'''1~),

SECTION 2

Other Peifect forms

Past Perfect emphasises that we are talking about aperiod before a time in the past. rf the time sequenceis clear (e.g. because we use after), both Past Simpleand Pasr Perfecr are possible:[ gOl to wor/~ after Simon arrived / had arrived.Ar other times Past Perfect is essential to

understanding the sequence, and we often addalready, as soon as, ol' until:

When [ arrived, they'd already started. (= theystarted before 1 arrived) When Larrived, theystarted. (= r arrived before they started)

Unlike Present Perfect, we can use Past Perfect witha definite time reference:

T ai'rived at nine o'clock but he had got there at eight.

There ís one exception to the time sequence rules onPast Perfece 'Nhen we use before, the verb in PastSimple can refer to something that takes place beforethe verb in Past PerfectoThe first action may preventthe second from happening:

The waiter took my plate away before I'd finished

eating.L was blamed for it before Fd even had a chance to

defind myself

We use Past Perfen with reporr verbs and with hope,

intend, expect, etc. to talk about plans that have notfH been fulfilled. Had is usually stressed in speechwith tbis use:

L had hoped to talk lo him but he was too busy.1 had thought of phoning him but decided against it.

We often use Future Perfectwith the preposition by

or the phrase by the time meaning 'at some pointbefore the time mentioned':

[t's taleing her so long to write that book that by thetime she's finished it people will have forgotten theincident it's based on.

20

i.,':'

\Ve can also use w¡}] have done te>5a)' whar we thinkhas probably happened:

There's no point phoning: theyJll have gane out.

e We can use should / ought to or ntay / might lllsteadof will if there is some uncertainty abour theprediction of present or future:1 should have finished mabng this ea/u by the timeSue comes home. (= 1 thll1k 1 wiU have, but l'm notsure. See Unir 4, Section 3.2 for modal Perfect5)

We use Perfect infinitives:

• after link verbs like seem and appear 1:0 refer to aprevious time period (an ordinary toinfinitive wiJJusually refer to the present or future):TheTe seems to have been some sort of mi.stake.

o after phrases expressing emotions and feelings:I'm sorry to have kept YOli waiting:She wasfelt not to have met the standards requim1.

We can use a Perfect -ing form to emphasise that onething happens before another:

1 didn't remember having met/meeting her before.

HavingfinaHy grasped what 1 meant, he got down towork.

Perfect passives can sometirnes be confusingbecause we use both be (= passive) and have(= Perfect) as auxiliaries:The refi¡geeshave been prevented from. entering thecountry. This pietm'e is thought to have been paintedby a pupil ofRembrandt's.

Which of the poinrs in tbis Section do theseexamples illustrate?1 'How did you become a teacher?' Td intended to

be an actor, but things didn't work out,'2 1 turned on the computer, but before 1 had

managed to log on there was a power cut.3 After he told me what he wanted, we tall<.:ed

about the plans for the next day;4 The exhibition will have finished by the time 1 get

around to seeing it.5 They appear to have accepted most of your terms.

OTHER PERFECT FORl'vlS

"

1\

¡iIil.I!ir

p

I¡¡'

¡.!..~¡li;!

eFill each of the blanks with asuitable word or phrase.

Example: All the best things will

have gane if we don't get to the salesoon.

I was really happy when theyannounced decided to getmarried.

2 She proceeded to fix the faultywiring, having fmt beenswitched off.

3 It wasn't until he mentioned theconference that 1 metbefore.

4 By next Christmas wedecorating the house.

5 He is planning completedall bis coursework by next week.

6 It's six o'dock 1 imagine they....... for the airport by now

7 The suspect is believed .fled the country.

8 After he had lost bis glasses, he... but to buy another pair.

Dear SirI had recently been on a two-week holiday with your company to theisland of Thassos.

I am sorry to llave s¿,id say that it was the worst holiday I've everhado Over the years I went on many holidays to Greece, a country Ihavenow come to know quite well. Ithink I can safely say that, untilthis year, al! of those holidays were wonderful. For example I haveonce spent six weeks on (rete, which I had not visited before. I hadloved that holiday so much that I returned every spring for the lastfour years.

