Version 2, 23-03-2012

Golfito CantonPuntarenas Province

Costa Rica

Assessment of future potential growth of singlespecies forest plantation of Tectona grandis

at a GWM site

Technical Report

Pagi) 2T grawn,. GWM orow1h 3f1BftS$Olont

About Ih is document , " " " 33

So ftware ,'CSQlU'CCS 33

Acknowledgements 32

[3ibiiography and Re tcrenccs " 28

Future document updates 22

GIS and IT " " " 22

Assumpt ions and caveats 22

Future pluntution growth potent iaI " 2 I

Terra in and topography " " , I 6

So iIs , I I

EivaPOIranspirat ion , II

Tempera lure '" II

Precipi III Iion 10

CIimalic water halancc , I 0

CI imule I0

Disenscs 9

'1'1 ... 9lC tree spec 'CS 'II quesuon , ..

Nulivc species plantat ions 8

Local ion 7

IIIIroducr ion and ''lll ionalc " 7

A few uscfu I terms " 3

Table of Contents

Peg., 3T graM!,. GWM QrnWlh8$SeSsooant

Non linear function: A mathematical and statistical term, meaning in rough the oppositeof the linear function explained above; that If two or more variables are related non­linearly, the Increase of one may result In an asymmetric change of the other(s).

Linear function: A mathematical and statistical term, meaning that 2 or more variablesare related with a linear function when the increase of one of these variables, results tothe Increase of the other(s)

RNG:Random number generation: commonty also referred as RNG, it is the result ofseveral mathematical/statistical procedures to generate numbers according to a specificdistribution or pattern

Mean DBH: Mean Diameter at Breast Height -per hectare, per stand, or per tree

C02: carbon dioxide amount that Is Is absorbed by plants during their growth

DBH: Diameter at Breast Height, diameter of a tree measured at 1.35 meters height

Total biomass: the biomass of the tree, with branches, leaves, twigs, bark and coarseroots, measured In tonnes per hectare

TPHa: Trees per hectare, the number of trees planted or standing per stand area for agiven time period

Basal Area: with the assumption that trees are cyclic perpendicularly, the surface of across section of the stand trees (here per hectare), measured In square meters In ourcase

Vob: Volume outside bark, that Is volume with bark (MAl Vob and PAl Vob accordingly)measured In cubic meters per stand hectare

Wood volume until 10 cm or 12cm diameter Inside bark: the stem wood volumeproduced with the upper (higher on the tree top) diameter to be 10 cm without bark

PAl : Periodic Annual Increment, periodic (annual) change on variable growth perplantation hectare. per stand hectare

MAl: Mean Annual Increment, the mean annual variable growth per stand hectare

Agroforestry plantation: brleny, a combination of a tree species plantation at the higherstructural layer with a perennial or annual plant at the ground layer, andlor withIncorporation of beekeeping (ex. for acacia flower honey) and animal farming, such ascattle grazing. The general objective Is to have a multipurpose system with manyproducts, while also Increasing both structural and species diversity In comparison to asinge species agricultural system, and thus increasing sustalnabllity

A few useful terms

•1 0 1

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GWMSite neerGolftto

Puntarenas RegionCosta Rice

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Iteyiollul overview of the GI;VIVIsite locuuou

Pag.7I grand!,. GWMomwlh AaSftlUtmgot

The spatial administrative system applied In Costa Rica divides the country to Provinces and thento Cantons. The Province of Puntarenas, where the study area is located, lies at the southern part

The rich In natural habitats and forests Country of Costa Rica lies between the Allanllc and Pacificoceans in Central America. bordering with Nicaragua to the North. and Panama to the South.Between 8-12 degrees North of the Equator. It has a tropical climate with high levels of preclpltallonand mean annual temperatures between 20-30 degrees Celsius.

Location

Testing the suitabilily of a timber investment at a specific location can be done with field triats.These so called field trials, are usually small area plantings of desired tree species in the area ofInterest. In order to assess their growth and thus Investment potential. Sometimes done by privatelandowners, other times by govemments in order also to disseminate and publish Information andpromote forestry In their country. field trials are a very useful tool. But, prior to any other fieldactions, a remote assessment may be needed to coliect and analyze tree growth and sen-climatequality data for the specific locale. in order to make a rough. first estimate of forest plantationgrowth. Such assessments use forestry research, GIS, remote sensing, meteorology. maps and ofcourse any local forestry data or Information. to develop a blueprint on the forest plantation potentialin the site of Interest: and this Is what this technical report is about. an Independent. rough estimateof potenllal Teak forest plantation growth to be read by GWM engineers. foresters and investorsalike.

Such Investments in end products from biological organism growth. its obvious that have a certainrisk associated with them. Analyzing such Investments, can also be a challenging task. since anydata produced or desired may differ from the data used by an engineer or a financial analyst. Dueto natural diversity. many more observations are needed to Infer a conclusion, than In otherInvestment fields. And to get such data one may have to experiment on the field and in the lab.since there are usually no central repositories of such data that can fits our particular needs; on theoontrary, one may acquire stock market data from a central database for a certain subject for anumber of years. but that does not always hold when It comes to rural Investments. The long termnature of forestry investments Is also a major difference. by say. the investment In the agriculturalsector, In which products are harvested and sold within the same year. However, there is anotherapplied workaround to that. to combine both processes: by Imitating forest ecosystems' complexity,which host both annual producing plants (berries for example) and larger, slower growing trees.agroforestry systems combine both plant categories. and create Interesting and diversifiedopportunities for Investment. This is not a new approach; it is done traditionally by rural populationsand also In more recent experimentation by forestry scientists. For example, in Costa Rica coffee isgrown and In companion with timber trees, and local landowners benefit from both.

Portfolio diversification, emerging markets. services and products, venture capital. are someconcepts that someone may not expect to find in ecosystem. agriculture or forestry relatedactivities. But. since the world's natural resources are produced and by natural and/or semi naturalagroecosystems. a rather large business activity is related to them. Forestry and agriculturepracticed In rural areas worldwide provide the world's food and fiber, and do provide also a 101ofopportunities for Investments; investments that can be practiced sustainable and promote bothsocio-economic and environmental welfare. Forest plantations, areas converted to forestry from aprevious land use (grazing. agriculture, mining etc) can provide the world's fiber while hostinginvestment opportunities both for public or private entities alike. So, although It may soundirrelevant, such financlat terms have a lotto do with lhese primary sector activities.

