O

rit

Pele

g-B

arkatand

RachelC

hachy).

..

..

..

314–348

Chapte

r6:

The

Sarcophagifrom

the

Mausole

um

Unearth

ed

atH

erodiu

m(G

ideon

Foerste

r)

..

..

..

..

..

.349–361

Chapte

r7:

Hum

an

Bones

from

the

Area

of

the

Mausole

um

(A

nna

Belf

er-

Cohen,

Baruch

Arensburg

,A

lon

Barash,and

Raheli

Sarig

).

..

..

..

..

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..

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..

..

..

..

..

..

362–364

PA

RT

IV

:T

he

Fin

ds

Chapte

r8:

The

Pott

ery

from

the

Area

of

the

Mausole

um

(Judit

Gärtn

er)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.365–395

Chapte

r9:

The

Gla

ss

Fin

ds

from

the

Area

of

Herod’s

Tom

b(R

uth

E.Jackson-T

al)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.396–408

Chapte

r10:

The

Coin

sfrom

Herodiu

m—

the

Tom

bA

rea

(N

iliA

hip

az)

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..

..

..

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..

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..

..

409–425

Chapte

r11:

The

Meta

lA

rti

facts

from

the

Area

of

the

Mausole

um

(R

avit

Nenner-

Soria

no)

..

..

..

..

..

..

.426–431

Chapte

r12:

Mil

itary

Equip

mentfrom

the

Area

of

the

Mausole

um

and

the

Theate

r

atH

erodiu

m(G

uy

D.S

tiebel)

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..

..

..

..

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432–453

Chapte

r13:

The

Lati

nand

Greek

Inscrib

ed

Pott

ery

from

the

Area

of

the

Tom

b

atH

erodiu

m(A

vner

Ecker)

..

..

..

..

..

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..

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..

..

.454–459

Chapte

r14:

The

Hebrew

and

Aram

aic

Inscrip

tions

from

the

Area

of

the

Tom

b

atH

erodiu

m(E

sth

er

Eshel)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

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..

..

..

..

..

..

.460–473

Chapte

r15:

Gem

and

Rin

gfrom

Herodiu

m(M

alk

aH

ershkovit

zand

Shua

Am

orai-

Sta

rk).

..

..

..

..

..

..

.474–475

Chapte

r16:

Fin

ds

of

Anim

alR

em

ain

sfrom

the

Excavati

ons

on

the

North

ern

Slo

pe

of

Herodiu

m

(A

rea

A),2006–2010

(R

am

Bouchnic

k).

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

.476–503

Chapte

r17:

The

Moll

uscs

(Inbar

Kta

lav).

..

..

..

..

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..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

504–510

Chapte

r18:

Graff

ito

of

aS

hip

and

aB

oat(B

oaz

Zis

su).

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

511–514

Con

clu

sio

ns

Synth

esis

and

Archaeolo

gic

al-

His

toric

alD

iscussio

n(R

oiP

orat,

Yakov

Kalm

an,and

RachelC

hachy)

..

..

..

.515–534

Ap

pen

dix

I

The

Geolo

gic

aland

Morpholo

gic

alS

tructu

re

of

Herodiu

mand

the

Quarrie

sfor

Buil

din

gS

tones

and

Fil

lM

ate

ria

ls(S

him

on

Ila

ni,

TseviM

inste

r,and

Danie

lW

achs)

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

..

535–546

Colo

rP

late

s

IS

RA

EL

EX

PL

OR

AT

IO

NS

OC

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IN

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NIV

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RU

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M2015

—-

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OR

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DIU

MV

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1

608

pages;

colo

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30.6

×24

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