This year, however, was different. I honestly consider this to hadbeen the worst holiday of my life. This is not the fault of Thassos: thefault lies entirely with your company whose inability to organise thesimplest thing is quite unbelievable.

As both the outward and return flights have been delayed forseveral hours, there was nobody to meet us at the airport or transferus to our hotel, and when we eventually did reach the hotel, wediscovered it had been built over a mile from the beach. Reading

your brochure careful!y, we feel this was not what we have expected.

eCross out and correct eight errors in tbis extraet from acomposition. A ninth error has already been corrected.

GMatch the beginnings (1-8) with a suitable ending (a-h).

Example: O + i(O After I'd fmished teaching a and had come to ensure that

earlier that morning,) the school was run efficiently.1 He told me that b he had made a terrible mistake.2 I asked him c that he wanted to enrol as a3 He explained how a young student.

man d had come to reception.

4 john had immediately e tbat the man was able toassumed explain there had been a

5 So, before the young man had misunderstanding.had a chance to say anything, f what had happened.

6 John, who was in a terrible g John had given him anhurry, thenleft the man to it, application formo

7 It wasn't until he returned ten h wondering why he looked sominutes later puzzled.

8 He was actually a school (i 1 found John standing outsideinspector my dassroom.)

eCorrect any sentences that are unacceptable.

1 By the time he is fIfty,he willlive in tbis country for half bis life.2 It's a surprise party and they won't know anything about it until

they got here.3 They're probably planning a quiet evening together; 1know they

won't have guessed what we're doing.4 The other seventy guests should be arrived before Mikis and Maria

get here.5 By the time we will have fmished, everybody will have eaten and

drunk as much as they can.

eComplete these sentencesusing the words given.

Example: By the time we/ get therel

he/left·

By the time we get there he will have

left·

1 Helen is bound jOrgotten/

tomorrow/my birthday.

2 We reached the next town having

hopelessly lost!than once.

3 Summer will practically be overby / time we/ round to / a holiday.

4 Apparently, bis explanationfelt / been /less than satisfactory.

5 Colin ought/phoned/now, sure/y?

6 Don't worry. Everyone jOrgotten

alllit/time you see them again.

COl1tinuous forms

Like other Perfect temes, Perfect Continuous tensesfocus on a past period that leads up to a later one.Perfect Conrinuous tenses, as with other Continuoustenses, show that an event continues and/or istemporary:

Fve been meaning lo tell you about it since theweekend. Next October ['ll have been playing with

this team for ten years. He'd been drívingfor hoursa.nd he l1eededa rest.

• We use Past or Present Perfect Continuous to taIk

abour something that is incomplete, just finishingor about to change. The Past and Present PerfectSimple can suggest the action is fmished:['d been staríng at the computer screen all evening

when a solution suddenly stnLck me. I've been reading\Var and Peace again. (= 1may not have finished)['ve read War and Peace again. (= I've finished)

• The Continuous can emphasise the action; theSimple focuses 011the result:What have you been doing? (= tell me about youractivities) What have you done? (= tell me theresult of your activities)

o The difference betweel1 choosing Continuous orSimple may only be a matter of emphasis ratherthan meaning:['ve been waiting herejOr over an hour:

(= emphasising how long)

We can use Pasr Continuous to taIk about plans inthe past:

We were meeting at eight o'cZockand [was already late.

o We can use was going to to taIk about plans in thepast that we still haven't carried out or that we nolonger intend to carry out:1 was going to phone you but [ forgot.

• We can use 1was thinking ... to introduce vaguefuture plans:1 was thinking of going to London this weekend.

3: U1SDIi'·]~ !:"'ASi eDItJT9ii'JfUlOUS !{>O~ POU1¿

~~Q(\jll:SrS

We often use Past Continuous to introduce politerequests, suggestions or inquiries so that they

become more an inÚrarian to discuss the subjecrrhan a demand for 3 yes ar no answer:

I was thinking- would you nÚnd sWl1pping seatsfI was wondering ifY0l.!. wanted to go out this eVeJHl1g.Were you lookingfor anything in particular?

