gunawan wibisono dept teknik elektro ftui. agenda introduction gsm umts/imt-2000 3g and 4g ...

Gunawan WibisonoGunawan Wibisono

Dept Teknik Elektro FTUIDept Teknik Elektro FTUI

Agenda

Introduction GSM UMTS/IMT-2000 3G and 4G Satellite Communications

Z. Ghassemlooy

Wireless Communication System

User SourceDecoder

ChannelDecoder

Demod-ulator

Estimate ofMessage signal

Estimate of channel code word

ReceivedSignal

Channel code word

SourceSource

EncoderChannelEncoder

Mod-ulator

Message SignalModulatedTransmitted

Signal

Communication Channel

Communication Channels

A channel is a path between two communication devices

Channel capacity: How much data can be passed through the channel (bit/sec) Also called channel bandwidth The smaller the pipe the slower data transfer!

Consists of one or more transmission media Materials carrying the signal Two types:

Physical: wire cable Wireless: Air destination

network server

T1 lines

T1 lines

T1 lines

T3 lines

Physical Transmission Media

A tangible media Examples: Twisted-pair cable, coaxial cable, Fiber-optics,

etc.Twisted-pair cable:

One or more twisted wires bundled together (why?) Made of copper

Coax-Cable: Consists of single copper wire surrounded by three layers of

insulating and metal materials Typically used for cable TV

Fiber-optics: Strands of glass or plastic used to transmit light Very high capacity, low noise, small size, less suitable to

natural disturbances


plastic outer coating

woven or braided metal

insulating material

copper wire

twisted-pair cable twisted-pair wire

protective coating

glass cladding

optical fiber core

Wireless Transmission Media

Broadcast Radio Distribute signals through the air

over long distance Uses an antenna Typically for stationary locations Can be short range

Cellular Radio A form of broadcast radio used for

mobile communication High frequency radio waves to

transmit voice or data Utilizes frequency-reuse

Wireless Transmission Media

Microwaves Radio waves providing high speed

transmission They are point-to-point (can’t be

obstructed) Used for satellite communication

Infrared (IR) Wireless transmission media that sends

signals using infrared light- waves - Such as?


100 Mbps is how many bits per sec?

Which is bigger: 10,000 Mbps, 0.01Tbps or 10Gbps?

Wireless channel capacity:

Networks

Collection of communication systems connected together used to transfer information (voice, data, datagram, video), share

resources, etc. What is the largest network? Characterized based on their geographical coverage, speed,

capacities Networks are categorized based on the following characteristics:

Network coverage: LAN, MAN, WAN Network topologies: how the communication systems are

connected together Network technologies Network architecture

Network Coverage

Segmentation of wireless user

Segmentasi Pengguna Wireless

Network Coverage

Local Area Networks: Used for small networks (school, home, office) Examples and configurations:

Wireless LAN or Switched LAN ATM LAN, Frame Ethernet LAN Peer-2-PEER: connecting several computers together (<10) Client/Server: The serves shares its resources between different

clients Metropolitan Area Network

Backbone network connecting all LANs Can cover a city or the entire country

Wide Area Network Typically between cities and countries Technology:

Circuit Switch, Packet Switch, Frame Relay, ATM Examples:

Internet P2P: Networks with the same network software can be connected together (Napster)

LAN v.s WAN

LAN - Local Area Network a group of computers connected within a building or a

campus (Example of LAN may consist of computers located on a single floor or a

building or it might link all the computers in a small company.

WAN - A network consisting of computers of LAN's connected across a distance WAN can cover small to large distances, using different topologies such as telephone lines, fiber optic cabling, satellite transmissions and microwave transmissions.

Network Topologies

Configuration or physical arrangement in which devices are connected together

BUS networks: Single central cable connected a number of devices Easy and cheap Popular for LANs

RING networks: a number of computers are connected on a closed loop Covers large distances Primarily used for LANs and WANs

STAR networks: connecting all devices to a central unit All computers are connected to a central device called hub All data must pass through the hub What is the problem with this? Susceptible to failure

Network Topologies

personal computer

personal computer

personal computer

personal computer

personal computer

host computer

printerfile server

personal computer

personal computer

personal computer

personal computer

Network Architecture

Refers to how the computer or devices are designed in a network Basic types:

Centralized – using mainframes Peer-2-Peer:

Each computer (peer) has equal responsibilities, capacities, sharing hardware, data, with the other computers on the peer-to-peer network

Good for small businesses and home networks Simple and inexpensive

Client/Server: All clients must request service from the server The server is also called a host Different servers perform different tasks: File server, network server, etc.

client

client

client

server

laser printer

(Data) Network Technologies

Vary depending on the type of devices we use for interconnecting computers and devices together

Ethernet: LAN technology allowing computers to access the

network Susceptible to collision Can be based on BUS or STAR topologies Operates at 10Mbps or 100Mbps, (10/100) Fast Ethernet operates at 100 Mbps Gigabit Ethernet (1998 IEEE 802.3z) 10-Gigabit Ethernet (10GE or 10GbE or 10 GigE)

10GBASE-R/LR/SR (long range short range, etc.)Physical layer

Gigabit Ethernet using optical fiber, twisted pair cable, or balanced copper cable


Token Ring LAN technology Only the computer with the token can transmit No collision Typically 72-260 devices can be connected together

TCP/IP and UDP Uses packet transmission

802.11 Standard for wireless LAN Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity) is used to describe that the

device is in 802.11 family or standards Typically used for long range (300-1000 feet) Variations include: .11 (1-2 Mbps); .11a (up to 54

Mbps); .11b (up to 11 Mbps); .11g (54 Mbps and higher


802.11n Next generation wireless LAN technology Improving network throughput (600 Mbps compared to

450 Mbps) – thus potentially supporting a user throughput of 110 Mbit/s

WiMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access Provides wireless transmission of data from point-to-

multipoint links to portable and fully mobile internet access (up to 3 Mbit/s)

The intent is to deliver the last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL

Based on the IEEE 802.16(d/e) standard (also called Broadband Wireless Access)

http://www.broadcom.com/collateral/wp/802_11n-WP100-R.pdf

Network Technologies

Personal area network (PAN) A low range computer network PANs can be used for communication among the personal

devices themselves Wired with computer buses such as USB and FireWire.

Wireless personal area network (WPAN) Uses network technologies such as IrDA, Bluetooth, UWB,

Z-Wave and ZigBeeInternet Mobile Protocols

Supporting multimedia Internet traffic IGMP & MBONE for multicasting RTP, RTCP, & RSVP (used to handle multimedia on the

Internet)VoIP

RTP: Real-time Transport Protocol

Network Technologies

Zigbee High level communication protocols using small, low-power digital radios based on

the IEEE 802.15.4 Wireless mesh networking proprietary standard

Bluetooth Uses radio frequency Typically used for close distances (short range- 33 feet or so) Transmits at 1Mbps Used for handheld computers to communicate with the desktop

IrDA Infrared (IR) light waves Transfers at a rate of 115 Kbps to 4 Mbps Requires light-of-sight transmission

RFID Radio frequency identification Uses tags which are places in items Example: merchandises, toll-tags, courtesy calls, sensors!

