gvi patagonia expedition science report (september-december 2008)

8/14/2019 GVI Patagonia Expedition Science Report (September-December 2008)

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GVI Patagonia

Patagonia Research and Exploration

Phase Report 083

September - December 2008


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GVI Patagonia Expedition Report 083

Submitted toGlobal Vision International

S. Diaz (Biologist, Universidad Nacional del Comahue)S. Lambertucci (Biologist, Universidad Nacional del Comahue)

D. Marty (Estancia San Ramn)H. Pastore (Biologist, Universidad Nacional del Comahue)

S. Peris (Professor, Universidad de Salamanca, Spain)J. Sanguinetti (Biologist, Parque Nacional Lanin)

Produced by

Stephen Meyer Country DirectorCatherine Mc Cune Science and Logistics Manager

Alexa Varah Base Manager

And

Ian Baker Expedition Staff Sarah Johnson Expedition MemberHelena Martn Gutierrez Expedition Staff Rajnik Katugaha Expedition Member

Tom Rehaag Expedition Staff Milena Mozzo Expedition MemberRichard Turley Expedition Staff Sebastian Schneider Expedition Member

Becky Bradley Expedition Member David Spindler Expedition MemberDeborah Cairns Expedition Member Debbie Steer Expedition Member

Terry Cook Expedition Member Sandra Stucky Expedition MemberMichael Emmott Expedition Member Nicole Sweaney Expedition Member

Deb Frazer Expedition Member Eva van der Rijst Expedition MemberMichelle Gane Expedition Member Emma Wager Expedition MemberJoseph Jebelli Expedition Member

Edited byRichard Turley GVI field staff

Catherine McCune Science and Logistics Manager

GVI Patagonia

Address: Casilla de Correo 725, San Carlos de Bariloche 8400, Rio Negro, AgentinaEmail: [email protected]

Web page: http://www.gvi.co.uk and http://www.gviusa.com


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iii

Appendix B. Fragua Grande Last Light Datasheet.................................................43Appendix C. Raptor Transects Diagram.................................................................44Appendix D. Raptor Transects and Point Counts Datasheet .................................45Appendix E. Bird Species.......................................................................................46Appendix F. Migratory Bird Census Datasheet ...................................................... 47Appendix G. Map showing Len Valley, Lago Lolog..............................................48

Appendix H. Location of Jabali Transects (Tromen area) ......................................49Appendix I. Cachaa: Vegetation Transect Datasheet ..........................................50Appendix J. Cachaa: Diet and Habitat Use Datasheet......................................... 51Appendix K. Cachaa: A. araucana Datasheet......................................................52Appendix L. Waterfowl Survey Datasheet..............................................................53Appendix M. Waterfowl Results .............................................................................54


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List of Figures

Figure 2-1. Landscape, Estancia San Ramon .....................................................................2Figure 2-2. Fluctuations in condor numbers from September 2007 to December 2008 ......5Figure 2-3. Fragua Grande condorera, Estancia San Ramon .............................................7Figure 2-4. Height and width measurement points of cliff / condorera...............................12

Figure 2-5. Key for perches on cliff diagram ......................................................................13Figure 2-6. Vegetation recording sheet..............................................................................14Figure 2-7. Basic trends in scavenger and raptor distribution from roadside (station A) tofour kilometres into the steppe (station D) .........................................................................18Figure 2-8. Laguna los Juncos, Estancia San Ramon .......................................................20Figure 2-9. Laguna los Juncos observation methodology..................................................21Figure 2-10. Comparison of total average population of birds on Laguna los Juncos, spring2007 - 2008 ........................................................................................................................22Figure 2-11. Changes in total average waterfowl populations throughout the day, Lagunalos Juncos ..........................................................................................................................23Figure 3-1. Volcn Lann and A. araucanabranches, Lann National Park......................26Figure 3-2. Example of data sheet for a red deer transect................................................28

Figure 3-3. Example of plot recording for wild boar transect AP1.....................................31Figure 3-4. Habitat use by wild boar October November 2008......................................32Figure 3-5. Austral parakeets pair in a nest hole, Lann National Park.............................35Figure 3-6. Vegetation transects from an austral parakeet nest tree................................36Figure 3-7. Seed predation transects from female A. araucana trees .............................37Figure 3-8. Number of waterfowl individuals at lakes surveyed, Lann National Park ......40


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Global Vision International 2008 Page 1

1. Introduction

The Patagonia Research and Exploration Expedition has now completed its ninth phase.

This expedition marked a milestone for GVI Patagonia, completing three years worth ofwork and an end to certain projects in the field. Already, the data collected is helping to

identify potential future research areas and providing important data to the national and

international scientific community. Methodologies continue to be improved and focused as

experience is gained collecting data in the field. A full Annual Report (to be initiated in

January 2009) will collate and summarize all expedition efforts. As all data is collected for

our local partners, the report does not include any specific data analysis, but provides a

careful overview of the methodologies and the work accomplished.

GVI Patagonia has realized the goals of this expedition and completed the planned data

collection for our project partners. For the ninth expedition, we have worked together with

our main partners S. Lambertucci of the Universidad de Comahue (San Carlos de

Bariloche), J. Sanguinetti of Parque Nacional Lann, H. Pastore of the Universidad de

Comahue (San Carlos de Bariloche), S. Diaz of the Universidad de Comahue (San Carlos

de Bariloche) and S. Peris of the Universidad de Salamanca (Salamanca, Spain). Projects

are constantly evolving and we are happy to be working with such strong partners.

GVI Patagonia would like to thank the kind support of Estancia San Ramn and the

National Parks of Argentina for their help during this third expedition of 2008.

In the field, GVI Patagonia would like to thank all of the Volunteers and staff that have

helped to make this expedition a success! They have come a long way and dedicated a lot

of their time and effort to help collect this data in Patagonia.


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2. Patagonian Steppe Projects

The steppe area to the east of Bariloche is dry and rugged, and is part of the home range

of one of the strongest populations of Andean condors in South America. GVI Patagonia

works on four projects in this area, based out of an old schoolhouse in Fragua valley onEstancia San Ramn (Figure 2-1), about 30 kilometres northeast of San Carlos de

Bariloche.

The projects are carried out in conjunction with Sergio Lambertucci, a biologist and condor

expert from the Universidad Nacional del Comahue and CONICET, a government national

research agency, San Carlos de Bariloche.

Figure 2-1. Landscape, Estancia San Ramon

The work carried out for S. Lambertucci by GVI Patagonia is as follows:

Daily and regional Andean condor censuses

Condorera and cliff characterisations

Raptor transects

Migratory bird studies

Before beginning the Andean condor and raptor research, all EMs were tested on the

identification and morphology of V. gryphus and the 12 other scavenger and raptor

species. All names were required to be in Latin, with a mandatory minimum pass rate of

95%.


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2.1 Andean Condor Population Studies

The distribution of the Andean condor (Vultur gryphus) throughout South America is

declining. One of the biggest birds in the world, the Andean condor makes an impression

in the sky, with a wingspan reaching up to three metres and a height of 1.3 metres. It isvulnerable to human impacts because it has a slow reproduction rate and requires large

foraging areas. Specific threats to the species include intentional hunting by humans,

ingestion of poisoned carcasses, collision with high-tension wires, loss of traditional

foraging grounds, and competition with other animals. Argentina has one of the strongest

populations of Andean condors in South America; by monitoring these populations we

hope to learn more about the natural history of the condor. This information will help

towards the protection of the species and its habitat. The Andean condor is currently listed

in Appendix I by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of WildFauna and Flora (CITES, 2008) and is considered Near-Threatened by the International

Union for Conservation of Nature (Birdlife International, 2008).