Introduction and rationale

PoU·6I gtaodrlt. GWM OCQwlhASfiftlUtmgnt

There are several manuscripts comparing the environmental services offered from native or exoticspecies plantations, and their negative and positive sides. Several authors have published researchon the comparison of single versus mixed species plantations, or on the use of native species

The surface planted In Costa Rica under Tectona grandls plantations Is considerable (38,40. 63).and a number of private Investments are reported in the media and the web. Worthy to mentionhere Is that certain plantations have been certified under forest management standards. Suchcertificates are a proof that the lorest management In the specific area abides with a long list ofrules. standards and criteria. and such certificates can be provided both to natural and man madelorests. References lor the specific certified plantations or lorestry standards Is public. Therefore,Interested readers may use the websltes of forestry certification standards to acquire relevantInformation on plantations.

Teak plantations

Teak, was Introduced to Central America fromAsia during the early years 01 the nineteenth centary,during 1920's, while FAO (40) and other organlzallons promoted lorest development in the areawith this species at later slages. Costa Rica hosts a large area of the total Teak plantations 01Central America. which was more than 20.000 hectares in the late 90's. And this is not surprising.since Costa Rica has a good environment for tree growth.

Logging pressure lowards natural forests for teak harvests is also a conservation concern. and teakforest plantations can lessen the pressure to natural forests. while Increasing local forest cover andrural forestry development, among other benefits of forestry plantations.

Highly valued for its wood appearance and structural characteristics. resistance to humidity anddecay planting Teak is considered as a good forestry Investment either from govemmenlal orprivate organizations. Teak lumber or limber Is highly appreciated. for its wood density. durability.appearance. The price of teak timber varies with the quality grade that the produced logs are.Sometimes slowly grown teak may hold better values than Irrigated and fast grown teak (since thehigher growth rate may have effects on tree rings. heartwood growth, appearance and of coursewood density).

Teak, or Teca in Spanish for Costa Rica, Is scientifically named as Tectona grandls In Latin. A nativespecies of Asia, It has been planted in olher areas of the tropics (such as Central America) for manyyears (61). In Costa Rica It has been Introduced since 1926 (61). Nowadays. Teak is considered tobe planted all over Ihe tropics. except of very dry regions.

The tree species in question

The terrain is hilly and moderately hilly, with altitude ranging from 70 to 200 meters above sea level.The tropical climate and the seasonal distribution of precipitation contribute significantly to goodplant growth levels. Natural forests or agricultural and grazing land are the main land cover typesfound at the wider geographic area.

The potential forest plantation site discussed here Is located near the city of Golfito. nested in theInner side 01 the Golfo Dulce. al the Pacific coast. The Golfito airport. Is one of the closest to thesite discussed here. while the airport of Sun Coto Brus, and others are also located within the widerarea. The location covers an area of 170 hectares approximately, and its less than two kilometersaway from a close-by river, Rio Cotto Coronado.

of the country and borders with Panama.

PoO·9I orand!,· GWM orow1h ft!ulfts&ment

Simulating such effects and their occurrence possibility Is beyond the scope of this document.Generally. for many widely planted species. such as Irees or crops (wheat, maize, vines, olives etc)or plantation trees (pines, acacias. etc) exists a range of pests, diseases or other naturaldisturbances. The role of tree farmers or site managers Is to diagnose and before hand manage theland and govern to minimize any negative effects to growth.

Developed for the purpose to Infonm Interested parties and to disseminate Information for thepathogens and diseases of planted species In Costa Rica (8), a study published on 2007 hasreviewed local sources and provides geographic reference of such plant threats. For Teak. morethan 50 forest diseases are reported, including mites. Insects. pathogens, and vertebrates. This ofcourse does not mean that In every plantation all these natural enemies will occur simultaneously,or not occur at all. With careful site amelioration, management, genetic material selection andoverall forest health care especially at the firsl stages of plantation establishment. negative effectsfrom such enemies can be avoided.

Teak. according to local silviculture literature has a number of diseases and pests. It Is not In thescope of this document to report the total of them here, but just to provide a brief overview of them.and the scientific references (8) reporting such data.

Diseases

By selecting teak timber, or Its products, from managed natural forests or forest plantations sourceswhere Its grown and for such trade reasons. aids to the creation of local business. growth andlobs, and It simply means that profits benefit each producing country, and also that legal procedureshave been followed In order for such product to reach the end consumer.

Teak wood from natural forests Is sometimes related to non legitimate logging activities. Also, acommon issue of wood harvested from developing economies, Is that the low cost of raw material,such as logs, have a considerable increase In market value later, after processing and marketing indeveloped counties. but this profit does not necessarily returns back to the locality where the woodwas logged. So. such non legitimate logging activities may not only affect negatively naturalhabitats and local populations, but actually provide a low Income to local rural communities. withoutreflecting the added value that this high quality product has.

In several cases, forest plantations are established on ex-agricultural or grazing land, or atabandoned field land. Certain land uses, especially If they are In a somewhat Intensive fonmoverthe carrying capacity of the agroecosystem, may lower the soli quality through local managementpractices. erosion, soli compaction, and exclusion of any natural woody vegetation previouslyexisting there. Such lands under this regime for a few decades, may have reduced the nutrientstatus and reduction In fertility; In such cases, the change of land use to forestry constitute a moreextensive management system. requires less Input alter tree establishment (energy. labor etc), Is aC02 sequestration option, Is considered a climate change adaptation and mitigation option, tomention some of the long list of services that planted forests provide.

versus introduced species. Relevant publications to the Issues above are provided In the"References and Bibliography" section of this report.

Pug. '0T orendtl· GWM nrQw1hA!JBOllmgnt

TemperatureTeak Is reported to grow at a wide variety of climatological conditions, even In areas with light frostoccurrences Specifically (62) it is reported to grow in areas with temperature from 2 to 48 degrees

Merely total precipitation amount Is not enough to define a suitability Index for teak, but how itInteracts with other site variables is more Important. Effective precipitation Is what actually mattersfor plants to grow, which we assume will be less In higher Inclination areas than In other areas oflow slope percent. On the other hand, due to the fact that the total amount of precipitation Is high,evan In areas with high Inclination during dry periods, any xeric event can be smoother than Inother, overall drier locations.

Precipitation In the neighboring meteorological stations (15) of the study area ranges between 3500to 5000 mm per year, with a 2·4 months of approximately 100 mm or less monthly precipitation.This range Is close to the upper threshold for Teak (62.63), but it is reported to grow from less than1000 mm annual precipitation to more than 3500 mm. In Central America there are reports (63) ofTeak plantation establtshments with precipitation levels from 889 mm up to 3689 mm per year;which, as authors report, is very similar to its region of origin (63. and citations within). Genericoptimal thresholds of precipitation for Teak is 1000· 2500 mm annually (62,63),

Preclpltatlon

Teak requires certain seasonal distribution of rainy and dry periods for Its optimal growth, which Is Indetail reported in relevant scientific work (62,63).

