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Guidelines for theImplementation ofSocial and Cultural Valuesin Sustainable ForestManagement

A Scientific Contribution tothe Implementation ofMCPFE - Vienna Resolution 3

IUFRO Research Group 6.07.00“Forest and Woodland History”Coordinator: Mauro Agnoletti

International Union of Forest Research OrganizationsUnion Internationale des Instituts de Recherche ForestièreUnión Internacional de Organizaciones de Investigación ForestalInternationaler Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten

IUFRO Occasional Paper No. 19ISSN 1024-414X

Guidelines for the Implementation ofSocial and Cultural Values in

Sustainable Forest Management

A Scientific Contribution tothe Implementation of

MCPFE - Vienna Resolution 3

IUFRO Research Group 6.07.00 “Forest and Woodland History”Coordinator: Mauro Agnoletti

IUFRO Headquarters, Vienna, Austria, 2007Copyright by IUFRO and the authors

International Union of Forest Research OrganizationsUnion Internationale des Instituts de Recherches ForestièresUnión Internacional de Organizaciones de Investigación ForestalInternationaler Verband Forstlicher Forschungsanstalten

IUFRO Occasional Paper No. 19 ISSN 1024-414X

IUFRO Occasional PapersThe IUFRO Occasional Paper Series was initiated in 1994 and is intended for rapid dissemina-tion of publications reflecting IUFRO activities, reports of meetings, frameworks for TaskForces, and collaboration with other organizations. This in-house publication series has beenconverted into an electronic series in early 2005, underlining its ambition of bringing forwardIUFRO’s immediate position on important forest-related issues.

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Occasional Paper No. 1 - Global Change and Terrestrial Ecosystems (GCTE) - Effectsof Global Change on Managed Forests

Occasional Paper No. 2 - Actas de la Reunión Internacional sobre La Red de InformaciónForestal para América Latina y el Caribe (out of print!)

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Terminological Publications in Forestry and Related SciencesOccasional Paper No. 9 - Sustainable Forest Management: Contribution of ResearchOccasional Paper No. 10 - Financing Forest Sector Research: Theory and European TheoryOccasional Paper No. 11 - Is Sustainable Development of the Russian Forest Sector

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Occasional Paper No. 15 - Science and Technology - Building the Future of the World’sForests / Planted Forests and Biodiversity (Contributions to theThird Session of the United Nations Forum on Forests in 2003,Geneva, Switzerland

Occasional Paper No. 16 - Forest Research – Challenges and Concepts in a ChangingWorld. Proceedings of the International Symposium convenedon the occasion of the 110th anniversary of IUFRO on 9-10October 2002 in Vienna, Austria

Occasional Paper No. 17 - Working Effectively at the Interface of Forest Science and ForestPolicy – Guidance for Scientists and Research Organizations

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IUFRO Occasional Paper 19 printed in Austria by: Eigner Druck, 3040 Neulengbach

Contents

1. Introduction ............................................................................................ 5

2. Objectives .............................................................................................. 7

3. Strategies and Actions ......................................................................... 7

3.1 Strategies in National Forest Programmes ............................................7

3.1.1 Actions in National Forest Programmes ................................................8

3.1.2 Guidelines for Planning and Management Related to NFP’s ............8

3.2 Strategies and Actions in Rural Development Plans and atOperational Local Level ..........................................................................8

3.2.1 Strategy 1 – Diversification of Local Economy and ImprovingCompetitiveness .......................................................................................9

3.2.1.1 Actions ........................................................................................................9

3.2.2 Strategies 2 – Improving the Forest Landscapeand the Countryside..............................................................................10

3.2.2.1 Actions ......................................................................................................10

3.2.3 - Strategy 3 - Improving Quality of Life in Rural Areas ........................11

3.2.3.1 Actions ......................................................................................................12

4. Outlook – Proposed Additionalpan-European Indicators ................................................................... 12

4.1 Significance..............................................................................................12

4.2 Integrity .....................................................................................................13

4.3 Vulnerability .............................................................................................14

5. Table Summarizing Proposed Actions ofVienna Resolution 3 and Related Paragraphs................................. 15

6. General Bibliography ........................................................................ 17

7. Authors ................................................................................................. 22

Guidelines for the Implementation of Social and Cultural Values in Sustainable Forest Management

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IUFRO Task Force on the Science-Policy Interface


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1. IntroductionDuring the fourth Ministerial Conference on theProtection of Forests (MCPFE) held in Vienna in2003, a decisive step towards the inclusion of socialand cultural values in SFM was taken leading to theadoption of the Vienna Resolution 3. Aiming to furtherpromote and raise awareness of the social and culturaldimensions of sustainable forest management as animportant asset to the education, recreation,environment, rural development and economy ofsociety, and taking into account the decisions ofUNFF, CBD and the work done by UNESCO, thesignatory States committed themselves to “Preservingand enhancing the social and cultural dimension ofsustainable forest management in Europe”. After theVienna Conference scientific work on this matter wascarried out by specific scientific meetings promotedby MCFPE together with several national andinternational institutions.

An international seminar on “Forestry and our culturalheritage” was held in Sunne (Sweden) June, in 2005,attended by participants from 13 countries. Theseminar was organized as joint effort of Sweden, theJoint FAO/ECE/ILO Expert Network and theMCPFE Liaison Unit Warsaw. In this event 18scientific papers were presented addressing issuesof cultural heritage and values related to forests andforestry. In addition a list of recommendations at Pan-European and National-regional level were producedand included in the seminar report. The seminaroutcome was presented at the MCPFE Expert LevelMeeting (October, 2005) and promoted furtheractions towards implementation of V3. Theproceedings were published by the MCPFE LUW inco-operation with Sweden and the FAO/ECE/ILOExpert Network The following year a meeting on“Cultural heritage and sustainable forest management:the role of traditional knowledge” was held in Florence,Italy (11-15 June 2006). The meeting was organizedby the IUFRO’s Research Unit 6.07.00 “Forest andWoodland History” and the Task Force on TraditionalForest Knowledge. It was supported by theUniversity of Florence, the U.S. Forest Service andthe Liaison Unit of the MCPFE, in cooperation withthe Italian Ministry of Agriculture, Food and ForestPolicies, the Regional Government of Tuscany,UNESCO, and the European Society forEnvironmental History. The Conference attracted 120participants from 24 countries, including forest

