guide to sustainia - mandag morgenthe guide to sustainia introduces you to the world of sustainia....
TRANSCRIPT
Guideto
SuStainia
explorinG the SuStainable Society of tomorrow
2nd edition
SUSTAINIA
Guideto
SuStainia
explorinG the SuStainable Society of tomorrow
2nd edition
HEALTH
The people behind 'Guide to Sustainia':
Sustainia Founding Partners
Realdania, DNV, Novo Nordisk, DONG Energy and
Monday Morning
Sustainia Knowledge Partners
Microsoft, Philips Lighting, VELUX, General Electric, Vestas, Tetra Pak, UBS Investment Bank,
Rambøll, IKEA, SAS, Cisco, Gehl Architects
Executive Director, Sustainia
& Editor of 'Guide to Sustainia'
Laura Storm
Project Manager of 'Guide to Sustainia'
Jakob Anker Hansen
Lead Writers
Laura Storm (Welcome to Sustainia, Cities & Homes), Jakob Anker Hansen (Health), Justin
Gerdes (Transportation), Morten Jastrup (Energy & Homes), Jakob Riiskjær (Energy), Solvej
Karlshøj Christiansen (Fashion), Jonas Eder-Hansen (Fashion), Summer Rayne Oakes (Fashion)
Proofread
Justin Gerdes
Design of 2nd edition
Lisa Haglund & Tine Vognsen
Acknowledgement
Claire Hamer (ASOS), Christian Smith (ASOS), Aaron Bolte (Future Fashion Guides), Marie
Engberg (Future Fabrics), Mark Bannister (Echo Sourcing), Gauden Galea (WHO/Europe), Andy
Haines (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine), Bjarne Bruun Jensen (Steno Dia-
betes Center), Christina Warren Schnohr (University of Copenhagen), Buvana Chinnaswamy
(Novo Nordisk), Ray Pinto (Microsoft), Charles Nielsen (DONG Energy)
The secretariat of Sustainia
Monday Morning
Valkendorfsgade 13, P.O. Box 1127
DK-1009 Copenhagen K
Phone: +45 33939323
Email: [email protected]
www.sustainia.me
www.facebook.com/sustainia
Printed in Denmark 2013
Sustainia is initiated by Monday Morning, Scandinavias largest
independent think tank and monthly magazine. 541 Printedmatter 4
57
SUSTAINIA
BUILDING THE WORLD OF TOMORROW
SUSTAINIA
4 5
fashion188-221198 Before sustainia
200 fashion in sustainia
201 how-to guides for the industry, the retailer etc.
212 What are women wearing?
216 What are men wearing?
BiBliography222-229
TransporTaTion136-155140 shadow three sustainians on
their daily commutes
142 getting around is easy in sustainia
146 smart transport makes urban living easy in sustainia
150 rural living and trade are simple and efficient in sustainia
Guide to SuStainia
hEalTh156-187160 four exhibits from the
unhealthy society
165 sustainia: a healthy new beginning
166 Visiting healthy sustainia
170 The healthy Town
178 health promotion in sustainia
182 patient care in sustainia
hoMEs76-10582 your home is not only good for you
86 Visiting a home in sustainia
88 home improvements – The sustainian way
96 four inspirational cases for sustainable buildings
Contents
EnErgy 106-135110 powered by nature
112 The energy system of sustainia – a smart energy system is like pieces in a puzzle
114 introducing the pieces on sustainia island
116 The eight pieces of the puzzle
133 putting the pieces together
CiTiEs48-7555 giving cities a
make-over
58 smart and efficient cities
60 new eco-cities = incubators for creative innovation
66 Cities built for people – by people
sUstAInIA
WElCoME To sUsTainia8-4712 Why go to sustainia?
17 Who is behind the vision of sustainia?
34 The routes we can take to sustainia
40 The language of sustainia
forEWorD6-7
6 7
We look forward to taking you on a tour of Sustainia, to presenting you with the arguments for and the ben-efits of a more sustainable tomorrow, and empowering you to decide on a path for your future.
Hopefully you come away inspired. Curious. And intrigued.
If so, do join us and our community on the road to Sustainia.
Laura StormExecutive Director, SUSTAINIA
"If you want to buIld a shIp, don't drum up people to collect wood and don't assIgn them tasks and work, but rather teach them to long for the endless ImmensIty of the sea."
antoine de saint Exupéry
Sustainia is about making what may seem impossible a reality.
We know climate change is real; it threatens the health of the planet and the people who share it. We know nat-ural resources are scarce. We know we are on an unsustainable path. But we often act like we have no alter-native. Sustainia aims to change this false perception.
Innovative businesses, cities, and de-velopers are already assembling the nuts, bolts, and designs of a more sus-tainable future. Sustainia compiles real initiatives and real technologies from around the world into an entire-ly attainable blueprint for a sustain-able tomorrow.
Let’s tell people about this. Empower them to demand a sustainable life-style.
The Guide to Sustainia introduces you to the world of Sustainia. On the pag-es to follow, we explain how sustain-able societies will unfold. We take you on a tour of our homes and cities. We show you how we get around, how we dress, and where our energy comes from. We show you that a sustainable society is not futuristic science fiction or out of reach – it is possible.
Such is the purpose of this book: Painting a fact-based, realistic picture of a desirable future.
In this 2nd edition, we have added new elements and improved others. We added chapters on health and fashion, as we believe sustainability is also about your health and well-being and the clothes you wear. But we don’t intend to stop there. We plan to add chapters on more key elements and sectors of a sustainable society in the coming years.
Foreword
InspIre people to dAre dreAm AboUt A better FUtUre
8 9
welCome to
sUstAInIA
10 11
sustaInIa Is a place where qualIty of lIfe matters. It’s a desIrable place. a place you would want to go, If you knew about It. once there, you would want to stay, make a lIfe for yourself and your famIly.
1 Copenhagen Climate Council & ClimatesWorks foundation. 2009. The business case for a strong global deal.2 an extensive body of studies explore roadmaps and blueprints towards 2020, 2030, and 2050, most linked to the Un negotiating process known as Cops (Conference of parties) aimed at agreeing on a global convention to prevent dangerous climate change, i.e. a 2 degree rise in global mean temperature above pre-industrial levels, through reducing emissions of greenhouse gasses. ipCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: synthesis report. McKinsey
but what we do believe is the power in inspiring others to see where we could go together. We want to put forward a vision that motivates and inspires people. A clear concept of what sustainable living means, communicated in a language most people can understand and relate to. We believe firmly in empowering people by opening their minds to the benefits of a sustainable society. If we make busi-ness leaders and civil society aware of the possibili-ties, they have the power to move society in a more sustainable direction.
A decade from now we will still face immense challenges, but by starting now we can mark the beginning of a systems transformation4. Sustainia is a step in that direction. It is a step towards the ultimate goal defined by the Brundtland Commis-sion on Sustainable Development in 19925: Letting future generations enjoy the same opportunities as we do today.
In Sustainia, we will drive cooler cars, live in smarter houses, and eat healthier food. Our cities
sUstAInIA
will be built for people, not cars. Our families will enjoy cleaner air and wa-ter. We will wear clothes that don’t cause allergic reactions nor poison our rivers and drinking water.
We look forward to showing you around.
& Company. 2007. in McKinsey Quarterly - a cost curve for green-house gas reduction. oECD/iEa. 2010. World Energy outlook 2010.3 see the back page of this publication for an overview of our partners4 green growth leaders/UC Berkeley: “shaping The green growth Economy,” 2011.5 The Un Commission on sustainable Develop-ment, 1992.
welCome to sUstAInIA
Sustainia is a destination. A desti-nation we could reach only 10 years from now if we wanted to live health-ier, wealthier, and more sustainable lives. Sustainia is not futuristic sci-ence fiction; it is a concrete and real-istic proposal on how we could live a better life 10 years from now. It is not tomorrow, but close. This could hap-pen now if we boldly implemented solutions already available1. Ten years is close enough for us to be able to forecast with a high degree of preci-sion. Thanks to years of scientific re-search, development, innovation, and exchange of ideas between companies and universities, we have a good idea of what is possible and what will help us create a sustainable and healthy society.
Sustainia is our vision of what a sustainable world would look like, and be like to live in. It is not Utopia or a distant dream. We base our vision and concept of Sustainia on facts, so-lutions, and ready and available tech-nologies2. We draw on a rich pool of authoritative sources that includes the world’s leading universities and most respected global institutions, organizations, and corporations3. To-gether, they provide a solid platform of research, know how, analysis, fore-casts, and experience.
in building the sustainia vision, we have shame-lessly reaped intelligence and analysis from a number of recent scenarios with a “sustainabil-ity” component. We would especially like to highlight:• international Energy agency: scenarios and
projections. • shell: “shell Energy scenarios to 2050” (2009)
and “signals & signposts” (2010).The shell scenario work over the last three decades.
• The intergovernmental panel on Climate Change’s “ipCC special report on Emissions scenarios” (2000), which suggested 40 sce-nario families, the so-called srEs-scenarios.
• national intelligence Center: “global Trends 2025: a Transformed World” (2008), niC pro-vides intelligence for the U.s. government.
• sprEaD sustainable lifestyles 2050.
This guide will take you on a journey to Sustainia. It is fascinating cities you wouldn’t want to leave. It is attractive homes where you would want to live. We will give you a clear and concrete insight into how Sustainians – our citizens – are getting around, how they live, the clothes they wear, and how their health has improved.
We don’t expect to live in a picture-perfect world in 10 years. We will still have a long way to go then,
12 13
Helle thorning-SchmidtPrime Minister of Denmark
”we need InItIatIves that go beyond polItIcs, thIs Is why sustaInIa Is one of the most Interest-Ing thIngs we have seen for years.”
why go to sUstAInIA?
The global rates of natural resource exploitation, resource consumption, and pollution today simply aren’t sus-tainable. Ever more people are being added on a planet that is warming6
(absent action, we’re heading towards a 6 degree Celsius temperature rise scenario7) and running out of critical natural resources. These are global challenges in a globalized world. The response has to be coordinated and collaborative. Environmental prob-lems are interconnected through a well-balanced and complex global ecosystem. If we alter one part, we risk impacting other parts – or tipping the balance altogether8.
And the effects follow specific time-bound trajectories9. Global emissions of CO2 must be reduced by at least 50-85 percent in 2050. If we don’t initiate a sustainable trajectory today, so that emissions peak no later than 2020, we will not be able to prevent runaway climate change10.
The full value of natural resources was, unfortunately, not generally re-
flected in the “old” economic model. The price of a product was based on the cost of human resources and materials, not the cost of pollution, waste, or natural resource depletion.
The good news is that we have the ability to change this scenario to a more promising one. We have the solutions, technologies, and innovations needed to become more sustainable. That is the vi-sion we share in the pages to follow.
We hope to inspire people and make them real-ize that a sustainable life is not one of scarcity and limitations. It can be a great life were we conserve resources, pollute much less, use clean energy from renewable sources, and think carefully about how we produce and consume.
We intend to make people excited about sustain-able living, to want a sustainable lifestyle for them-selves and their families. We believe the world has lacked a clear vision, like Sustainia, that illustrates the benefits of and provides arguments for sustain-able living in a way that is relevant to the consum-er, the investor, the teacher, the politician, and the business leader.
6 international Energy agency and World Bank. 7 international Energy agency.8 richardson, K. steffen, W. liver-mann, D. 2011. Climate Change: global risks, Challenges and Decisions. Cambridge University press.9 ipCC. 2007. Climate Change 2007: synthesis report. Contribu-tion of Working groups i, ii and iii to the fourth assessment report of the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change
10 intergovernmental panel on Climate Change, inter-national Energy agency & World Bank.
14 15
We BeLieVe CHanGe CoMeS WHen PeoPLe KnoW WHat eXCitinG PoSSiBiLitieS a SuStainaBLe FutuRe HoLdS.
why A need For sUstAInIA?
It is quite simple, really. A future that is appealing, engaging, and at-tractive, something you want to be a part of, has the power to promote change. Doomsday scenarios and pic-tures of melting icebergs can catch people’s attention for a moment but will never create the excitement and engagement necessary. These images create distance and are a barrier to action. For most people, the scientific data behind climate change and the actions they could take to create posi-tive change are too complex10.
We believe change comes when people know what exciting possibili-ties a sustainable future holds. They need a sense of how their everyday life could be improved by changing their routines and products to more sustainable ones. Soon, they realize there is such a thing as hedonistic sustainability. Sustainability is not about cold showers, shivering through winter, no cars, and no fun. Sustain-ability is about improving your qual-ity of life. People seem unaware of what sustainability means for them,
how their homes and cities could be better. People are confused. And due to the way media, scientists, and politicians have communicated about sustain-ability, we don’t blame them.
Sustainia is a positive and inspiring visualization of what sustainable living means: How will my life be better in a more sustainable world?
What would have happened if Martin Luther King Jr. had said, “I have a nightmare”? Probably not much. But that is what many have done. Travelled the world with PowerPoint slides about fires, des-erts, melting icebergs, and catastrophic floods. We have tried selling sustainable solutions by speaking to people’s fears or moral obligations. This has not created the change we need. People are not inspired, motivated, or engaged. Just the opposite.
With Sustainia, we seek to communicate in a more empowering and exciting way about sustain-able living, without discarding the urgency of the matter.
We need Sustainia because we need a clear, posi-tive, and well-argued notion of what sustainable liv-ing entails.
11 “Communicating the science of Climate Change,” somerville and hassol, physics Today, 2011.
16 17
who Is behInd the vIsIon oF sUstAInIA?
Behind Sustainia stands a group of experts, NGOs, foundations, com-panies, and communication experts. They have come together from differ-ent sectors, regions, and disciplines to develop a credible and tangible pic-ture of a sustainable future .
Our approach is shaped by long ex-perience in sustainability – and frus-tration with the pace of change.
We contend that in order for con-sumers, employees, and citizens to become agents of change at the speed and scale required we need to offer them a point of reference and a posi-tive, common aspiration.
As a group, we believe that change is needed, and that we need to change the way we communicate about sus-tainability. We must provide people with a constructive way forward based on real solutions, rather than a constant focus on gloom and doom. We will never see change at the scale needed if we constantly put forward negative scenarios. Who wants to fol-low a pessimist?