Climatic water balance developed from precipitation (22) and evapotranspiration (1,17) figures andIt can be a useful Indicator of available water to plants. Plotting of this variable indicates a relativelydry period of 2-4 months with negative figures of this computed variable. Rather than usingprecipitation alone as a dry and wet period indicator, the evapotranspiration and Climatic waterbalance provide another view of the available growing period to the location of Interest.

Climatic water balance

Generally. the moist tropical climate of Costa Rica Is similar to the climatic conditions of the speciesnatural occurrence range In Asia (63, and citation within, 65). For this study the focus Is to examineIn as much detail as possible the dlsltlbution of these variables and cross check the results withspecies suitability Indicators as developed by authors (63) lor Cenlral America.

Climatic data from meteorological stations (22). monthly climate bulletins (3). Climatic auas andmaps published in 1985 (2) and also similar publications of 2010 (23) were collected. Based on U1eInterpolation of the data of the closest meteorological stations to the location of interest, the meanClimatic dataset was derived. The main variables were maximum and minimum temperature, andprecipitation, which were then used to derive several other variables and Indicators.

Local climate Is a significant factor affecting biological organism growth at any geographic area. andthere are several Indicators which In rough assess the productivity of a certain location based onmean climate figures alone (more can be viewed on the relevant graphs and texts of this chapter).Prior from developing any Indicators. it Is necessary that local climatic data from validated sourcesIs assessed and processed. After review of several climate data sources. the most suitable onewas found to be the local meteorological Institute, the Instituto Meteorologlco Naclonal (IMN) of theMlnislerio de Amblente. Energla Telecomunlcaciones (MINAET).

Climate

PIIOO 11I nrandtfl.· GWM nrOwlb A!JAO&lm(lot

The originating dalaselS (20) classify the site solis based and on the USDA ctasslflcatlon scheme(12). Based on another soli classification scheme. the solis belong to lhe Latosol pardo amarillo(20) class. Pardo amarillo refers to the presence of certain metals In the soil horizons and lhelr levelof oxidation and accumulation in the soil profile. which also relates to lheir weathering process.

Soils are acid (20. and also 21), while teak has a prelerence towards neutral soils lor optimalgrowth; However, soli acidity can be managed with site prescriptions and amelioration in order toreach a better level for the species. There are certain reports of leak plantations -or other species­In Costa Rica over acid solis, and details are provided for their growth.

As delined In the maps (20) the solis in the study property are classified as Ultisols, of the suborderTypic Tropohumults, associated with the TypiCDlstropepts category. Generally, TypiCtropohumultsare deep and well drained Ultisols, and similar characteristics are reported (rom local soli maps(profundo, which In English means deep). This Is In line with Teak preferences as defined Inreviewed IIterat~lre for Centrat America (63). A positive trait Is that there is no aluminumaccumulation (20) in the site solis, but their moderately heavy structure Is not lhe optimal for Teakgrowth.

Quality checked soil data Is extremely Important when forecasting plant growth. Soli maps of CostaRica, and specifically the Golfito Map Sheet (20) of the series was used as the primary data source.The same map data source was also used In studies of plantation growth In the South part of CostaRica (15,19).

Soils

Based on the available climatic data (22) and relevant scientific methodologies (1) theevapotranspiration is computed for the area of Interest, and plotted with precipitation andtemperature provides estimates of relaUvelydry and wet periods.

An Important Climatic parameter which Is related to plant growth and dry matter productivity, andalso to available soli water to plants, evapotranspiration (1) Is Incorporated into the climatic waterbalance and growing period Indicators of this report.

Evapotranspiration

In addition to the mean temperature data, in order to have an overview of the spatial distribution oftemperature In the wider geographic area, satellite data (44,46) was assessed to provide highresolution temperature maps for a given time of satellite overpass.

According to the Summary Statistics table lor climatic variables, since the mean temperature Iswithin the range o( 25-28 degrees Celsius, it Is claSSifiedas a good location for Teak, based onauthor work for Honduras (63 and citation within (65)).

Minimum (15), maximum (15) and derived mean temperature were plotted and examined for theneighboring meteorological stations and Interpolated for the GWM site. The mean monthlyminimum and maximum temperatures range between 20 to 34 degrees Celsius, which areconsidered suitable lor the species.

Celsius (but that of course that does not mean that this temperature range Is the optimal for thespeoies).

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Summary Statistics of interpolated climate variables

Variable Mean Median Minimum Maximum

MInln1l1111TCJI1PCI'DIUI'C 21.22 21..4;) 20.20 21.05

Maxlmum TCllll'CfnIUI'C 31.43 30.95 30.15 33.45

Preclpltatton 349.01 440.60 69.05 59J.20

t\1l'ilIl1'(,\mperolUUn-\ 2(;.32 26.14 2S.7A 27.20

Vill·jahle Slit Oev. C.V. Ske\~ness ex. kllrtosl<

Mlnimum Temperature 0.54 0.03 -0.88 -0.40

Maximum Temperature 1.11 0.04 0.68 -0.92

P"oollilatioll lllS.24 0.56 -0.28 -1.54

Mean Tcmpcrallll'c 0.49 0.02 0.86 -O.SS

Mean maximum and minimum tl!mperaturc and precipitation3. 600

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Map de.crlptlOn: High ,. seIutlon temperatu,. map lor d gloon lime ot .dfOUlteo.....pa•• , Th,. ''''''Ple '.!<om ,.,02;2000Cooldlnate Ref1t,.nceS'yttem: WGS84/UTM ZONE 17N IEPS(! 328171'DIOI-Ulm 'lOn8_17 'el'll'.WOSS' .da1Um-WClSS4+unlll_m ~t)_d.1I+towgIlJ4wO,O\OGWMall. bOld.(. dolo lOulOll,ClnHi_()(JManlillomoniLOnd•• t lmogory: GIOboll.o.rldCove, FacUlly(GI.CF),Goddold Sp.co FlIg~1Conlor (G9FO) (2011), Landt., SuliaCORolIOC1aneo•LOndoalTM & elM., Global Land Coller Facility Unlwrelty 91Maryland, College Pork,

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Inclination. soli steepness, and other (actors of a forest site can be related to soli depth, erosionlevel as this is also Influenced by previous land use. local hydrology and micro-climate. The closeproximity to sea shore (Golfo Dulce) and to Intandwaters (Rio Cotto Coronado) and the low altitudeconstitute a good topographical poslucn. This topography and geographical positlon can also leadto the assumption that even during xeric seasons of the year. the air humidity will be at certainlevels higher than Inland. It is widely discussed that water bodies smooth extreme temperatureevents. which Is another positive (actor for our sile selection in the case say of low or hightemperature extremes.

The altitude of the wider study area is between 70 to 200 meters above sea level. which isconsidered as good (or teak growth (62.63), but there may be a limiting factor (or the species In thehigher slope areas of the site, as it Is described in relevant slope maps of this report. However,there are reports of Teakgrowth in various topographic positions (63).