WAP Wireless application protocol Data rate of 9.6-153 kbps depending on the service type Used for smart phones and PDAs to access the Internet (email, web, etc)

Network Examples

IEEE 802.15.4 Low-rate wireless personal area networks (LR-WPANs) Bases for e ZigBee, WirelessHART, and MiWi specification Also used for 6LoWPAN and standard Internet protocols to build a

Wireless Embedded Internet (WEI) Intranets

Used for private networks May implement a firewall

Hardware and software that restricts access to data and information on a network

Home networks Ethernet Phone line HomeRF (radio frequency- waves) Intelligent home network

Vehicle-to-Vehicle (car2Car) - http://www.car-to-car.org/ A wireless LAN based communication system to guarantee European-

wide inter-vehicle operability

Car2Car Technology: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8tFUsN3ZgR4

Network Examples

Interplanetary (Internet) Network

http://www.ece.gatech.edu/research/labs/bwn/deepspace/

Network Example: Telephone Networks

Called the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN)World-wide and voice oriented (handles voice and data)Data/voice can be transferred within the PSTN using different technologies (data transfer rate bps)Dial-up lines:

Analog signals passing through telephone lines Requires modems (56 kbps transfer rate)

ISDN lines: Integrated Services Digital Network Digital transmission over the telephone lines Can carry (multiplex) several signals on a single line

DSL Digital subscribe line ADSL (asymmetric DSL)

receiver operated at 8.4 Mbps, transmit at 640 kbps T-Carrier lines: carries several signals over a single line: T1,T3Frame RelayATM:

Asynchronous Transfer Mode Fast and high capacity transmitting technology Packet technology

Switching Technologies:Technologies: •Circuit Switching •Packet Switching •Message Switching •Burst Switching

Network Examples

Network Examples

Public Telephone Network

T-Carrier Dedicated Lines Dail-up

DSL ISDN

ATM

What about Cable Internet Services?

Network Example: Optical Networks

Fiber-to-the-x Broadband network architecture

that uses optical fiber to replace copper

Used for last mile telecommunications

Examples: Fiber-to-the-home (FTTH); Fiber-to-the-building (FTTB); Fiber-to-the premises (FTTP)

Fiber Distribution Network (reaching different customers) Active optical networks (AONs) Passive optical networks (PONs)

Network Example

Smart Grid Delivering electricity from suppliers to

consumers using digital technology to save energy

Storage Area Networks

Computational Grid Networks

http://rekuwait.wordpress.com/2009/06/18/smart-electric-grid/

Network Example: Telephone Networks

Cellular Network Examples

0G Single, powerful base station covering a wide area,

and each telephone would effectively monopolize a channel over that whole area while in use (developed in 40’s)

No frequency use or handoff (basis of modern cell phone technology)

1G Fully automatic cellular networks introduced in the early to mid 1980s

2G Introduced in 1991 in Finland on the GSM standard Offered the first data service with person-to-person

SMS text messaging

Cellular Network Examples

3G: Faster than PCS; Used for

multimedia and graphics Compared to 2G and 2.5G services,

3G allows simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates (up to 14.4 Mbit/s on the downlink and 5.8 Mbit/s.

4G: Fourth generation of cellular

wireless; providing a comprehensive and

secure IP based service to users "Anytime, Anywhere" at high data rates

GSM: Overview

GSM formerly: Groupe Spéciale Mobile (founded 1982) now: Global System for Mobile Communication Pan-European standard (ETSI, European

Telecommunications Standardisation Institute) simultaneous introduction of essential services in three

phases (1991, 1994, 1996) by the European telecommunication administrations (Germany: D1 and D2) seamless roaming within Europe possible

today many providers all over the world use GSM (more than 130 countries in Asia, Africa, Europe, Australia, America)

more than 100 million subscribers

Performance characteristics of GSM

Communication mobile, wireless communication; support for voice and data

services

Total mobility international access, chip-card enables use of access points of

different providers

Worldwide connectivity one number, the network handles localization

High capacity better frequency efficiency, smaller cells, more customers per cell

High transmission quality high audio quality and reliability for wireless, uninterrupted phone

calls at higher speeds (e.g., from cars, trains)

Security functions access control, authentication via chip-card and PIN

Disadvantages of GSM

There is no perfect system!! no end-to-end encryption of user data no full ISDN bandwidth of 64 kbit/s to the user, no transparent

B-channel

reduced concentration while driving electromagnetic radiation

abuse of private data possible roaming profiles accessible

high complexity of the system several incompatibilities within the GSM standards

GSM: Mobile Services

GSM offers several types of connections

voice connections, data connections, short message service multi-service options (combination of basic services)

Three service domains Bearer Services Telematic Services Supplementary Services

GSM-PLMNtransit

network(PSTN, ISDN)

source/destination

networkTE TE

bearer services

tele services

R, S (U, S, R)Um

MT

MS

Bearer Services

Telecommunication services to transfer data between access points

Specification of services up to the terminal interface (OSI layers 1-3)

Different data rates for voice and data (original standard) data service (circuit switched)

synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s asynchronous: 300 - 1200 bit/s

data service (packet switched) synchronous: 2.4, 4.8 or 9.6 kbit/s asynchronous: 300 - 9600 bit/s

Tele Services I

Telecommunication services that enable voice communication via mobile phones

All these basic services have to obey cellular functions, security measurements etc.

Offered services mobile telephony

primary goal of GSM was to enable mobile telephony offering the traditional bandwidth of 3.1 kHz

Emergency numbercommon number throughout Europe (112); mandatory for all service providers; free of charge; connection with the highest priority (preemption of other connections possible)

Multinumberingseveral ISDN phone numbers per user possible

Tele Services II

Additional services Non-Voice-Teleservices

group 3 fax voice mailbox (implemented in the fixed network supporting the mobile

terminals) electronic mail (MHS, Message Handling System, implemented in the fixed

network) ...

Short Message Service (SMS)alphanumeric data transmission to/from the mobile terminal using the signaling channel, thus allowing simultaneous use of basic services and SMS

Supplementary services

Services in addition to the basic services, cannot be offered stand-alone

Similar to ISDN services besides lower bandwidth due to the radio link

May differ between different service providers, countries and protocol versions

Important services identification: forwarding of caller number suppression of number forwarding automatic call-back conferencing with up to 7 participants locking of the mobile terminal (incoming or outgoing calls) ...

Architecture of the GSM system

GSM is a PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) several providers setup mobile networks following the GSM

standard within each country components

MS (mobile station) BS (base station) MSC (mobile switching center) LR (location register)

subsystems RSS (radio subsystem): covers all radio aspects NSS (network and switching subsystem): call forwarding, handover,

switching OSS (operation subsystem): management of the network

GSM: overview

fixed network

BSC

BSC

MSC MSC

GMSC

OMC, EIR, AUC

VLR

HLR

NSSwith OSS

RSS

VLR

GSM: elements and interfaces

NSS

MS MS

BTS

BSC

GMSC

IWF

OMC

BTS

BSC

MSC MSC

Abis

Um

EIR

HLR

VLR VLR

A

BSS

PDN

ISDN, PSTN

RSS

radio cell

radio cell

MS

AUCOSS

signaling

O

Um

Abis

ABSS

radiosubsystem

MS MS

BTSBSC

BTS

BTSBSC

BTS

network and switching subsystem

MSC

MSC

fixedpartner networks

IWF

ISDNPSTN

PSPDNCSPDN

SS

7

EIR

HLR

VLR

ISDNPSTN

GSM: system architecture

System architecture: radio subsystem

Components MS (Mobile Station) BSS (Base Station Subsystem):

consisting of BTS (Base Transceiver Station):

sender and receiver BSC (Base Station Controller):

controlling several transceivers

Interfaces Um : radio interface

Abis : standardized, open interface with 16 kbit/s user channels

A: standardized, open interface with 64 kbit/s user channels

Um

Abis

A

BSS

radiosubsystem

network and switchingsubsystem

MS MS

BTSBSC MSC

BTS

BTSBSC

BTSMSC

System architecture: network and switching subsystem

Components MSC (Mobile Services Switching Center): IWF (Interworking Functions)

ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network) PSPDN (Packet Switched Public Data Net.) CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Net.)