scientists, forest managers and planners, forest policyexperts, and representatives from a variety ofinternational organizations and forest policy bodies,including representatives from the UNFF, FAO,UNCCD, UNESCO, the Council of Europe’sEuropean Landscape Convention, and the MCPFELiaison Unit. There were two volumes of proceedings,containing 88 scientific papers, published by theMCPFE in cooperation with IUFRO, as a contributionto the implementation of the MCPFE WorkProgramme towards Vienna Resolution 3. In addition,a special issue of the scientific journal “ForestEcology and Management” that included a selectionof papers from the Conference was published (inSeptember 2007), dedicated to “Cultural Heritage andSustainable Forest Management: the role of traditionalknowledge”.

The Florence Conference stressed that cultural valuesrelated to forests and forestry are often based onlong historical experience and deep insights into thedynamics of forest ecosystems. Therefore, they areenthused by the behaviour and characteristics ofanimal and plant species of special economic, social,cultural, and spiritual significance for local populations.The management and conservation of cultural heritagerelated to forestry and forested landscapes, not onlyprotects biodiversity that has been created by and issubject to human activity, but may also favourseconomic growth of such rural areas by promotinglocal products, encouraging tourism development andeventually contributing towards higher quality of lifefor local populations.

Many world’s “primary forests” and biodiversity“hotspots” are located in regions with the highestdiversity of indigenous populations who manage theirnatural resources based on their distinctive culturesand their associated traditional knowledge andwisdom. In other rural environments a long history ofintegration of forestry and agricultural activities hasalso created land use forms and biological diversitythat is closely connected to complex landscapepatterns. Cultural landscapes often show a high levelof habitat diversity tighten into a versatile mosaicproduced by the application of different managementforms, and the introduction of a great variety ofspecies over the years, that came to meet specificeconomic, social and environmental functions.


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Considering the future scenarios presented byenvironmental change and especially by globalwarming, the conservation of traditional woodlandsand forest management practices, a well as theirassociated landscape-level adaptations to difficultenvironmental conditions, should be given priorityattention. The efficacy in coping with challengingenvironmental conditions depends on the interactionsbetween key factors that require careful considerationin order to understand their historical success. Manyhave been achieved through internal experience andlogic that has rarely been formalized into formalscience. In traditional rural communities, the differenttypes of forest land, from scattered trees in the fields,to dense forest cover, provide a variety of productsand environmental services. Marginal and apparentlynon-productive lands, such as areas with low treecover or shrublands have been traditionally exploitedproviding valuable resources to local populationshelping to reduce external energy inputs. Suchlandscapes are rapidly shrinking in Europe by lack ofprotection mechanisms and appropriate management.For all these reasons a focus on cultural landscapesare suggested by these guidelines as an effectiveapproach for the implementation of cultural valuesin SFM and forest policies, at Pan–European,National, and Regional levels. The fact that culturalvalues currently play a limited role in SFM indicatesthe scant consideration given to the role of cultureand history in the overall valuation of forests withinthe paradigm of sustainability developed in recentdecades. Failure to effectively and coherently addressculture and history may very well be an emergingweakness that needs be reconciled. This is both togive the public and local communities confidence inthe protocols designed to recognize well-managedforests, and in moving towards the goals of sustainablemanagement.

After the Florence conference the MCPFE LiaisonUnit (Warsaw) requested the International Union ofForest Research Organizations to consider taking partin coordination of international efforts aiming at theelaboration of scientific guidelines for implementationby countries of Vienna Resolution 3. Followingconsultation with the Research Group 6.07.00 “Forestand Woodland History” and the Task Force“Traditional Forest Knowledge” the proposal wasaccepted by Dr. Peter Mayer, on behalf of IUFRO,on the occasion of the MCPFE Expert Level Meeting

held on 9-10 October 2006 in Warsaw, Poland. Thisdecision was also welcomed by the participants ofthe Expert Level Meeting. The mandate ofcoordinating the preparation of the guidelines wasgiven to Prof. Mauro Agnoletti, coordinator of IUFRO6.07.00, with an official letter on November 6th 2006.The letter stated that the task would build on theactivities of the Research Group 6.07.00 and the TaskForce on Traditional Forest Knowledge, in particularthe conference “Cultural Heritage and SustainableForest Management: the Role of TraditionalKnowledge”, suggesting also the need to consideradditional pan-European indicators for SFM on socialand cultural aspects.


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2. ObjectivesThis report proposes guidelines that are composedby strategies and actions that should be implementedprimarily by National Forest Programmes and RuralDevelopment Plans. Strategies are essential to ensureintegration and continuity of cultural values in policymaking and planning for sustainable forestmanagement (SFM), while specific actions should bespecified for the appropriate application of thesevalues in diverse environments. In general strategiesand actions are guided by the principle thatincorporation of cultural values in forest managementis essential as these can help to improve diversificationand therefore competitiveness of often marginal ruraleconomies, improve the ecological status andappearance of the countryside, and eventuallycontribute towards higher quality of life for localcommunities. In addition, the effects of theincorporation of such values in forest managementare reflected into national and global levels byconserving cultural heritage and maintaining thediversity of cultural landscapes for current and futuregenerations. These guidelines seek to achieve threemain objectives:

a. Management and Conservation:actions for sustainable forest management, to identify,include, and maintain the significance of cultural valuesin national forest programmes and rural developmentplans as well as to ensure their preservation andprotection for the future.

b. Planning:planning activities at the management level to ensurethe incorporation of cultural values in forestry andrural development , harmonising, and guidingtransformations in socioeconomic develop-ment.

c. Valorisation:activities aimed at obtaining the maximum benefitsfrom the sustainable management of forests and, aspart of this conceptual framework, the implementationof cultural values, at economical, environmental, andsocial levels.