Satellite data (45) was used to construct high resolution elevation and contour maps of the area.The produced slope maps, and aspect maps, were made to assess the 3-dlmenslonal properties ofthe location. Using the same original dataset (45). a wetness Index map was developed In order toassess the relative wetness of the site area based on local topography. Also. a spatialmorphological analysiS (57) was conducted to categorize the wider location to (eature classes.Slope, aspect, wetness Index, morphological features are given In a quantitative manner both Inmaps and in graphs. In order to help even the non seasoned reader to have a clear overview of thelocation.

Terrain and topography

o Cooodl.OIe~"'",nce SyStem,WGS84JUTMZONE17N/ EPS13:)R617/ ,prol-o,m ,IO.e.17 'e1lOs-WOSS'i'daiu",",WOS84 -+:v"H.. m ....nD_dtlia,.,.'owg.84 ...0>O.OcaWMlno 00"'.11: Gillonwood Ma.Ii(j4(1l<1nlOriginal DEM-dala OOUIOO: Eorth Romolo Sonolng D.,.. Analysis ConlOr (ERSDAC). i)Qto sola aro • plOdu.' 01rho ,"".iSlI)'of E¢onomy.T",de, and Indu01ry(MeTl) 01JllPan and 0' 1~. Unlled S'Ole8 National AelOnaulicoand Space AdmlnlSlration(NASA)

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Slope po ''(;0 11I.contour mnp of' tho G\'VM site,

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CooldlnateR&I!I~nc. Systom:WGS841lJTMZONE17NI EPSG3~ 11!+p1OJ-~lm+Iono_17 +01l~-wGS64,Oalum·W(lS84 ,.nl18_m '"0 on ,'0wa084-0.0,OQWMItt- bold.....: O,..nwoad Mln_gemlntOriginal OEM data ooulOl: Earth Romoll Sonllng Dall AI1.ly~. Conl.r IERSoAC). 001... ,. IIIiI • pIilduOI .,lho Mlnlll!),of Economy,Tnldo. onO InOuolly(METI)01Jo,pa. anOot lho Un,lOd 91110.Nailonlll AOIilnaulicoand Spaco Adm.. I."allonINASAI

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Morphol!)!! ir:al/M()rpholllp.l.ric [enl.ll res or Ilie GW,\iI sil.e

o C;a.ldln". FIIII.".nQII SI'SI'''': WOS841UTMZONE 171\11EPSG 328171 '1''''J-<lIm.... n•• 17 .. u" •• wtlB84otdaluro-WOS84 ~"Ilaam +nD_dfili +Cowgd4.0.0,OGWM silo boIdO": GmonWOOdManagomorilO>lg,nalOEM dOl. OOUtte:Eanh RemoteS.MOlnDOUIa AnOl\'tlo Conler (ERSDAC). Data oets ... a pn><luctollh. MlnlattyOf EGonarily.T'!Ido. and IndUeIryIMETl)01Jft~M end of,.,. Vnl",d Sto",o NoOooftl"'o",nftutIQ. Md SPftOOAdministration(NASA)

.--

Dralnaqc map of the C\·VMsite (surface runoff ill rloqroos)

Pago 21T Qrondm· GWM grgw1h OGOMIInent

Management of plantations Is extremely important in order to maximize Individual tree volume anddbh, or total volume per hectare, which Is related to the desired end products and the financialIncrement of the plantation. An integral exertion of cases in timber plantations with longer termrolation and harvest ages (when compared to biomass tree production plantations) is that standdevelopment Is challenging to analyze and predict, since local variables and management differswidely from one slle to the other. So, one plantation owner may follow wide initial planting andminimal thinning until the harvest age, while others may plant many trees per hectare and thusapply more sanitary and Improvement cuts.

As It Is obvious, there are several growth and yield models for teak In Costa Rica. For modellingvolume and basal area growth of the plantation, it was preferred to use the management guidelinesfrom authors (29,58) and to try to adapt robust relationships of tree and stand growth (34) on localconditions with specific methodology and software tools (11,13.9 please see "Acknowledgments"section of this report too). Based on guidelines from authors (29,58), after adapting theirmethodology for our study. it is proposed for the teak plantation: a rotation age of 20 years.thlnnlngs at the ages of 7 and 13, final harvest at age 20. The Initial plant density Is proposed to be1111trees per hectare.

A scientific study from Costa Rica (7) discussed the native specles establishment under a Teakplantation and other forms of land cover. Other studies collected and anatyzed several sources ofinformation for Central America grown Teak (63), and discussed Its management (64). The effectmanagement prescriptions on growth and wood properties Is also a subject of study in Costa Rica(5).Growth models and Increment for Teak plantations In Costa Rica (61) Is also a subject of study bymany authors. Stem analysis for growth and votume equations (59) development also took place.The production and timber quality of high Input plantations In Costa Rica was reported too (29) andalso stand growth scenarios (58) based on management and site quality. Similarly. thinning In Teakplantations (53) Is another Interesting subject In forest plantation management.

There has been a great Interest from authors for Teak plantations worldwide. Scientific workregarding plantations in northern Ghana (66) report provisional yield models for 3 site classes.Work from Northem Thailand (47) studied the composition and diversity of woody regeneration in a37 year old plantation. In Brazil (39) the Increment curves of thinned Teak stands were studied,among many other studies In this country. The carbon storage of plantations was studied In theneighboring Panama (48). Since reforestatlon Is a mitigation option In reducing atmospheric C02.such studies can provide important data on the quantification of the contribution from forestryprojects. The Initial performance of several native and Introduced tree species was studied atso InPanama (35). Also, other authors Investigated (6) Teak and native tree species plantations InPanama. The comparison of Teak plantation biomass between a location of India and Costa Ricawas also published (18).

There Is a wide range for adaptation between optimality and normal suitability or survivability forseveral plant species at a given location. Beyond site factors, genetics of the planted material playalso a significant role In future ptantation development. Since Teak plantations have beenestablished in various areas In the tropics within or outside its natural range there are severalsources of Information reporting Its growth is several locauons. A native of India, Indonesia andBurma, Teak has been planted to Asian, Central and South America. and to African tropics.Numerous scientific reports exist, some of which are randomly chosen to be discussed here.

Future plantation growth potential

P.go 22T qrppdtl • GWM O'ow1b oa§9"n'Qnt

Such documents 01 working nature can be updated with the availability of ground data Iromplantation growth. Usually. a good conclusion of plantation potential can be made after the firstyears of plantation growth, from field foresters and plantation managers.