S. Lambertucci has been working on a condor monitoring project for over a decade, with

the aim of prioritizing locations for protection based on their importance to the Andean

condor. Due to the condors large home range, it would be difficult to conserve the entire

area. Thus, S. Lambertucci has directed his focus to the cliffs that are used by the condors

as roosting or resting places, like a form of refuge. These cliffs are known as condoreras.There are a number of known condoreras in the province of Ro Negro and Neuqun, over

90% of which are not in protected areas.


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2.1.1 Andean Condor Regional Census

2.1.1.1 Introduction

The purpose of the regional census is to record the number of adult and juvenile condors

(and their sex, when possible) roosting on specified condoreras in the area around San

Carlos de Bariloche. This is completed twice during every expedition, once after training

and once again at the very end of the expedition. By accumulating this data over a period

of years, S. Lambertucci is better able to understand the total size of the Andean condor

population in the region (one census would be insufficient as condor numbers fluctuate

due to seasonal and climactic changes).

The regional census is also used to compare the difficulty condors have using different

condoreras. To do this, EMs observe how often an individual condor flaps its wings before

landing on the cliff. As a birds action equates to its expended energy, this signifies the skill

a condor would need in order to use certain condoreras and questions what factors could

cause a condor to use condoreras with easier, or more difficult, approaches.

The regional census also allows S. Lambertucci the opportunity to gather genetic

information on condors and other species in the area through feather and fur sample

collection. These are also used to study toxins present in the condors environment.

2.1.1.2 Methodology

The position of the condors at last light and first light is noted on a diagram of the

condorera, as well as the condors age and sex when possible. Last light is determined by

when a volunteer can no longer confidentlydistinguish a juvenile condor from the similarly-

coloured rock face, and first light is determined by when a volunteer can confidently

distinguish a juvenile from the rock face.

Every time a condor approaches or lands on a condorera, the hour, time it takes for the

bird to land, and the number of wing flaps completed during this time are recorded. . The

condors sex and age are very important, and an extended effort is made to note these

details. For an example of the flapping data sheet, see [APPENDIX A]


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Finally, samples are collected, both around and on the way to the condorera. Samples

include feathers, pellets, and the hairs of dead animals. All items are placed into plastic or

paper bags, and their location and the date are recorded on the outside.

2.1.1.3 Results

For the census taken over the 34 October, ten condoreras were monitored, five by GVI

EMs and staff. The census taken from the 34 December included 10 monitored

condoreras, seven of which were by GVI EMs and staff.

During the October census, over 200 condors were counted. In the December census the

figure was lower, with a total closer to 150 condors, and with many of the condoreras

observed without any condor presence. During both counts, data concerning a condorslanding flaps was collected. At all approachable condoreras, samples were collected.

At the time of writing, S. Lambertucci has yet to publish the data collected by GVI

Patagonia and has therefore asked that raw data not be included in any GVI reports. He

has, however, given permission for general trends to be displayed. The graph below

(Figure 2-2) illustrates the pattern that has emerged from the data collected from these

regional censuses over the past year.

Figure 2-2. Fluctuations in condor numbers in the study area from December 2007 to December 2008

Annual fluctuation in condor populations w ithin the steppe

NumberofCondors

December December

2007 2008


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2.1.1.4 Discussion

The number of condors found in the two regional censuses this expedition follows the

general trend that has emerged over the past three years. Illustrated in Figure 2-2, the

trend shows condor numbers in the study area as low in the summer months, rising

through the autumn to a peak in late winter and early spring, and then falling again as

summer approaches. The condor population uses a larger area than the area being

monitored, and the birds move to different parts of their range in the summer months when

better weather allows them to move to higher, more exposed areas.


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2.1.2 Andean Condor Daily Census

2.1.2.1 Introduction

In Fragua valley, EMs monitor two condoreras Grande and Roca, at both first light and last

light during this phase of the expedition. This continues data collected over the past two

and a half years from these condoreras.

Figure 2-3. Fragua Grande condorera, Estancia San Ramon

2.1.2.2 Methodology

Daily monitoring consists of a census count of the condors on the condorera and in the sky

at last light and then again in the morning at first light. Again, last light is determined by

when an Expedition Member can no longer confidently distinguish a juvenile condor from

the similarly-coloured rock face, and first light is determined by when a volunteer can

confidently distinguish a juvenile from the rock face. The position of each condor is

recorded on a diagram according to the particular shelf or area of the condorera that is

occupied. Counts are completed at last light and again at first light to ensure the closest

accurate count of birds roosting that night.

A copy of the last light diagram for Fragua Grande is given [APPENDIX B].

As well as condor numbers, a general description of the climatic conditions is recorded,

including temperature, cloud cover, precipitation, wind direction and wind strength. S.

Lambertucci has proposed that the weather conditions and the aspects of the condoreras

in relation to weather are ruling factors for determining site choice by condors. S.


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Lambertucci has weather stations in the area and registers humidity, temperature, rainfall,

wind speed and direction. By having GVI EMs record weather information at the

condoreras, S. Lambertucci can determine when weather patterns arrive at monitored

points, some more than 40 kilometres away from his weather stations.

Finally, at the end of each day, EMs take responsibility for data accuracy. Both the data

sheets and diagrams are checked for completeness by an EM and then stored in the

finished data sheet box for a final check by the base manager.

2.1.2.3 Results

GVI Patagonia completed 23 days of census monitoring of the two condoreras this

expedition.

At the time of writing, S. Lambertucci has yet to publish the data collected by GVI

Patagonia. He has asked that raw data not be included in any GVI reports until he has

published his findings. However, the general pattern emerging from the results this

expedition is that there were consistently more condors present on the condorera at last

light than at first light.

2.1.2.4 Discussion

The fact that there were generally more condors at last light than at first light indicates that

some condors arrived after last light or left before first light. This is similar to the pattern

observed in the last expedition (08 2, 2008). Until publication of his results, S. Lambertucci

can not yet offer an explanation for this behaviour.

Numbers of condors at Grande this year also followed the general trend for the area as a

whole: numbers were low in the summer of 2008, then rose considerably through the

autumn and winter (08 1, 2008 and 08 2, 2008) and remained high this expedition, falling

towards the end of the expedition as summer approached. This fluctuation in numbers

may be attributed to the same factors affecting the population as a whole: in brief, the

condor population uses a larger area than the area being monitored, and the birds move to

different parts of their range in the summer months when better weather allows them to

move to higher, more exposed areas.


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2.2 Condorera and Cliff Characterisation

2.2.1 Introduction

With an increased knowledge of how certain condoreras in the region are used by

condors, S. Lambertucci is expanding his research to examine the surrounding steppearea. He wants to know why certain condoreras are used more than others, and why some

cliffs are used as condoreras whilst nearby similar cliffs are not. What are the factors that

make a cliff suitable for use as a condorera?