Databases HLR (Home Location Register) VLR (Visitor Location Register) EIR (Equipment Identity Register)

networksubsystem

MSC

MSC

fixed partnernetworks

IWF

ISDNPSTN

PSPDNCSPDN

SS

7

EIR

HLR

VLR

ISDNPSTN

Radio subsystem

The Radio Subsystem (RSS) comprises the cellular mobile network up to the switching centers

Components Base Station Subsystem (BSS):

Base Transceiver Station (BTS): radio components including sender, receiver, antenna - if directed antennas are used one BTS can cover several cells

Base Station Controller (BSC): switching between BTSs, controlling BTSs, managing of network resources, mapping of radio channels (Um) onto terrestrial channels (A interface)

BSS = BSC + sum(BTS) + interconnection

Mobile Stations (MS)

possible radio coverage of the cell

idealized shape of the cellcell

segmentation of the area into cells

GSM: cellular network

use of several carrier frequencies not the same frequency in adjoining cells cell sizes vary from some 100 m up to 35 km depending on user

density, geography, transceiver power etc. hexagonal shape of cells is idealized (cells overlap, shapes depend on

geography) if a mobile user changes cells

handover of the connection to the neighbor cell

Base Transceiver Station and Base Station Controller

Tasks of a BSS are distributed over BSC and BTS BTS comprises radio specific functions BSC is the switching center for radio channels

Functions BTS BSCManagement of radio channels XFrequency hopping (FH) X XManagement of terrestrial channels XMapping of terrestrial onto radio channels XChannel coding and decoding XRate adaptation XEncryption and decryption X XPaging X XUplink signal measurements XTraffic measurement XAuthentication XLocation registry, location update XHandover management X

Mobile station

Terminal for the use of GSM services A mobile station (MS) comprises several functional groups

MT (Mobile Terminal): offers common functions used by all services the MS offers corresponds to the network termination (NT) of an ISDN access end-point of the radio interface (Um)

TA (Terminal Adapter): terminal adaptation, hides radio specific characteristics

TE (Terminal Equipment): peripheral device of the MS, offers services to a user does not contain GSM specific functions

SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): personalization of the mobile terminal, stores user parameters

R SUm

TE TA MT

Network and switching subsystem

NSS is the main component of the public mobile network GSM switching, mobility management, interconnection to other networks,

system control Components

Mobile Services Switching Center (MSC)controls all connections via a separated network to/from a mobile terminal within the domain of the MSC - several BSC can belong to a MSC

Databases (important: scalability, high capacity, low delay) Home Location Register (HLR)

central master database containing user data, permanent and semi-permanent data of all subscribers assigned to the HLR (one provider can have several HLRs)

Visitor Location Register (VLR)local database for a subset of user data, including data about all user currently in the domain of the VLR

Mobile Services Switching Center

The MSC (mobile switching center) plays a central role in GSM switching functions additional functions for mobility support management of network resources interworking functions via Gateway MSC (GMSC) integration of several databases

Functions of a MSC specific functions for paging and call forwarding termination of SS7 (signaling system no. 7) mobility specific signaling location registration and forwarding of location information provision of new services (fax, data calls) support of short message service (SMS) generation and forwarding of accounting and billing information

Operation subsystem

The OSS (Operation Subsystem) enables centralized operation, management, and maintenance of all GSM subsystems

Components Authentication Center (AUC)

generates user specific authentication parameters on request of a VLR authentication parameters used for authentication of mobile terminals

and encryption of user data on the air interface within the GSM system Equipment Identity Register (EIR)

registers GSM mobile stations and user rights stolen or malfunctioning mobile stations can be locked and sometimes

even localized Operation and Maintenance Center (OMC)

different control capabilities for the radio subsystem and the network subsystem

GSM protocol layers for signaling

CM

MM

RR

MM

LAPDm

radio

LAPDm

radio

LAPD

PCM

RR’ BTSM

CM

LAPD

PCM

RR’BTSM

16/64 kbit/s

Um Abis A

SS7

PCM

SS7

PCM

64 kbit/s /2.048 Mbit/s

MS BTS BSC MSC

BSSAP BSSAP

Security in GSM

Security services access control/authentication

user SIM (Subscriber Identity Module): secret PIN (personal identification number)

SIM network: challenge response method confidentiality

voice and signaling encrypted on the wireless link (after successful authentication)

anonymity temporary identity TMSI

(Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity) newly assigned at each new location update (LUP) encrypted transmission

3 algorithms specified in GSM A3 for authentication (“secret”, open interface) A5 for encryption (standardized) A8 for key generation (“secret”, open interface)

“secret”:• A3 and A8 available via the Internet• network providers can use stronger mechanisms

Data services in GSM I

Data transmission standardized with only 9.6 kbit/s advanced coding allows 14,4 kbit/s not enough for Internet and multimedia applications

HSCSD (High-Speed Circuit Switched Data) already standardized bundling of several time-slots to get higher

AIUR (Air Interface User Rate)(e.g., 57.6 kbit/s using 4 slots, 14.4 each)

advantage: ready to use, constant quality, simple disadvantage: channels blocked for voice transmission

AIUR [kbit/s] TCH/F4.8 TCH/F9.6 TCH/F14.44.8 19.6 2 1

14.4 3 119.2 4 228.8 3 238.4 443.2 357.6 4

Data services in GSM II

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service) packet switching using free slots only if data packets ready to send

(e.g., 115 kbit/s using 8 slots temporarily) standardization 1998, introduction 2000? advantage: one step towards UMTS, more flexible disadvantage: more investment needed

GPRS network elements GSN (GPRS Support Nodes): GGSN and SGSN GGSN (Gateway GSN)

interworking unit between GPRS and PDN (Packet Data Network) SGSN (Serving GSN)

supports the MS (location, billing, security) GR (GPRS Register)

user addresses

GPRS quality of service

Reliabilityclass

Lost SDUprobability

DuplicateSDU

probability

Out ofsequence

SDUprobability

Corrupt SDUprobability

1 10-9 10-9 10-9 10-9

2 10-4 10-5 10-5 10-6

3 10-2 10-5 10-5 10-2

Delay SDU size 128 byte SDU size 1024 byteclass mean 95 percentile mean 95 percentile

1 < 0.5 s < 1.5 s < 2 s < 7 s2 < 5 s < 25 s < 15 s < 75 s3 < 50 s < 250 s < 75 s < 375 s4 unspecified

GPRS architecture and interfaces

MS BSS GGSNSGSN

MSC

Um

EIR

HLR/GR

VLR

PDN

Gb Gn Gi

SGSN

Gn

GPRS protocol architecture

apps.