Who arE WE?CoMpaniEs / foUnDaTions• Realdania• NovoNordisk• DNV,DetNorskeVeritas• DONGEnergy• Microsoft• Velux• Cisco• PhilipsLighting• UBSInvestmentBank• SASScandinavianAirlines• Knoll• TetraPak• InterfaceFLOR• IKEA• GeneralElectric• Vestas• Rambøll• GehlArchitects
organizaTions• UNGlobalCompact• Regions20• NobelSustainabilityTrust• IFHP• EUCommissiononClimateChange
“motIvatIon and InspIratIon for posItIve actIon wIll help us move forward towards a better future for all.”GRo HaRLeM BRundtLandFormer Prime Minister of norway and Former director General of WHo - member of the Sustainia award Committee
18 19
to develop strategies for social and environmental responsibility. In par-allel, ever more companies started to shape their business models around products and services developed in response to environmental pressures.
As scientists assembled evidence that resource stocks were falling, wildlife and forests suffering, and human health declining, not least be-cause of a steep rise in global popula-tion and rapid urbanization, govern-ments struggled to implement the instruments that would reduce pol-lution.
However, 2009 also marked a new
beginning for leadership within busi-ness and civil society. Business lead-ers demonstrated that sustainabil-ity could be profitable, and that they could develop the solutions needed to ensure a low-carbon transformation.
At the Rio+20 Summit, convened in June 2012, campaigners from Sustainia representing business and civil society hosted an event demonstrating that we have the solutions needed to get to Sustainia. With them they brought Sustainia100 – a demon-stration of 100 innovative, scalable, and ready and available solutions from 10 different sectors. These solutions reminded all that even though inter-national political nego-tiations are tough, civil society and business leaders are committed to reach Sustainia and have already developed the solutions needed.
That is what Sustainia is all about: demonstrat-ing we have the solu-tions needed to live more sustainably.
“sustaInable development Is development that meets the needs of the present wIthout compromIsIng the abIlIty of future generatIons to meet theIr own needs.”
source:“report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: our Common future,” United nations general assembly (1987).
whAt shAped sUstAInIA?
The history of Sustainia dates back hundreds of years. From the first observations of negative hu-man impact on nature more than 1,000 years ago, to concerns over smoke from coal burning in Lon-don in the 13th century, to the visible pollution from factories during the Industrial Revolution, and to the discovery in the 1960s that spraying DDT caused cancer in humans and killed wildlife.
Each time, when humans realized that their ac-
tions had a negative effect on the natural environ-ment, debate ensued, but slowly, over centuries, it led to better scientific understanding of ecosystems and, in modern times, environmentalism was born.
During the 1960s and 1970s, governments began to develop and implement comprehensive policy solutions to protect the environment and dedicat-ed extensive resources to research the pollution of air, water, and soil, and the disposal of waste and chemicals.
In 1983, the UN asked a group of experts to ad-vise global leaders on how to obtain “sustainable de-velopment,” and, in 1987, Norwegian politician and current member of the Sustainia Award Commit-tee Gro Harlem Brundtland, who headed the World Commission on Environment and Development (or Brundtland Commission), released a report urging global collaboration on environmental protection. The report gave us the definition of sustainability still in use today.
In 1992, the UN summoned global leaders to Rio to initiate a collective, political response to the deteriora-tion of global resources. Governments soon faced a harsh reality and histor-ic dilemma economic growth versus sustainable development.
At the end of the millennium, envi-ronmentalism spread from civil soci-ety movements to the private sector, where progressive companies started
Connie HedegaardEU Commissioner for Climate Action
Here seen attending Sustainia event at Rio+20 together with Dr. Gro Harlem Brundtland, Fmr. Prime Minister of Norway.
“sustaInIa Is a clear artIculatIon 0f the future we want.”
su
stai
nia
100
pu
blic
atio
n.
20 21
740
1.9
7
30.6
1480
9.120
32
Produced output in USD per ton CO2 emitted.
Share of wind energy in the global electricity production
Share of renewable in the EU out of total energy production, per cent
Global emissions of CO2, Gt
source: These numbers builds on re-sources from the following:•UnitedNationsPopulationDivision - World population pros-pects: The 2010 revision•TheIEA’s2010WorldEnergyoutlook •McKinsey&Co.•InternationalWindEnergyDe-velopment – World Update 2010•EUCommission
6.81
7.5
45.149,4
8
50.6 54.9
Global population, billion people
A world that is ever changing: from to 2010-2020
2010 2020
People living in rural areas, per cent
Number of electric and hybrid cars globally, million cars
People living in cities, per cent
FACts & FIgUres
22 23
“sustaInIa can help people get a clear pIcture of what
theIr lIves could be In a sustaInable future - and how
It wIll Improve our health, our envIronment, our economy”
Connie HedeGaaRd eu Commissioner for Climate action and member of the Sustainia award Committee
“sustaInIa Is a new and needed
approach to communIcatIng
about sustaInIabIlIty”
GeoRG KeLL executive director of the un Global Compact and Strategic Partner to Sustainia
“sustaInIa Is my kInd of world: a desIrable place where we lIve lIfe to the fullest. wIthout damagIng the only planet we have.”aRnoLd SCHWaRzeneGGeR Honorary Chair of the Sustainia award Committee & Founding Chair of the R20 Regions for Climate action
saiD aBoUT sUsTainia
24 25
2
1
3
54
Key bUsIness trends In sUstAInIA
6
sustainability is integrated throughout the value chain.
employees are rewarded based on their ability to support the company’s sustainability targets – key performance indicators include sustainability goals.
a company’s sus-tainability strategy is implemented at the highest level: board of directors and c-level.
ngos are a key partner, as is civil society.
sustainability reporting is a must have – trans-parency is everything.
employees prefer mission-driven organizations. the mba green oath is mandatory.
the CorporAte world In sUstAInIA – the rIse oF A new pArAdIgm
In Sustainia, we see a remarkable change in the way businesses operate. The demand for sustain-able products and brands has increased. The global market for cleantech and renewable energy has for two decades been the most lucrative market of all12. Private sector investment in the transformation of the global energy system increases dramatically each year. A race to the top among entrepreneurs, investors, and multinational corporations to deliver the most innovative low-carbon solutions continues apace.
An important driver is the price on carbon and resources, controlled through a patchwork of re-gional emissions trading schemes and taxes. For most of the last century, companies paid relatively little attention to their consumption of natural re-sources. But the world that Sustainia has to account for is one where the population has become larger and richer, and consumption has increased rapidly. This development has placed immense pressure on natural resources, waste management, and emis-sions13. These factors each represent new business
opportunities – reasons to invent new sustainable products and business models, instead of practicing business as usual. The market for sustainable products and solutions is profitable. Innovative businesses compete for first-mover advantage within the new fields of transformative technologies and products that reduce or replace unsustainable behavior.
The push for non-fossil fuel-based products and services is the new, major driver in the global economy, much like the ICT industry before it. The number of businesses that fully account for their resource flows throughout the value chain rises steadily. Successful companies, those that significantly outperform their counterparts in terms of stock market and accounting performance, have embraced a sustainable business cul-ture over many years14. That has been predicted in recent reports from Har-vard Business School, London Busi-ness School, MIT, and BCG15.
12 new Energy finance, 2010.13 “handle with Care: resource Management as a Competitive Edge,” The Boston Consulting group and insEaD.14 “The impact of a Corporate Cul-ture of sustainability on Corpo-rate Behavior and performance,” harvard Business school, 2011.15 ibid.
26 27
1900 2000
InternAl
CombUstIon e
ngIne
eleCtrIF
ICAtIo
n
Internet
sUstAInIA
source: This illustration builds on research carried out by the UC Berkeley (2011). The graph demonstrates that a low-carbon transformation holds the potential of being the new growth driver
A profitable business model in Sus-tainia is a sustainable one; the strong players and new global super brands are those that realized this first. A de-cade from now, companies driven by short-term gain and investments have fallen behind.
rAIlroAd
steAm engIne
1700 1800
6000
2000
4000
0
SuStainia: tHe neW dRiVeR oF GRoWtH
global gdp per capita
Ten years from now, we will see that many “old” business models and brands, highly dependent on oil, coal, and natural gas, have lost their historic strong positions. As old ways of production and distribution become more costly, companies must reinvent themselves to compete on the basis of a new paradigm: the efficient use of resources16. Com-panies will monitor the payback from resources by optimizing consumption through the more efficient use of those resources. They will also manage the putback – that is, the effect of their actions on the future supply of natural resources and on the cli-mate – in order to limit damage to the planet.
More sustainable business prac-tice is also demanded by the global consumer. Therefore, in Sustainia, a growing number of products and services carry eco-labels that make decision-making more transparent. And many companies demand prop-er labeling and certificates through-out their value chain. Supply-chain management goes hand-in-hand with eco-labeling. Energy-wasting prod-ucts have lost market share. Energy-conscious consumers have captured the attention of CEOs. Marketing products as “green” is so last decade – green and sustainable has to be in-herent to the product, service, or so-lution. Consumers want to know the added benefits from using a product.
16 “resource Management as a Competitive Edge – handle with Care,” Boston Consulting group & insEaD, 2012.
28 29
sUstAInAbIlIty gIves CompAnIes A CompetItIve AdvAntAge:
“SuStainaBLe FiRMS GeneRate SiGniF-iCantLy HiGHeR PRoFitS and StoCK RetuRnS, SuGGeStinG tHat deVeLoP-inG a CoRPoRate CuLtuRe oF SuS-tainaBiLity May Be a SouRCe oF CoMPetitiVe adVantaGe… a MoRe enGaGed WoRK-
FoRCe, a SeCuRe LiCenSe to oPeRate, a MoRe LoyaL and SatiSFied CuStoMeR
BaSe, BetteR ReLationSHiPS WitH StaKeHoLdeRS, GReateR tRanSPaRenCy, a
MoRe CoLLaBoRatiVe CoMMunity, and a BetteR aBiLity to innoVate May aLL Be
ContRiButinG FaCtoRS to tHiS PotentiaLLy PeRSiStent SuPeRioR PeRFoRManCe,
eVen in tHe VeRy LonG teRM.”
(SouRCe: “tHe iMPaCt oF a CoRPoRate CuLtuRe oF SuStainaBiLity on CoRPoRate BeHaVioR and PeRFoRManCe,”
HaRVaRd BuSineSS SCHooL, 2011)
30 31
the people oF sUstAInIA - more powerFUl thAn ever
NGOs and civil society play a more significant role than ever before. In Sustainia, mayors, presidents, and prime ministers risk their mandate if they can’t rally support from civil society movements. Like-wise, successful industries partner with NGOs to get their input and advice on strategy and supply-chain management. Collaboration is essential in Sustainia. The people are powerful in Sustainia.
To reach Sustainia, we will need the support and enthusiasm of people. We engage our community – a strong global network representing 119 countries – as we go along the journey. We engage them in our activities, ask for their input, and brief them on the latest developments for our successful trans-formation to a more sustainable society: Sustainia. They provide input to Sustainia100 (our collection of 100 ready and available sustainable solutions – the building blocks to a new society), vote for their favorite solutions, send us ideas, and attend our events all over the world.
We want people to see how powerful they are when they demand change. When in 2012, Green-peace organized a global campaign against toxic chemicals in the clothing industry it spurred heavy debate. Many people joined the campaign and pro-tests against companies using hazardous chemicals in their production. The pressure persuaded global brands like Nike, Adidas, Puma, H&M, Zara, Levi’s, and many more to commit to eliminating those chemicals from their supply chains.
Again: Awareness plus empower-ment can move mountains.
We believe that successful societ-ies emerge when industrialists and environmentalists – whether NGOs, scientists, thought leaders, or politi-cians – align their interests17. The old guard of environmental NGOs (World Wildlife Fund, Natural Resources Defense Council, and Greenpeace) have focused on climate change and sustainability for a long time – many over 30 years – and have earned cred-ibility as multinational entities with considerable expertise, outreach, and influence on the public debate18. Pre-viously, business-NGO relations were mostly confrontational, and many of the biggest environmental NGOs were deeply critical of business19.
In Sustainia, businesses view NGOs as trusted strategic partners, essen-tial to their work on climate change and sustainability. They realize that NGOs possess an understanding of sustainability – the science, the policy, and the strategic implications – and that they can accelerate their strat-egy development process by drawing on this expertise20.
We encourage all of you to get in-volved in our efforts to pave the way towards more sustainable societies. Demand sustainable living.
17 “from religion to reality,” green growth leaders/UC Berke-ley, 2011.18 Esty and Winston, 2006:69 and storm, 2011, p. 58.19 Esty and Winston, 2006:69 and arenas et al, 2009, p. 176.20 Based on research among CEos and the strategic implications when transforming their strategy to become low-carbon (storm, 2010).
32 33
sUstAInIA
2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
source: The graph is based on ipCC (2007) that predicts a potential decrease in emissions after 2020 if we succeed the transformation to a low-carbon society
sUstAInIA: A tUrnIng poInt In globAl Co2 emIssIons
gettIng to sUstAInIA
Getting to Sustainia won’t happen overnight. It’s a process and journey that some have already be-gun, but more progressive action and dedication is needed.
The notion that we do not have the tools to con-front the environmental crisis changed in the 2000s. Numerous projections and forecasts told us we had most of the needed technologies, policies, and in-formation. While there is no “silver bullet” – a single technology or political agreement that will solve the problem – an array of complementary measures do exist.
We know what to do. Fixing the problem comes down to the human factors: Choices, collaboration, and decisions.
0
20
40
10
30
50
1900 2000
GLoBaL Co2 eMiSSionS (G ton/yeaR)
34 35
21 a number of studies and recom-mendations to policymakers form the basis of these examples, including ipCC, McKinsey & Co., World Economic forum, World Business Council on sustainable Development, Corporate leaders group, the Copenhagen Climate Council, iEa et. al.22 Copenhagen Climate Council, David Blood and James Cameron, “Capitalizing Capital Towards the low-Carbon Economy,” 2009.23 Carbon Disclosure project.
sUstAInIA
CLeaR CoMMuniCation
Information is a tool to change con-sumer behavior.