To do this, S. Lambertucci is focusing on the physical characteristics of the condorera as

well as the physical and human geographical features of the area, taking into

consideration weather and seasonal variation. At the same time, he is observing how other

plant and animal species also depend on the areas around these cliffs, which provideprotection, food and water resources within the arid steppe region. By understanding what

makes a certain cliff or surrounding area a good place for a condorera, he will have a

better understanding of where conservation of condoreras, with their rare and richly

diverse ecosystem of local flora and fauna, will be most beneficial.

During the 2008 spring expedition, GVI characterised six condoreras and the cliffs around

them, as well as cliffs around two more condoreras that were characterised during the

previous expedition.

2.2.2 Methodology

During a condorera or cliff characterisation several types of data are collected: physical

characteristics of the cliff; physical characteristics of perches; and physical characteristics

of the area. These variables, and the methodologies, are explained in more detail in the

following sections.

In order to locate suitable cliffs to characterise around a condorera, EMs and staff are

provided with maps and satellite images of the area. The aim is to find one suitable cliff at

roughly each cardinal point around the condorera that looks steep enough and large

enough to be useful in the study. Once in the area, EMs then walk to these pre-determined

locations and selected cliffs to characterise. Where possible, one of the four cliffs being

characterised in the area around a condorera should have the same aspect as the


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condorera itself. Cliffs also need to be similar to a condorera in terms of size and

steepness and presence of at least some ledges. Cliffs are to be within five kilometres of

the condorera if possible, though up to ten kilometres away is acceptable if necessary.

2.2.2.1 Condor behaviour and use of the area

If the cliff being characterised is a condorera, and the EMs are staying in the area

overnight, they also carry out first and last light censuses and flap counts: this provides

data on condor behaviour and use of the area.

Data on condor age, sex and movements allows S. Lambertucci to understand the

behaviour of the condors using the particular condoreras. Though this is only a window

into the overall usage of the area throughout the year, it allows S. Lambertucci tounderstand if older, more experienced birds or younger, less experienced birds use

particular condoreras or particular areas of a condorera, and if males or females are more

common in the area. For this reason, it is especially important for the EMs to take the time

to try and identify the age and sex of every condor in the area. This part of the data

collection includes three parts:

First Light and Last Light monitoring

This consists of a census count of the condors on the condorera and in the sky at first lightand at last light. Again, last light is determined by when a volunteer can no longer

confidently distinguish a juvenile condor from the similarly-coloured rock face, and first

light is determined by when a volunteer can confidently distinguish a juvenile from the rock

face. The position of each condor is recorded on a diagram according to the particular

shelf or area of the condorera that is occupied. Counts are completed at last light and

again at first light to ensure the closest accurate count of birds roosting that night. This is

the same methodology used for daily census counts at Fragua Grande and Fragua Roca.

For an example data sheet, see [Appendix B].

Flapping

Every time a condor approaches or lands on a condorera, the hour, time it takes for the

bird to land, and the number of wing flaps (differentiating between flying flaps and landing

flaps) are recorded. The age and sex of the condor is also recorded. By monitoring the

amount of energy a bird needs to land (in terms of flapping, number of landing attempts


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and time taken to land), S. Lambertucci can begin to understand whether some cliffs are

harder to land at than others, and if more experienced birds benefit from using a particular

cliff more than inexperienced birds. In conjunction with other data from the condorera

characterisation, he can also start to understand whether a certain age class would

choose to use a particular condorera and what factors exist to expain the reason for this.For an example of the flapping data sheet, see [APPENDIX A].

Sample collection

Feathers, pellets, and the hairs of dead animals are collected, both around and on the way

to the condorera. If the cliff is not a condorera, sample collection is limited to feathers of

other birds and hair samples from other animals. All items are placed into plastic or paper

bags, and their location and the date are recorded on the outside. S. Lambertucci uses

these samples to collect genetic information on the birds using the area, information oncondor diet, and information on toxic substances in the condors environment.

2.2.2.2 Physical characteristics of the cliff

This part of the characterisation looks at the physical variables that may affect condor use

of a cliff. Properties examined include:

Rock typeOnly a general geological rock type is needed (such as metamorphic, sedimentary or

basaltic). To verify the classification of the rock, a sample is collected, labelled and brought

back to S. Lambertucci.

Height and width of the wall

A GPS and clinometre are used to record these measurements. EMs walk to the actual

edges of the condorera and, using a GPS, record the latitude, longitude, and elevation

(above sea level) at each side and at top and the base (Figure 2-4). If a condorera is madeup of several different parts, multiple points are used to record its full length and height.

Whenever the base or top of the cliff are unable to be reached safely, a clinometre is used

to calculate the angle to the top of the cliff and to the base of the cliff from the viewing

station. In Figure 2-4, the parts in bold type are filled in if the top and base are able to be

reached. The parts in italics are filled in if a clinometre has to be used (distance may have

to be partly estimated).


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General aspect of the wall

Using a compass, the direction in which the cliff is facing is recorded.

Figure 2-4. Height and width measurement points of cliff / condorera (extract from characterisationdata sheet)

2.2.2.3 Physical characteristics of perches

Data includes information on perches along the condorera, allowing insight as to the total

population of condors the area may hold. EMs draw a diagram of the cliff and then

superimpose over this a 15-squared. Ledges that could be used, or are used, as perches

are located within this grid and then categorised as follows:

Size There are three categories used to measure the length of the cliff. If the perch isbigger than the Large category, it is divided into multiple parts and smaller categories are

used. The categories used are:

Small: holding one to two condors

Medium: holding five condors

Large: holding six to 10 condors

Aspect Using only cardinal points, this is done by grid square rather than individual perch.

FaecesA perch is categorised as either having or not having faeces.

Vegetation A perch is described as having vegetation, or as being baren (no vegetation).Cave A perch may be a shallow ledge along the cliff, or may go deeper into the rock face.

If so, it is classified as a cave.


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The following symbols are used to indicate on the diagram the following:

Perches withoutfaeces: Perches withfaeces: Other:

= chico perch = chico perch V = perch with vegetation

= medium perch = medium perch = cave

= grande perch = grande perch

Figure 2-5. Key for perches on cliff diagram (extract from characterisation data sheet)

Height

After examining the entire cliff face, the perch lowest to the ground is measured using the

clinometre and the distance from the ground is recorded. This is also repeated for the

perch highest on the cliff, and its distance from the top of the condorerea is recorded.

Predator Access

After examining the layout of the condorera and the location of the perches along the cliff

face, EMs assess the likelihood of a predator accessing the perches. If the cliff is slightly

sloping, or broken into many parts, it may be easier for predators to approach roosting

locations, as opposed to a steep cliff with difficult access.

2.2.2.4 Physical characteristics of the area

This part of the data collection examines the environment on a larger scale to see if factors

from around the cliff itself make it an appealing condorera. Aspects include:

Availability of food

This examines the number of animals in the area and their rough density per hectar.

Animals include sheep, goat, cow, horse, red deer and guanaco. Data is collected by

speaking to the owner, manager, or worker of the estancia. By understanding what food ispotentially available in the area, it is possible to see the type and quantity available to

supply a condor population of a certain size, as well as the risks posed by certain foods.