3. Strategies and Actions 1

In order for the main objectives of these guidelines tobe achieved, strategies for the inclusion of culturalvalues in SFM should be defined at National levels.These should define a series of actions that will betaken by Governments and their partners to makethe incorporation of cultural values in SFM afundamental consideration across the forest sector.

3.1 Strategies in National ForestProgrammes (NFP)

Each government should commit to a detailed planthat will facilitate the recognition, definition andimplementation of cultural values in National ForestProgrammes. These strategies should be tailored inthe circumstances of each individual country. Ingeneral they should:

1 Set up the rules for the definition of culturalvalues of forests and their associatedmanagement practices across the country(V3, para 5)

2 Recognition of cultural values of forests asessential elements of the diversity andrichness of national cultural heritage,promoting activities for conservation andvalorisation of the forest heritage (V3, para5, para 10)

3 Implementation of policies aimed at theprotection and valorisation of cultural valuesrelated to environmental assets (V3, para 7,para 9)

4 Identify the requirements and provide thelegislation for the incorporation of culturalvalues into local plans for forest and woodlandmanagement (V3, para 5, para 10)

5 Set up procedures for the participation ofdifferent stakeholders ( forest owners, public,local and regional authorities etc.) to theimplementation of policies on cultural valuesin forest ecosystems (V3, para 5)

6 Inclusion of cultural values in forest planningand management (V3, para 5)

7 Promote cultural values by including them ineducational programmes and development of

1 In brackets the references to the respective commitments of Vienna Resolution 3 are indicated.


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training courses on protection andmanagement of cultural values in forestry(V3, para 6)

8 Promotion of research on forest history andforest related cultural values (V3, para 11)

9 Provide a conduit for the transmission ofinformation to and from the national, regionaland local levels (V3, para 6);

10 Provide mechanisms for revision of relevantpolicies for the dynamic incorporation ofcultural values and the maximization of theirbenefits (e.g. rural development plans) (V3,para 5).

3.1.1 Actions in National ForestProgrammes (NFP)

A series of actions should be incorporated in NationalForest programmes in order to promote the generalstrategies and guidelines mentioned above. These are:

1 Identify cultural values in the territory definingtheir significance, integrity, and vulnerability(V3, para 5).

2 Manage the process of data collections andcollation (V3, para 10)

3 Monitor the process of transformation (V3,para 5)

4 Manage such processes (V3, para 5)5 Ensure research development in order to

increase knowledge and gather evidence sothat to limit actual and potential negativeimpacts on cultural heritage (V3, para 8-11)

6 Define criteria and indicators for theirmanage-ment (V3, para 5)

7 Define planning tools and managementtechniques (V3, para 5, para 9)

3.1.2 Guidelines for Planning andManagement Related to NFP’s (V3,para 5)

1 Forest management planning shouldincorporate historical investigation as astandard methodology to understand theorigins and the features of the forest territory,as well as to develop appropriatemanagement strategies for cultural,environmental, and social factors.

2 Cultural values should be classified, mappedand listed in inventories and systematically

assessed by current monitoring processes offorest resources, both for material (e.g.landscape patterns, buildings, woodstructures etc.) and immaterial elements (traditions, religious ceremonies, etc. )

3 There should be periodic evaluation of forestmanagement in relation to cultural values.

4 Forest management plans should alwaysminimize the risk of degradation and damageof cultural values, not only at a site level wherethey may have special importance, but alsoat a broader landscape level.

5 Forest management plans should assess thesignificance, integrity, and vulnerability ofcultural values periodically.

3.2 Strategies and Actions in RuralDevelopment Plans and atOperationial Local Levels (RDP)

As suggested by the Pan-European OperationalLevel Guidelines for Sustainable Forest Management(adopted by MCPFE since 1998) and in the ViennaResolution 3, an important opportunity to promoteSFM and particularly the conservation of culturalvalues is represented by the National RuralDevelopment Plans. Rural Development Plans (RDP)are also important because many EU countries haveno National Forest Plan, but do have an RDP.Therefore, in some cases policies concerning forestterritories are promoted through RDP rather than NFP.The potential value of RDPs in this context is alsobecause governments and regions are not placinglimitations on private activities, but rather promotingprocesses, through the system of economic incentives,in which the advantages of conservation outweighthe benefits associated with degradation. This isparticularly important for the EU CommonAgricultural Policy , characterised by agri-environment and forest-environment measures, thisis alongside payments to farmers for constraintsimposed by the NATURA 2000 network of protectedareas. Strategies and actions proposed in this sectionare based on strategies and actions that can be usedin the development of national environmental, forestry,and agricultural policies.

Strategies and actions proposed in this section areessential in order to translate national targets for theprotection and implementation of cultural values intoeffective actions at the local level. They are important


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in order to ensure that opportunities for implemen-tation, preservation and enhancement of culturalvalues are promoted, understood and rooted in policiesand decisions at the local level. In general strategiesand actions helps to:

1 Identify targets important to specific areasthat will better reflect the values of localpeople

2 Stimulate effective local partnerships toensure programmes for the conservation ofcultural values are developed and maintainedin the long term

3 Raise awareness of the need for imple-mentation, preservation and enhancement ofcultural values in the local context

4 Provide a basis for monitoring and evaluatinglocal activities for both national and local level

There is also a significant scope for related actionsat local levels of (self-) government, and, in particu-lar, through the operational planning by private landmanagers (at corporate and individual levels) usingthe High Conservation Value (HCV) concept. Thisconcept was originally devised in the context of for-est certification, but has now been extended into aflexible toolkit to apply to all kinds of ecosystems andhabitats for a variety of uses, including land-use plan-ning, conservation advocacy, and design of respon-sible purchasing and investment policies. The con-cept of HCV areas specifically includes “areas criti-cal to local communities’ traditional cultural identity(areas of cultural, ecological, economic or religioussignificance identified in cooperation with such localcommunities)”.