PuBLiC-PRiVate PaRtneRSHiPS
Collaboration among companies, in-vestors, and governments.
teCHnoLoGy CoLLaBoRation
Publicly funded technology collabo-ration centers, where the public and private sector partner on R&D to ad-dress specific problems, have proven to be a way forward. For companies, collaboration opens up new and of-ten large markets; for countries, it enables them to utilize the best avail-able technology.
tRanSPaRenCy23
Carbon monitoring, reporting, and verification – what you can measure, you can control.
Examples of vehicles that together can take us to a sustainable future21.
the roUtes we CAn tAKe to sUstAInIA
CeRtainty
When governments provide compa-nies stable, long-term frameworks to operate within, such as legally bind-ing standards for energy use in build-ings, or tariffs for electricity from wind or solar, it encourages invest-ment and R&D because it minimizes private sector risk and establishes a market for the best solutions.
SuPPoRt SuStainaBLe inVeStMentS
The problem is seldom the availabil-ity of funds22, but how to direct capital from banks, pension funds, and ven-ture capitalists to address problems. Often, investments can be made at-tractive for private investors if public funds are used to minimize risk and governments guarantee the stabil-ity of the investment. In such cases – infrastructure such as railroads and energy grids – one dollar of public money can attract 10 dollars of pri-vate capital for the project.
PRiCinG PoLLutionand natuRaL ReSouRCeS
Before, polluters were more or less free to dump waste in the atmosphere or the ocean. Today, taxes and tradable permissions, internationally agreed, have started to force manufacturers to reflect these costs in their prices.
taRGetS and tiMetaBLeS
International laws that require na-tions, cities, and companies to reduce their environmental impact over time. Setting up fair and achievable targets and timetables, backed by penalties, has proven to effectively spur innova-tion and technological progress.
36 37
lIghtIng: swItCh to led
retroFIttIng bUIldIngs
reFore stAtIon
eFFICIent resIdentIAl ApplIAnCes (tv, rAdIo, CoFFeemAKer)
Forest proteCtIon
orgAnIC soIl restorAtIon
hybrId CArs
Co-FIrIng bIomAss
wAste reCyClIng
solAr pv
wIndtUrbInes
solAr FArms
eFFICIenCy ImprovementsgeothermAl power
bIoFUels
wAter heAtIngeFFICIent new bUIldIngs
CCs(CArbon CAptUre And storAge)
nUCleAr
teChnologIes thAt helped CreAte sUstAInIA
These are some of the technologies we have implemented in Sustainia to create a low-carbon desirable society. By implementing these technologies at a cost of 1 percent of global GDP (Gross Domestic Product) we will en-sure a reduction of CO2 emissions at the level required to stabilize climate change.
Cost-free or profitable technologies Need investments technologies
38 39
sUstAInIA IslAndis a mini version of our planet – a
microcosm of the world. it encom-passes varied climate zones and is
the home to five very distinct cities. read more about sustainia island in
our energy chapter.
24 “from religion to reality,” green growth leaders/UC Berke-ley, 2011.25 “grow our business, not the carbon” is a slogan coined by The Coca-Cola Company in relation to their energy efficiency and climate protection strategy, “2009/2010 sustainability re-view,” 2010.26 “global risks 2011,” World Economic forum.
CApe zUl sUrroUnded by desert in a hot and dry climate with an abundance of sunshine hours. located just south of the vol-canically active regions of the
central mountains.Inspired by: Cape town,
Cairo and nairobi.
estoo loCAted In A wArm and
humid region, this city requires lots of cooling. A
place of frequent high winds and strong tides.
Inspired by: mumbai, taipei and beijing.
zUlAKen A smAller CIty of dispersed dwellings remotely located in the cold mountain
highlands.
sUstAInIA IslAnd
Sustainia is the society we could have 10 years from now – the dawn of a new sustainable economy and a new way of living.
10 years from now, decades of intensive research is driving a slow-but-steady transformation of the energy system from unsustainable fossil fuels to re-newable sources. This transformation has nurtured a range of new businesses, products, and services24 that grow the economy without growing carbon25. The way we consume and produce is still not fully sustainable 10 years from now, in a world with 7.8 billion people, but we are getting there.
We have a clear understanding that the global energy, food, water, health, poverty, security, and conflict crises are interconnected, and have to be addressed cohesively and collaboratively across borders, sectors, and economies26.
To reduce complexity and make it easier to under-stand and visualize the infrastructure in Sustainia – how transportation and energy systems are inter-connected, how different megacities must imple-ment different solutions according to demography, climate, and culture – we have developed Sustainia Island.
Sustainia Island is the application of our solutions and intelligence onto a concrete map to make the renderings of Sustainia more tangible. In the energy chapter, you will see how we use Sustainia Island to explain complex systems.
It is a mini version of our planet – a microcosmos of the world. Sustainia Island is a communication tool that illustrates how cities could transition to more sustainable practices all over the world. We don’t believe in a one-size-fits-all approach. We want people from around the globe to explore the solutions that are best for their region.
westlAnd A typICAl Us grId CIty
located in a rainy and fertile climate. strongly affected by the dominant western winds
and strong waves moving over the ocean.
Inspired by: san Francisco, portland and new york.
nordFjord Cool CIty oF the north with a humid climate. bor-
dered by the open ocean to the north and the vast moun-
tain highland to the south.Inspired by: Copenhagen, bergen and stockholm.
40 41
Communicate dreams not nightmaresAsk any audience to close their eyes and think of a place where they feel happy, relaxed, and in har-mony with their surroundings. Nine of 10 people – regardless of geography, income, and culture – will imagine a forest, a beach, or a mountain landscape.
For years, environmentalists had been masters of negativity and scaremongering, using fear – pollu-tion and melting ice sheets – to persuade consum-ers, citizens, and voters. It is unsurprising that an overwhelming majority of the global public ended up being scared of climate change, or found it too complex to deal with. Nothing positive was associ-ated with it – only pointed fingers and scary images.
We decided to learn from the masters of positivity and dreams: Marketers.
Marketers know that scaring or depressing their audience simply isn’t good for business. The aim of most firms’ messages is simple; to sell. Businesses may sell a product. They may sell a service. Take a closer look and it’s likely they are also selling a lifestyle. The skilled marketer is an expert in pro-moting dreams and aspirations; the most success-ful global brands are built on this idea.
A marketer would observe that images associ-ated with climate change had for too long been of displaced and hungry people, forest fires, drowning polar bears, and flooded villages. These images and
rhetoric did not sell a sustainable life-style people wanted to buy. Nike has not become a successful global brand by showing us pictures of overweight people lying on couches. They show us scenes that feed a positive aspi-ration: Beautiful, fit people running happily. Something to be inspired by. Something to want, and a taste of what we can get by adopting their lifestyle (that is, their products).
We don’t suggest one should simply copy that approach; we want all of our communication to be realistic. What we do suggest is to copy the part of their approach that puts forward an aspiration.
Sustainia is a lifestyle; a lifestyle with improved quality of life. We com-municate about Sustainia like profes-sional marketers communicate about their products; depicting a wealthy, desirable lifestyle you want for your-self and your family.
27 “sell the sizzle: The new Cli-mate Message,” www.futerra.co.uk
the lAngUAge oF sUstAInIA
The language of Sustainia is easy to understand. The words are clear, the messages empowering, and the lan-guage inclusive. It has taken us many years to get it just right, to understand the importance of the words and mes-sages that would ensure the engage-ment needed to build a sustainable society.
We realized that more than tech-nology and concrete solutions were needed to get to Sustainia. It took much more than discussions about a global political treaty and scaring people about the dangers of climate change. The missing piece was the right use of communication. Missing was an understanding that language has immense power to inspire and empower people to demand sustain-ability.
Sustainia introduced simple but radical new ways of communicating and talking about climate change, overpopulation, pollution, and re-source scarcity. Instead of writing long reports about problems, crises, and challenges, we shifted to rhetoric focused on concrete and easy actions – a language that focused on the ben-efits of sustainable living and more sustainable societies.
People are not excited about Sustai-nia because they fear the future; they are excited because they see its poten-tial. The complexity of the matter is reduced and simplified – boiled down to what really matters to people when they’re changing elements in their lives: How will they improve their quality of life by taking this journey?
A stack of psychological and an-thropological evidence27 tells us the most compelling narrative is one that starts with a positive, desirable pic-ture of the future. This can apply to a housing project, a transport system, a green product series – even a light bulb or a window frame.
That’s what we have done with Sus-tainia: Started with the positive vi-sion.
Here is our take on communication:
To us, communication is what makes the difference. It’s the chan-nel through which we can provide you with clear arguments and excite, en-gage, and empower you. Communica-tion is not just an add-on in Sustainia; it is Sustainia.
42 43
in tiMeS oF FinanCiaL CRiSiS, PeoPLe tend to equate SuStainaBiLity WitH eXtRa CoStS
related to the point above, many people tend to associate sustainability with costly, an indulgence you can allow yourself in good times. or they believe that policies to promote sustainable practices will harm business and reduce competitiveness. We want to stress that it is not more expensive to live in sustainia. it takes some initial investments, yes, but in the long-run money is saved when you live smarter and use materials and resources more effectively. We also want to communicate to business leaders that a sustainable business model is more profitable than one without sustainability at its core, according to the latest research from harvard Business school, london Business school, Boston Consulting group, and MiT. and, finally, market opportunities abound for sustainable products.
MiSLeadinG CoVeRaGe in Media – Media SeaRCHinG FoR ContRoVeRSy
Members of the media love controversy, conflicts, and drama. instead of communicating the benefits of sustainable living, they often highlight opposing viewpoints. They seem to think that portraying the benefits, or taking a positive approach, simply won’t attract an audience.
SCientiStS aRe not tHe StRonGeSt CoMMuniCatoRS
Those that really get the science behind arguments for sustainable living, and the science behind climate change, resource scarcity, and pollution, often have no idea how to communicate in a clear and concrete manner. They use language that is hard for most to understand.
We uSe CoMPLeX SCientiFiC teRMS, aBBReViationS, and teCHniCaL LanGuaGe
potentially wonderful news on, for instance, new cars that could help us lower global energy use and emissions are often communicated using abbrevia-tions, terms, and specifications loved by engineers: grams of Co2/km, EV, and hybrid. They don’t tell an inspiring story, or promote a desirable lifestyle. negotiations over international climate agreements presented an impenetrable thicket of acronyms – rEDD, Cop, UnfCCC, Mop, ppM, and aWg-lCa – not a positive vision of a sustainable future.
martin luther King, jr.’s “I have a dream” speech is famous because it put forward an in-spiring, positive vision that carried a critique within it. Imagine how history would have turned out had King given an “I have a night-mare” speech instead.From “death of environmentalism” (2004)
3
4
5
6
28 Copenhagen Business school: http://www.cbs.dk/forskning/institutter-centre/institutter/Marketing/Menu/Medarbejdere/Menu/Videnskabelige-medarbe-jdere/Videnskabelige-medarbej-dere/postdoc/thomas29 “Communicating the science of Climate Change,” somerville and hassol, physics Today, october, 2011.30 ibid.
why A resIstAnCe to ChAnge? why Are people ConFUsed?in order to fully appreciate how we need to change the way we communicate, we must understand what has caused confusion and resistance to change. What are we up against? What should we take into account and avoid?
ouR Mind doeS not undeRStand CLiMate CHanGe
Behavioral economics research provides some an-swers as to why the general public still questions the reality of and exhibits less than necessary concern about the risks posed by pollution, resource scarcity, and climate change. These feelings help explain why we do not act. according to Thomas zoëga Ramsøy28, neuropsychologist, ph.D. in cognitive neuroscience, and head of the Decision neuroscience research group at Copenhagen Business school, behavioral economics shows that our minds cannot easily process the reality of climate change: “our minds are not constructed so we can fully compre-hend the extent, importance and consequences of climate change.”
SuCCeSSFuL LoBBy CaMPaiGnS aGainStCLiMate SCienCe
for years, incumbent industries have waged well-funded, well-organized campaigns against sustain-ability. These campaigns sow doubts about the need for a systems transformation. The negative cam-paigning suggests that living sustainably will be cost-ly and limit personal freedom. industry giants reliant on oil and natural gas fear for their short-term profits and are not interested in a systems transformation that includes more renewable energy29. Therefore they have invested heavily in crafting simple, clear messages and fed them repeatedly to the public30.
1 2
44 45
new lAngUAge
EnErgy EnErgy frEEdomHomE improvEmEntHomE powEr progrEss rEliablE EnErgy simplE smartUnlimitEd UpgradECollaborationimprovEd qUality HEaltHiEr bEaUtifUlwEaltHiErEffiCiEntlivablE fUn
phrAsebooK
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Carbon nEUtral miCrogEnEration UnpollUtEd low CarbonpHotovoltaiCipCCCdm mECHanismsEmissions trading sCHEmEJoint implEmEntationUnfCC450 ppmintElligEnt EnErgybaUbUildings CodEs lEEdssUbsidiEs powEr grid managEmEntCap-and-tradEi.p.o inCrEasE
46 47
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48 49
“a City eXiStS FoR tHe SaKe oF a Good LiFe – not FoR tHe SaKe oF LiFe onLy.”
aRiStotLe
CitieS
50 51
31 “living in the Endless City,” lon-don school of Economics (lsE), 2011, p. 349.32 Bruce Katz, “intelligent Cities,” 2010.33 UnEp. Jan. 2010. green Economy report: green Cities (summary report)34 london school of Economics. 2011. ibid. p. 368. 35 london school of Economics. 2011. ibid. p. 305. 36 DnV research & innovation. 2011 Technology outlook 2020. p.9.
ArgUments For ChAnge
In the past, cities grew too quickly, and were simply not able to sustain themselves. Something had to be done. Pollution increased with popula-tion. In Mumbai, for example, breath-ing the air was the same as smoking 2½ packets of cigarettes a day34. Had changes not been made, demand for resources would have outstripped supply as cities added ever-more in-habitants.
In 1900, 11 cities were home to more than 1 million residents; in 2020, there are 600 such cities35. The number is sure to rise. More people now live in cities than in rural areas. As more people migrate to urban centers, the role of cities on the global agenda in-creases.
Urbanization is not bad if done sus-tainably – when cities grow, so does GDP. Every time the share of people living in cities increases by 10 percent,
GDP in the country increases by 30 percent36.