Human acivity

This includes anything within sight of the condorera, such as buildings (cities, towns,

farms, houses, etc.), tourism (and the type), livestock (percentage of area covered), and


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plantation (percentage of area covered). Location and distance from the condorera are

recorded using a GPS. Whenever an object is too far away from the cliff to take GPS

coordinates, a bearing and estimated distance is taken.

RoadsThe locations of all trails and roads (paved, dirt or gravel) within sight of the condorera are

recorded using GPS. If the road is too far away to measure using a GPS, its distance is

estimated and a bearing from the cliff is recorded.

Water

The locations of all water resources in the area within sight of the condorera are recorded

using GPS. If the distance to the water source is too far to measure using a GPS, its

distance is estimated and a bearing from the cliff is recorded.

Vegetation

In order to understand the general environment of the area, six 10 metre by 10 metre

squares of vegetation are examined (see Figure 2-6). Vegetation is described in basic

terms (grasses, bushes, trees, water, etc.) and the percentage of each type is measured

within the square.

Figure 2-6. Vegetation recording sheet (extract from characterisation data sheet)

2.2.3 Results

In total, GVI Patagonia EMs spent a combined total of 26 days studying eight locations (in

two locations the condoreras themselves had aready been characterised so EMs only had


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to characterise the surrounding cliffs). In total, 38 cliffs were characterised, six of which

were condoreras and 32 of which were surrounding cliffs not used as condoreras.

In total, GVI Patagonia travelled over 900 kilometres by land rover and foot to study these

sites. This is measured as the crow flies and does not take into account variations interrain.

Of the six condoreras characterised, condors roosted at four of them whilst EMs were in

the area. EMs therefore carried out first and last light monitoring and flap counts. Large

amounts of samples were also gathered during the characterisations.

At one of the more remote condoreras, Chaqueita, one dead juvenile male condor was

found in the valley below the condorera. The location was marked and the corpse wassubsequently collected for further analysis by S. Lambertucci.

As S. Lambertucci has yet to formally publish the data collected by GVI Patagonia, he has

asked that we refrain from using raw data in any GVI reports until he has published his

results.

2.2.4 Discussion

It is, as yet, too early to be able to analyse any data. Until GVI and S. Lambertucci have

collected data on all the condoreras in the study, and until S. Lambertucci has analysed

the data, no trends or conclusions can be drawn.

As for the dead male condor, S. Lambertucci is now collecting genetic information on this

bird, as well as clues indicating why it may have died.

Despite the time-consuming and detailed nature of the data collection, GVI Patagonia EMsand staff did a fantastic job collecting a huge amount of data characterising eight locations

in the space of just a few weeks. A quicker methodology was developed involving high-

definition photographs of the cliffs to locate, label and categorize perches, which proved

time-saving and less subjective than the current method. Finally, there were also some

exhilarating close encounters with curious condors which flew within metres of some lucky

EMs and staff.


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2.2 Four Kilometre Raptor Transects

2.2.1 Introduction

Over the past two years, GVI Patagonia has helped S. Lambertucci study the types of

raptors found in areas close to and then systematically further away from roads. Andeancondors, being such large birds, may have a hard time gaining the momentum to fly away

when on the ground and in a difficult situation, such as near a road with an oncoming car

or near human disturbances. S. Lambertucci wants to know if factors such as these

change raptor distribution, and if so, in what way.

Continuing with the same methodology developed from the summer expedition (08 1,

2008), raptor transects are carried out in two directions; walking from the road out into the

steppe, and the same transect is also completed starting in the steppe and walking back tothe road. This allows the EMs to produce a set of data that is not skewed by the time of

day in which it is collected.

2.2.2 Methodology

A grid system is created along the area around Fragua, extending five kilometres to the

east and five kilometres to the west of a point on Ruta 23, with 11 roadside points along

this east-west line. From each roadside point, a four kilometre transect is measured out to

34o north, and another four kilometre transect is measured out to 214o south.For transect

diagram, see [APPENDIX C]

For each four kilometre transect, a 30-minute census is carried out at the road and then

again at the first, second and fourth kilometres. This gives three census points getting

progressively further from the road, and one census point deeper into the steppe. The road

point is labelled station A, and the following three are station B, station C, and station D

(this one being the furthest into the steppe). The coordinates of the points are identified

using GPS. EMs are expected to look for birds within a 500 metre radius of the census

point, ensuring a reduced chance of double-counting birds and a better chance of

confidently and correctly identifying a bird.

For each location, the start and stop times are recorded, as well as any raptors spotted,

the number of individuals, their estimated distance and bearing, as well as each birds


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behaviour (flying, feeding, mating, fighting, etc). (See [APPENDIX E] for list of raptors).

Raptor species spotted between transect points are also included. At station A and station

D the weather conditions are noted; this is in order to assess whether any weather

changes during the transect have an effect on the number of species spotted over the

entire transect. For the raptor transect data sheet, see [APPENDIX D]

Since some birds are more active in the cooler morning as opposed to the hotter mid-day,

transects are started soon after sunrise. However, due to the length of the transect, the

last station is often not reached until the afternoon. S. Lambertucci worries that this could

produce a skewed number of birds in different locations. To counter this, EM groups also

complete censuses starting at station D, four kilometres into the steppe, and finish the

transect at station A, along the road. To make this possible, EMs leave the night before,

travelling into the steppe for the night, and start the transect early in the morning thefollowing day. Usually, the EMs leave enough time to complete a neighbouring transect on

the way out, resulting in a web of transects completed from station A o station D in the

afternoon, station D to station A in the morning, and of course the standard station A to

station D in the morning.

2.2.3 Results

In total, GVI EMs and staff completed 12 transects over an 80 square kilometre area. Sixwere completed by travelling from station A to D, starting the transect at the road; the other

six were completed in the opposite direction (starting at station D in the steppe and

finishing the transect at station A by the road).

GVI EMs and staff hiked 48 kilometres while completing the actual transects, and over 170

kilometres roundtrip (including the distance travelled to and from the transects). All

distances are measured as the crow files, and do not take into consideration the extremely

hilly terrain.

As S. Lambertucci has yet to formally publish the data collected by GVI Patagonia, he has

asked that we refrain from using raw data in any GVI reports until he has published his

results. He has given permission to include the following graph (Figure 2-7), which is a

very crude analysis of the data to show the general trend in distribution of raptor and

scavenger species from the roadside to the four kilometre point. This analysis only takes


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into account distance from the road and does not consider any of the other factors about

which information was gathered (such as presence of buildings, forests, watercourses

etc.).

Figure 2-7. Basic trends in scavenger and raptor distribution from roadside (station A) to fourkilometres into the steppe (station D)

2.2.4 Discussion

A brief analysis of the results (Figure 2-7) shows that Vultur gryphuswas present through

out the census, but three and a half times more of these birds were found at roadside

stations than further into the steppe. This is broadly consistent with the findings from the

winter expedition where the number of condors was a third higher at the roadside than at

other locations. S. Lambertucci stresses that these numbers relate to condors that were

seen flying; his theory (mentioned briefly in the introduction to this section) that condors

are less likely to be present at roadside stations relates to birds feeding: condors may

have a hard time gaining the momentum to fly away when on the ground and in a difficult

situation, such as near a road with an oncoming car or near human disturbances.