Future document updates

Visualization of the site and Its variables can be made though maps and graphs. Also, the exactlocation of the site is given, based on the map coordinates provided. The Coordinate ReferenceSystem used for the maps Is the WGS 84 I UTM 17N: the location coordinates can be reprojectedto a different coordinate system. and oan permit further visualization of the location, which can alsoaid to an evaluation of this report if desired.

As in the general approach in this report, a mixed quantitative and qualitative way Is followed tooverlay and process ali Information, and make lnter-comparlsons of data. For such a taskgeographical Information systems are used and relevant graphs and maps are provided to presentthis Information. Specific software packages and tools (57. see atso Software Chapter of thisreport), In combination with satellite data (44,45,36) were utilized for the analysis.

GIS and IT

Verification of such projections can be made with actual ground sampling of existing Tectonagrandls plantations at the area and can be repeatedly updated In future periods.

uncertainty in the assumptions and estimations made Is towards high levels, which can be limitedwhen local ground tree and plantation growth data can be available after plantation growth.

Climate data are estimated for the geographic area of Interest. Ideally, for a site assessment ofplantation growth, one may have local time series of meteo data for the last decades. However,such data are not available betore hand, as this Is very often the case with agricultural or forestryproduction. Therefore on Inltlat estimations of site suitability and plantation growth, eitherresearchers or managers use interpolated data Whichmay be less accurate and with coarse spatialresolution to represent local variability. However, this Is a very usual case (please see studies of the"Bibliography and References" section of this document), Since detailed local data may not beavailable even after plantation establishment.

One Important detail to note here Is that all scientific references and bibliography are from peer­reviewed journals and publications, and there Is no doubt of their scientific accuracy. However, theuse of such models by the author of this report In a wrong or subjective manner, does not mean ofcourse that the used bibliography or the cited authors are Incorrect: rather Its clearly theresponsibility of Ihe current author on the appropriate use of these.

Assumptions and caveats

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171.S7

33].91l31 97

124,43

11G.70

108.95

L01,OO

92,92

6.74

8411

8936

78,02

55,05

43.49

31,P7

L3,d!)

1 O.ll6

2 G.77

3 11.10

• 2",00

5 43.28

G 117.00

7 72.70

8 87.28

9 101.16

10 US.1I9

II 121154

13 135.1$

13 14. (8

14 lZ2.".S 169.18

" lGS.OO

17 170.22

18 174JU

19 170.11'1

20 302,(('

Total A,eumulattd vorume

Re,lduftl Undetbntk Volum& 10 top Vahl'YlC'l remClYed (thIMtnO~Mla1h'o)todiflmtifY Of la em (Ttttk Specific ~nn"" 101.clllln'leler of 12 em ~lnder1)tI,k(Tt!1Ik

) SI)oo,"lo formulA)TotAl VOlulM (theoreu01II no thinning

growth)Ao'{y.... ,

PrOtections I.ble· Single Sf)ec:~$plAI'ltArion 01Tec:IM& or&nclll

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453

1 0.00

2 2.07 2.07

3 4.04 4.03

4 5.07 5,.97

5 7.8G 7.116

6 9.66 0.66

7 U.34 11.34

8 12.86 0.70

8 14.21 10.02

10 15.36 12.11

11 16.31 13.28

12 17.08 L4.42

13 17.70 15.53

14 18.17 12.55

15 18.54 13.33

16 18.02 14,09

17 19.04 14.84

18 10.21 15.56

19 19.33 16.27

20 19.<13 lG.87

Resklua. ~I Arell (aher thinn""')ThllOrelleRi orowth fA ba,RI.rell

Projec:dons table· Sing .. specie. pla".adon of Tec:tona9randll

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3 11,10 b,10 10,33

• 2l),W 7,36 12,4J

6 <03,211 866 13.16

6 aMI! I>'''' 14,btl

1 72, '10 10.39 1.4.6"

• 81.211 10.91 14.1:)8

• 101.J' 1124 13a7

10 1L3.88 11.40 12.82

11 125.84 11.41 Jl.56

12 13S,1O 11.31 1022

13 J4".08 11,13 8.110

" IS2."'" 1080 7.15

18 l$Q,Je 1061 6.13

16 165,05 Ion 5.1lI

11 110.22 10,01 &,11

18 174.81 071 4.50

,. 176.02 0.42 ,.U20 182.65 0.L3 3.13

r011l1Volume MAl tlhoonICicfll no IhinnlnG rOltll Volume PAl (lheoU:llc.' no IhlnningglOWth) gtowth)

TOlnl Volume! tiheofllllcni no I",nninogrowth)AGO (VClN")

Theoretlcel grovlth to'Nal'ds Il"Ia)(lmUITIeA. also residual end removed besal al'ea20

RftfTl()vad SA • - - --rheOl'ctlcal growlh of 0.1\ ...... .-.-_.18 Rtill]ldu.::a1SA (ull~rlhlnnlng) X .....~...- ................... •0' X....L6 ....,.~. Xr

",.. "14 ,.1,,,. X )(- X~ / x

"~ 12 / X~ ys 10 ;(~ '<~.. /:!! ,.. 8 X] ,,,

~ )< •,,r

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I0, I I I I

2 4 6 0 10 12 14 16 18 20A~\}(y{tar~J

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Theor.,tk:llll'lrDwth (II no thinning), 6nrl vOI~lmf;l:S until" mlnlmvm top dlamftler or 12 em

200 Ivorurne ,.)OlOV(teJ O(l11n-12 ern •Tot&1VOL(theoretical groVlth)L80 R(lsldl,l:.1 Ufldorbtll'k vol. 0,,\ln-12 X

,r

"L60 X/

L40 /X~ •I(! /" L20,.,

~u:l5 100 *"~~ -,.;;z 00g "60 X

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/ •20 X ••0

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18 --I--Total Volume PAl -I-

16 Total Volume MAl X

+ + +14 -I -I-~ -I-II) .:t......

12QI..... X X )I: XQI X X XE10 +.........X .X...... -I X

X"X'Xv:c X X:> X -I-v 8- -l~

X+ +,<i 6 X +:::;: + +4 - + +X

2 -0

0 5 10 15 20

Age (Years)

Pog.28T 9rnpdtl ~GWM grow1hO§$MloogO\

14.Adu-bredu, S.. Foua, A.. Bi. T., Bouillet, J.-pier.·c, Yamoah, S., & Saint-andre, L. (2008). Allexplicit stem profile model tor forked and un-forked teak (Tectonll grandis ) trees in West Africa.Forest Ecology and Management, 255. 2189-2203. doi: I0.1016fj.forcco.2007.12.052

9. Jerome K Vanclay and Peter J Sands, (2009). Calibrating the self-thinning frontier, Forcst Ecologyand Management. 259( 1),81-85.