In Sustainia, we have come a long way in making cities more sustain-able. By reducing pollution, we have reduced healthcare costs; by improv-ing energy efficiency in buildings, we have reduced utility costs; and by making infrastructure smarter, we have made the business environment more competitive.
welCome to CItIes In sUstAInIA
Welcome to our city. We look for-ward to explaining what we have done to make cities more attractive. In Sustainia, we know that success-ful cities generate economic prosper-ity and an improved quality of life for their citizens31.
Sustainia is the urban age. The world’s cities – from capitals and me-tropolises to new, innovative urban areas and old, cultural epicenters – are home to the majority of the global population, and have regained their historic role as drivers of economic progress. They are the champions of the low-carbon age, platforms for experiments, innovation, and sys-temic solutions. Cities are innovative production hubs; as metropolitan en-gines, they drive economic growth32.
Cities are, by many measures, greener than suburbs. City dwellers produce much less carbon dioxide
than their suburban counterparts. They live closer to work and to each other, and are more likely to use pub-lic transport. And many people love living in the city. The cultural diver-sity and endless possibilities in cities has attracted billions of people in re-cent decades. Cities offer better access to jobs, education, sanitation, health care, recreation, and social mobility33. Cities attract young people seeking to learn, artists looking to perform, and migrants looking for work.
In this chapter, we share the key components of a successful city. We look at how cities can be transformed to make them smarter, more efficient, more sustainable, and, of course, more livable. We hope that you, a visi-tor to Sustainia, decide to stay.
CItIes over tIme
The population living in ur-ban areas is projected to grow from 3.6 billion in 2011 to 6.3 billion in 205041.
3%
51%
80%
in 2020, 8 percent of the population in developed countries and 51 percent in developing countries live in cities42.
200 years ago, just 3 of every 100 people lived in cities
2011
2050
CItIes…
...make up less than 2 percent of the world’s surface area37
70% 70%
…account for 70 percent of global energy consumption40
...are responsible for more than 70 percent of global green-house gas emissions39
…produce 80 percent of its economic output38
ny illU
37 london school of Economics. 2011. ibid. p.9.38UnEp. 2011. green Economy: Cities investing in energy and ressource efficiency. p.45739 Carbon Disclosure project. 2011. ibid. 40 UnEp. 2011. ibid. p.45741 United nations. 2011. World Urbanization prospects the 2011 revision42iBM institute for Business Value. 2009. a vision of smarter cities
80%2%
52 53
Improved the energy efficiency of buildings.
Prioritized community gardens and parks.
Cleaned harbors and beaches to make them swimmable.
Improved the energy efficiency of street lighting by replacing tra-ditional bulbs with LEDs and en-sured that streetlights come on gradually as darkness falls.
Attractive and efficient public transport that boasts free Wi-Fi and tickets purchasable via SMS.
Encouraged recycling by making it easier.
Made it easy for homeowners to generate their own electricity and sell it back to the power company.
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You will want to visit Sustainia’s cities. You will come away inspired. By retrofitting our lovely cities, we have improved the quality of life for citizens, reduced negative environ-mental impacts, and saved money. Another bonus is one that mayors of-ten stress: Retrofitting cities creates jobs.
educing carbon emie of CaliforniHere is what we have done to make
cities in Sustainia more attractive and sustainable:
Painted roofs white to reflect sun-light, keeping buildings cooler in the summer and preventing the “urban heat island” effect.
Installed solar water heaters. Pre-viously, water heating accounted for 17 percent of the energy used in buildings43.
Made cities bike friendly: bicycle-sharing programs and well-devel-oped bike infrastructure are stan-dard.
gIvIng CItIes A mAKe-over
43 Bielllo, D. september 2011. article: how green is My City? retrofitting is the best way to clean up urban living. p.68. in scientific american feature section: Cities – smarter, greener, Better.
46
“BuiLdinG RetRo-FitS WeRe not onLy GReatLy ReduCinG CaRBon eMiSSionS But WeRe aLSo anoutStandinG SouRCeoF joB CReation.”
lieutenant governor gavin newsom, state of California
source:speech given at the global green Cities Conference, february 2011.
54 55
source:Economist Trevor houser, peter-son institute for international Eco-nomics, speech given Jan 2009: http://www.petersoninstitute.org/publications/testimony/testimony.cfm?researchiD=1093.
tHe SiMPLe equation oF RetRoFittinG: SPendinG $10 BiLLion a yeaR to RetRoFit GoVeRnMent BuiLdinGS = CReateS 100,000 joBS + SaVeS taXPayeRS $1.6 BiLLion annuaLLy + ReduCeS PRiCe oF eneRGy aS deMand FaLLS.
56 57
44 iBM institute for Business Value. 2009. a vision of smarter cities - how cities can lead the way into a prosperous and sustainable future. p.5 45 according to Cisco CEo John Chambers, as cited in The Wall street Journal, september 29, 2009. The quote has since then been cited many places.
(inspired by: iBM Center for Eco-nomic Development analysis)
58 59
Making cities more efficient with the help of technology could, re-searchers say, create millions of jobs, reduce emissions by 15 percent glob-ally, and save a ton of CO2 per person and nearly a trillion dollars. Some companies working in this space esti-mate that the smart grid market “may be bigger than the whole internet”45.
In Sustainia, we have applied smart technology wherever possible, al-lowing great control and insight into energy use. This transparency and knowledge helps improves planning and informs decision-making. Citi-zens make better decisions about re-source consumption when informed about their energy and water usage. Technology changes behavior in a positive way as citizens become more educated and aware about the effects of bad habits.
whAt Is A smArt CIty?A city can be called “smart” when investments in human and social capital, transportation, and modern communi-cation infrastructure fuel sustainable economic develop-ment and high quality of life, with wise management of natural resources, through participatory governance13.
smArt And eFFICIent CItIes
In Sustainia, we take full advantage of available technologies to help run cities as efficiently and cleverly as possible. We realize that the ability to operate effectively determines if cit-ies succeed at creating a high quality of life for citizens.
A city consists of three differ-ent kinds of systems: infrastructure, networks, and environments. This includes city services (healthcare, kindergarten, police, security, and schools), business environment (does a city have what it takes? – employees, customers, and efficient administra-tion), transportation infrastructure (roads, public transportation, and air-ports), communication (telecommu-nication infrastructure – telephone, broadband, and wireless), water (sup-ply and sanitation), and energy (smart grid, power generation, waste dis-posal – we explain this in the chap-ter on Energy in Sustainia)44. These elements can all run more efficiently with the help of smart technologies.
CIty strAtegy
elements In A holIstIC smArt CIty system
City operations systemsCity User systemsCity infrastructure systems
City services
CitizensBusiness
Transport
Communication Water
Energy
46lindsay, g. 01.02.2010. Cisco's Big Bet on new songdo: Creating Cities from scratch. article in fast Company.47 from various sources including: http://inhabitat.com/tianjin-eco-city-is-a-futuristic-green-land-scape-for-350000-residents/48 new songdo is being built by gale international. Cisco provides most of the technology (Cisco’s smart+Connected Communities) from various sources including: http://www.songdo.com/
60 61
new songdo, soUth KoreA48
• From the outset, the city fo-cused on setting a new high standard for building design, systems engineering, urban in-frastructure, and community planning.
• high priority is given to parks and places for refuge and relax-ation. six hundred acres are re-served for green spaces, includ-ing a 100-acre Central park.
• world-class hospitals, art centers, preschools, primary schools, and universities are built to attract citizens.
• leed-certified from the outset, designed to emit a third of the greenhouse gases of a conven-tional metropolis its size.
• A smart city. All of the critical components of city infrastruc-ture – utilities, transportation, healthcare, commercial build-ings, and emergency response systems – connect via an Inter-net protocol-based network. this calls for an extensive grid of broadband below the city’s streets, in walls, and in fixtures.
tIAnjIn, ChInA47
•90%oftripswithinTianjinwill be made by public transporta- tion via a light-rail system and other infrastructure. • tianjin eco-city has seven dis-
tinct neighbourhoods. there is not a single city center but sev-eral, avoiding the need to build ever-expanding suburbs.
• All buildings will be outfitted with self-sufficient energy sys-tems.
new songdgois also a sustainia100 solution which you can read more about it in the sustainia100 publication. find it on www.sustainia.me.
new eCo-CItIes = InCUbAtors For CreAtIve InnovAtIon
Just as important as retrofitting ex-isting cities is ensuring that new cit-ies, built to accommodate migrants coming from rural areas, are sustain-able. We learned much from the new eco-cities built in Asia at the begin-ning of the new millennium. These new city projects are a perfect op-portunity to constantly improve solu-tions to cities’ energy efficiency, in-frastructure, water, and other urban planning challenges. They are cre-ative experiments, providing a clean slate to generate wholly new ideas and approaches that can benefit ex-isting cities.
Between Mumbai and Delhi alone, 24 new cities were needed after con-struction of the Mumbai-Delhi Indus-trial Corridor, a high-speed freight rail line and six-lane freeway. The first seven cities, ready in 2018, each housed more than 2 million people. China estimates it will need 500 cit-ies the size of the New Songdo city project (home to a little over 1 million people) built in South Korea46 (see flip-side). The entrepreneurs behind the New Songdo project will use the city as a template, ensuring that each new city is built faster, better, and cheaper than the one before.
In Sustainia, we examined these new city developments to ensure that the best ideas are incorporated into existing cities where possible, and to avoid repeating mistakes.
Lessons Learned when cities are buiLt from scratch:
A Key tAKeAwAy from a few of the new eco-cities in Asia is that gradual, government- and citizen-involved projects are the most likely to succeed. smaller, local, and more manageable projects have produced the best results. these have a better educational effect, as people are made aware of energy conservation and the means to act more sustainably.
62 63
*copenhagen’s bicycle culture and harbor clean-up. Thirty-five per-cent of trips in Copenhagen are made by bike. after a successful cleanup, Copenhagen’s harbor to-day hosts several swimming pools that attract residents in summer
and is flanked by new residential areas.
*freiburg’s solar energy boom. With solar panels covering roofs on ev-erything from City hall, schools and churches
to the local stadium and even the prison, this sunny
german city makes the most of the 1,800 hours of annual
high-quality sunshine falling on the city52.
*seoul’s design thinking in city planning. smart design is helping to solve not only aes-thetic challenges in seoul, but also social, environmental, and public health issues. a clear example is the gwanghwamun square project where a 16-lane road was converted into a new downtown public space51.
*These are sustainia100 so-lutions which you can read more about it in the sustai-nia100 publication. find it on www.sustainia.me.
CIty IdeAs thAt InspIred sUstAInIA:
edmonton’s urban forest manage-ment. This city has a 10-year plan (2006-2016) which will ensure preservation and management of trees within the city limits. The urban forest cleans the air, reduces the urban heat island effect, increases bio-diversity, and improves the livability of the city. City calculations show a net benefit per tree of $64.44 per year49.
*curitiba’s bus rapid transit (brt). Through its low-cost, ground-level solution, with dedicated lanes for buses and intelligent traf-fic lights, the City of Curitiba has made public transpor-tation so appealing that some 70 percent of daily commuters choose this solution for transportation. The result: 30 percent less fuel consumption per capita than the rest of Brazil50.
49The City of Edmonton. May 2012. Urban forest Management plan. 50http://www.curitiba.pr.gov.br/ 51 http://www.designtoimprovelife.dk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=63252 The City of freiburg. 2011. green City freiburg: approaches to sustainability.
photo credits:Edmonton: photo by markyeg, flickr. licensed under Creative Commons. Curitiba: photo by ##Erika**, flickr. licensed under Creative Commons. seoul: photo: inDEX: Design to improve life.freiburg: photo: solar-fabrik ag.
“FiRSt We SHaPe ouR CitieS, tHen tHey SHaPe uS and ouR quaLity oF LiFe.” jan GeHL,
FoundinG PaRtneR at GeHL aRCHiteCtS
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CAse: green sUpersIn sustainia, building managers play a huge role in ensuring that commercial buildings and apartment towers operate efficiently. we have adopted a model, developed in new york City, whereby ev-ery superintendent managing the over 1 million buildings in the city is required to take a green supers certification program teaching them how to run energy-effi-cient buildings58,59. during the graduation ceremony for a class in the green supers program in new york City, one super said: “I was under the impression that these techniques were very expensive. It’s just time, it’s just dedication and just apply-ing it.”
In sustainia, we involve citizens by pro-viding education and public awareness that empowers them to make more sus-tainable choices. In many cities, the de-ployment of smart electricity and water meters gave residents more information about their consumption habits; armed with this knowledge, they have become more careful about how much energy and water they use60.
we also prioritize providing communal spaces for citizens. City planners make spaces for people – attractive outdoor spaces in which to enjoy free time, and places for citizens to interact. plentiful public spaces are essential for democra-cy, places where one comes face to face with the range of people who make up society61.
53 register, r. 07.01.2011. let’s build cities for people (not cars). article in: What Matters. McKinsey&Company.54london school of Economics. 2011. ibid. p.349. 55 Economist intelligence Unit & siemens ag. 2009. European green City index. p.1556 london school of Economics. 2012. going green – how Cities are leading the next Economy. p. 59.57 oECD Territorial reviews: “Competitive Cities in the global Economy,” 2006. 58 Biello, D. september 2011. ibid. p.69. 59 one superintendent’s green ef-forts reduced his building’s annual energy costs by 20%. if all large apartment buildings achieved a 10% reduction in energy use, new yorkers would save $230 million every year and reduce carbon pollution by the equivalent of taking 150,000 cars off the road. http://www.1000supers.com/green-buildings.php60 Economist intelligence Unit & siemens. 2009. European green City index. p.21. in amsterdam, installing water meters lead to an average reduction in household water use of 10-15%. p.3161gehl, J. 2004 public spaces, public life.
CItIes bUIlt For people – by people
In Sustainia, we build cities for peo-ple – not for cars53. Citizens are our most important economic resource. They bring ideas, skills, and diversity to cities54. We involve residents in the making and development of cities. Re-search shows a clear correlation be-tween citizens’ engagement and en-vironmental performance; the more involved its citizens, the better cities perform55. We believe that the sum of citizens’ individual actions – retrofit-ting homes or choosing public trans-port – is the most powerful force.