IP/X.25

LLC

GTP

MAC

radio

MAC

radioFR

RLC BSSGP

IP/X.25

FR

Um Gb Gn

L1/L2 L1/L2

MS BSS SGSN GGSN

UDP/TCP

Gi

SNDCP

RLC BSSGP IP IP

LLC UDP/TCP

SNDCP GTP

DECT

DECT (Digital European Cordless Telephone) standardized by ETSI (ETS 300.175-x) for cordless telephones

standard describes air interface between base-station and mobile phone

DECT has been renamed for international marketing reasons into „Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunication“

Characteristics frequency: 1880-1990 MHz channels: 120 full duplex duplex mechanism: TDD (Time Division Duplex) with 10 ms frame

length multplexing scheme: FDMA with 10 carrier frequencies,

TDMA with 2x 12 slots modulation: digital, Gaußian Minimum Shift Key (GMSK) power: 10 mW average (max. 250 mW) range: ca 50 m in buildings, 300 m open space

DECT system architecture reference model

globalnetwork

localnetwork

localnetwork

FT

FT

PTPA

PTPA

VDB

HDB

D1

D2

D3D4

UMTS and IMT-2000

Proposals for IMT-2000 (International Mobile Telecommunications) UWC-136, cdma2000, WP-CDMA UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System) from ETSI

UMTS UTRA (UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access) enhancements of GSM

EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution): GSM up to 384 kbit/s CAMEL (Customized Application for Mobile Enhanced Logic) VHE (virtual Home Environment)

fits into GMM (Global Multimedia Mobility) initiative from ETSI requirements

min. 144 kbit/s rural (goal: 384 kbit/s) min. 384 kbit/s suburban (goal: 512 kbit/s) up to 2 Mbit/s city

UMTS architecture

UTRANUE CN

IuUu

UTRAN (UTRA Network) cell level mobility Radio Network Subsystem (RNS)

UE (User Equipment)

CN (Core Network) inter system handover

UMTS FDD frame structure

0 1 2 69 70 71...

superframe

0 1 2 13 14 15...

frame

pilot TPC TFI

slot

625 µs

10 ms

720 ms

data

pilot

uplink DPDCH

uplink DPCCH

downlink DPCHTPC TFI data

625 µs

625 µs

DPCCH DPDCH

W-CDMA• 1920-1980 MHz uplink• 2110-2170 MHz downlink• chipping rate: 4.096 Mchip/s• soft handover• localization of MS (ca. 20 m precision)• complex power control (1600 power control cycles/s)

TPC: Transmit Power ControlTFI: Transport Format IdentifierDPCCH: Dedicated Physical Control ChannelDPDCH: Dedicated Physical Data ChannelDPCH: Dedicated Physical Channel

UMTS TDD frame structure

0 1 2 13 14 15...

frame

data midample data

slot

625 µs

10 ms

traffic burstGP

W-TDMA/CDMA• 2560 chips per slot• symmetric or asymmetric slot assignment to up/downlink• tight synchronization needed• simpler power control (100-800 power control cycles/s)

GP: Guard Period

Background

Degree of mobility

Sta

ndin

gW

alki

ngD

rivin

g

User data rate10 Mbps

IEEE802.16a,d

1 100

HSDPA

IEEE802.16e

WLAN(IEEE 802.11x)

GSMGPRS

DECT

EDGE

FlashOFDM (802.20)

Systems beyond 3G >2010

0.1

BlueTooth

UMTS

CDMA

EV-DOEV-DV

Wireless Technologies – WiMAX Positioning

Background

WiMAXStandar IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless AccessDelivers > 1 Mbps per userJarak jangkauan hingga 50 kmPenggunaan adaptive modulation dapat mengatasi data

rate yang bervariasiDapat beroperasi pada non-line of site (NLOS)1.5 to 20 MHz channelsMendukung sessions per channel yang efisienBeroperasi pada licensed and unlicensed spectrumQoS untuk voice, video, and T1/E1

Background

Background

Why WiMAX

Tingginya permintaan akses internet kecepatan tinggi

Infrastruktur yang ada masih belum mencukupi

Penggunaan GPRS/3G, user memerlukan perangkat yang lebih canggih

Penggelaran WiMAX yang relatif murah

Background

Mengapa WiMAX

Solusi BWA pada harga yang murah (satu standar global, beroperasi pada lisensi dan non lisensi)

Mendukung coverage yang luas, outdoors maupun indoor

Menghasilkan “new business opportunities” untuk BWA di negara berkembang dan rural area

Komplemen solusi jaringan selular 2G/3GKomplemen solusi jaringan Wireless LAN &

WAN

Position WiMAX

Evolution WiMAX Technologies

LOS & NLOS

Feeder

SME/SOHO Access

Wireless DSL

WirelessDSLHot ZoneNomadicity

Wireless PC

Portability with Simple Mobility

Wireless PC

Full-Mobility

NomadicNomadic

Hot ZoneHot Zone

No HandoverNo Handover

FixedFixed

Wireless DSLWireless DSL

PortablePortable

Hot ZoneHot Zone

Session continuitySession continuity

MobileMobile

SeamlessSeamless

HandoverHandover

76


WiMax ForumStandards for Business

Protocol test suiteContributions to air interface base specsDefine regulatory requirements

Marketing and promotion CertificationNetwork interface specs

Air interface base specsMobility extensionManagement specs

a line-of-sight (LOS) capability

point to multipoint Broadband Wireless LMDS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service)

(10–66 GHz band) a single carrier (SC) physical (PHY) standard

a non-line-of-sight (NLOS) capability

Mobile WiMAX point to multipoint capability in the 2–11 GHz band Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) and Orthogonal Frequency

Division Multiple Access (OFDMA)

Mobile WiMAX Scalable OFDMA (SOFDMA) Advanced antenna diversity schemes, and hybrid automatic repeat-request

(HARQ) Adaptive Antenna Systems (AAS) and MIMO technology Denser sub-channelization, thereby improving indoor penetration Introducing Turbo Coding and Low-Density Parity Check (LDPC)


78


Standard Description Status

802.16-2001 Fixed Broadband Wireless Access (10–63 GHz) Superseded

802.16.2-2001 Recommended practice for coexistence Superseded

802.16c-2002 System profiles for 10–63 GHz Superseded

802.16a-2003 Physical layer and MAC definitions for 2–11 GHz Superseded

P802.16bLicense-exempt frequencies(Project withdrawn)

Withdrawn

P802.16dMaintenance and System profiles for 2–11 GHz(Project merged into 802.16-2004)

Merged

802.16-2004

Air Interface for Fixed Broadband Wireless Access System(rollup of 802.16-2001, 802.16a, 802.16c and P802.16d)

Superseded

P802.16.2aCoexistence with 2–11 GHz and 23.5–43.5 GHz(Project merged into 802.16.2-2004)

Merged

802.16.2-2004Recommended practice for coexistence(Maintenance and rollup of 802.16.2-2001 and P802.16.2a)

Current

79

Standard Description Status

802.16f-2005Management Information Base (MIB) for 802.16-2004

Superseded

802.16-2004/Cor 1-2005

Corrections for fixed operations(co-published with 802.16e-2005)

Superseded

802.16e-2005 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System Superseded

802.16k-2007Bridging of 802.16(an amendment to IEEE 802.1D)

Current

802.16g-2007 Management Plane Procedures and Services Superseded

P802.16iMobile Management Information Base(Project merged into 802.16-2009)

Merged

802.16-2009

Air Interface for Fixed and Mobile Broadband Wireless Access System(rollup of 802.16-2004, 802.16-2004/Cor 1, 802.16e, 802.16f, 802.16g and P802.16i)

Current

802.16j-2009 Multihop relay Current

802.16h-2010Improved Coexistence Mechanisms for License-Exempt Operation

Current

P802.16mAdvanced Air Interface with data rates of 100 Mbit/s mobile & 1 Gbit/s fixed

In Progress

P802.16n Higher Reliability Networks In Progress


80

WiMAX Architecture

SystemParameters

WiMAX ArchitecturePhysical layer

A WiMAX Gateway which provides VoIP, Ethernet and WiFi connectivity

A WiMAX Gateway which provides VoIP, Ethernet and WiFi connectivity

A WiMAX USB modem for mobile internetA WiMAX USB modem for mobile internet

Illustration of a WiMAX MIMO boardIllustration of a WiMAX MIMO board

WiMAX base station equipment with a sector antenna and wireless modem on top

WiMAX base station equipment with a sector antenna and wireless modem on top

A pre-WiMAX CPE of a 26 km (16 mi) connection mounted 13 metres (43 ft) above the ground (2004, Lithuania).