3.2.1 Strategy 1 – Diversification of LocalEconomy and ImprovingCompetitiveness

It is widely believed that traditional managementpractices based on cultural values can add value tothe resources and services derived from particularlandscapes such practices are applied on. This is moreimportant for less productive areas whereenvironmental and market conditions can restrict thefully mechanised timber production. In such territoriesmeasures should be taken to preserve and use culturalheritage for the maximization of the economiccapacity of the forest and woodland resources. It

widely accepted that the market value of wood andnon-wood forest products, as well as other non-marketbenefits such as tourism, recreation and sport activitiescan be increased by the added value that is associatedwith the cultural landscape from which they arederived. This is a crucial factor for increasingcompetition of traditional local products at nationaland international level. Landscape resourcesrepresent a unique factor of competitiveness for eachcountry or region that cannot be reproduced by acompetitor in another country. The market value oftimber or non timber products produced in a specificcultural landscape can be increased if the producerappears to care for the conservation of the culturalidentity of that landscape. Furthermore, forestry andits food sector have great potential to further develophigh quality and value added products that meet thediverse and growing demand of Europe’s consumersand world markets. There is also the hope to promotenew jobs and open new sectors for foresters,developing the management and conservation ofcultural landscapes, as well as services and activitiesrelated to the promotion of historical and culturalheritage.

General Guidelines

Any development initiative should take account ofthe cultural identity of the places they affect. This isin order to prevent any possible damaging effects ofactions. Moreover, any new legislation should be maderelevant to the cultural context that is going to beapplied in order to mitigate negative effects of pastand present policies applied to EU countries. Policiesshould pursuit the preservation of cultural valueswhere they still exist and promote their restorationwherever possible as a way of supporting theeconomic prospective or marginal rural areas.

3.2.1.1 Actions

Actions in local level associate with strategy 1, shouldaim to successfully demonstrate the connectionbetween competitiveness of local economy andcultural values associate with forests and forestry andprovide measures that will improve the use oftraditional production. These should:

1 Favour the role of forest-related culturalvalues for the competitiveness of the forestterritory and make obvious the link between


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traditional local products and tourism, tocultural landscapes by using marketingpromotion techniques. (V3, para 9)

2 Establish advisory services supporting andinforming owners on effective conservationand on the valorisation of cultural values. (V3,para 7)

3 Promote “good practice” for the conservationof cultural values and cultural landscapes(V3, para 7).

4 Support entrepreneurs’ activities that promotethe conservation of cultural forestry or agro-sylvo-pastoral production systems.(V3, para 8)

5 Support cooperation between primary andsecondary producer by applying measuresthat encourage secondary producers to usetraditional products and traditional knowledgein their economic activities (V3, para 8)

6 Subsidise the restoration and conservationof structures having historical importance thatare related to traditional management andproduction in forest and agriculture (buildings,structures for forest utilisation, machinery,tools, and other material evidence), suitablefor inclusion into present forestry and farmingeconomic activities (V3, para 10).

7 Support the use of traditional wood and non-wood products in agriculture and otherindustries, where possible, by compensatingany additional cost derived from the use ofsuch products in place of other moderntechnologies (V3, para 8)

3.2.2 Strategies 2 – Improving theLandscape and the Countryside

The long relationship between human and natureactivity has produced distinguishable landscapes fortheir biological diversity, ecological functions but alsotheir aesthetic qualities. These landscapes have beenshaped as such due to cultural differentiation betweensocieties. There should be strategies that will aim toacknowledge the positive role of these societies inshaping the forest environment and improving thequality of such landscapes. They should promote theconservation of different cultural landscape patternsthat reflect the identity of the different Europeanforest regions, their different historical managementpractices and the biodiversity related to them. Theseinclude traditional forest management practices, the

traditional uses of plants and trees, as well as timberand non-timber products. Strategies in local levelshould aim the evaluation of benefits of the culturallandscape and give priority for conservation to thedistinguishing patterns of the landscape that maintainthese benefits. By adopting this strategy not only thequality of the forested and wooded landscape will bemaintained and enhanced but also aesthetic andspiritual values often assigned to their structuraldiversity will be sustained. Strategies should try tocounter-balance not only the high rate of abandonmentof traditional practices, but also the consequences ofinappropriate policies favouring abandonment, thedisappearance of traditional knowledge and theglobalisation of landscapes.

General Guidelines

Initiative in local level should take into considerationthat different and distinctive patterns on the landscapesustain biological diversity and function in differentways, therefore providing diverse benefits. Policy rec-ommendation should be site specific in order to avoidany damaging effect on these benefits of inappropri-ate management. Moreover, any initiative should bemade relevant to the distinctive character of the land-scape in order to mitigate negative effects of pastpolicies. Policies should protect cultural values thatenhance forests and woodlands ecosystem diversityas it is this diversity that contributes to higher aes-thetic, spiritual and cultural values of these land-scapes.

3.2.2.1 Actions

Actions should aim to carry out comprehensiveresearch in determining the economic, social andenvironmental benefits of different forest andwoodland landscape patterns. These measures shouldalso work on to protect the specific patterns of theforest and woodland landscapes as they are connectedwith aesthetic, spiritual and cultural values of theselandscapes. Possible actions need to be evaluated inthe context of local history and culture taking intoaccount that the protection and management ofcultural landscapes and cultural values may or maynot overlap with other objectives, such as nature, soil,or wildlife conservation. These should include:

1 Promotion of interdisciplinary studies for theidentification, inventory, and documentation


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of local cultural heritage related to forestryand woodland landscapes in order to developlocal ‘state of knowledge’ reports that wouldappraise local landscapes and their culturalresources (V3, para 6) (V3, para 10) (V3para 11).

2 Restoration and management of traditionalforest and woodland landscape patterns, aswell as their extension, density, structure andspecies composition, with specific attentionto those threatened by the abandonment oftraditional management practices (V3, para 9).

3 Restoration and management of sites havingspecific historical, cultural, or spiritualsignificance (V3, para 9).

4 Conservation of disappearing traditionalforest management practices at woodlandlevel (e.g. selective coppice, coppice withstandards, wooded pastures, pastured woods,shrub-lands etc) (V3, para 7).