Citizens are the perfect instrument through which to demand action; that transition starts in cities. It is basic psychology: The more one realizes his or her role and responsibility in achieving solutions, the more com-mitted he or she is likely to be.
sustainable cities
InvestIng In sUstAInAbIlIty Is A selF-reInForCIng eFFort: • skilled workers are attracted to sustainable
cities that emphasize livability via infrastruc-ture and green spaces56,57.
• businesses locate where skilled workers are to tap into their intellectual and innovative potential.
• more businesses lead to new services and products that can help make the city even more sustainable.
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where locals grow their own vegetables, or just hang out in an armchair, taking a break from hectic city life. The Greenpoint rooftop garden also provides produce to local restaurants. In addition to reduc-ing the need to truck in produce from outside the neighborhood, the garden offers other environmen-tal benefits. The plants absorb rainwater that oth-erwise would flow to the city’s sewers, and the soil and plants insulate the building, reducing energy consumption.
Green walls replace concrete walls: To save money on concrete walls con-structed near buildings, highways, and earthworks, green walls are built with holes for plants and vegetation – replacing ugly concrete walls with beautiful vertical urban gardens. They are easier to build and much lighter to transport63.
62 Monocle. July/august 2011. issue 45. Volume 05. p.075,63 These walls won the green Building products award in 2011: http://top10greenbuildingprod-ucts.com/2011/sample-winner-post-1/
pArKs, trees, gArdens, CAnAls, And lAKes: the lUngs oF sUstAInIA CItIes
Transforming cities into wonder-ful places on Earth takes more than improved public transport and retro-fitting of buildings. For a city to be a desirable place to live, it also needs healthy “lungs” – places to get away from the stresses of city life and con-nect with nature, be it a small lake, park, beach, or garden.
In Sustainia, cities use different approaches to ensure residents can enjoy a bit more green in their daily lives. Here are just a few:
Easy-access private gardens on traf-fic hubs: In Osaka Station City, in Ja-pan, officials transformed the rooftop of the city’s main transit hub into 1,500 m2 of private vegetable patches and rice paddies. After work, com-muters can swap their work attire for gloves and willies and bring home self-grown vegetables for dinner. The concept allows citizens to “become close to the environment, spend more time with nature and enjoy its bless-ings”62.
Rooftop gardens: Opportunities abound to turn large roofs into won-derful city gardens. In Greenpoint, Brooklyn, residents turned one of many warehouse roofs into a garden
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Growing green in the city. By 2050, 70 percent of the world’s population will live in cities and towns66. With the population projected to reach 9.1 billion by that year, agriculture and food security will be key priorities. Inspired by cases such as Sky Greens Farms, in Singapore67, and Plantagon, in Sweden68, vertical farming is a pop-ular solution in Sustainia.
These farms produce five times more vegetables per m2 than conven-tional farms via the use of modern technologies. For instance, the verti-cal farm in Singapore rotates at one millimeter per second, allowing sun-light to reach plants throughout the day. And water that powers the sys-tem is constantly recycled to keep en-ergy consumption low69. These farms are also better able to shelter crops and produce from shifting weather and damaging pests, reducing the need for herbicides, pesticides, and fertilizers70.
It’s a win-win: local organic produce grown with low energy consumption and sold at low prices.
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66 http://www.who.int/bulletin/vol-umes/88/4/10-010410/en/ 67 http://www.wired.com/design/2012/10/vertical-farm-in-singapore/68 http://www.plantagon.com/69 http://www.greenbusinesstimes.com/2011/06/28/innovation-in-the-farming-industry-news/70 Dr. Dickson Despommier, Environmental health science of Columbia University, http://www.verticalfarm.com/more
Parks and canals: nature’s air-condi-tioning. In the summer, in many plac-es of the world, temperatures in city centers can be much warmer than ar-eas just outside the city – a phenom-enon known as the urban heat island effect. In Sustainia, planners work with nature to design systems that reduce the need for energy-intensive indoor cooling. Parks and other green spaces cool the air, and canals serve as ventilation channels. Taken to-gether, the components operate as a natural ventilation system for cities, reducing the urban heat island effect and improving flood resilience64.
green spaces generally record lower temper-atures and higher humidity than paved parts of the city. if parks are elevated compared to their surroundings, cool air from the parks will “tumble” downhill at night, pushing hot
air upwards – nature’s air-conditioning65.
64 london school of Economics. 2011. p. 345.65 inspired by “Den klimavenlige byøkologiskepotentialer,”Skovog landskab, 2009, and “how Cities Use parks for Climate Change Management,” american planning association, 2010.
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bIKe rACKs And lAnesample bike lanes and racks encourage more people to ride instead of drive; they also promote fitness.
three-bIn reCyClIngrequiring businesses and homes to separate trash, recyclables and com-post spares landfills; collection charg-es drop as trash drops.
solAr FIlmsphotovoltaic sheets on south-facing building facades generate electricity.
green rooFsrooftop vegetation insulates buildings against heat and cold and absorbs storm water.
solAr powerpanels generate electricity instead of power plants and also shade rooftops to lower a buildings cooling needs.
hIgh-eFFICIenCy wIndowsEnErgy sTar qualified windows and skylights allow employees to enjoy the light and views in their office buildings while the company saves money on utility bills and protect valuable fur-nishings from sun damage.
(This illustration is inspired by: scientific american, september 2011)
vertICAl FArmsfood grown indoors could reduce fertilizer and freshwater use, shorten transport and recycle gray water oth-erwise dumped by treatment plants.
sUstAInIA CIty
UndergroUnd trAnsportAtIonCommuter trains, subways and primary roads run underground in massive tun-nels, freeing the ground level for easy, clean bike and pedestrian traffic.
UndergroUnd pArKIngsubterranean garages near commuter destinations eliminate the need for cars to surface.
hybrId tAxIsTaxi fleets converted to hybrid vehicles reduce air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions.solAr hot wAter
rooftop tanks, heated by the sun, provide domestic hot water instead of furnaces.
whIte rooFtopsrooftops painted white re-flect heat, lowering a build-ings cooling cost and a city's heat buildup.
green wAllssee page 69.
CommUnIty gArdens And pArKsThese do not only function as recre-ative spots for citizens, but also as a natural air conditioning for the city.
hArboUr wIth CleAn wAter
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"a HouSe iS not a HoMe unLeSS it Con-tainS Food and FiRe FoR tHe Mind aS WeLL aS tHe Body."
BenjaMin FRanKLin
HoMe
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ArgUments For ChAnge
Buildings today are a major source of stress for people and planet. Many people live in unhealthy houses or apartments with poor indoor air qual-ity, without direct access to fresh air or sunlight, that are over-air- condi-tioned and too dark. These environ-mental stress factors have a negative impact on the body, mental well-be-ing, and productivity. They can lead to discomfort, allergic reactions, and ailments such as chronic tiredness, dry and itchy red skin, dry eyes, run-ny nose and sneezing, chest pain, de-pression, and chronic coughing72.
In many buildings, the air holds two to five times as many pollutants as the air just outside73. Indoor air pollution is more often the cause of health problems than the polluted air we may encounter outside our homes and it is linked to lower respiratory infections responsible for about 11 percent of all human deaths globally each year74.
In 2011, people living in developed countries spent 90 percent of their time indoors; globally, the number is 70 percent75. Just as the food we eat has a direct bearing on our quality of life, the air we take into our lungs around 22,000 times every day is es-sential to our well-being.
And these are just the health im-pacts. Buildings are also the largest consumer of energy in the world. To heat, cool, and light buildings requires a huge amount of energy.
buildings account for: • 40%ofallenergyconsumed76
• 40%ofcarbonemissions77
• 20%oftheworld’swater-use78
• 40%ofoursolidwaste79
• 33%ofhumanity’sresource consumption80
72 Bluyssen, p.M. (2009): The indoor Environment hand-book: how to make buildings healthy and comfortable, Earthscan, london.73 http://www.epa.gov/air/basic.html consulted on 11. dec. 201274 statistics on-line, in UnEp-sBCi, Draft briefing on the sustainable building index, paris, france, May 2010, 28p. U.s. Environmental protection agency, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidestory.html#intro1, consulted 12/07/12; sMiTh K.r., “looking for pollution where the people are”, East West Center, 1994, n 10, 8p.; 75 iEa 2010, ”Energy performance in buildings,” p. 5 76 iBiD.77 UnEp-sBCi website, consulted 27/06/12.78 UnEp-sBCi, Draft briefing on the sustainable building index, paris, france. May 2010, 28p.79,80 UnEp-sBCi, Draft briefing on the sustainable build-ing index, paris, france, May 2010, 28p.
welCome homeThough many Sustainians love the
outdoors and ride bikes both for fun and transport, they eventually get to their destination and spend quite a lot of time there. Like people every-where, Sustainians spend the major-ity of their time inside71. We work, sleep, eat, learn, and love in buildings. Buildings have long been the domi-nant habitat of humans. That is why in Sustainia we build and renovate our houses to be a part of the solution, not part of the problem.
For some time, reducing the nega-tive impact of the building sector was considered enough. But we have moved beyond this approach – first, to buildings that aim for zero nega-tive impact, and, second, to buildings designed to have a net positive effect on nature and the health of the people using them.
We measure success towards these goals in the well-being of the people using the buildings, in the biodi-versity of the land- or cityscape the buildings are part of, and in resources generated by the buildings during their lifetime.
The hard part was changing the way we think about buildings – to re-alize that we could transition to the net-positive impact buildings of Sus-tainia and still meet the needs of a growing population.
Once people realized this, a world of new solutions opened. What was once considered waste is now used as valu-able building material. Construction in undeveloped areas doesn’t have to mean degradation of the natural en-vironment. Indeed, the restoration of former industrial sites has improved local biodiversity and the health of those living nearby. Cleverly designed and sited buildings encourage people to live more active, healthy lives. The standard new building today gener-ates more power than it uses. After all, buildings are our habitat, and our habitat should support us.
71 globally, people spend approxi-mately 70 percent of their time indoors; in developed countries, it is close to 90 percent. U.s. Environmental protection agency, http://www.epa.gov/iaq/pubs/insidestory.html #intro1, consulted the 12/07/12; sMiTh K.r., “looking for pollution where the people are”, East West Center, 1994, n 10, 8p.
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7,500 bIllIon dollars tHE global wortH of tHE bUilding sECtor pEr yEar.
111 mIllIon people tHE nUmbEr EmployEd in ConstrUCtion worldwidE.
2,500 bIllIon dollars tHE invEstmEnt in sUstainablE bUildings from 2010 to 2030 rEqUirEd to KEEp bUilding EnErgy UsE in CHECK in tHE pEriod.
5,000 bIllIon dollars EnErgy savings from tHE invEstmEnt.
source:Betts & farell: global construction, 2020: global Construction perspectives and oxford Economics (2009), ilo, 2001, “The construction industry in the twenty-first century”, iEa: World Energy outlook 2009.
BuiLdinGS aCCount FoR a LaRGe SHaRe oF totaL eneRGy and ReSouRCe ConSuMPtion. But inStead oF SeeinG tHeM aS an oBStaCLe to SuStainaBiLity, We See tHeM aS an oPPoRtunity. WitH So Many PeoPLe inVoLVed, and So MuCH Money inVeSted, juSt tHinK oF aLL tHe oPPoRtunitieS FoR PoSitiVe CHanGe tHe BuiLdinG SeCtoR oFFeRS.
greAt opportUnItIes
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nAtIonAl level
globAl level
source:The benefits outlined on this page are based on extensive research done for the ”sustainia sector guide on Build-ings”. To read more about the benefits of sustainable buildings, visit www.sustania.me
yoUr home Is not only good For yoU
reduced operating expenses renovating and building sustainably have cut the operating expenses in sustainia’s buildings, freeing funds for new investments.
higher productivity Better indoor climate and more day-light in our offices have increased pro-ductivity.
health of residents and users We have designed indoor environ-ments to stimulate physical activity and increase the health of residents and users.
healthThe energy efficient buildings of sus-tainia have greatly reduced the need for power generation, leading to lower emissions of air pollutants and fewer incidents of respiratory illnesses.
water managementrain water is retained in roofs and gar-dens reducing the need for fresh water and protecting communities against rain floods.
reduced wasterecycling and reusing building materi-als have cut the amount of waste from construction.
stimulating the local economyWhat we save on energy, we can use for other purposes, stimulating local businesses and shops.
comfortable local climateour green roofs and gardens reduce the local heat island effect in cities, cooling the area for the greater com-fort of people living there.
Building sustainably offers a range of positive effects for the building owner as well as the surrounding community and the larger world.
bUIldIng lev el
CommUnIty level
new jobsCreating a greener and more sustainable building mass has been a huge task cre-ating a lot of jobs. recycling materials and keeping green roofs are steady new sources of income for a range of largely local businesses.
Getting the budget under controlinvesting in sustainable buildings has re-paid generously on the national level. We have not only cut the energy bills, we have also improved work productivity and re-duced expenses in the health system as a result of making the building mass more sustainable.
curbing the climatereduced energy consumption has been a key factor in reducing the use of fossil fuels and mitigating global warming. The emissions of other pollutants such as sul-phur and mercury have also been greatly reduced.
more stable energy supplyreducing the amount of energy we con-sume in buildings have been pivotal in cre-ating the stable energy market we have in sustainia.
resource efficiencyrecycling and choosing sustainable ma-terials have reduced the pressure on stretched resources.
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healthy homesbetter ventilation can reduce flu incidence by up to 87 percent and respiratory disease by up to 46 percent. Control of moisture inside can reduce asthma by up to 73 percent85.
phoTo: aDaM MørK, VElUX MoDEl hoME 2020
homes For heAlth And well-beIng
In Sustainia, we value quality of life as highly as the need to be more re-source-efficient and less polluting. We build homes that cater to our need for daylight, fresh air, adequate lighting, and a comfortable temperature. Previ-ously, architects minimized access to fresh air as a means to save energy. Research shows, however, that people need fresh air and good ventilation in buildings to function well, be comfort-able, and to avoid illness81.