A pre-WiMAX CPE of a 26 km (16 mi) connection mounted 13 metres (43 ft) above the ground (2004, Lithuania).

85 OFDM – Modulation for High Data Rate

WiMAX Forum

Technology

83

MIMO Configuration WiMAX Forum

Technology

84

1C1B

00

0

1C

2C

3C

Pe

mro

sesa

n S

inya

l 1A

2A

3A

Pe

mro

sesa

n S

inya

l1B

2B

3B

4d1d

5d2d

3d 6d

1d 2d 3d 4d 5d 6d

4d1d

5d2d

3d 6d

1d 2d 3d 4d 5d 6d

2A

1A

3A

2C

3C

2B

3B

MIMO Concept

WiMAX Forum

Technology

85

WiMAX Architecture MAC (data link) layer- Technology

• The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network.

• In addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient.

• The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control Quality of service (QoS) parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber stations.

• The WiMAX MAC uses a scheduling algorithm for which the subscriber station needs to compete only once for initial entry into the network.

• In addition to being stable under overload and over-subscription, the scheduling algorithm can also be more bandwidth efficient.

• The scheduling algorithm also allows the base station to control Quality of service (QoS) parameters by balancing the time-slot assignments among the application needs of the subscriber stations.

86

Comparison of Mobile Internet Access methods

Standard Family Primary Use Radio Tech Downlink (Mbit/s)

Uplink (Mbit/s)

Notes

LTEUMTS/4GSM

General 4GOFDMA/MIMO/SC-FDMA

360 80LTE-Advanced update expected to offer peak rates of at least 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds and 100 Mbit/s to mobile users.

WiMAX 802.16e Mobile Internet MIMO-SOFDMA 144 35WiMAX update IEEE 802.16m expected offer up to 1 Gbit/s fixed speeds.

Flash-OFDMFlash-OFDM

Mobile Internetmobility up to 200mph (350km/h)

Flash-OFDM5.310.615.9

1.83.65.4

Mobile range 18miles (30km)extended range 34 miles (55km)

HIPERMAN HIPERMAN Mobile Internet OFDM 56.9 56.9

Wi-Fi802.11(11n)

Mobile Internet OFDM/MIMO288.9

(Supports 600Mbps @ 40MHz channel width)

Antenna, RF front end enhancements and minor protocol timer tweaks have helped deploy long range P2P networks compromising on radial coverage, throughput and/or spectra efficiency (310km & 382km).

iBurst 802.20 Mobile InternetHC-SDMA/TDD/MIMO

95 36

Cell Radius: 3–12 kmSpeed: 250kmphSpectral Efficiency: 13 bits/s/Hz/cellSpectrum Reuse Factor: "1"

EDGE Evolution GSM Mobile Internet TDMA/FDD 1.9 0.9 3GPP Release 7

UMTS W-CDMAHSDPA+HSUPA

HSPA+

UMTS/3GSM

General 3GCDMA/FDD

CDMA/FDD/MIMO

0.38414.456

0.3845.7622

HSDPA widely deployed. Typical downlink rates today 2 Mbit/s, ~200 kbit/s uplink; HSPA+ downlink up to 56 Mbit/s.

UMTS-TDDUMTS/3GSM

Mobile Internet CDMA/TDD 16 16Reported speeds according to IPWireless using 16QAM modulation similar to HSDPA+HSUPA

1xRTT CDMA2000 Mobile phone CDMA 0.144 0.144 Succeeded by EV-DO

EV-DO 1x Rev. 0EV-DO 1x Rev.A

EV-DO Rev.BCDMA2000 Mobile Internet CDMA/FDD

2.453.14.9xN

0.151.81.8xN

Rev B note: N is the number of 1.25 MHz chunks of spectrum used.

LTE performance requirements

Mobility Optimized for low mobility(0-15km/h) but supports high speedLatency user plane < 5mscontrol plane < 50 ms

Improved spectrum efficiencyCost-effective migration from Release 6 Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) radio interface and architectureImproved broadcastingIP-optimizedScalable bandwidth of 20MHz, 15MHz, 10MHz, 5MHz and <5MHzCo-existence with legacy standards (users can transparently start a call or transfer of data in an area using an LTE standard, and, when there is no coverage, continue the operation without any action on their part using GSM/GPRS or W-CDMA-based UMTS)

3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE)

3GPP (LTE) is Adopting: OFDMA in DL with 64QAM All IP e2e Network Channel BWs up to 20 MHz Both TDD and FDD profiles Flexible Access Network Advanced Antenna Technologies UL: Single-Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA), (64QAM

optional)

LTE is adopting technology & features already available with Mobile WiMAX Can expect similar long-term performance benefits and

trade-offs

Other Key Parameter Comparisons

Parameter LTE Mobile WiMAX Rel 1.5Duplex FDD and TDD FDD and TDD

Frequency Band for Performance Analysis

2000 MHz 2500 MHz

Channel BW Up to 20 MHz Up to 20 MHz

Downlink OFDMA OFDMA

Uplink SC-FDMA OFDMA

DL Spectral Efficiency1 1.57 bps/Hz/Sector (2x2) MIMO2

1.59 bps/Hz/Sector (2x2) MIMO

UL Spectral Efficiency1 0.64 bps/Hz/Sector (1x2) SIMO2

0.99 bps/Hz/Sector (1x2) SIMO

Mobility Support Target: Up to 350 km/hr Up to 120 km/hr

Frame Size 1 millisec 5 millisec

HARQ Incremental Redundancy Chase Combining

Link Budget Typically limited by Mobile Device Typically limited by Mobile Device

Advanced Antenna Support

DL: 2x2, 2x4, 4x2, 4x4UL: 1x2, 1x4, 2x2, 2x4

DL: 2x2, 2x4, 4x2, 4x4UL: 1x2, 1x4, 2x2, 2x4

89

1. Spectral efficiency is based on NGMN Alliance recommended evaluation methodology

2. Reference for LTE Spectral Efficiency: Motorola website, “LTE in Depth”. 1. Spectral efficiency is based on NGMN Alliance recommended evaluation methodology

2. Reference for LTE Spectral Efficiency: Motorola website, “LTE in Depth”.

Key Features of LTE

• Multiple access scheme Downlink: OFDMA Uplink: Single Carrier FDMA (SC-FDMA)

• Adaptive modulation and coding DL modulations: QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM UL modulations: QPSK and 16QAM Rel-6 Turbo code: Coding rate of 1/3, two 8-state constituent encoders, and a contention-

free internal interleaver.