5 Restoration of practices at single tree levelin order to protect and maintain the shapesand ecology of individual trees that have beencreated by the application of traditionalknowledge (pollarding, shredding, etc.). (V3,para 9).

6 Restoration and conservation of artefactshaving historical importance (e.g. not onlytools or machinery, but even systems andstructures for logging, transportation, historicalwatershed management systems, charcoalmaking techniques, tar production, etc ) (V3, para 8)

7 Protection of veteran trees (especially thoseresulting from human influence known as‘working trees’) both in forests and thecountryside (V3, para 9).

8 Maintenance and plantation of trees outsidethe forest such as trees in mixed cultivationor by field margins in the form of hedges, ortree rows etc. according to the localtraditional landscapes (V3, para 9).

9 Restoration and management of landscapepatents resulted from old agro-sylvo-pastoralsystems such as wood pastures, or pasturedwoods, and the traditional practices throughwhich they are maintained (V3, para 9).

3.2.3 Strategy 3 – Improving Quality of Lifein Rural Areas

The conservation and development of cultural valuesshould play an important role for the attractivenessof forest and woodland landscapes for both, visitorsand local populations. The appreciation of rural areasis related not just to intrinsic environmental qualities(e.g. air, soil, vegetation etc.) but also to perceptionsabout the identity of a place given by the quality of itslandscape. The sense of identity of a place is createdby economic, social and cultural aspects, through timeand space and it is made up by meanings oftenassigned on specific landscapes features. Thepreservation of such features contributes towardshigher quality of life for local populations throughmaterial and immaterial means. These featuresimprove people’s lives and make them happy byfulfilling their recreational, emotional and spiritualneeds, and their sense of identity while they contributeto local economy by enhancing the aesthetic andspiritual qualities of the area and attracting visitors.Therefore, strategies should be developed that willpromote activities to link the conservation andpromotion of cultural values to forest and woodlandfeatures important for the well being of localpopulation and visitors. In this respect the recoveryand conservation of traditional knowledge can playan important role for the valorisation of cultural forestheritage. Strategies in local level should supportresearch for the uncovering wherever it is possible,of such knowledge. This is a important task astraditional knowledge has been rarely formalized intothe official language of forestry therefore has in manycases been lost.

General Guidelines

Strategies should be developed to put in placeregulations in local level that will aim the valorisationof cultural values and the avoidance of activities aliento the cultural identity of the place. It is important todevelop integrated strategies that will engage public,forest and woodland owners and local administrationsfor the recovery, preservation and maintenance ofthose landscape elements that contribute towardsimproving quality of life in rural areas. Thesestrategies should include educational programmes inorder to ensure continuation of traditions in futuregenerations.


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3.2.3.1 Actions

Actions in local level associate with strategy 3, shouldaim to support local traditions associated with forestand woodland landscapes and disseminate them withinwider environments. Also they should promoteregulations that will ensure the vitality, goodmanagement and continuation of such traditions. Theyshould include:

1 Development of information centresconcerning the promotion of local culturalforest heritage (V3, para 6)

2 Support for land and forest owners topromote products and services from theirprivate woods and forest linked to culturalvalues that are important for the populationand/or visitors to the area (V3, para 8)

3 Support for marketing of cultural heritage(V3, para 8).

4 Support to recreational and cultural initiativesaimed to inform on local cultural heritage (e.g.museums, events, tours) (V3, para 8).

5 Restoration and maintenance of sites,infrastructures and services essential to theenhancement of the cultural identity andquality of life of local population (V3, para7).

6 Creation and support of training courses forforesters, administrators and the public on theconservation and management of culturalheritage (V3, para 6).

4. Outlook - AdditionalPan-EuropeanIndicators

According to the task assigned to the expert groupby IUFRO possible indicators on social and culturalaspects have been considered and proposed. This iswith the aim of introducing tools to measure andevaluate the conditions and trends related to theconservation of cultural heritage. As noted by severalscientists attending a discussion session on theimplementation of the Vienna resolution during theFlorence Conference in 2006, it is evident that the

problems related to the issue of cultural factors areboth significant and important to merit the creation ofa completely new criterion. However, consideringthese guidelines as a first step for the implementationsof cultural factors in SFM, we are proposing anumber of indicators (that will need to be specifiedin terms of how they will be measured), developedaccording to three main categories often used in theconservation of cultural and natural heritage :

1 Significance2 Integrity3 Vulnerability

The indicators listed in each category are interlinkedand can be used in combination. The same indicator(e.g., single land uses) can be described or measuredin terms of significance, integrity and vulnerability.

4.1 Significance

This term is applied to sites or landscapes expressingimportant values represented by a number of qualitiesthat can be described by several indicators. Sig-nificance can be represented by a testimony to acultural tradition or civilization either living or nowlost; perhaps a type of building, architectural ortechnological ensemble, or landscape, an example ofa traditional human settlement. It can be directly ortangibly associated with events or living traditions,with ideas, or with beliefs, with artistic and literaryworks, representative of a culture (or cultures),especially when under threat.

1 Landscape patternsCultural landscapes are highly significant forlocal and national cultural heritage. They arecharacterised by specific features of theirmatrix, in terms of vertical and spatialdiversity, ranging from dense forest cover, topastures or fields with trees. Changes inducedin the historical structure of the matrix maydegrade their significance. This indicator isparticularly important also because itaddresses biodiversity at landscape level; afeature rarely monitored but highly vulnerablein the context of the current rapid changes inrural areas. Landscape pattern is an indicatoralready existing in Criterion 4 of MCPFEImproved Pan-European Indicators of SFM.


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2 Single historic land usesSingle land uses due historical traditionalpractices (e.g. charcoal burning, pasturage,acorn production etc) can be considerablyimportant for the local history. Entirelandscape patterns may not be existing anymore , due to changes occurred in thesocioeconomic or natural conditions of aregion , but single land uses can surviveaccording to specific activities still occurring.