We believe the impulse to mini-mize ventilation and fresh air to re-duce costs is misguided. In Northern Europe, companies and schools com-monly tried to lower costs by reducing ventilation in buildings83. Poor indoor air quality at those facilities, however, led to lower productivity and perfor-mance. Forcing the question: How much did you really save?
2010: The trend was that we reduced ventilation below recommended level to ensure savings on our energy bill.
2020: The trend is, that we allow as much fresh air as possible while saving money on our energy bill.
Another key component of a com-fortable indoor environment in Sustai-nia is the temperature. Studies used to tell us that whatever our race, wealth, or lifestyle, whatever the season, coun-try, or continent, people prefer an in-door temperature of about 22 degrees Celsius. Engineers worked hard to sta-bilize indoor temperatures at that level using highly mechanized heating and cooling systems.
Recent studies of human behavior in buildings show, however, that as long as indoor air comes from natural ven-tilation systems moving fresh air, we can tolerate deviation from 22 degrees Celsius84. That has led us to design buildings in Sustainia that allow con-trolled fresh air intake and ventilation.
move it buildings constructed to encourage physical activ-ity can greatly benefit your health. A study of more than 11,000 men showed that those who climb at least eight flights of stairs daily exhibited a mortal-ity rate 33 percent lower than those who are sed-entary82.
81 Billings, J. s. (1883): Ventilation and heating, The engineering record. 82 lee & paffenberger, “physical activity and stroke incidence: The harvard alumni health study,” stroke 1998.83&84 pearce, fred (2010) in Daylight & archi-tecture, indoor Climate, Velux Magazine.ibid. 85 Katz, g., presentation sourced from www.cap-e.com.
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bUIldIng mAterIAlsUse building materials without harmful chemicals. recycling building materi-als can reduce the environ-mental impact of the build-ing process dramatically.
InsUlAtIonfrom mineral wool to aero-gel, insulation materials are essential in every climate for keeping heat either in or out of the building.
UsIng wAter severAl tImes
reusing water from wash basins or showers to flush toilets reduces water con-sumption.
rAIn wAter retentIon And ColleCtIon
rain water can be held in fascines or tanks, reducing runoff of water during heavy rainfall. The water can be used for toilets, watering the garden, etc.
redUCe Covered groUnd
reduce the amount of ground covered by build-ings, pavements, parking lots etc. it reduces both the local heat island effect and the pressure on sew-age and drainage.
smArt homesMonitoring and control-ling energy demand in the house can reduce energy consumption and create a more comfortable home.
solAr heAtIngsolar heating system can provide heat and hot water. Combine them with heat pumps to create heat depots for use when the weather gets colder.
solAr powerphotovoltaic cells can deliver clean energy to the building. Combined with a heat pump this can create heating too.
vIsItIng A home In sUstAInIA
orIentAtIon towArds the sUnhomes are placed with large facades fac-ing east and west, letting in morning and evening sun. offices have large facades north and south, letting in high quality daylight.
wIndowsCreate views, provide day-light and add passive solar energy and natural ventila-tion to the building. auto-mated shading is essential in warmer climates to keep out heat from the sun.
desIgnDesign for sustainability can dramatically reduce energy consumption and create set-tings that encourage us to be more physically active.
green rooFs And wAllsadding plants to rooftops, walls and balconies offers many benefits: added insulation, reduced runoff of water during heavy rainfall, noise reduction and reduced heat island effect. and it looks good too.
heAt pUmpsheat pumps can draw energy from the surroundings into the buildings. The good thing is, that every 1 kWh of electricity used can deliver 2-4 kWh of heat.
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Smart homes Smart homes use integrated com-
munication systems to monitor and manage the performance of the home, and to support the lifestyle choices of occupants. Electronic systems control key elements in the home or apart-ment to suit your needs. You select the preferred lighting and tempera-ture throughout the day, scheduled for when you are home or away, and how many people – or even which people – are in the house. The systems can also handle fire checks, security, and control your electronic devices.
Besides improving quality of life, the primary goal of a smart home is to minimize environmental impact: energy usage, water usage, and car-bon emissions.
Upgraded homes This category includes the upgrades
and repairs made to a dwelling to re-duce energy consumption and im-prove livability. Retrofits can be small and simple or large and complex. Home retrofits can include: replace-ment of windows, added insulation, sealed leaks, and installation of so-lar panels. Most of these improve-ments can be do-it-yourself projects, and need not be complicated. On the following page we present a list of ways to upgrade your home to make it healthier and more energy efficient.
home Improvements – the sUstAInIAn wAy
In Sustainia, we believe in home improvement – big time. Renovating homes for efficiency, well-being, and health is crucial in creating the com-fortable, sustainable houses we want to live in. There are many ways to go about it, but here we introduce two: retrofitting and smart homes. Though different in approach, they are quite complementary.
Retrofitting focuses on upgrading the physical systems of a house – in-sulation, air exchange, windows – to create homes that use less energy and are healthier to be in.
Smart homes give occupants better control over their energy consump-tion through electronic monitoring and controls. That users also get a house that can adjust temperature and light levels to your preferences is just an added benefit.
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weather proof your house's outer shell: simple steps such as plugging leaks can go a long way, saving money on heating and air conditioning bills. replacing old, inefficient windows helps main-tain a constant temperature in your home. you can choose win-dows with electrochromic shading that adjust tinting based on the intensity of sunlight, helping to keep your home cool in summer. insulating the roof, attic, and wall cavities makes a home warm in winter and cool during the summer.
switch to energy-efficient appliances: look for appliances and devices rated by EnErgy sTar or other ambitious energy effi-ciency schemes, as these will often be the most energy-efficient products on the market. When the time has come to replace an old appliance – refrigerator, microwave, clothes washer, or tumble dry-er – remember that even if an EnErgy sTar-qualified appliance costs a bit more, it could reduce your energy bill by $50 annually.
install solar panels: solar panels are increasingly affordable for homeowners. solar power can be harnessed to create electricity for your home, to heat water, and to improve indoor lighting.
be water smart: install low-flow showerheads and faucets and low-flush toilets. Use gray water – collected in rainwater tanks – for your toilet and garden. Buy simple filter bottles instead of bottled water.
use environmentally friendly painting and cleaning products: These don’t give off volatile organic compounds, or VoCs. low- or no-VoC products greatly improve indoor air quality and protect your health. look for low-VoC paints and cleaning products.
gIvIng homes A mAKe-over
In Sustainia, we prioritize upgrading existing homes to make them as efficient, healthy, and comfortable as possible.
use recycled building materials whenever available: Ever-more companies specialize in reclaiming excess or used build-ing elements or materials that can be reused, such as doors and windows.
connnect to district heating: District heating, especially when supplied by a combined heat and power plant, often offers the cheapest and most energy-efficient heating solution in urban settings.
use heat pumps: if you have a garden, even a small one, heat pumps can drastically reduce energy consumption compared to conventional heating systems. heat pumps nicely comple-ment solar heating systems.
switch to compact fluorescent light bulbs (cfLs) or Leds: replacing the five most frequently used incandescent bulbs in your home with Cfls or lEDs can save $100 per year or more on electric bills.
Program your thermostat: programmable thermostats allow you to automate systems to reduce energy use. no need to run heating and cooling systems when no one is home during the day, or at night when everyone is sleeping.
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yoUr wIsh Is yoUr home’s demAnd
In Sustainia, we use technology to simplify our lives. Intelligent home systems are widespread, offering an impressive range of possibilities for convenience and energy efficiency. Demand response systems can regu-late the energy use of your house and operate appliances so that energy is consumed only when it is cheapest or most sustainable. Automatic heating and bathing solutions create a pleas-ant indoor environment, while boost-ing energy efficiency. And integrating rooftop solar panels and a ground source heat pump with the power grid ensures that occupants get the most from their investment in a home that creates its own energy.
Many of these elements reduce en-ergy consumption, but, more impor-tantly, they make life simpler. They allow greater control of temperature, lighting, water usage, and ventilation. Smart homes make it much easier for occupants to track energy consump-tion. Real-time display of energy usage makes it easy to see which appliances or devices consume a lot of energy. The display illustrates energy con-sumption against electricity fed back to the grid via onsite renewable instal-lations such as rooftop solar panels.
And energy is just one area where the smart home can improve quality of life. Mood lighting, home cinemas, automated cleaning, security solu-tions, and monitoring the health of occupants are some of the other areas where the smart home provides for a more convenient life.
An intelligent home helps you control and monitor:
• Heating
• Waterusage
• Communicationsandentertainment (TV-recorder, personal computers)
• Safetyandsecuritysystems
• Lighting
• Healthandwell-being
• Climatecontrol
The NEXT Living Suite also features the Cisco Smart Connected Home Controller and remote, allowing resi-dents to control their environment and media centre through their televi-sion. (Image courtesy Tridel and Tom Malone from McRann & Malone Stu-dios.)
The Cisco touch screen display in-stalled within the NEXT Living EcoSu-ite in Tridel’s Reve in Toronto, Canada. The screen enables touch control of environmental and entertainment settings within the EcoSuite. (Image courtesy Tridel and Tom Malone from McRann & Malone Studios.)
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" iF you SaW $20 BiLLS juSt SoRt oF FLoatinG tHRouGH tHe WindoW uP into tHe atMoSPHeRe, you'd tRy to FiGuRe out HoW you WeRe GoinG to KeeP tHat. But tHat'S eXaCtLy WHat'S HaPPeninG BeCauSe oF tHe LaCK oF eFFiCienCy in ouR BuiLdinGS.”
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source:www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-energy-efficiency-and-job-creation
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( soUrCE anD phoTo CrEDiT: KoCh arChiTEKTEn/rEWE® groUp )
rewe sUpermArKetis also a sustainia100 so-lution. you can read more about it in the sustai-nia100 publication which can be found on www.sustainia.me.
FoUr InspIrAtIonAl CAses For sUstAInAble bUIldIngs
WhereBerlin
WhatNew built grocery carbon neutral store
Effects Compared to a standard store of the same size, this building uses 48 percent less energy and appr. 40 percent of the energy used is produced by the building´s photovoltaic cells and geothermal energy system.
Details: The 2,550 m2 store (of which 1,830 m2 is store area) is one of the first of its kind to let in great amounts of daylight. This saves energy and creates a very different shopping experience compared to the classic supermarket with no views to the outside world.
Building materials are chosen for sustainability. In this case, wood is used extensively, which reduces CO2 emissions by 435 tons compared to more com-monly used materials. The prefabricated elements makes the construction process less cumbersome, and the building concept with laminated timber frames can be copied in many sizes for different kinds of stores.
StructureTwelve 46 m glued laminated timber frames span the store at intervals of 6.38 meters, forming the supporting structure. The walls are made with prefabricated wood sandwiched ele-ments filled with cellulose insulation enabling simple, fast and safe assem-bly.
LightingA 280 meter strip of windows com-bined with 18 domed skylights lets in daylight. Light sensors turn artificial lighting on and off as needed.
Heating and coolingExcess heat from coolers and refrig-erators are stored in a buffer tank and reused for heating the building. Geo-thermal energy is used for both heat-ing and cooling the store.
Rainwater retentionRainwater is collected and used for toilets, watering of the grounds and floor cleaning.
Energy1,600 m2 of solar photovoltaic cells are on the roof. 331 m2 of photovol-taic cells are integrated in the glass on the projecting roof. Together with the geothermal energy system this makes the building app. 40 percent self-suffi-cient in energy.
Sustainable buildings already exist. In Sustainia we have been inspired by many different cases, and on the following pages we would like to share four of these cases with you.
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db groUp’s heAd oFFICe deUtsChe bAnK
WhereFrankfurt am Main, Germany
WhatOffice building constructed from 1979 to 1984. Complete renovation, mod-ernization and reoccupation: Decem-ber 2007-February 2011; formal re-opening: February 2011
Effects67 percent less heating and cooling en-ergy used – corresponds to the heating power required for approx. 750 family homes 55 percent less electricity con-sumption – corresponds to the elec-tricity used annually by approx. 1,900 family homes 74 percent saving in an-nual water consumption – enough to fill 22 Olympic-sized swimming pools 89 percent less CO2 emissions p.a. – corresponds to the emissions of 6,000 cars each driving 12,000 km.
DetailsIn 2006 Deutsche Bank decided that that the bank´s twin towers headquar-ters would have to undergo a major renovation after 22 years. The direct cause was changes in fire regulations, but the bank seized the opportunity to retrofit the entire climate screen as well as the heating, water and lighting systems. The facades have been re-glazed with opening windows.
Architect MBA Mario Bellini Architects
Technical architect Gmp Architekten von Gerkan, Marg und Partner
Workplace capacity in flexible officesmax. 3,000
Height of each office tower: 155 m Site area: 13,021 m² Gross floor space: 21,522 m²Rental area: 75,093 m²
( soUrCE anD phoTo CrEDiT: DEUTCshE BanK ag )
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Active house radar:
this radar graph shows how all parameters within the ten Active house principles are balanced against each other, enabling a holistic approach.
lIChtAKtIv hAUs
WhereWilhelmsburg District, Hamburg, Germany
WhatTypical “settlers house” from Ger-many (13 million of the same type in Germany), converted into a carbon-neutral home with focus on optimal livability. Fulfilling the standards for 2020.
EffectsEnergy surplus (from heatpumps, PV and solar thermal collectors) of 16 kWh/m2/year. Overall good perfor-mance on the Activ House principles (see radar graph).
DetailsThe LichtAktiv Haus is a renovation project bringing a typical small one-family house up to Active House stan-dards. The house uses solar energy, passive solar gains, natural ventila-tion, and energy design to turn a clas-sic 1950s semi-detached house into a carbon-neutral home. Daylight is am-ple in every room.
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Interior wallsBricks are replaced by container steel, partially recycled gypsum sheets and recycled wood, poly-bricks made from upcycled plastic bottles makes for a translucent wall, tiles from upcycled glass, secondary structural support in recycled wood.
PatioMade from 95 percent upcycled stick-ers and labels, recovered paper and plastic fibers.
Internal floorsRubber tiles made from reused car tires, reused glass and reused cham-pagne corks substitute new tiles and wooden floors.
Façade windows 35 percent are reused.
UpCyCled FAmIly hoUse
WhereNyborg, Denmark
WhatFamily residence for four built from up-cycled waste materials.