One reason for the high numbers of condors spotted at roadside stations could be that

many of these stations are near to condoreras (Roca, Grande and Ruta). As many of the

roadside stations are monitored early in the morning, with transects moving from station A

to station D, Andean condors would be spotted as they left the condoreras after roosting

there overnight.


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Geranoaetus melanoleucuswas also found in higher numbers at the roadside than further

into the steppe, as was Coragyps atratus, a result consistent with the theory that this last

species is thought to spread its territory with the growth of roads.

All other raptor species had more even distributions along transects, though most speciesshowed a slight propensity to be more common at roadside stations than at the four

kilometre stations. Cathartes aura, a frequenter of this area in the the warmer months of

the year, made a return this expedition after being absent during the winter. Other species,

such as Parabuteo unicinctusand Elanus leucurus, were not spotted at all.

S. Lambertucci stresses that, until proper, detailed analysis of the data is complete, it is

not possible to tell which factors are influencing raptor and scavenger distribution. Initial

findings by S. Lambertucci indicate that some raptor species are being given an advantageby the presence of roads whereas other species do not benefit. However, proximity to

roads is only one factor and is not the sole influence. He expects that distribution is

affected by the presence of estancia buildings and other human presence, also by

proximity to forested areas (including plantations) and other factors about which

information was gathered during the course of each transect.

The EMs ability to travel into the steppe and collect data during raptor transects was

sometimes hindered by very strong winds and heavy rain. Three overnight transectsstarted in the afternoon had to be cancelled due to heavy rain.However, thanks to their

efforts, the data collected will allow a greater insight into the total raptor distribution in this

area throughout the year.


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2.3 Migratory Bird Census

2.3.1 Introduction

S. Lambertucci is working with Paisaje Protegido Ro Limay, a group comprising of

scientists from different national and international NGOs, the Consejo de Medio Ambiente

de Ro Negro and others. They aim to conserve areas of importance near the Ro Limay.

The group is interested in understanding how migrating water birds use the steppe region

and the importance of water resources to their survival. S. Lambertucci is studying Laguna

los Juncos, a privately-protected lagoon on Estancia San Ramn.

In 1998, S. Lambertucci completed his first census counts of migratory birds on Laguna los

Juncos (Figure 2-8). This lagoon, located in the steppe transition zone, is the last lagoon

for many kilometres before the steppe starts in earnest. It is also a major stopping ground

for hundreds of migrating birds in the summer season. S. Lambertucci wants to see

whether the population of its more common migrating species has changed from ten years

ago.

Figure 2-8. Laguna los Juncos, Estancia San Ramon


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2.3.2 Methodology

The lagoon is divided into three sections west, central and east using imaginary lines

drawn between easily-identifiable locations on the lagoon shore. In each of these sections

is an observation point with a clear view of part of the lagoon, from where birds can beeasily counted (see Figure 2-9 below).

Figure 2-9. Laguna los Juncos observation methodology

Three or four EMs are needed to do one survey. One EM starts at the east observationpoint and walks slowly along the east shore to the south side of the lagoon. A second EM

starts at the west observation point and walks slowly along the west shore to the south-

west point of the lagoon. Typically two EMs are stationed at the central observation point,

one with a telescope and the other with binoculars. The telescope is needed because the

central observation point covers the largest area and the opposite shore is distant

At each observation point EMs count and then record on a data sheet the number of birds

of each species present. Birds on the lagoon and along its shore are included. All birds areput into one of two categories: those that are more than 20 metres from the shore (of the

whole lagoon, not just the viewing location), and those that are less than 20 metres from

the shore. Neither raptors nor domestic birds are included. For a list of birds monitored, as

well as their common name, see [Appendix E]. A space is left for birds not on the list. For

data sheet, see [Appendix F].

Key:

= observation point= path walked by observer

- - - = imaginary dividing line= direction of count


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In order to avoid double-counting birds, EMs count in a specific pattern (shown on Figure

2-9 by green arrows). EMs observing from the central station start counting at the east

side of their section and sweep to the west of their section. The EM counting birds in the

east section starts their count at the border with the central section and sweeps east to the

lagoon shore. This means that, once the count is complete, the EMs who did the centraland east sections compare notes: for example, if they both got a group of five A. sybilatrix

on the border between the two sections at the beginning of the count, then this is probably

the same group of ducks and one lot will be discounted. In the same way, the EM covering

the west section will start their count at the lagoon shore and sweep east, to end up at the

dividing line between their section and the central section. In this way, the number of birds

recorded at the end of the observation period for the west and central sections are

compared, and any similar counts are probably duplicates and are therefore corrected.

The census is completed three times a day, in the morning, early afternoon, and evening.

For each census, the start and finish times are recorded, as are weather conditions

(temperature, wind speed and direction, cloud cover and type, and precipitation).

2.3.3 Results

EMs monitored Laguna los Juncos three times a day for seven days, spread over the 10

October to 6 November 2008.

The total average number of birds counted on the lagoon this expedition was 245 birds.

Figure 2-10 shows how this compares to the three previous expeditions.

Figure 2-10. Comparison of total average population of birds on Laguna los Juncos, spring 2007 - 2008


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One of the aims of this project was to see the change in waterfowl numbers over the

course of the day. Below are the average totals taken over the seven days of census.

Figure 2-11. Changes in total average waterfowl populations throughout the day, Laguna los Juncos

In terms of individual species, numbers of Anas species are slightly up in general this

spring compared to last spring, as are numbers of Fulica leucoptera and Podiceps

occipitalis. There are some noticeable absences too: the Chilean flamingo,

Phoenicopterus chilensis, was hardly seen at all, and another coot species, Fulica

armilata, was present in far lower numbers than last spring.

2.3.4 Discussion

The waterfowl species being studied tend to spend the summer in the south of Argentina,

and the winter in the north of the country. Figure 2-10 illustrates this: high numbers of

waterfowl were present on the lagoon in summer 2008, and then numbers fell in the winter

as the birds moved to the warmer north of the country. The rising numbers counted this

spring expedition are evidence of the birds movement back to the south as the weatherimproves. It is interesting to note that numbers this spring are almost exactly the same as

those recorded last spring (the total average numbers show a difference of just 5 birds

more this spring), possibly indicating that the drought experienced since last summer is not

adversely affecting waterfowl migrations.


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It can be seen from Figure 2-11 that more birds were spotted on the laguna in the evening

than at other times of day. This could indicate that birds are using the laguna as a safe

place to roost but may be flying elsewhere to feed during the day. This data might also

reflect the human usage of the area: it could be that there is more human presence in the

morning and middle of the day than there is in the evening; therefore birds are disturbedless in the evening and more likely to be present. Without studies of human use of the

area it is impossible to tell if this is the case.


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2.4 Additional Notes

During their time on the condor project, Expedition Members were fortunate enough to

stay within the private Estancia San Ramn, an incredible location containing a great

range of wildlife that GVI Patagonia is only able to witness because of the condor project.While completing condorera characterizations, EMs also had the priviledge of visiting other

remote locations, including Estancia La Lonja, Estancia El Condor, Estancia San Pedro

and Estancia Pilpilcura.