• Bandwidth scalability for efficient operation in differently sized allocated spectrum bands

• Possible support for operating as single frequency network (SFN) to support MBMS

Key Features of LTE(contd.)

Multiple Antenna (MIMO) technology for enhanced data rate and performance.

ARQ within RLC sublayer and Hybrid ARQ within MAC sublayer.

Power control and link adaptation

Implicit support for interference coordination

Support for both FDD and TDD

Channel dependent scheduling & link adaptation for enhanced performance.

Reduced radio-access-network nodes to reduce cost,protocol-related processing time & call set-up time

Key LTE radio access features

LTE radio access Downlink: OFDM Uplink: SC-FDMA

Advanced antenna solutions Diversity Beam-forming Multi-layer transmission (MIMO)

Spectrum flexibility Flexible bandwidth New and existing bands Duplex flexibility: FDD and TDD 20 MHz1.4 MHz

SC-FDMA

OFDMA

TX TX

LTE: Not a Simple 3G Upgrade

LTE Represents a Major Upgrade from CDMA-Based HSPA (or EV-DO) No longer a “simple” SW upgrade:

CDMA to OFDMA, represent different technologies Circuit switched to IP e2e network

Also requires new spectrum to take full advantage of wider channel BWs and …

Requires dual-mode user devices for seamless internetwork connectivity

Radio Access Network

+ OFDMA Technology+ Downlink 100Mbps+ + Uplink 20-50Mbps++ User <10msec latency

+ Flexible spectrum – 1.25-20MHz

+ FDD and TDD

+ VoIP ~3x time UMTS capacity

+ MIMO/Beamforming+ E2E QOS

Packet Core

+ New all IP collapsed architecture

+ Centralized mobility and application layer (IMS based)

+ E2E QOS

+ Access technology agnostic

+ Connect to legacy GSM/UMTS core (LTE)

WMAX/LTE Specifications

Motorola Confidential Proprietary, LTE CxO Overview, Rev 1 MOTOROLA and the Stylized M Logo are registered in the US Patent & Trademark Office. All other product or service names are the property of their respective owners. © Motorola, Inc. 2007

OFDM

LTE uses OFDM for the downlink – that is, from the base station to the terminal. OFDM meets the LTE requirement for spectrum flexibility and enables cost-efficient solutions for very wide carriers with high peak rates. OFDM uses a large number of narrow sub-carriers for multi-carrier transmission.

The basic LTE downlink physical resource can be seen as a time-frequency grid. In the frequency domain, the spacing between the subcarriers, Δf, is 15kHz. In addition, the OFDM symbol duration time is 1/Δf + cyclic prefix. The cyclic prefix is used to maintain orthogonality between the sub-carriers even for a time-dispersive radio channel.

One resource element carries QPSK, 16QAM or 64QAM. With 64QAM, each resource element carries six bits.

The OFDM symbols are grouped into resource blocks. The resource blocks have a total size of 180kHz in the frequency domain and 0.5ms in the time domain. Each 1ms Transmission Time Interval (TTI) consists of two slots (Tslot).

In E-UTRA, downlink modulation schemes QPSK, 16QAM, and 64QAM are available.

SC-FDMA

The LTE uplink transmission scheme for FDD and TDD mode is based on SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access).

This is to compensate for a drawback with normal OFDM, which has a very high Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR). High PAPR requires expensive and inefficient power amplifiers with high requirements on linearity, which increases the cost of the terminal and also drains the battery faster.

SC-FDMA solves this problem by grouping together the resource blocks in such a way that reduces the need for linearity, and so power consumption, in the power amplifier. A low PAPR also improves coverage and the cell-edge performance.

Still, SC-FDMA signal processing has some similarities with OFDMA signal processing, so parameterization of downlink and uplink can be harmonized.

FDMA

…TDMA

Frequency

Pow

er OFDM

Multiple orthogonal carriers

Time

Pow

er

Channel

Frequency

User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5

FDMA vs. OFDMA

OFDMA is more frequency efficient than FDMA Each station is assigned a set of

subcarriers, eliminating frequency guard bands between users

FDMAFDMA OFDMAOFDMA

ChannelGuard band

Frequency

Pow

er Fixed OFDMA

Frequency

Tim

e

Dynamic OFDMA

Frequency allocation per user is continuous vs. time

Frequency allocation per user is dynamically allocated vs. time slots

User 1 User 2 User 3 User 4 User 5

100

LTE-Downlink (OFDM)

Improved spectral efficiency

Reduce ISI effect by multipath

Against frequency selective fading

101

LTE Uplink (SC-FDMA)

SC-FDMA is a new single carrier multiple access technique which has similar structure and performance to OFDMA

A salient advantage of SC-FDMA over OFDM is low to Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) :

Increasing battery life

SDMA = Smart Antenna TechnologiesBeamforming

Use multiple-antennas to spatially shape the beam to improve coverage and capacity

Spatial Multiplexing (SM) or Collaborative MIMO Multiple streams are transmitted over

multiple antennas Multi-antenna receivers separate the

streams to achieve higher throughput In uplink single-antenna stations can

transmit simultaneouslySpace-Time Code (STC)

Transmit diversity such as Alamouti code [1,2] reduces fading

2x2 Collaborative MIMO increases the peak data rate two-fold by transmitting two data streams.

Multiple Antenna Techniques

MIMO employs multiple transmit and receive antennas to substantially enhance the air interface.

It uses spacetime coding of the same data stream mapped onto multiple transmit antennas, which is an improvement over traditional reception diversity schemes where only a single transmit antenna is deployed to extend the coverage of the cell.

MIMO processing also exploits spatial multiplexing, allowing different data streams to be transmitted simultaneously from the different transmit antennas, to increase the end-user data rate and cell capacity.

In addition, when knowledge of the radio channel is available at the transmitter (e.g. via feedback information from the receiver), MIMO can also implement beam-forming to further increase available data rates and spectrum efficiency

Advanced Antenna Techniques

Single data stream / user

Beam-forming Coverage, longer battery life

Spatial Division Multiple Access (SDMA) Multiple users in same radio resource

Multiple data stream / user Diversity Link robustness

Spatial multiplexing Spectral efficiency, high data rate support

Beamforming & SDMA

Enhances signal reception through directional array gain, while individual antenna has omni-directional gain

• Extends cell coverage

• Suppresses interference in space domain

• Enhances system capacity

• Prolongs battery life

• Provides angular information for user tracking

Source: Key Features and Technologies in 3G Evolution, http://www.eusea2006.org/workshops/workshopsession.2006-01-1 1.3206361376/sessionspeaker.2006-04-10.9519467221/file/atdownload

LTE spectrum (bandwidth and duplex) flexibility

107

Evolution of LTE-Advanced

Asymmetric transmission bandwidthLayered OFDMAAdvanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception TechniquesEnhanced Multi-antenna Transmission TechniquesSupport of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-Advanced

108

Asymmetric transmission bandwidth

Symmetric transmission voice transmission : UE to UE

Asymmetric transmission streaming video : the server to the UE (the downlink)

109

Layered OFDMA

The bandwidth of basic frequency block is, 15–20 MHz

Layered OFDMA radio access scheme in LTE-A will have layered transmission bandwidth, support of layered environments and control signal formats

110

Advanced Multi-cell Transmission/Reception Techniques

In LTE-A, the advanced multi-cell transmission/reception processes helps in increasing frequency efficiency and cell edge user throughput Estimation unit Calculation unit Determination unit Feedback unit

111

Enhanced Multi-antenna Transmission Techniques

In LTE-A, the MIMO scheme has to be further improved in the area of spectrum efficiency, average cell through put and cell edge performances

In LTE-A the antenna configurations of 8x8 in DL and 4x4 in UL are planned

112

Enhanced Techniques to Extend Coverage Area

Remote Radio Requirements (RREs) using optical fiber should be used in LTE-A as effective technique to extend cell coverage

113

Support of Larger Bandwidth in LTE-Advanced

Peak data rates up to 1Gbps are expected from bandwidths of 100MHz. OFDM adds additional sub-carrier to increase bandwidth

114

LTE vs. LTE-Advanced

LTE Network Architecture

[Source:Technical Overview of 3GPP Long Term Evolution (LTE) Hyung G. Myung http://hgmyung.googlepages.com/3gppLTE.pdf

System Architecture Evolution(SAE)

System Architecture Evolution (aka SAE) is the core network architecture of 3GPP's future LTE wireless communication standard.

SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network, with some differences.

The main principles and objectives of the LTE-SAE architecture include :A common anchor point and gateway (GW) node for all access technologiesIP-based protocols on all interfaces;Simplified network architectureAll IP networkAll services are via Packet Switched domainSupport mobility between heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS, but also non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)Support for multiple, heterogeneous RATs, including legacy systems as GPRS, but also non-3GPP systems (say WiMAX)

SAE

[Source:http://www.3gpp.org/Highlights/LTE/LTE.htm]

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

MME (Mobility Management Entity):-Manages and stores the UE control plane context, generates temporary Id, provides

UE authentication, authorization, mobility managementUPE (User Plane Entity):-Manages and stores UE context, ciphering, mobility anchor, packet routing and

forwarding, initiation of paging3GPP anchor:-Mobility anchor between 2G/3G and LTESAE anchor:-Mobility anchor between 3GPP and non 3GPP (I-WLAN, etc)

LTE and WiMAX Modulation and Access

CDMA (code division multiple access) is a coding and access scheme CDMA, W-CDMA, CDMA-2000

SDMA (space division multiple access) is an access scheme MIMO, beamforming, sectorized antennas

TDMA (time division multiple access) is an access scheme AMPS, GSM

FDMA (frequency division multiple access) is an access scheme

OFDM (orthogonal frequency division multiplexing) is a modulation scheme

OFDMA (orthogonal frequency division multiple access) is a modulation and access scheme

IP

Voice Core (MSC)

3G W-CDMA Architecture

4G LTE Architecture

Data Core (SGSN/GGSN)

EvolvedPacket CoreS1 interface

X2 interface

Iub interface

Iu PS interface

Iu CS interface

Iub interface

S1 interface

ATM/IP

ATM/IP

IP

Technology Options For Connection-Oriented Ethernet (COE)

Significant Differences Among Number of Layers to Manage

IP/MPLS

(3) Data Plane Layers1) Ethernet2) Pseudowire (PW)3) LSP

VLAN TagVLAN TagSwitchingSwitching

Routed Non-Routed

StaticPW/MPLS T-MPLS

(1) Data Plane Layer• Ethernet

MPLS-TP PBB-TEPBB-TE

PW

MPLS-TP LSP

PWEth Eth

BFD, Protection ProtocolBFD, VCCV

802.1ag, 802.3ah, Y.1731

MPLS-TP-based COE

IP/MPLS-Based COE

PW

MPLS LSP

Eth Eth

BFD, RSVP-TE/LDP, FRR

802.1ag, 802.3ah, Y.1731

IS-IS, OSPF, BGP, IP addressing, BFD

PW

T-LDP/BFD, VCCV

S-VLAN or PBB-TE TunnelS-VLAN or PBB-TE Tunnel

EthEth EthEth

G.8031, 802.1ag, 802.3ah, Y.1731G.8031, 802.1ag, 802.3ah, Y.1731

Ethernet-based COEEthernet-based COE

Ethernet

(3) Data Plane Layers1) Ethernet2) Pseudowire (PW)3) LSP

(1) Control Plane Layer• IP

Ethernet+PW+LSPEthernet+PW+LSP

Ethernet-based COE simplifies OAM&P Only 1 Layer to manage: Ethernet

Proposed LTE Architecture

• Example 3• Backhaul for LTE• EVPL for S1 interface• E-LAN for X2 interface

Carrier Ethernet Aggregation Network

UNI UNIRAN BS RAN NC

Carrier Ethernet Access Network

ENNI

RAN BS

UNI

Carrier Ethernet Access Network

ENNI

RAN BS

EVPL 1EVPL 2EVPL 3EVPLAN

Wholesale backhaul providers typically prefer L2: Simpler to provision

Scalable BW “pipes” for unpredictable needsStrong Ethernet OAM mechanisms offer SLASub 50ms failover with 802.3ad and G.8032Pseudowire helps support 2G/3G services, in addition to LTEPowerful diagnostic tools

“Pure-Play” wireless operators typically prefer L2:Simple / automatic provisioningEthernet circuit validation, PM, fault detection and analysisTraffic engineering oversubscribe link bandwidth

Integrated carriers may prefer L3 (skill sets)Mesh, alternate routing, but less developed OAM

L2/L3 Backhaul Challenges

Evolution From Sonet To Packet-Based Ethernet MBH

FMO Step 1: Add COE over Sonet to increase bandwidth efficiency

PMO: Sonet

Sonet

FMO Step 2: Begin Migration to EoF packet network. Existing services unaffected

DS1s Ethernet

Packet-optical networking platform with COE facilitates MBH network migration of multi-generation 2G/3G/LTE services

EoS

MSPP

TDM

Sonet

DS1s Ethernet

COETDM

Sonet

DS1s Ethernet

COETDM

EoF

Packet Optical Networking

Packet Optical Networking

2G/3G 2G/3G LTE 2G/3G 3G/LTE

LTE Backhaul Requirements (…and the radio perspective)

Requirements DetailsHigh Capacities 50-200 Mbit/s per sitePeak rate & average 173 Mbit/s vs. 35 Mbit/sLow latency <10msecHandover interface (X2) E-LAN for eNBs CommunicationEnhanced services Service-aware networksDeployment paradigms Hotspot the size of a city/rural BBMigration strategies TDM Ethernet 2G3GLTESynchronization E1/T1 for legacy. 1588V2 & SyncEConvergence True multiplay operators

Multi-Generation Backhaul with Multiple Synchronization Options

TDM

ATM IMA

TDM

ATM

2G BSC

3G RNC

ETH

SHDSL

ATM IMA

IP-DSLAM

Physical-layer SyncE1/T1 TDM link

Sync-Ethernet (G.8262)

NTR – DSL/GPON

TDM link

Adaptive /IEEE 1588-2008

Sync-E

NTR

FE/GbE

IP Node B

ETH

S1 (ETH)

aGW

PacketSwitchedNetwork

TDM/SONETNetwork

Node B

eNode B

E1/T1

E1/T1

Packet-based SyncAdaptive

1588-2008

NTP

Sync-E

Security With Connection-Oriented Ethernet

COE uses few protocols. IP & MPLS require many The more protocols used, MBH network is more susceptible to attacks

Management VLANs isolated from user traffic Similar to DCC isolation from user traffic in Sonet networks

COE has many security advantages over bridged solutions COE disables MAC address learning / flooding

MAC address spoofing cannot occur

MAC table overflow DOS attacks cannot occur

COE disables vulnerable Layer 2 control protocols (L2CPs)

Protocol-based DOS attacks cannot occur

COE is immune to IP-based attacks & popular L2-based attacks

Transport Provider

E2E SLA Monitoring and Diagnostics

EthernetAccess Ring(50ms)

4G G/WGigEGigE

MSC

CT3/OC3

MobileOperator B

FixedWirelessMSC

CT3/OC3

4G G/W

MobileOperator A

GigEGigE

Test Equip.