Note we can't use I was thinking with whether or if:J:t I ••.•'as tlti111ei11g ,,t,/tcther V6U 'id W¡;Cto camc reunid fa

my placc fin coffcc:

./Iwas thinking - would you like to come round to

my place for cojjee?J was wondering whether you'd like to come round

to my place jOr coffie?

Verb and other structures that can be followed by ato-infinitive can a1sobe followed by a Continuousinfinitive to emphasise that something is stillcontinuing or is temporary:

Tt',\ridiculous for him to be dríving in central A.ther¡sI1this age.

Several cycZistsare thought to have been taking drugsduring the race.

The Perfect Continuous passive is very uncommonbecause it involves two forms of be:

The Botley Road has been being widened for the pastsix weeks.

Match the example sentences (1-5) with theexplanations (a- e) of the uses of the Cominuous.

1 I was going to try to finish this tbis evening.2 1was wondering whether you' d thought of going

to see that new film?

3 He was blinking rapidly in the unaccustomedsunJight.

4 1was thinking of meeting Suzette later.5 I've been thinking a lot recently abolit your idea.

a repeated actionb plans you no longer have or are no longer sure

about

c vague future plansd polite suggestione emphasising the continuing activity

CO~jTjÍ'lUOUS FORfv¡S

~> fj' d f h~ A nen o yours asdrafted a composition butq¡¡is having difficulty with continuousverb forms and asks you to help.Tick (/) the most suitable ofthetwo underlined alternatives yourfriend has given you. The rrrst hasbeen done for you.

I don't normally go to the cinema.Not because I don't like it butbecause it's justa habít I have nevergot into. However, on this occasion 1decided (./) / was deciding to gobecause my mends (1) had beenconstantly going / had constantlygane on about this film all week andeventually wore me down. It starredsome ephemeral Hollywood actorwhom 1(2) had vaguely heard of /had vaguely been hearing of butcouldn't put a face to. We got to thecinema eady to frnd people (3) werealready waiting / already waitedoutside, which suggested that mymends weren't the only ones whothought it was worth seeing ­although I could still think of severalother things I would rather (4) havebeen doing / do at that momentoIn the end, the film (5) turned out /was turning out to be hot half as badas expected, though 1 (6) would havepreferred / would have beenpreferring something with a bit moreaction. The plot centred on two menwho were planning to carry outsome immensely complicaredrobbery, though what they (7) didn'tknow / weren't knowing was that allthe time their plans (8) were beingclosely monitored / were closelymonitored by the police. Somewhatunpredictably, however, they gotaway with it because they (9) changed/ were changing their plans at thelast minute. It was okay but (10) I'mnot thinking / 1don't think of goingagain.

(1) Tick (./) the correct sentence, a or b.

Example: Whích sentence would be said after one particular meal?a I'vé eaten too much . ./ b I've been eating too mucho

Whích sentence refers to a temporarysituation?a That lamp sits on that table overthere.b You're sitting in my seat.

2 Whích activity is probably notcompleted?a I've been writing this essay allevening.b I've written to him asking for an appointment.

3 Whích is a gradual process?a The increase in traffic noise is becoming a real nuisance.b John becomes President of Oxford Rotary Club in Julr

4 Whích would you say when you look out of the window earlyone morning?a It's been raining. b It was raining.

5 Whích is a more certain plan?a I was thinking of spending the weekend at my síster's.b I'm planning to spend the weekend at my sister's.

6 You saw a colleague waiting for a bus on your way to work. Whíchwould you say to your other colleagues when you get to the officeto explain why she was there?a She might have gone to see her dentist.b She might have been going to see her dentist.

eMatch the questions (1-8) with suitable answers (a-h).

1 Why didn't you call?2 When do you think they'll be here?3 Why did they loa k so hot and sweaty?4 Why couldn't we use the rooms?5 Why are they so exhausted?6 Why didn't the students respond?7 Why were they apprehended?8 What time are they setting off tomorrow?

a They could be arriving at any momentob I think they'd been working out in the gym.c They must have been doing something wrong.d I was going to, but I clean forgot.e They weren't listening.f Well, they hope to have been driving for five hours by lunchtime.g They were being cleaned.h They've been working all day up in the attíe.