While travelling to and staying at these locations, EMs spotted lesser rhea (Rhea

pennata), red deer (Cervus elaphus), and guanacos (Lama guanicoe), all of which occupy

the same ecosystem. Also spotted were the Patagonian gray fox (Dusicyon griseus) and

the culpeo fox (Lycalopex culpaeus), and it was often possible to smell nearby hog-nosedskunks (Conepatus chinga). Several times EMs found puma (Puma concolor) tracks, and

some were lucky enough to spot a puma feeding cave with the remains of a recent meal.

(de Bolzn and Bolzn, 2005).

Other species spotted included the Patagonian green racer snake (Philodryas

patagoniensis), mountain viscacha (Lagidium viscacia), hairy armadillo (Chaetophractus

villosus), lesser grison (Galictis cuja), tuco tuco (Ctenomys magellanicus), great horned

owl (Bubo virginianus), long-tailed meadowlark (Sturnella loyca), ringed kingfisher (Ceryletorquata), Chilean flicker (Colaptes pitius), Chilean swallow (Tachycineta leucopyga), and,

at the lagoon, a coipu (Myocastor coypus). (de Bolzn and Bolzn, 2005).


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3.Parque Nacional Lann Projects

Parque Nacional Lann is situated in the Lakes District of Argentinean Patagonia,

bordering Chile. It is named after Volcn Lann which dominates the northern end of the

park and is the highest mountain in the area at 3776 m. The park is diverse and complex,encompassing four major environments: steppe; transition zone (between the forest and

the steppe); humid forest; and alpine environment. A significant portion of three unique

forest types endemic to the northern regions of temperate sub-Antarctic Argentina are

found within the park. These three forest types are characterised by two species of

southern beech, roble pelln (Nothofagus oblique) and raul (Nothofagus nervosa), as well

as the monkey puzzle or pehun tree (Araucaria araucana).

Figure 3-1. Volcn Lann and A. araucanabranches, Lann National Park

During this expedition GVI continued to work directly with the Lann park biologist, Javier

Sanguinetti, on a red deer control program. GVI also continued surveys of the distribution

and movements of wild boar with Hernn Pastore and surveys of austral parakeet

populations around Tromen with Soledad Diaz. During this expedition, a survey of

waterfowl populations on the lakes in the northern half of Lann park, a project overseen byProfessor Salvador Peris, was also completed.


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3.1. Red Deer (Cervus elaphus)

3.1.1. Introduction

Red deer (ciervo colorado in Spanish) are an exotic species introduced to Argentina in

the 1920s for trophy hunting. They rapidly spread across the whole country and large

numbers of them can be found in most areas of Lann National Park. They put pressure on

the native, and very rare, huemul deer (Hippocamelus bisulcus) by competing for the same

food as well as for space (H.Pastore). Red deer also change the composition of the forest

understory with their destructive eating habits, making it impossible for some tree species

to reach mature stages and altering the habitat, which in turn affects other species living in

that habitat as well. In fire-damaged areas of the park the red deer are preventing

succession and forest regeneration because they eat the seedlings.

This expedition GVI worked with Javier Sanguinetti, the biologist of Lann National Park,

investigating the abundance and distribution of red deer in the Len Valley near Lago

Lolog (for map see [Appendix G]). This data will help to inform decisions about red deer

culling and hunting quotas. The request from J. Sanguinetti to go and investigate red deer

in this fire-damaged valley came as a result of park rangers spotting large herds of deer in

the area.

Before beginning these transects, the EMs were taught how to recognize deer faeces and

tracks, and to distinguish those from other animals in the area. They also learned how to

tell age and sex of deer.

3.1.2. Methodology

Initially, 12 transects were to be along the valley floor and 12 transects in the ire forest on

the hillside, with these numbers changing depending on initial findings of deer abundance.

This is an explanation of those transects completed.

Transects along the valley floor are 400 metres apart. As the valley floor is about four

kilometres long, 12 transects 400 metres apart would cover this area. The ire forest

covered a much smaller area, so transects set up there are 200 metres apart. Each

transect completed, regardless of location, is 400 metres long.


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In each transect there are 20 plots, one every twenty metres. At each plot a five metre

diameter circle is measured using trekking poles or marked string, and within the circle the

vegetation type and number of signs of deer are recorded. Signs documented include the

number of tracts and the number of pellet groups. A deer track is defined as a path ofdeer prints left by more than one animal following along the same line.

This same information is also recorded between plots (see example of data sheet below,

Figure 3-2).

Signs of live deer are also recorded. If deer are spotted, the GPS location, habitat, number

of animals, sex of animals and age of animals are noted.

Transec

t Plot

GPS

Latitude

GPS

Long.

Vegetatio

n type

# pellet

groups

Presence

of tracks

on the

way to

the plot

Presence

of tracks

within

plot

0

1

2

Figure 3-2. Example of data sheet for a red deer transect

3.1.3. Results

It was immediately obvious that there were large numbers of deer in the valley and that

they were active in both the valley floor and the burned forest. There was very little sign of

new growth in the forest, suggesting that the red deer are eating new seedlings and

preventing regeneration. Out of 136 plots completed in the steppe area (valley floor), signs

of deer were recorded within plots 51.5% of the time, and an average of 4.8 signs were

recorded between each plot. Out of the 117 plots completed in the burned ire forest area,

plots showed signs of deer 29.3% of the time and on average 8.1 signs of deer were found

between plots.


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3.1.4. Discussion

The results indicate extremely heavy red deer activity in the valley and heavy activity in the

ire forest. The information provided to J. Sanguinetti will be used to inform planning

decisions regarding the culling of deer in this valley.

This was an on the spot project for GVI, who responded immediately to a request from J.

Sanguinetti to investigate the numbers of deer in the Len Valley as a result of a recent

sighting by park rangers. Due to a difficulty in accessing the valley and rivers full from

spring snowmelt, only 13 transects were completed in the area. Six of these were carried

out in the ire forest on the hillside to the south of the valley. The other seven were

completed in the steppe area along the valley floor.

Such a remote and immediate project, which involved hiking through difficult terrain into a

remote valley before the trails had been cleared by the rangers, allowed EMs to improve

their skills with the GPS, taught them how to navigate over difficult terrain, and gave them

ample opportunity to improve their river-crossing skills. It also allowed them to see first

hand the results of a huge forest fire and they gained a better understanding of what

happens to the ecosystem following such an event.


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3.2. Wild Boar (Sus scrofa ferus)

3.2.1. Introduction

The wild boar (jabal in Spanish) is an introduced species to Argentina. As in other parts

of the world, it has efficiently established itself in Lann National Park, where its foraging

activities continue to cause significant impacts. Wild boars eat the seeds of the A.

araucana and their rooting habits are very destructive as they prevent seedling

establishment. This is a particular problem given the poorer volcanic soils of Lann

National Park.

GVI Patagonia continues work with Hernn Pastore, a biologist from the National

University of Comahue on the wild boar project, which is part of the A. araucana forest

ecosystem project with J. Sanguinetti. The data collected during this expedition

represents a milestone, for H. Pastore now has enough data to finish his thesis of how wild

boar use different habitats around Tromen. The study is accomplished by carrying out one

kilometre transects through various habitats, collecting data on the presence and size of

wild boar tracks and rooting areas, as well as the presence and number of wild boar

faeces.