EffectA life cycle assessment has evalu-ated the potential environmental im-pacts and shows that impacts can be reduced to less than 25 percent of a reference house built with the most commonly used materials in Den-mark. This applies for both the global warming potential and the total sum of all environmental impacts included in the evaluation.
DetailsThe upcycled house is built from a va-riety of materials, ranging from used car tires to retired shipping contain-ers. The choice of materials highlights and takes to the extreme the possibili-ties in upcycling and recycling build-ing materials, and shows the effects of using highly durable and recyclable materials. However not all the solu-tions used in this case are scalable to broader use due to such factors as the availability of materials.
Building OwnerRealdania Byg.
Architect Lendager Arkitekter.
Building basis/terrainColumns of recycled steel, mis-pro-duced concrete elements as ground anchors, gravel as stabilizer, insula-tion from upcycled styrofoam fruit-boxes.
Structural parts columns 2 tons of recycled steel is added to sta-bilize the containers.
External walls/façade Container steel substitute concrete. Façade plates made of reused paper pressed with bioresin combined with aluminum facade made from beer/soda cans. For insulation mineral wool is replaced by paper from recov-ered newspapers.
Roof Container steel substitutes the con-crete or steel substructure. Recyclable aluminum sheets, and ventilated pa-per-insulation substitutes the vapor barrier.
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"eLeCtRiC PoWeR iS eVeRy-WHeRe PReSent in unLiMited quantitieS and Can dRiVe tHe WoRLd'S MaCHineRy WitHout tHe need FoR CoaL, oiL oR GaS".
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ArgUments For ChAnge
A transformation of our energy sys-tem had to happen. The path we were on was neither sustainable nor reli-able. More than 60 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions were as-sociated with energy production and consumption87, not even counting transportation. Scientists warned we were on a catastrophic path towards climate disaster and resource deple-tion. Realizing that neither lowering energy consumption nor changing the energy supply to more sustain-able sources alone were sufficient, we developed a broad approach that has served as a driver for a change of the energy system:
• Investing in energy efficiency cre-ates jobs and saves money that can be reinvested in further efficiency or new cleaner energy sources.
• Supporting the development and deployment of promising sustain-able energy technologies, creating new industries and job opportuni-ties.
• Working to include the real costs of pollution into energy prices.
• Highlighting the benefits of sus-tainable energy to create greater public demand.
We now enjoy cleaner air and a blue sky. And we love not having to wor-ry about supply. The sun will always shine and the wind always blows.
87 World resources institute, “World greenhouse gas Emissions: 2005.”
welCome to theenergy system In sUstAInIA
Energy is life – we need it to sur-vive. It gives us warmth, light, and the power to create goods needed for daily life. It gives us mobility and communication.
We use energy all day – from when we get up in the morning till we go to bed at night. Even asleep, we use en-ergy to keep our houses warm or cool. Some appliances and facilities – freez-ers and refrigerators, hospitals and data centers – use energy 24 hours a day. We are addicted to energy, but luckily there is more of it around us than we will ever need86. It’s easy to tap in to, it’s clean, and it’s largely lo-cal.
In Sustainia, we live in rooms with comfortable indoor temperatures, we travel, and we use communication technologies extensively. And we rec-ognize the right for all to do the same. Energy poverty is not accepted. We strive to use energy efficiently and source clean renewable energy from the wind, the sun, waste, the oceans and rivers, and the heat of the earth.
In Sustainia, we even extract green-house gases from the atmosphere by capturing and storing carbon from power plants running on agricultural and forestry waste. As most of our en-ergy is locally or regionally produced, we don’t worry much about security of supply.
86 renewable Energy sources and Climate Change Mitigation – special report of the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (ipCC), 2012.
geothermAl774,5 EJper year
hydro51 EJper year
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renewAble energy resoUrCes
solAr25,706 EJ per year
wInd332,5 EJper year
oCeAn169 EJper year
bIomAss275 EJper year
powered by nAtUre CleAn energy soUrCes CAn CreAte FAr more energy thAn we wIll need
Renewable energy sources can cover our en-ergy needs many times over. The graph shows the potential energy created from six sources of renewable energy if used in a way that bal-anced the need for energy with the technical and social limitations; after all, we don’t want solar panels everywhere – and we don´t have to.
Regions of the world have access to differ-ent resources and must find the optimal mix of clean energy sources.
world energy sUpply (2008)
data source:renewable energy sources and Climate Change mitigation – special report of the Intergovernmental, panel on Climate Change (IpCC), 2012. the graph shows the middle value of the technical potential identified in the report for the six sources of energy.
the illustration is made with inspira-tion from ‘daylight & Architecture’ published by the velUx group
492 EJper year
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88 The sustainia electricity system draws from the visions expressed in: Danish Commission on Climate Change policy, 2010. green Energy – The road to a Danish Energy system Without fossil fuels; MacKay, D.J.C., 2009. sustainable Energy – Without the hot air. Cambridge, England: UiT; Waterloo global science initiative. august 20. Equinox Communiqué. University of Waterloo, perimeter institute, 2011 [cited 2011 august 20]. available from: renewable Energy sources and Climate Change Mitigation – special report of the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (ipCC), 2012.89 Energy roadmap 2050, European Union, 2012.
the rIse oF eleCtrICIty
electricity is dominant in sustainia. bio-based fuels are still used, such as for air travel and a log on the fire on a cold night, but electricity is a much larger part of the entire energy system in sustainia. Approximately 40 percent of all energy consumed in sustainia is electricity89. this is due to several factors:
• multiple sustainable energy sources, mainly wind and the sun, produce electricity directly.
• electricity can be transmitted long distances with little loss.
• electricity can be easily trans-formed into other energy forms such as heat. the other way around is much harder and comes with greater losses.
A smArt energy system Is lIKe pIeCes In A pUzzle…
The grid and the various sources of power are actually like pieces in a puzzle. When put together correctly they can create the perfect sustain-able energy system which can accom-modate our needs. In this chapter we will piece by piece explain how clean energy sources interlock to form the electricity system we have in Sustai-nia88. And we will explain how the various pieces can fit nicely together and complement each other.
Many call the energy system in Sus-tainia a “smart grid.” It is “smart” be-cause it is efficient and because it con-nects different energy sources into a single system able to balance multiple sources of clean energy. It even allows homeowners to be energy producers when an onsite energy system, such as rooftop solar photovoltaic panels, produces more energy than is used inside the home.
But the smart grid is not just nice to have; it has enabled the proliferation of clean energy sources by balancing intermittent solar and wind energy with easier-to-control sources such as waste, geothermal, and hydro power. And to ensure a reliable energy supply of clean energy, we need to combine the renewable energy sources whose output we can’t control with those we can control and storage.
We can’t control when the sun shines or when and how hard the wind blows, but we can control how much heat is extracted from inside the earth, how much water flows though dams, and how much waste-generated biogas is burned in com-bined heat and power plants.
the energy system oF sUstAInIA
IntrodUCIng the pIeCes oF sUstAInIA IslAnd
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estoo loCAted In A wArm And hUmId regIon, estoo requires lots of cooling. It’s a place of steady winds and strong tides.
zUlAKen A smAll CIty of dispersed dwellings lo-cated in the remote cold mountain highlands
CApe zUl sUrroUnded by desert, Cape zul is located in a hot and dry region blessed with plentiful sun-shine. It is located just south of the volcanically active zones of the central mountains.
Until recently, the energy we needed largely came from a rather simple mix of generically useful fos-sil fuels. This has changed. Today, the energy sys-tem in Sustainia is based on a mix of many differ-ent sustainable energy sources. It is clean, reliable, and utilizes resources available in each region. The secret to creating this system: integrating an ideal mix of complementary clean energy sources. There is no one-size-fits-all when it comes to the energy mix, but tying the systems together gives us a sys-tem that rivals any fossil fuel-based system on both output and reliability.
To illustrate this vision, we will take you on trip to a place we call Sustainia Island. There, the puzzle pieces of the energy system have been assembled on a small and large scale in regions encompass-ing varied climate zones – you can read more about Sustainia Island on page 39.
On Sustainia Island, each geographic region has deployed the mix of clean energy sources best suit-ed to its needs. In the rugged North, hydro power is abundant, while the arid, hot South benefits from intense sunlight. The West enjoys strong and steady winds and waves, while the East takes advantage of strong foehn winds that power onshore wind tur-bines.
On the following pages we will take you through the eight pieces of the Sustainia energy system puz-zle.
westlAnd A CIty loCAted In A rAIny And FertIle regIon, westland is buffeted by prevail-ing western winds and strong ocean waves.
nordFjord A CoAstAl CIty sItUAted In the Cool And hUmId north, nordfjord is bordered by the open ocean to the north and a vast mountainous highland to the south.
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90 Danish Energy association and En-erginet.dk., 2010. smart grid i Danmark. Copenhagen. [cited 2011 august 20]. 91 MacKay, D.J.C. 2009. sustainable En-ergy - Without the hot air. Cambridge, England: UiT.
rooftoP soLar rooftop solar panels on private homes convert solar energy to electricity or heat. in most climates of sustainia is-land, rooftop photovoltaic panels can provide a significant portion of the to-tal electricity used in the home91, and producing electricity where it is used reduces transmission losses.
eleCtrIC vehICle (ev) Electric vehicles are found in the parking lots of many homes on sustainia island and provide battery storage to the electrical system. They can be programmed to charge only when excess power is on the grid – surplus wind power when winds are strong or solar power at midday. The car batteries provide flexibility to the system, making it possible to incorporate large amounts of renewable energy sources whose output cannot be controlled90.
heat PumPsheat pumps are great for convert-ing electricity to heat. They can generate two to four units of heat for every unit of electricity, a much more efficient use of energy than traditional electric heating. When combined with solar panels and connected to a district heating sys-tem, a house with a heat pump be-comes a heating plant capable of selling excess heat to its neighbors.
zoomIng In on sUstAInIA IslAnd
On Sustainia Island, almost any house can be a power plant. In colder climates, windows let in light and solar heat to warm the house, while solar pan-els on the roof generate electricity or heat in con-junction with a heat pump. In warmer climates, solar panels generate power when it is needed most.
You can use the electricity, store it in the battery pack of an electric car you share with neighbors, or sell it to the utility – a smart meter keeps track of what is most profitable for you.
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the grIdThe sustainia island smart grid connects the energy systems of the island’s cities, ensuring access to en-ergy at all times. for instance, at night, when wind turbines off the coast of Westland generate more electricity than the city uses and the solar panels surrounding Cape zul are in darkness, the smart grid re-distributes electricity from one city to the other.
zoomIng In on sUstAInIA IslAnd
Renewable energy, by definition, won’t run out. Not tomorrow, in one year, in 10 years, or in 100 years. How-ever, some renewable energy sources – wind and solar power especially – have another and less beneficial thing in common: little control over how much power they produce at any given time. A conventional thermal power plant can burn more natural gas as needed up to its capacity. Wind turbines only generate power when the wind blows.
For that reason, the power grid in Sustainia has been upgraded in two ways. First, it can now transmit even larger amounts of electricity over long distances. This “supergrid” makes it possible to transfer electric-ity between regions, which addresses the intermittency of wind and solar energy – after all, it’s always windy or sunny somewhere. Second, the “smart grid” combines transmission of electricity with transmission of in-formation about the electricity. This might not sound important, but it en-ables electrical appliances to “talk” to the rest of the system to make sure you buy only the electricity you want – be it from the wind and sun, at the lowest cost, or from the most socially conscious power company.
92 This definition is loosely based on those presented by the European Technology platform, the Danish Energy industry asso-ciation, and the Danish Transmission system operator Energinet.dk with an emphasis on the advantages with respect to renewables and system efficiency: European Commission. 2006. “Vision and strategy for European Electricity networks of the future” [cited 2011 august 20] available from; Danish Energy association, and Energinet.dk. 2010. smart grid i Danmark. Copenhagen. [cited 2011 august 20] available from:
the power lInesThink of the different service pack-
ages available for your cell phone. Now, electricity is sold in the same way, allowing you to make the deal you want with the power company of your choice, and enabling you to sell surplus electricity to the grid.
The power lines, or “the grid,” on Sustainia Island, have been digi-tized. The “smart grid” refers to the integration of information technol-ogy into the electricity grid, enabling communication between individual elements of the system to improve integration of variable-output renew-ables, to boost the overall efficiency of the system,92 and to allow a large number of “pro-sumers” (homeown-ers whose houses sometimes use and sometimes produce net energy) to sell electricity to the grid.
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off-shore wind in westLand large offshore wind farms deliver elec-tricity for the people of Westland. The combination of higher wind speeds and lower noise and visual impacts at sea prompted Westland to choose off-shore over onshore wind.
onshore wind in estooThe people of Estoo benefit from strong foehn winds sweeping down from the central mountains of sustai-nia island. harvesting their power in wind corridors has maximized wind energy production and confines noise pollution to specific areas.
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wInd powerThe International Energy Agency
estimates that 8 percent of the world’s electricity needs will be met by wind power in 203593. The Danish Commis-sion on Climate Change asserts that Denmark has the potential to cover all of its electricity needs from wind power – the main obstacle being the variability of the resource94.
In Sustainia, wind power delivers a portion of your electricity needs somewhere in between the two esti-mates; its variability is offset by the ability to store or otherwise utilize surplus electricity when the wind is blowing by charging electric vehicles, pumping water into reservoirs, or selling it to other regions.
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93 World Energy outlook 2010. paris: international Energy agency (iEa).94 richardson, K. Dahl-Jensen, D. Elmeskov, J. hagem, C. henningsen, J. Korstgård, J. Buus Kristensen, n. Morthorst, p. olesen, J. Wier, M. nielsen, M. Karlsson, K. 2011. Denmark’s road Map for fossil fuel indepen-dence. solutions. Vol 2, no. 4. as numbers vary, we do not make a specific claim as to the share of wind power. rather, we emphasize general agreement about the potential for significant contributions to electricity systems from wind power.