.A-¡' ! "':f'e ¡"',fr.. \t: ....-v

(:.r-lt --

.x/ti

iL{{ l·

Entt·y test1a ¡eft

b have been stayinge have ever gold have all finished / all finishe to see.

2a had been (wol'king/trainingas)b been thinking 01 (01': toying with the

idea 01)

e had been

d havíng been / beinge to have

3a have you beenb was trying / had been tryinge wíll have beend have been

e thinking 01 (or: toying with the idea 01)

4a 90in9 to be b comes to a c will havebeen d the point e to leave

SECTION 1

chedc1 It's the third time he has / he's missed

a meeting.2 As soon as he fjnishes (01': has

fjnished), he 's going ha me,3 Tbis is the best lasagne I have / I've

ever hado

4 Since we've known each other, he has

/ he's always shown impeeeablemanners.

5 Sinee I met her, I've never seen her lose

her temper.

iIJ·;t~·, ~~ •._~~'f"i :-. ~~rr~'p 19.=~¡¡;-.~~"'.

~1 ,/

2 That's the seeond time you'veforgotten to post something for me.1haven't seen Peter since he beganseeing bis new girlfriend.

4 Evet since we met, you have / you'venever asked me what I prefer to do.

5 In all my life, I have / I've neverspoken to someone / anyone who isquite so stupid.

6 .¡7 .¡8 Since he's lived here, he has / he's

usually been extremely friendly.9 They'll join us after they get / 've

got /'ve had a bite to eat.10 .¡

~(1) ¡hough¡ (2) walked / s¡eppecl(3) never (4) is (5) me¡

($}(1) got (2) fallen (3) los¡ (4) count(5) enough / it (6) wondered(7) done / had (8) torn(9) made / cracked (10) arrived

~1 rve finished / [ finish2 [haven't come3 has run / has been4 like she / as if she has / she's

5 best pizza I've / [ have ever6 makes / it is that makes

7 has done nothing8 ro get / to have gOl

1 gave up smoking almost ayear2 was last seen

3 join you [he minute we have4 yet to see such

SECTION 2

clíedi1 unfulfilled plan2 Past Perfeet with before

3 obvious time sequenee: use Past Perfee[or Past Simple

4 Future Perfect with by t/te time

5 appear + Perfect infinitive

lb 2f 3d 4e 5g 6h 7e 8a

By the time he is fifty; he will havelived/will have been living in thiscountry for half his life.

2 1t's a surprise party and they won't knowanything abolit it untiJ they get here.

3 Correct

4 The other seventy guests should havearrived / should arrive before Mikis and

Maria get here.5 By the time we have Hnished,

everybody will have eaten and drunk asmuch as they can.

~1 to have forgotten that tomorrow is my

birthday. 2 having got / beeome hopelessly lost

more than once,

3 by the time we get round to having /booking a holiday.

4 is / was felt to have been less [han

satisfactory.5 ought [Q have phoned by now, surely?6 will have forgotten ali abom it by the

time you see them again.

~1 (that) tbey had2 checked / made sure that ¡he

electricity had3 realised !remembered (that) we had4 will / shall / '11have finished5 to have

6 will have left / will be heading7 to have

8 had no alternative./ option / choice

~1had recently := 1 have recently¡ went := 1have / I've been

1have once spent := 1once spent1had loved := 1loved1rerurned := 1have returnedro had been := to have been

have been delayed := were delayedwe have eX¡:1ected:= we expected / wehad expected

SECTION 3checklb2d3a4c5e

~)(tick:) 1 b 2 a 3 a 4 a 5 b 6 b

~1d 2a 3b 4g 5h 6e 7c 8f

O(tick:) (1) had been constantly going(2) had vaguely heard of (3) were alreadywaiting (4) have been doing (5) turnedout (6) would have preferred (7) didn'tknow (8) were being doselymonitored (9) changed (10) I'm notthinking

SECTION 4dleck1 fixed plans / arrangemems2 a personal imention3 an unalterable arrangement or faet4 an immediate decision

5 an aetion that will happen because it isregular 01' decided

R~1Uf.JJP~<'il",;.~(tick:) 1 she's going to2 1'11

3 I'm going to be4 I'n

5 am leaving6 is not7 would

8 will be doing

257

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