3 Material and evidencesThis indicator is suited to assess thesignificance of buildings or structuresassociated with forestry or forest operations(e.g. utilisation, transportation, woodworkingetc)

4 Documentary evidenceHistorical written or printed documentsrelated to forests and forestry.

5 Bio-cultural evidenceVeteran trees and culturally modified treesfor the production of acorns, fodder (e.g.pollard trees), tar, resins, or other products,as well as hedges, tree avenues etc.significant for local history.

6 Cultural traditionsThis refers to immaterial factors, such asevents, ceremonies, place names,representative of ethnic groups or localcommunities

7 Traditional knowledgeTraditional knowledge associated to the useof trees, herbs, woods, nuts, saps; forestutilization practices, hunting techniques,management practices etc

8 Social perceptionThe perception of historical, aesthetic andspiritual qualities created by economic, socialand cultural aspects, through time and space,is essential of the cultural identity of a place.

4.2 Integrity

Integrity measures the state of protection andmanagement of a cultural landscape, a monument, ora tradition. A landscape still showing all itsfunctionalities, at historical, environmental, and sociallevels, satisfies the requirements concerning theconservation of integrity. In order to maintain integrityit is necessary to maintain the elements necessary to

express significance, and to monitor and assess thefactors negatively affecting significance. This conceptcan be applied to material factors, such asarchitectural elements or landscapes, but even toimmaterial factors such as ceremonies or traditions.

1 Extension of cultural landscapesThe integrity of a landscape is related also tothe conservation of an appropriate extensionof territory suited to maintain the elementsneeded to express significance

2 Integrity of landscape patternsThe integrity of a landscape is related to theconservation of the historical features of itsmatrix. This can be characterized, amongother qualities, by very fragmented patternsas those linked to many traditional agro-forestry systems, or by dense, homogeneousforest covers, as well as by mixed conditions.

3 Integrity of single historic land usesThe integrity of single historical land uses islinked to degree of conservation of all theirfeatures (e.g. number, species, and health oftrees in a wood pasture, etc)

4 Integrity of material evidencesState of conservation of buildings orstructures associated with forestry or forestoperations (e.g. utilisation, transportation,woodworking, etc)

5 Integrity of documentaryevidencesState of conservation of historical archives,collections or single printed and/or writtendocuments.

6 Integrity of bio-cultural evidenceState of conservation and vitality of veterantrees, culturally modified trees, hedges, treeavenues in order to express integrity

7 Integrity of cultural traditionsState of conservation of immaterial factorssuch as traditions concerning events,ceremonies, place names etc

8 Traditional knowledgeState of conservation of traditional knowledgeassociated to the use of trees, herbs, woods,nuts, saps; forest utilization practices, huntingtechniques, management practices etc

9 Social perceptionDegree of conservation of the perception ofhistorical, aesthetic and spiritual qualities


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created by economic, social and culturalaspects, through time and space.

4.3 Vulnerability

Vulnerability represents the fragility of cultural factorsdue to the features of processes affecting significanceand integrity. Vulnerability measure also resistanceto change. Some landscapes are very vulnerable toabandonment, their features degrading in a relativelyshort time (e.g.. young coppice, shrub-lands, chestnutorchards etc), whilst others are less affected by thesuspension of traditional practices and more resistantto changes (e.g. high stand of beech or fir). In thesame way also immaterial factors such as traditions,ceremonies, or local knowledge can be more-or-lessaffected by changing socioeconomic conditions.Therefore, it is important to asses the different degreeof vulnerability of each item representing significance,but also the factors that can be interpreted as potentialdangers.

A- Vulnerability of the elements representing significance

1 Vulnerability of landscape patternsLandscape patterns show fragilities anddifferent degrees of potential degradation,according to their features and qualities ofthreats such as abandonment, climate change,socioeconomic development etc.

2 Vulnerability of single historic landusesFragility and potential degradation of singleland uses according to their features andqualities of threats.

3 Vulnerability of material elementsFragility of buildings or structures associatedwith forestry or forest operations (e.g.utilizations, transportation, woodworking etc),trends of loss of knowledge of the existenceof material proofs referring to the past (i.e.:ownership deeds of woodlands, historicstatutes regulating forest management, etc.)

4 Vulnerability of documentaryevidencesFragility of collections, archives or singledocuments related to printed or writtenevidences.

5 Vulnerability of bio-culturalevidencesFragility of veteran trees, culturally modifiedtrees, hedges, tree rows etc.

6 Vulnerability of cultural traditionsIntrinsic fragility of immaterial factors suchas events, ceremonies, place names etc

B - Factors affecting vulnerability

1 Forest activitiesVulnerability due to forest activities presentinga potential or direct danger for cultural factors(e.g. afforestations, inappropriate silviculturalmethods, forest utilisation etc)

2 Agricultural activitiesRisk due to farming activities presenting areal or potential risk for cultural values (e.g.extension of industrial cultivation on forest-land)

3 Industrial activitiesRisk due to industrial activities directly orindirectly affecting cultural values (e.g.industries polluting forest areas, or modifyingthe features of the forest according to marketrequests, as in the case of the spread ofconifers for construction timber)

4 Urban developmentRisk due to factors and process directlylinked to expansion of urban areas orinfrastructure, as well as planning activitiesnegatively affecting the historical features offorest landscapes, architectural elements(singles houses, villages ), sites etc

5 DemographyRisk due to demographic factors presentingan actual or potential risk for cultural values(e.g. landscape patterns very fragile toabandonment )

6 Climate changesRisk due to the effect of possible climatechanges negatively affecting cultural factors


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Strategies in National Forest Programmes

Par. 5 - Set up the rules for the definition of cultural values and their associatedmanagement practices across the country

- Recognition of cultural values as essential elements of the diversity and richness ofnational cultural heritage

- Identify the requirements and provide the legislation for the incorporation of culturalvalues into local plans for forest and woodland management

- Set up procedures for the participation of different stakeholders ( forest owners,public, local and regional authorities etc.) to the implementation of policies oncultural values in forest ecosystems