1.0. Climate lmpuct on Agriculture. CLI M1'/\0. Environment, Climate Change lind BioenergyDivision, FAO. Food andAgriculture Organization ofthe United Nations. Vinic delle Termc diCaraca lin 00 t 53 Rome, ItuIy (hltp:llwww.iilo.orgfnr/climpIIs/index_en.llsp)

II. NonlinXL: a tool 1'01' tilling non-linear Excct-based modcls to observed data. Version 1.0.September 2010. Peter Sands. 39 Oakleigh Av. Taroona . Australia 7053. email:pjsNUlllcrics@nctspacc.nct.au

12. Soils f Natural Resources Conservation Service tNRCS), United States Department of'Agriculture (USDA) http://soils.lIsdn.gov/

13. Dr. Peter Sands. 39 Ouklcigf Av. Taroona •Australia 7053, email:I)HNul11crics@nctspuec.ncl.ilu

S. I.T.C.R. (tnsiinuo Tccuologico de COSllI Rica). (2007). Caralogacion en IIIFuente. KUI·l.: RcvistaForestal, 4(4( II y 12especial), 2007).

4. Dc. P.. & Sclunincke, Kvhermann. (2000). Plantaciones de teen ell Costa Rica: In cxperieucia deIn empress Precious Woods. Unasylva. 5 l , 29-35.

5. Edgur Vlquez, D. 1'. (2005). Effect of'pruning on tree growth. yield.und wood properties ofTectona grandis plantations in Costa Rica. Sliva Fennicn, 39(Dcccmbc.· 2003).381-390. Retrievedfrom htlp:llwww.mc[hl.li/silvllfennicll/full/$t:l9/sI.393381 .pd f

6. Griess, V. C.. & Knoke. T. (20 II). Can native tree species plantations in Panama compote withTeak plantations? An CCCHlOl11icestimation. New Forests, 13-39. doi:10.1007/sI1056-010-9207-y

7. Healey, S. 1'.. & Gara, R. I. (2003). The effect of a teak (Tectona grundis) plantation 011 theestablishment of nillive species ill 1111abandoned pasture in COS!!, Rica. For. Ecol. Manage .• 176,497-507.

3. Bolctln Mcrcorologico Mensual. Institute Mcrcorolegico Nacional SunJose, Costa Rica.Ccmroamerica

2. "Atlas Climatologico de Costa Rica' 1985. lnstituto Meteorolcgico Nacional San Jose. CostaRica. Centroamerica

I. Allen, R.O.. Pereira, L.S., Racs, D. [1I1dSmith, M. 1998. rAQ 56 PAO Irrigation and DrainagePallerNo. 5(>

Please note that numerous scientific reports, manuscripts and documents exist discussing issuesrelevant to this report, The list below does not Intend of course to be a full bibliography of suchmatters. The catalog provided below Is to give credit and express acknowledgement to the authorsof work userul for the development of this technical report.

Bibliography and References

Pog.29T prond" - GWM Qrowth pS$Msmgot

26. Technical Report 124: Sands 1'.1(2003) Paramcterisation and application oD·PC us 11managemcm tool 101' Eucalyptus grandis ill South Africa - rOI)011on a visit to the Institute lorCommercial Forestry Research. August-September 2003.5 pp. Cooperative Research Centro forSustainable Production Forestry . CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products. Australia

27. Carlos, J., Usuga, L., Andres, J.. 1'01'0, R., Vanessa, M., Alzatc, R., Jesus, A. D.. ct al. (2010).Estimation of biomass and carbon stocks in plants, soil and forest floor in diffcrcm tropical forests.Forest Ec()logy and Management, 2GO( 10), 1906·1913. Elsevier B.V,doi: 10.1()16/j.loreco.20 I0.08.040

24. Technical Report 141: Sands 1'.1 (2004) Aduptation of 3·I'G to novel species: guidelines for datacollection and parameter assignment. 34 pp. Cooperative Research Centre for SustainableProduction Forestry, CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products, Australia.

25. Technical Report 126: Sands rJ (2003) Process-based models tor forest management -integrating determinants of growth into practical management systems. 30 pp, CooperativeResearch Centre tor Sustainable Production Forestry , CSIRO Forestry and Forest Products,Austruliu

22. Institute Mcrccrolcgico Nacional San Jose, Costa Rico. Ccmroumerlca. Datos Climaricos.lnstituto Mctcorologico Nucional wcbsuc

23. "At Ins Climarologico de Costa Rica" 2010.lnstituto Mcrcorologico Nacionnl Sun Jose, CostaRica. Ccniroarnerica

21. Manuel Amonio Lopez, Miguel Angel Gonzrtlcz "ElzBCTO DE DOS FUENTES DE CALCIOSOBRE LA FERTIL..IDADTRES SI.IELOS ACIDOS DE COSTA RICA". Agronomia Costnrriccnsc11(1): 1·15. 1987

20. ASSOCIATION DE SUBGROUPOS DE SUELOS DE COSTA RICA (MAPA PREI.IMINAR).OFICINA DE I'LANII'ICACION SECTORIAL AGROPECUARIA. FINACIANCIO DEINSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SEGUROS. ELABORO: SAMUEL PEREZ, ALFREDOALVARADO Y ELiZABETN RAMIREZ. COLABORO: DR. ELLIS G. KNOX. FECHA, MARZO1978.

19. Calve-alvarado, J. C., Arias. 0., & Richter, D. D. (2007). Early growth performance ofnntivcand introduced fast growing tree species in wet to sub-humid climates of the Southern region ofCOSLll Rica. Forest Ecology and Management, 242, 227·235.

17.l3Ioncy, II.F. und Criddle, W.O. 1962. Determining consumptive use and irrigation waterrequirements. U. S. DeJlI.Agr, Agriculuiral Research, SCl'viccTcch Bull 1275.591).

18. Buvaneswarau. C., George, M., Perez. D., Kanninen, M. (2006). NOTES. BIOMASS OF TEAKPLANTATIONS IN TAM IL NADU , INDIA AND COSTA RICA COMPARED. Journal ofTropicalForcst Science 18(3): 195·197.

15. Arias, D.. Calve-alvarado, .I.. Richter. D.. Dohrcnbusch, A.. Costa, D., Iter, R.. Canago, A., ct al,(20 II). Productivity. aboveground biomass. nutrient uptake and carbon content in fast-growing treeplantations of'nutive and introduced species in the Southern Region ofCosta Rica. BioOlIlSSundBioenergy, 35(5), 1779·1788. Elsevier Ltd.