Mobile Operator E2E T1 & Ethernet Diagnostics

Test Equip.

Data VLANs – Carry BH traffic, OAM and test data. Mgt VLAN – Management and SLA statistics

NMS Portal

WholesaleCarrier EthernetMPLS

T1/E1

ETH

4G eNB

2G/3G

T1/E1

ETH

4G eNB

2G/3G

T1/E1

ETH

4G eNB

2G/3G

2G/3G/4G Backhaul Services over Ethernet/IP/MPLS

ScalabilityWiMAX

Channel bandwidth (MHz)

1.25 5 10 20 3.5 7 8.75

Sample time (ns) 714.3 178.6 89.3 44.6 250 125 100

FFT size 128 512 1024 2048 512 1024 1024

Sampling factor (ch bw/sampling freq)

28/25 8/7

Subcarrier spacing (kHz)

10.9375 7.8125 9.766

Symbol time (usec) 91.4 128 102.4

LTE

Channel bandwidth (MHz)

1.4 3 5 10 15 20

FFT size 128 258 512 1024 1536 2048

3G/4G Comparison

Peak Data Rate (Mbps) Access time (msec)Downlink Uplink

HSPA (today) 14 Mbps 2 Mbps 50-250 msec

HSPA (Release 7) MIMO 2x2 28 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec

HSPA + (MIMO, 64QAM Downlink)

42 Mbps 11.6 Mbps 50-250 msec

WiMAX Release 1.0 TDD (2:1 UL/DL ratio), 10 MHz channel

40 Mbps 10 Mbps 40 msec

LTE (Release 8), 5+5 MHz channel

43.2 Mbps 21.6 Mbps 30 msec

Satellite Broadband Wireless

Use of satellites for personal wireless communication is fairly recent

Satellite use falls into three broad categories Satellites are used to acquire scientific data and perform research in

space Satellites look at Earth from space Satellites include devices that are simply reflectors

Satellite Technology Outlook

Satellites can provide wireless communication In areas not covered by cellular or WiMAX

Satellites today are enabling carriers to offer Internet access and voice calls to passengers and crews across large

oceans And in high latitudes and remote corners of the Earth

Can also make these services available in many other unpopulated areas

Satellite Broadband Wireless

Rotate with the earth, usually over equator; 1/3 earth coverage

Satellite orbit altitudes

Satellite Transmissions

Satellites generally send and receive on one of four frequency bands

Frequency band affects the size of the antenna

L: GPSS: weather, NASA, Sirius/XM satellite radioC: open satellite communicationsKu: popular with remote locations transmitting back to TV studioKa: communications satellites

Satellite Transmissions (continued)


Class and Type of Service Satellites can provide two classes of service

Consumer class service– Shares the available bandwidth between the users

Business class service– Offers dedicated channels with dedicated bandwidth

Types of connectivity Point-to-point, point-to-multipoint, and multipoint-to-multipoint


Modulation techniques Binary phase shift keying (BPSK) Quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) Eight-phase shift keying (8-PSK) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM)

Multiplexing techniques Permanently assigned multiple access (PAMA) Multi-channel per carrier (MCPC) Demand assigned multiple access (DAMA)

Low Earth Orbit (LEO)

Low earth orbit (LEO) satellites Circle the Earth at an altitude of 200 to 900 miles Must travel at high speeds

So that the Earth’s gravity will not pull them back into the atmosphere Area of Earth coverage (called the footprint) is small

LEO systems have a low latency Use low-powered terrestrial devices (RF transmitters) Round trip time: 20 to 40 milliseconds

Orbits for typical LEO and MEO systems, e.g. GPS

LEO and MEO satellites need to move or their orbits will decay; thus need >1 satellite to maintain connection.

LEO satellite systems

UML: user mobile linkGWL: gateway linkISL: intersatellite link

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) (continued)

LEO satellites groups Big LEO

Carries voice and data broadband services, such as wireless Internet access Little LEO

Provides pager, satellite telephone, and location services

LEO example: Iridium constellation

Designed by Motorola during the 1990s, wentbankrupt in 1999. What cost $5 billion was soldfor $25 million.

66 active satellites with a few spares at a heightof 781 km (485 miles).

Sold to Iridium Communications Inc.

Iridium plans to send up 66 new satellites and 6 sparesstarting in 2015, called IridiumNext. Data and voice.

Medium Earth Orbit (MEO)

Medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites Orbit the Earth at altitudes between 1,500 and 10,000 miles Some MEO satellites orbit in near-perfect circles

Have a constant altitude and constant speed Other MEO satellites revolve in elongated orbits called highly elliptical

orbits (HEOs)

Advantages MEO can circle the Earth in up to 12 hours Have a bigger Earth footprint


Disadvantage Higher orbit increases the latency Round trip time: 50 to 150 milliseconds

HEO satellites Have a high apogee (maximum altitude) and a low perigee (minimum

altitude) Can provide good coverage in extreme latitudes Orbits typically have a 24-hour period

MEO example: GPS (global positioning system)

GPS was established in 1973 by U.S. and consisted of 24 satellites (now ~32).

Dual-use system – military and civilian. Civilian side used by commerce, science, banking, mobilephones, farmers, surveyors, power grids, you and me.

GPS can provide absolute location, relative movement, andtime transfer.

Inducted into Space Foundation Space Technology Hallof Fame in 1998.

Three satellites gives you 2 points, but you can choose theone on the ground; 4 gives you 1 point and overcomes clockerrors; usually see at least 6; often see 8-10


Each satellite continually transmits messagesthat include (1) the time the message wastransmitted, (2) precise orbital information (theephemeris), and (3) general system health and rough orbits of all GPS satellites (the almanac)

Receiver takes messages, determines the transit time of eachmessage and computes the distances to each satellite.

These distances along with satellites’ locations are usein determining receiver’s location (trilateration).

(See Wikipedia GPS for cool image of satellite visibility.)


GPS consists of 3 segments

(1) Space segment – the space vehicles at ~20,200km

(2) Control segment – a master control station, an alternatemaster control station, four dedicated ground antennas, andsix dedicated monitor stations

(3) User segment – you and me

All satellites broadcast at two frequencies: 1.57542 GHz and1.2276 GHz using CDMA spread-spectrum technology

What will you create?

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)

Geosynchronous earth orbit (GEO) satellites Stationed at an altitude of 22,282 miles Orbit matches the rotation of the Earth

And moves as the Earth moves Can provide continuous service to a very large footprint

Three GEO satellites are needed to cover the Earth Have high latencies of about 250 milliseconds Require high-powered terrestrial sending devices

Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO)

Example GEO satellite – Weather

Weather satellites can watch more than weather. Can alsoobserve city lights, fires, pollution effects, auroras, sand anddust storms, snow cover, energy flows, volcano output, etc.

Can observe both visible spectrum and infrared spectrum

The U.S. has two geostationary weather birds: GOES-11 andGOES-12. GOES-12, or GOES-EAST, over the MississippiRiver, covers most of the U.S. weather. GOES-11 covers theeastern Pacific Ocean.

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