- Inclusion of cultural values in forest planning and management- Provide mechanisms for revision of relevant policies for the dynamic incorporation

of cultural values and the maximization of their benefits (e.g. rural developmentplans)

Par. 6 - Promote cultural values by including them in educational programmes anddevelopment of training courses on conservation and management of culturalvalues in forestry

- Provide a conduit for the transmission of information to and from the national,regional and local levels

Par. 7 - Implementation of policies aimed at the protection and valorisation of culturalvalues related to environmental asset

Par. 11 - Promotion of research on forest history and forest related cultural values

Actions in National Forest Programmes (NFP)

Par. 5 - Identify cultural values in the territory defining their significance, integrity, andvulnerability

- Monitor the process of transformation- Manage such process- Define criteria and indicators for their management- Define planning tools and management techniques

Par. 8 - Ensure research development in order to increase knowledge and gather evidenceso that to limit actual and potential negative impacts on cultural heritage

Par. 9 - Define planning tools and management techniques

5. Table Summarizing Proposed Actions for theImplementation of Vienna Resolution 3 andRelated Paragraphs


16

Par. 10 - Manage the process of data collections and collation

Par. 11 - Ensure research development in order to increase knowledge and gather evidenceso that to limit actual and potential negative impacts on cultural heritage

Strategies and Actions in Rural Development Plans (RDP)

Par. 6 - Promotion of interdisciplinary studies for the identification, inventory, anddocumentation of local cultural heritage related to forestry and woodlandlandscapes. This also in order to develop local ‘state of knowledge’ reports thatwould appraise local landscapes and their cultural resources.

- Development of information centres concerning the promotion of local culturalforest heritage.

- Create and support training courses for foresters, administrators and the public onthe conservation and management of cultural heritage

Par.7 - Establish advisory services supporting and informing owners on effectiveconservation and on the valorisation of cultural values.

- Promote “good practice” for the conservation of cultural values and culturallandscapes

- Conservation and management of endangered traditional forest managementpractices at woodland level (e.g. selective coppice, coppice with standards, woodedpastures, pastured woods, shrub-lands etc)

- Restoration and maintenance of sites and infrastructures essential to theenhancement of the cultural identity of local population

Par.8 - Support entrepreneurs’ activities that promote the conservation of cultural forestryor agro-sylvo-pastoral production systems.

- Support cooperation between primary and secondary producer by applyingmeasures that encourage secondary producers to use traditional products andtraditional knowledge in their economic activities

- Support the use of traditional wood and non-wood products in agriculture and otherindustries by compensating any additional cost derived from the use of suchproducts in place of other modern technologies.

- Conservation of traditional artefacts having historical importance (e.g. not onlytools or machinery, but even systems and structures for logging, transportation,historical watershed management systems, charcoal making techniques, tarproduction etc.

- Support land and forest owners to promote products and services from their privatewoods and forest that linked to cultural values and are important for the populationand/or visitors of the area.

- Support to marketing of cultural heritage. Support to recreational and culturalinitiatives aimed to inform on local cultural heritage (e.g. museums, events, tours)

Par.9 - Favour the role of forest-related cultural values for the competitiveness of theforest territory and make obvious the link between traditional local products andtourism, to cultural landscapes by using marketing promotion techniques.


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- Restoration and management of traditional forest and woodland landscape patterns,as well as their extension, density, structure and species composition, with specificattention to those threatened by the abandonment of traditional managementpractices

- Restoration and management of sites having specific historical, cultural, or spiritualsignificance.

- Restoration of practices at single tree level in order to protect and maintain theshapes and ecology of individual trees that have been created by the application oftraditional knowledge (coppicing, pollarding, shredding, etc.

- Protection of veteran trees (especially those resulting from human influence knownas ‘working trees’) both in forests and the countryside.

- Maintenance and plantation of trees outside the forest such as trees in mixedcultivation or by field margins in the form of hedges, or tree rows etc. according tothe local traditional landscapes.

- Restoration and management of landscape patterns resulted from old agro-sylvo-pastoral systems such as wood pastures, or pastured woods, and the traditionalpractices through which they are maintained

Par.10 - Subsidise the restoration and conservation of structures having historicalimportance that are related to traditional management and production in forest andagriculture (buildings, structures for forest utilisation, machinery, tools, and othermaterial evidence) in forestry and farming

Par.11 - Promotion of interdisciplinary studies for the identification, inventory, anddocumentation of local cultural heritage related to forestry and woodlandlandscapes. This also in order to develop local ‘state of knowledge’ reports thatwould appraise local landscapes and their cultural resources.

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7. AuthorsProf. Mauro Agnoletti (Coordinator)Department of Environmental Forestry Science andTechnologyFaculty of AgricultureUniversità di Firenze – Firenze – [email protected]

Dr. Steven AndersonPresidentForest History Society701 Vickers AvenueDurham – North Carolina - [email protected]

Dr. Elisabeth JohannAustrian Forest AssociationOberdorlf 99173 St. Margareten, [email protected]

Dr. Rudiger KleinDep. Head HumanitiesEUROCORES Programme CoordinatorEuropean Science Foundation (ESF)67080 Strasbourg (France)[email protected]

Prof. Mart KulvikEstonian University of Life SciencesKreutzwaldi 6451014 – Tartu, [email protected]

Dr. Andrey V. Kushlin,Senior Forestry Specialist, ECSSDThe World Bank, Mail Stop H-5-5031818 H St., NW, Washington, DC 20433, [email protected]

Dr. Peter MayerExecutive DirectorInternational Union of Forest ResearchOrganizationsHauptstrasse 7, MariabrunnA – 1140 [email protected]

Prof. Cristina Montiel MolinaUniversidad Complutense de MadridFacultad de Geografía e HistoriaDepartamento de Análisis Geográfico Regional yGeografía Fí[email protected]

Dr. John ParrottaResearch Program LeaderU.S. Forest Service, Research & Development1601 North Kent StreetArlington, VA [email protected]