The survey transects cover the following habitats:

1. Pure A. araucana

2. Secondary A. araucana

3. Open Forest

4. Humid forest

5. Marsh

6. Shrub land

7. Steppe

The aim of this study is to determine a) seasonal habitat use by wild boar, b) variations in

wild boar diet through out the year (determined by analysis of faeces), and c) group sizes

(determined using the data collected on rootings).

Previous results have shown that wild boar migrate in response to food availability

throughout the year.


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A map showing the transects near Tromen is given in [Appendix H]

3.2.2. MethodologyA GPS is used to find the start and end coordinates of each transect. EMs go to one end

of the transect and use the GPS to determine the bearing to the other end. They then pace

out plots of 100 metres, recording their position at the end of each 100 metre plot using the

GPS. Exceptions to this method occur when the transect does not follow a straight line: in

this case GPS points are used for each 100 metre plot.

EMs walk along the line of the transect looking at the ground for signs of wild boar in a

three metre wide band (1.5 metres to either side of the line). At the end of each 100 metreplot of the transect line, notes are taken of the location, altitude, slope, distance from

water, canopy cover, and general habitat type (see Figure 3-3 for data sheet). The same

details are recorded whenever signs of wild boar, including tracks, new faeces or new

rootings, are found along the transect line.

Figure 3-3. Example of plot recording for wild boar transect AP1

Plot/ Signs of Jabal:

(e.g.: 0-100; rooting, track,

faeces, etc.)

Track 8cm x 6cm, photo AP1 0-100Ai

Rooting 20m x 20m, photo AP1 0-100Aii

Location: (As given by the

GPS - use USR)

Altitude: (metres)

Slope: of the Land (ring the

relevant one)0-5 5-10 10-15 15-20 > 20

Canopy Cover: 0% 0-25% 25-50% 50-75% 75-100%

Distance from Water: (ifwithin 20 metres)

Local Habitat: (irantal,

Lengal, Araucaria etc)


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Deviations from the transect line occur if an obstacle is in the way or if a wild boar trail is

spotted close to the transect line. In the case of obstacles, the transect is continued

around the obstacle, ending up back on the correct bearing. In the case of spotting a wild

boar trail, the transect is continued along the trail for as long as the trail remains near the

transect line and on a similar bearing. When the wild boar trail leads away from thetransect line, EMs move back onto the original course.

Samples of all the faeces found along the transect are collected and dried for analysis of

diet.

Before completing transects, EMs are trained to recognise the vegetation types and to

identify tracks and signs of wild boar, deer, and livestock. They also continue to develop

skills in navigation, including use of GPS and route choices.

3.2.3. Results

Initial analysis of the results from the spring expedition shows that wild boars are using

lenga / ire woodland and steppe areas more than A. araucanawoodlands. This can be

seen in the chart below, which illustrates how many signs of wild boar activity were found

in each type of habitat

Percentage of wild boar signs

Spring, 2008

28%

15%

8%10%

38%

1%0%

Lenga

Estepa

A. araucana

Bush

Nire

Mallin

Bare

.

Figure 3-4. Habitat use by wild boar October November 2008


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3.2.4. Discussion

Previous results from GVI expeditions and H. Pastores work indicate that wild boar tend to

be seasonally migratory based on food availability. Wild boars move around to occupy

sites with more food, for example when A. araucana drop seeds the boars move to A.

araucanaforests to exploit this resource.

Data collected in previous expeditions showed that in 2006, use of A. araucanaforests by

wild boar was low, coinciding with low seed production that year (06 3, 2006). The A.

araucanaexperienced a masting year in 2007, which favoured wild boar reproduction as

there was an abundant food supply, so the population in 2008 was expected to be high.

The data from the summer 2008 expedition showed that there was much higher wild boar

activity in the A. araucana forests than in summer 2006 (08 1, 2008), which H. Pastore

links to the A. araucana mast; there would have been a high population of boar and an

abundant supply of seeds from the mast in 2007.

Seed production by A. araucanawas low in the summer of 2008, so H. Pastore expected

that wild boar would subsequently move to other habitats in search of food. The data

collected appears, on initial analysis, to confirm this: Figure 3-4 illustrates that out of seven

different types of environment studied, A. araucanaforests were fifth on the list in terms of

where signs of wild boar activity were found. 61% of all signs of wild boar activity were

found in forests of southern beech species (lenga and ire), far more than the 9% found inA. araucanaforests. The only environments which showed less wild boar activity than the

A. araucanaforests were the marshes and areas of bare rock, indicating that A. araucana

forests are indeed poor foraging grounds at the moment.


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3.3. Austral Parakeet (Enicognathus ferrugineus)

3.3.1. Introduction

The Austral parakeet (cachaa in Spanish) is the most southerly parakeet species in the

world. They can be found along the Patagonian Andes from Neuqun province to Tierra

del Fuego. Austral parakeets do not have as many conservation problems as other

psitacids; however they do face some, namely deforestation, the introduction of exotic

species and pet trade. The austral parakeet is currently listed in Appendix I by the

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora

(CITES, 2008). Basic information about the breeding and ecology of these relatively

unstudied birds is important for the National Parks in order to protect the austral parakeet,

and also other cavity nesters in austral forests.

This expedition S. Diaz is collecting information on the birds habitat use and their pre-

breeding and feeding habits. The aim is to compare this information with that collected in

previous years in order to see if there is a link with A. araucanaseed production cycles. S.

Diaz is also interested to discover whether the preceding two dry years have affected the

parakeet population; the food supply has been far lower as a result of the lack of rain and

high temperatures, and it is suspected that the austral parakeets have not had an

adequate food supply.

It is known that austral parakeets are specialist feeders (S. Diaz personal communication).

Their habits include the following:

Spring and early summer: feeding on lenga flowers with high extraction rates of

protein rich pollen

Summer: feeding on lipid-rich seeds of lenga

Autumn: feeding on lipid-rich seeds of lenga, then moving onto A. araucanaseeds

Winter: feeding on mistletoe as well as other parasitic fungi

Austral parakeets lay three to seven eggs during December (though up to 11 eggs have

been recorded) and three to five chicks will fledge in late summer (around the beginning of

March). Both parents take care of the eggs and chicks through out the entire breeding

season (S. Diaz personal communication).


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They nest in tree cavities that either occur naturally or are abandoned magellanic

woodpecker (Campephilus magellanicus) nests (see Figure 3-5). They re-use their nests

year after year, and there are some records of austral parakeets using cavities during the

winter. This means that it is important to continue observing the parakeets year-round in

order to fully understand their use of the available habitats (S. Diaz personalcommunication).

Figure 3-5. Austral parakeets pair in a nest hole, Lann National Park

3.3.2. Methodology

The austral parakeet studies are carried out in three different study areas, which are

chosen to cover three forest types:

Lenga forest reaching from the base of Volcn Lann to the road at the border

A. araucanaforest in the border area between Argentina and Chile

Mixed lenga and A. araucanaforest between the aforementioned forests

EMs carried out three different types of austral parakeet work this expedition:

3.3.2.1. Vegetation transects

The aim of these transects is to investigate austral parakeet diet and habitat use (see

[Appendix I] for data sheet). Three transects are carried out in each forest type, and each


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transect starts at a nest tree selected by S. Diaz. A transect is 144 metres long with twelve

one-metre squared plots at 12 metre intervals (see Figure 3-6). In each plot EMs look for

plant species known to be eaten by austral parakeets; they then record the number of

plants of each species (only including those plants that have stems originating within the

plot) and the percentage cover of each species.