16. Bolcy.J, D., Drew, 1\.1' .. Andrus, R. E., & Rica, C. (2009). Effects of'uctivc pasture .tenk (Tccronu grandis ) lind mixed native plunuuions on soil chemistry in Costa Rica. Forest Ecology andMnnugcmcnt. 257, 2254.2261. doi: I0.10 16Ij.IOt·cco.2009.02.035

PAge 30T gwpdJl - GWM groydb 0009&&0100\

43, J.J. Landsberg. R,H, Waring. A generalised model of forest productivity using simplifiedconcepts or radiauon-use efficiency, carbon balance and partitioning. Forest Ecology and

40. FAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Vinic delle Tonne di Caraculla00 I53 Rome, Italy www.fao.org

41. Keogh, R. (1990), Growth rates of teak (Tectoria g",mdis Lf') in the Caribbeun/Ccntrnl­American region. For. 13001. Manugc .. 35(3.4), 311·314,

42, Avcry, 1'.E" B,E. Harold. 2002. Forest Measurements, fifth edition, New York; McGrow·llili 426p,

39. JOVUIlC Pereira du CI'II~. Helie 0'"'Ci3 Leite. Carlos Pedro Bocohui Soares, .I, C, C, C,. &Nogueira. i. S, c G, s. (2008), CURVAS DE CrtESCIMENTO BOB INDICE DE LOCAL PARAPOVOAMENTOS DE Tccronu grandis EM TANGARA DA SERRA. MATO GROSSO, R. Arvore,Vi~osa·MG. 32(4), 679·685,

3~, CATIE, Centro Agrouomico de Investigacion y Escenunza. Cartage. Costa Rica. www.carie.ac.cr

37. Cusack, D" & Montagnini, F, (2004). Tho 1'01(: of native species plantations in recovery ofunderstory woody diversity In degraded pasturelands of Costa Rica, Forest Ecology andManagement. 188. 1·15,

35, Wishnie. M, H., Dent, D. H., Mariscal, E" Deago, J .. Cedeno, N" Ibarra, 0 .. Condit, R" et al,(2007), Initial performance and reforestation potential 01'24 tropical tree species planted across aprccipitmion gradient in the Republic (If PlU18m3. Forest Ecology and Management. 243, 39·49,

3(>, Craven, D" Dent, D., Braden, D., Ashton, M. S" Berlyn, G, r,& "'ull.,1. S, (2011), Seasonalvariability of' photo~ynthct ic charucrcrisrics influences growth of eight tropical tree species [It twosites with contrasting precipitation in Panama. Forest Ecology and Management. 261 (10), 1643·1(>53. Elsevier I3,V, cloi:IO.IOI6/j.rol'ceo.2010.09,017

31, Redondo-brenes, A" & Montagnini. F. (2006). Growth. productivity . aboveground biomass .and carbon sequestration of pure and mixed native tree plaruations in tho Caribbean lowlands 01'Co~tll Rica, America, 232, 168·178, doi: I 0.10 16/j.foreco,2006.05.067

32, vnidcs. [1.. Ugalde. L.. Galloway, G .. & Tecnica, C, (2004). Crcclmiento y produetividad de teenen planracloncs forcsralcs jovcnes en Guatemala. Rccursos Naturales y Ambicnrc, 46·47. 137·145,

33. Vanclay, J. K. (1994). Modelling forest growth and yield: applications 10mixed tropical forests.Management (p, 330), CAB Iniernm iona I.WllliingfonJ. UK.

34, Vancluy, J. K, (2010). Robust relationships fOI' simple plantation growth models bused on sparsedata. Forest Ecology lind Management, 259(5), 1050·1054, doi: 10, I0 16/j,forceo,2009.12,026

28, Carpenter, F, L" NicholaJ. 0" & Sandi. 13, (2004).11. Early growth ofnntive and exotic treesplanted on degraded tropical pasture. Forest Ecol. Manage .• 196,367·378,

29. Perez. 0 Cordero, L: Kannincn. M. 2003. Growth and timber quality ofTcciona grundls L.f'. inhigh input pluntadons of Cos IIIRica. NOTA DISPONIBLE EN: In Quality Timber Products of Teakfrom Sustainable Forest Management. (2003. Pccchi, Kerala, IN), Interna (pp. 142·149),

30, Pierro, Daniel, Monragnini. F" Ugalde, L., & Kannincn, M. (2003), Performance or forestplantations in small and medium-sized limns in the Atlantic lowlands of'Cosia Rico, Forest Ecol.Manage" 175, 195·204.

PAge 31T 9rOpdJl • GWM QCOw1b0$36"01g01

58. Perez, D., & Kannincn, M. (2005). Stand growth scenarios lor Tectona grandis plantations inCosta Rica. Forest Ecology and Management. 210,425·44 I . doi:10.10 16/j.f'orcco.2005.02.037

57. GI'lI~SGIS 6.4.0RC6 (2010). GRASS Development Team. 2010. Geographic ResourcesAnalysis Support System (GRASS) Software, Version 6.4.0. Open Source Geospatial Foundation.ht1p:llgrnss.osgco.org

54. Moratayu. R.. Galloway, G .. Berninger, F.. & Kanninen, M. (1999). Foliage biomass- sapwood (area and volume) relutionships of'Tcctonn graudis L. F . and Gmclinu arborca Roxb .: silvieulturalimplications. Science. 113.231·239.

55. Myanmar. " .. Enterprise, T.. Year, N.. & Kong. I I. (20 I0). Teak price and Profitability of Teakplantations Source: Teaknct Bulletin Volume 2 issue 3 April 20 IO. Report paper, 6·7.

56. Nanung. D. M.. & Nunifu. T. K. (I (99). Selecting u funcrional form for anamorphic site indexcurve estimation. Forest ecology and Management. I J 8,

53. Montero. M .• Viqucz. E.• Kanninen, M., & Perez, D. (2004). Intensity and timing of the firstthinning ofTectonn grandis plantations in Costa Rica: results of a thinning trial. Forest Ecology andManagement

52. Montagnini, P. (2000). b. Accumulation in above-ground biomass and soil storage or mineralnutrients in pore and mixed plantations in a humid tropical lowland. Forest nco I. Managc., 134( 1·3),257·270.

49. Kumuf B. M., Lengby • .I. N.. & Kumar. P. (1995). A density management diagram forteakplumatlons of Kerala in peninsular India. Management, 74(94). 125·131.

50. Lcology, F.. Drechsel, P.. & Zech, W. (2000). ORIS evaluation of'rcuk ( TCCtOll8grulldis L. f. )mineral nutrition and effects of'nutrition and site quality 011 reuk growth in West Africa. ForestGcology and Management, 1127.

51, Lugo, A. G.. Brown. S .. & Chnprnan, .I. (I 98~), An Analyticnl Rev i c w of Production Rulesand S t e m IV0 0 d B i 0 III ass of Tropical Forest Plantations, Biomass, 23. 17<)·200.