Dr. Pekka PatosaariDirectorUnited Nations Forum on Forest SecretariatOne United Nations Plaza – New [email protected]

Dr. Ian D. RotherhamTourism and Environmental Change Research Unit,Sheffield Hallam University,Pond Street, Sheffield, S1 1WB, [email protected]

Dr Eirini SaratsiResearch FellowCentre for Rural Policy ResearchUniversity of ExeterAmory Building, Room 326Exeter, EX4 4RJ [email protected]

Collaborating Institutions:

IUFRO, Research Unit, Forest and WoodlandHistory, 6.07.00, (www.iufro.org)Coordinator , Prof. Mauro Agnoletti

IUFRO, Task Force on Traditional ForestKnowldege, (www.iufro.org)Coordinator: Dr. John Parrotta


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European Environmental History Society(www.eseh.org)

General Secretariat of the Council of EuropeEuropean Landscape ConventionCouncil of EuropeStrasbourg – Francewww.coe.int/EuropeanLandscapeConvention

Groupe D’Histoire Des Forêts Françaises(www.ghff.ens.fr)

Research Group, History and Archaeology ofForest LandscapeItalian Society for Silviculture and Forest Ecology(www.sisef.org)

UNESCO, World Heritage Centre7, Place de FontenoyParis , Francehttp://Whc.unesco.org

United Nations Forum on Forest Secretariat

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Publications Available from IUFROIUFRO World Series: ISSN1016-3262

IUFRO World Series No. 1 Vocabulary of Forest ManagementIUFRO World Series No. 2 Forest Decimal Classification, Trilingual Short VersionIUFRO World Series No. 3 Forstliche Dezimal-KlassifikationIUFRO World Series No. 4 Long-term Implications of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Forest EcosystemsIUFRO World Series No. 5 IUFRO International Guidelines for Forest MonitoringIUFRO World Series No. 6 Perspectives of Forest Genetics and Tree Breeding in a Changing WorldIUFRO World Series No. 7 Developments in Forest and Environmental Law Influencing Natural Resource

Management and Forestry Practices in the United States of America and CanadaIUFRO World Series No. 8 IUFRO Guidelines for Designing Multipurpose Resource Inventories:

A Project of IUFRO Research Group 4.02.02.IUFRO World Series No. 9 - de Terminologie der Forsteinrichtung. Entsprechungen in Englisch, Französisch, Spanisch,

Italienisch, Portugiesisch, Ungarisch und Japanisch, IUFRO 4.04.07 and SilvaVocIUFRO World Series No.9 - es Terminología de ordenación forestal. Términos y definiciones en español.

Equivalencias en alemán, inglés, francés, italiano, portugés, húngaro y japonés.IUFRO 4.04.07 SilvaPlan y el proyecto de terminología de IUFRO SilvaVoc.

IUFRO World Series Vol. 9 - jp Terminology of Forest Management Planning - in JapaneseIUFRO World Series Vol. 9 - en Terminology of Forest Management Planning - in EnglishIUFRO World Series Vol. 9 - ch Terminology of Forest Management Planning - in ChineseIUFRO World Series Vol. 9 - fr Terminology of Forest Management Planning - in FrenchIUFRO World Series Vol. 10 Forging a New Framework for Sustainable Forestry:

Recent Developments in European Forest LawIUFRO World Series Vol. 11 Protection of World Forests from Insect Pests:

Advances in ResearchIUFRO World Series Vol. 12 Modelización del Crecimiento y la Evolución de BosquesIUFRO World Series Vol. 13 Medición y Monitoreo de la Captura de Carbono en Ecosistemas Forestales.

Available only on-line in Spanish.IUFRO World Series Vol. 14 Forestry Serving Urbanised SocietiesIUFRO World Series Vol. 15 Meeting the Challenge: Silvicultural Research in a Changing WorldIUFRO World Series Vol. 16 La Contribución del Derecho Forestal – Ambiental al Desarrollo Sustentable

en América LatinaIUFRO World Series Vol. 17 Forests in the Global Balance – Changing ParadigmsIUFRO World Series Vol. 18 Information Technology and the Forest SectorIUFRO World Series Vol. 19 Global Forest Decimal Classification (GFDC)IUFRO World Series Vol. 20-I Keep Asia Green Volume I “Souteast Asia”

IUFRO Research Series: CABI Publishing

IUFRO Research Series, No. 1 Forest Dynamics in Heavily Polluted Regions, Report No. 1 of the IUFRO Task Forceon Environmental Change. ISBN 0 85199 376 1

IUFRO Research Series, No. 2 Forest History: International Studies on Socioeconomic andForest Ecosystem Change. ISBN: 0851994199

IUFRO Research Series, No. 3 Methods and Approaches in Forest History. ISBN: 0851994202IUFRO Research Series, No. 4 Air Pollution and the Forests of Developing and Rapidly Industrialising Countries.

ISBN: 0851994814IUFRO Research Series, No. 5 Forests in Sustainable Mountain Development. ISBN: 0851994466IUFRO Research Series, No. 6 Forests and Landscapes: Linking Ecology, Sustainability and Aesthetics.

ISBN: 0851995004IUFRO Research Series, No. 7 Criteria and Indicators for Sustainable Forest Management. ISBN: 0851993923IUFRO Research Series, No. 8 The Impact of Carbon Dioxide and Other Greenhouse Gases on Forest Ecosystems.

ISBN: 0851995519IUFRO Research Series, No. 9 Environmental Change and Geomorphic Hazards in Forests. ISBN: 0851995985IUFRO Research Series, No. 10 Forest Biodiversity – Lessons from History for Conservation. ISBN: 085199802xIUFRO Research Series, No. 11 Forestry and Environmental Change: Socioeconomic and Political Dimensions.

ISBN 0 85199 002 9For ordering and price information, please visit the IUFRO website at www.iufro.org .

Our Missionis to promote the coordination of and the internationalcooperation in scientific studies embracing the wholefield of research related to forests and trees for the well-being of forests and the people that depend on them.

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