Figure 3-6. Vegetation transects from an austral parakeet nest tree

3.3.2.2. Observations of austral parakeet behaviour

The aim of these observations is to find out how austral parakeets are using the threedifferent forest habitats; for example, where are they nesting, feeding, playing and resting

(See [Appendix J] for data sheet). This involved walking slowly along these vegetation

transect lines and recording sightings and behaviour of any austral parakeets spotted. If

austral parakeets are heard but not seen this is also recorded. The behavioural

observations continue 50 metres further on than the vegetation plots, thereby walking

approximately 200 metres from a nest tree through the forest. The same information

(sightings, hearings and behaviour) is also collected whilst walking randomly through

selected areas of forest.

3.3.2.3. Productivity studies on A. araucana

The aim of the A. araucanastudies is to determine the amount of pollen production this

year, in order to compare it with other years (see [Appendix K] for data sheet). In each

forest type, EMs complete cone counts on 15 male A. araucana trees. All visible male

transect

1m2 plot

continuation of transect line

for behaviour observation

nest tree


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cones on a tree are counted. If only a portion of the tree is visible, this fraction is recorded

along with the number of cones counted. (Originally, S.Diaz originally wanted to count

cones on female A. araucanatrees too, to look at seed production, but at the time of the

study the difference between this years cones and next years cones was not evident,

making it impossible to count the correct cones. Therefore no cone counts were carriedout on female trees).

Another assessment of productivity involves counting seeds under female trees. Four

transects are carried out under each female tree, one at each cardinal point, counting

numbers of predated seeds and unpredated seeds. Each transect is 20 metres long by

two metres wide, and is divided into four sections of five metres each (see Figure 3-7

below). The aim of these transects is to discover how many seeds have survived from the

previous year. This information will be compared to similar data collected in previousyears, thereby providing information about relative food availability for austral parakeets.

For each of the 20 selected male and female A. araucanain each study area, EMs record

the height and breadth of the tree. In addition, EMs measure the distance from the

selected A. araucana to the four nearest trees, and record the species and age of these

four nearest trees. Immature trees are not recorded, and are identified as immature if they

are lenga below five metres in height or A. araucanawithout cones).

Figure 3-7. Seed predation transects from female A. araucana trees

20m

2m

5m


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3.3.3. Results

The data collected by GVI volunteers to date shows a clear use of A. araucanaforests as

foraging habitat and the lenga forest as breeding habitat. This year it has been noted that

there are far fewer austral parakeets in all three forest types as compared to previous

years. S. Diaz suspects that this is because of the low levels of seed production by A.

araucanalast year, which means that there is now a low food supply for the parakeets.

3.3.4. Discussion

The data collected are useful for management purposes as they show a clear pattern of

local movements by the parakeets regarding habitat use, in particular A. araucanaforests.

The austral parakeet population is affected by the seed production cycles of the A.

araucana. S. Diaz suspects that the low levels of food availability last autumn will have anadverse affect on parakeet reproduction levels this spring.


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3.4. Waterfowl survey

3.4.1. Introduction

Professor Salvador Peris, of the Universidad de Salamanca, Spain, has a project in

Patagonia determining the impact of American mink (Musteal vison) on the abundance

and diversity of waterfowl populations. Mink are known to be in the lakes in the southern

part of Lann National Park, where they are thought to be affecting waterfowl numbers.

The waterfowl survey of the lakes in the northern part of the park is undertaken to

determine if mink have moved north within the park and, if so, whether or not they are

affecting numbers of waterfowl there.

3.4.2. Methodology

Over a seven day period, 25 waterfowl species (see [Appendix L] for data sheet) are

monitored in 13 lakes in the park, from the Tromen area northwards to Lago orquinco

(See [Appendix M] for map with results superimposed). EMs record the numbers of

observed waterfowl species and also record any signs of mink

.

Each lake has between one and four established monitoring points (depending on the size

and shape of the lake), and each monitoring point is surveyed for half an hour. All

waterfowl species present are counted, taking care not to count individuals more than

once. A diagram of the lake is drawn, indicating vegetation around the shore, and

information is collected regarding the height and extent of reeds, and the extent of grassy

areas around the lake. Weather conditions are also recorded.

The survey is carried out by three teams of EMs at different locations within the park, and

lakes are reached either on foot or by car.

3.4.3. Results

A total of 313 individuals of 25 species of waterfowl were observed during the survey. The

total number of birds observed at each lake is shown in the graph below (Figure 3-8). The

lakes are arranged in order, with the northern-most lakes at the left of the graph, moving

gradually south to the right of the graph. The trend line clearly shows that the numbers of


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waterfowl observed were higher in the northern part of the park than further south. No

signs of mink were found at any of the lakes surveyed.

Figure 3-8. Number of waterfowl individuals at lakes surveyed, Lann National Park

3.4.4. Discussion

It can be seen from the trend line that the numbers of waterfowl are higher in the northern

lakes than in lakes further to the south. This may be because the lakes further south are

nearer to the area where mink are found, and therefore populations in the southern part of

the park are weaker in general. The high number of birds seen at Lago anco may have

something to do with the fact that the lake is very close to human settlements and so food

availability could be higher here.


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4. References

Birdlife International, 2008. Vultur gryphus. 2008 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.www.iucnredlist.org. Retrieved on 28 November 2008.

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. 2008.Appendices I, II, III, http://www.cites.org/eng/app/E-Jul01.pdf, 17. Retrieved on 28November 2008.

De Bolzn, M.L.P., Bolzn, N.D., 2005. Patagonia y Antrtica, Vida y Color, 1st edn.Neuhaus Industria Grfica, Buenos Aires.

De la Pea, M.R., Rumboll, M., 1998. Birds of Southern South America and Antarctica, 1stedn. Harper Collins Publisher, London.

GVI Patagonia Expedition Report 06 3. December 2006, pp 5-9, 15, 22.

GVI Patagonia Expedition Report 08 1. April 2008, pp 15-18.

GVI Patagonia Expedition Report 08 2. August 2008, pp 6-7.


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5. Appendices

Note: All Appendices have been modified to fit this page layout.

Appendix A. Condor Flapping Datasheet


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Appendix B. Fragua Grande Last Light Datasheet

(similar, but not exact, diagram used for Frague Grande condorera)


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Appendix C. Raptor Transects Diagram


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Appendix D. Raptor Transects and Point Counts Datasheet


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Appendix E. Bird Species

(Reference: de la Pea and Rumboll, 1998)


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Appendix F. Migratory Bird Census Datasheet


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Appendix G. Map showing Len Valley, Lago Lolog


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Appendix H. Location of Jabali Transects (Tromen area)

Note: This map does not include five transects found near Caa Plantada in the Valle

Magdalena area of the Park.


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Appendix I. Cachaa: Vegetation Transect Datasheet


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Appendix J. Cachaa: Diet and Habitat Use Datasheet


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Appendix K. Cachaa: A. araucana Datasheet


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Appendix L. Waterfowl Survey Datasheet


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Appendix M. Waterfowl Results

3035

78

36

38

58

21

172

46

LagoPulmari1

51

LagunaVerde0

gvi patagonia expedition science report (september-december 2008)

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