48. Krucnzcl, M.. Castillo, A.. Moore, T., & ('otvin, C. (2003). Carbon storage of'harvcst-age teak (Tectona grandis ) plaruations , Panama. Forest Ecology and Management, 173.

47. Koonkhunthod, N., Sakurai, K., & Tanaka. S. (2007). Composition and diversity of woodyregeneration in 0 37·year·old teak (Tccrona grandis L.) plantation in Northern Thailand. ForestEcology and Management, 247, 246·254. dol: 10.10 16/j.I'oreoo.2007.04.053

46. USGS 20 II. Globnl Land Survey. 1990. Landsat TM. PLATFORM LANDSAT5. IMAGE_IDPOI4R54_5T870117. USGS. Sioux Falls. South Dakota

Mnnagerncru, Volume ()S.lssuc 3. I August 1997, Pages 209·228.ISSN 0378·1127

44. Globnl Land Cover Fncility (GLCF). Goddurd Space Flight Center (OSFe) (2011), LandsatSurface Reflectance , Landsat ™& ETM+. Globat Lund Cover Facility University or Maryland.College Park.

45. Earth Remere Sensing Data Analysis Center (ERSDAC). Data sets arc a product of the Ministryor Economy. Trade, and Industry (METl) of'Japan andol'thc Unitcd StmcsNational Aeronautics andSpace Administration (NASA)

Pago 32T grpndJlA GWM grQw1h0086"01g0\

CATIE. Centro Agronomieo de lnvcstlgucion y Esccnunzu. Curtago. Costa Rico

Finally. gratitude Is expressed 10certain organizations for their publication of data sets, scientificresearch and bibliographic resources:

Perez. D.. & Kanninen, M, (2005). Stand growth scenarios for Tecrona grandis plantations inCosta Ric", Forest Ecology and Mnnagement. 210.425·441. dol: 10.10 16/j.rol'cco.2005.02,037

PCl'ez.D Cordero, L: Kunninen. M, 2003. Growth and limber quality ofTecrona grandis Lfin high input plantations of Ccsta Rica. NOTA DISI'ONIBLE eN: In Quality Timber Products orTeak from Sustainable Forest Management. (2003. Pcechi, Kerala, IN). lntcma (pp, 142·149).

Vanclay, .I. K, (20 I0), Robust relationships for simple pluntution growth models based onsparse datu, l-orcst Ecology und Management, 259(5). 1050·1054. doi: I0.10 16/j.toreco.2009.12.026

A specific acknowledgment Is owned to authors of the scientific work below:

Dr. Peter Sands. 39 Oaklcigh Av. TIlI'OQIIH •Australia 7053, email: pjsNumcl.ics@nC[SI)QCc.ncl.ulIfor the total ofhis scientific work as mentioned ill the "Bibliography and References" and also in"Software Resources" paragraphs of this report.

Acknowledgments are owned 10scientific work of certain authors, work which was valuable for thecompletion of this study. More specifically:

Acknowledgments

65. Salazar F., R.( 1973) Zoniflcacicn ccologica de Pinus cnribuca val' Hondurcnsis y Tcctona 1:lJ1I1HliSpura Honduras. Tcsis Mug. Sc, Turrialba, C,R.. IleA 123 I),

66. Nunifu T,K.. Murchison II,G, (1999). Provisional yield models of Teak (Tcctona grundis Linn P,)plantations in Northern Ghana. Forest Ecology nnd Management 120. p, 171·178

64. Keogh. R.M. (1987) The care and management of'tcak (Tectona grnndis L, f.) planrations.Heredia. C.R .. UNA. Escuela de Cicncius Ambicntalcs, 48(1.

61. Bermejo. Ivan, Cancllas. Isabel and A1I0l1soSan Miguel (2004). Growth and yield models 1'01'teak plantations in Costa Rica. Forest Ecology and Management IR9, 97·110,

62. Peter L, Weaver and Carl F. Jordon, Tectona grandis L, 1', Teak, SO·I'I'P·SM64. September 1993

63, Tcca (Tccrona grandis). Espccic de arbol de uso multiple en America Central. Colleccion deGuias Silviculturalcs. II. CATIE, Centro Agronomico de lnvcsrigacion y Esccnanza, Cartago. CostaRica

59. Perez, D. (2008). Growth and volume equations developed from stem annlysis for Tectonagrandis in Costa Rica. Journal ofTropical Forest Science. 20(1). 66·75.

GO. ('etit, B., & Montugnini, P. (2006). Growth in pure and mixed plannuions of tree species used inreforesting rural areas of the humid region of Costa Rica . Central America. Forest Ecol. Manuge.,233, 33R·343. doi:10.10 IGlj.forcco.2006.05.030

Pogo 33T gwndrtA GWM grgYt1h QA§RILlnlPot

The document is a description of the total of work carried out for this assessment and includesspatial and non-spatial databases, software, spreadsheets. vector and raster data. bibliographicmaterial. scientific manuscripts and reports. It was developed using PC workstations running onDebian GNU Llnux and Windows XP operating systems, with spreadsheet and other specializedsoftware. More details of the resources used are provided in the references and bibliographysections of this document.

About this document

MiorosoftWindows XP ProfeSSional

Openoffice.org 3.2.0

Deblan GNU/Linux • codenamed "squeeze", amd64Deblan GNU/Linux , codenamed "squeeze", i386

Grass GIS 6.4.0RC6 (2010) - GRASS Development Team, 2010. Geographic ResourcesAnalysis Support System (GRASS) Software, Version 6.4.0. Open Source GeospatlalFoundation. http://grass.osgeo.org

Quantum GIS (QGIS) version 1.4.0 Enoeladus

Scribus, Open Source Desktop Publishing

NonllnXL : a tool for fitting non-tinear Excel-based models to observed data . Version 1.0.September 2010 . Peter Sands , 39 Oakleigh Avo Taroona , Australia 7053 • email:pjsNumerlcs@netspace.net.au

Software resourcesSeveral software resources/packages were used for Ihe realization of this assessment:

Library of, Nutional Dccumcntailon Centre, 48 VassilcosConsmntinouAv, GR·11635.Alhens

rAO. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Notions, Vinic deltc Tcrrnc diCarncalla00 IS3 Rome, holy www.fao.org

Europcan Soil Ponal, Land Management & Natural Hazards Unit, Institute lor Environmentand Sustainability, Joint Research Centre, f\uro~~cunCommission

GCI_F. Global Land Cover Facility, University of Maryland. Maryland, U.S.A.

This technical report for potential plantation growth estimation for this particular Gte InGolmo,Puntarenas, Costa Rica was developed by Dimos P.Anastasiou <dpa@bi04met.com>. Papaflessa15, Lamia, Greece based on agreement with Greenwood Management. Author welcomes anycomments, questions or suggestions at from anyone Interested.