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The potential of solar power is awe-some. The Earth receives on the order of 6,000 times its total energy needs from the sun each day, and even the least optimistic scenarios reckon that solar power alone could cover the world’s energy demand more than three times over – the most optimistic reckons approximately 1,000 times10. In Sustainia, solar power is harnessed passively in houses and actively in solar panels. Houses can be outfit-ted with rooftop solar panels or the power of the sun can be captured in commercial-scale solar power plants
like those in Southern California11 or Gemasolar in Spain12. The latter con-centrates the sun’s rays to heat mol-ten salts that drives a steam turbine. Storage tanks enable the plant to produce electricity from the heated salts for up to 15 hours with no sun-light, making solar energy much more flexible and dependable. Plants envi-sioned for the deserts of the Sahara13 could supply a significant portion of the electricity consumed in northern Africa and Europe.
gemAsolAr ConCentrAted solAr power In spAInis a sustainia100 solution and is a unique combination of solar power and thermal storage. you can read more about it in the sustainia100 pub-lication which can be found at www.sustainia.me.
solAr power
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soLar cooLinG in caPe ZuLDuring the warm summer months, roof-mounted solar cooling systems work alongside electricity generat-ing solar panels to meet the buildings’ need for both cooling and power.
concentrated soLar Power in caPe ZuLsunlight is focused onto a central re-ceiver that heats a molten salt fluid. The fluid in turn heats water to create steam used to drive turbines. The sys-tem is able to store heat for later use, meaning that it can deliver clean en-ergy 24/7.
soLar heatinG in nordfjordlarge solar panels transfer heat from the northern summer sun to water flowing in the city’s district heating grid. Together with seasonal storage, this provides a cost-effective option for the city’s heat-ing needs.
rooftoP PhotovoLtaics in ZuLakenrooftop photovoltaic panels de-liver power for zulakeners. sur-plus solar electricity is stored in batteries in homes and electric vehicles for use when the sun doesn’t shine.
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GeothermaL eLectricity in caPe ZuLoutside Cape zul, energy is harvested by extracting heat from within the earth. Cold water is injected into a deep well and extracted via another as warm water or steam used to feed a district heating sys-tem or to produce electricity.
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geothermAl power
The Earth is basically a ball of mol-ten metal and rock covered by a thin layer of solid ground – where we live. This immense reservoir of energy can be utilized by drilling deep and inject-ing cold water into one well and ex-tracting it from another – now heated considerably by the hot geological formations the pipes pass through. At ground level, the hot water can be used for space heating or, at higher temperatures, to generate electric-ity using a steam turbine. The poten-tial of enhanced geothermal power (where high pressure techniques are used to create a greater flow of water through the underground and thus enhancing energy generation)is, in theory, almost unlimited, but the cost of drilling limits its use to areas with suitable geology. Still, the potential is deemed to be between approximately 0.25 and 3 times the current total en-ergy need globally95.
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95 renewable Energy sources and Climate Change Mitigation – special report of the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (ipCC), 2012.
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dams in nordfjord The Nordstrøm, Fjordbro, andfjellbacka dams provide cheap and clean power for nordfjordians. The dams also provide most of the energy storage for the greater sus-tainia system.
Lake water district cooLinG in estoo Utilizing naturally cold water from deep below the surface of lake Es-too in the district cooling system saves Estoonians money, minimiz-es damage to the environment, and provides businesses with a sustain-able solution to meet their cooling needs.
96Whether hydro power increases its share of global electricity gen-eration in the models of the iEa depends on the scenario used. in the reference case, the share remains the same. in the “current policies,” scenario the share falls from 16 percent.
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hydro energyIn 2011, hydro power accounted for
16 percent of the world’s electricity mix and, in Sustainia, it contributes a similar amount. Critically, hydro power can easily be dispatched to match the fluctuations of the variable pieces in the puzzle: wind and solar96.
The ability to store and retrieve energy efficiently is crucial to Sus-tainia’s energy system. Surplus wind and solar electricity can be exported to other areas, but to maximize their potential – and to have ample energy year round – storage is vital. With hydro energy, surplus electricity can be used to pump water into reservoirs for later usage.
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tidaL Power in estoo Turbines generate electricity from the natural tid-al water flow in the canal running through the city. a local public-private consortium is building the city’s first ocean thermal power plant. The plant will generate electricity based on the tempera-ture difference between the warm surface waters of the sea and the colder water at great depths off the continental shelf, and it will supply cold water for district cooling as well as fresh water for farming and consumption by city residents.
the pelAmIs From sCotlAnd. an off-shore wave energy converter that uses the motion of waves to gen-erate electricity.
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mix, ocean power utilizes the energy in the waves, tides, and ocean cur-rents as well as the energy that can be derived from differences in water temperature (e.g. between surface and bottom water and salinity gra-dients). A range of technologies have matured over recent decades, and ocean energy now plays a significant role in many countries as these tech-nologies have proven more resilient to changes in weather due to climate change than solar or wind97.
wave enerGy inwestLandWave energy technologies leverage the force of waves to produce electricity. Co-located wave energy gen-erators and offshore wind farms utilize the same trans-mission grid, with the elec-tricity sent onshore for use by Westlanders.
97 renewable Energy sources and Climate Change Mitigation – special report of the intergovernmental panel on Climate Change (ipCC), 2012.
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district heatinG in nordfjord District heating – utilizing a by-prod-uct (waste heat from electricity pro-duction) of a by-product (waste from industry and households) – is a highly efficient way for nordfjordians to heat their homes.
waste incineration in nordfjordafter recyclable materials have been recovered, waste in nordfjord is put to good use. Waste from households, companies, agriculture, and forestry is incinerated in waste-to-energy plants to generate electricity for the city.
bioGas in westLand a biogas-fired combined heat and power (Chp) plant outside the city delivers heat and electricity for Westland.
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In Sustainia, waste is considered a resource, but after recyclable or reusable materials have been re-moved there is still a large portion remaining. We don’t believe in landfills, so the remaining organic waste is combined with industrial and agricultural waste to produce biogas in decomposition plants98. Biogas can be burned in power plants to create elec-tricity needed to support variable wind and solar energy or refined and used for transport.
98 one such facility is the rEnescience technology developed by Dong energy, which separates materials for recycling as well as producing biogas and solid fuels for energy generation:
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Put all of the pieces together and the picture you see is the energy system in Sustainia. Homeown-ers have become a player in the electricity game by installing rooftop solar panels and investing part of their pension in a combined wave- and wind energy facility off the coast. Power lines have been upgrad-ed to handle this transformation. With the addition of renewables whose output we can control – hydro, geothermal, biomass, and ocean – the flexibility provided by the smart grid, and the growing fleet of electric vehicles, we have freed ourselves from fossil fuels.
The transformation makes it possible to walk your city without the roar of internal combustion engines, enjoying the clean air that follows from non-polluting sources of energy.
Ahhhh… fresh air.
bAlAnCIng the energy soUrCes oF sUstAInIA IslAnd
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The sustainia island smart grid connects the energy systems of the island’s cities, ensuring access to energy at all times. for instance, at night, when wind tur-bines off the coast of Westland generate more electricity than the city uses and the solar panels surrounding Cape zul are in darkness, the smart grid re-distrib-utes electricity from one city to the other.furthermore, it enables the large-scale exchange, storage, and trade of energy on the island. nordfjord’s reservoirs and electricity generating dams together act like natural batteries, adding or releasing water as needed to balance the energy needs of the island. Compressed air en-ergy storage is also used to balance de-mand on the grid.
ThE sUpErgriD paves the way for mas-sive installations of wind turbines and so-lar panels across sustainia island in two ways; first, when the sun isn’t shining in Cape zul, the wind may be blowing extra hard in Westland, allowing its wind pow-er to make up for the lack of solar power in the south. second, should the sun and the wind be absent in sustainia, the dams of nordfjord function like large batteries. surplus wind and solar electricity is used to pump water into reservoirs; on cloudy and windless days, the water is released to generate electricity.
sMarT griDs make you, the ordi-nary consumer, part of the power so-lution. Electrical appliances can be programmed to operate when there is ample energy (and the price is low), and heating or cooling systems can be set up to align with price and personal comfort
sToragE, like the dams of nordfjord, is built into the system, giving it flexibility. once again, consumers are part of the solution, such as when electric car bat-teries provide energy storage. The added benefit: power for transport when elec-tricity is at its cheapest. Between Cape zul and Westland, a large compressed air energy storage facility adds yet another way to save energy for a rainy day.
CoMBining hEaT anD poWErCombined heat and power gener-ation is not a new idea, but, in sus-tainia, it is the standard for gener-ating power from incineration of combustible materials. The idea is simple: heating water to drive a turbine in order to make electric-ity generates a lot of waste heat. if surplus heat is directed to a cen-tral heating system, the efficiency of the system can be raised from approximately 35 to 80 percent or more .
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“tHe WoRLd iS a BooK and tHoSe WHo do not tRaVeL Read onLy one PaGe”.
St. auGuStine
HoMetRanSPoRtation
ArgUments For ChAnge
Cars were supposed to be a blessing. Fast and convenient, cars promised freedom and adventure, an unbroken span of asphalt reaching to the sun-set. Instead, it’s a love story gone hor-ribly wrong. Cars took over our cities, fouled the air we breathe, and spewed gases that are warming the planet. By 2010, some 1.2 billion cars99, trucks, buses, and motorcycles clogged the world’s streets and highways.
Cars weren’t the only means of get-ting around that got us into trouble. Commercial ships belched soot and burned dirty bunker fuel. The avia-tion industry, which saw its emis-sions soar as low-cost airlines made long-distance travel easier, became one of the fastest-growing sourcesof global greenhouse emissions100. Alto-gether, transport accounts for about 14% of the planet-warming emissions released each year101.
But, at the moment the situation seemed most dire, we pushed the sector in a new direction. Clever en-gineers discovered ways to shave weight from cars, planes, and trucks. They created biofuels to replace tradi-tional petrol. They electrified cars and trucks, planes and ships. Smart con-sumers were ready to buy low-pollut-ing vehicles, to live closer to transit, to give up owning a car, if a bike or bus would do.
Getting around in Sustainia means less carbon and more choices. Getting around never felt so good.
99 Biello, D. 03.01.2011. Driving to the future: Can China – and the World – afford 2 Billion Cars? scientific american.100 graham, p. Csiro. 26.05.2011. Could bio-derived jet fuel give aviation a future? The Conversa-tion.101 World resources institute. october 2010. Citywide Transpor-tation greenhouse gas Emissions inventories: a review of selected Methodologies.
welCome to A new wAy oF gettIng AroUnd
In Sustainia, mobility is paramount. Cities, once designed for cars, now give preference to buses and trains, pedes-trians and pedalers. Walking paths, cycle tracks, bus rapid transit corri-dors, high-speed trains, electric cars – residents in Sustainia have sustain-able options to reach school and work, errands and play. Motors run not on oil or coal but batteries charged by the wind and sun, the tides and earth’s heat. Next-generation biofuels come not from corn but jatropha, camelina, and newsprint. In Sustainia, getting around means mobility without car-bon, miles without oil.
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FredrIK
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jIA
shAdow three sUstAInIAns on theIr dAIly CommUtes
three storIes From three pArts oF sUstAInIA
In this chapter, you will meet three Sustainians and shadow them on their daily commutes. This will give you a clear picture of how Sustainians are living better by making full use of smarter, cleaner transportation op-tions.
Prabhu, in Seattle, drives an electric car and commutes to work on low-carbon planes and high-speed trains;
Jia, in Guangzhou, China, commutes to work on a next-generation bus sys-tem and relies on a bike-sharing net-work and video-conferencing to meet with clients; Fredrik, in Kristianstad, Sweden, drives a biogas-fueled car and subscribes to a car service rather than buy a second car102.
Here’s what getting around will look like 10 years from now…
102all stories are based on the technologies and transportation system that could be available in 2020 in their region.
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solAr-powered hybrId And All-eleCtrIC FerrIes
In sustainia, as on prabhu’s ferry to seattle, diesel engines burning high-sulfur bunker fuel have large-ly been replaced by electric motors powered by the sun or hydrogen fuel cells. examples of hybrid ships include the tûranor planetsolar105, a solar-powered catamaran that circled the world in 2011, and a sys-tem of all-electric ferries106 con-structed by bmt nigel gee for use on routes between Chinese coastal cities beginning in 2012.
demAnd bAsed-prICe pArKIng, wIth smArt phone InterFACe
Inspiration for prabhu’s parking experience in downtown seattle comes from the sFpark system launched108 in san Francisco, in september 2011.the service gives drivers re-al-time information on the availability of parking spaces at city-owned garages and meters.
Forty-five minutes later, Prabhu rolls his car down the ramp and turns toward the financial sector. His phone beeps. Waiting at a stop light, Prabhu glances at the text message: his bank has debited his ac-count $10.00 for the ferry toll, and $8.00, a com-muting hour congestion charge107, to enter the city center. Reaching his building, Prabhu enters the parking garage, pulling into one of the designated EV charging stations. He plugs in. The utility will top off his battery mid-morning, when demand on the grid eases. Prabhu gave the utility permission to tap energy stored in the battery, at home or at work, when needed. It happens just a few times a year – hot summer afternoons when air condition-ers are humming, or a storm knocks out electricity in a neighborhood – but when the utility does tap the battery, it deposits a credit into his account.
A few hours into the morning, Prabhu, late for a meeting with a potential client, an engineer with a start-up spun out of a local university research lab, rushes down to the parking garage. There won’t be time to catch the light-rail, he thinks. He leaves in his car and, a few moments later, his phone beeps. At a stop, he glances at a text from Seattle’s smart parking service. On his way out of the office, he had asked his secretary to reserve a parking space near the café where he’s to meet the engineer – no more circling the block looking for parking. Spot #734 waits, just a 3-minute walk, one block, from the café.
gettIng AroUnd Is eAsy In sUstAInIA
evs And smArt phones, eFFICIent plAnes And hIgh-speed trAIns
story 1
Prabhu, 44, Venture Capitalist, Se-attle, United States
Startled by the alarm clock, Prabhu rises, picks up his phone, and opens a text message from his utility. His electric sedan, plugged in and parked in the garage, is fully charged. Charg-ing didn’t begin until 2:33 a.m., when strong winds in the Columbia River Gorge pushed output at all of the regions wind farms to full capacity, sending electricity prices tumbling. Prabhu’s account settings103 ensure that each night his car charges only when electricity is cheapest and sup-ply strong. Temperatures plunged overnight, so Prabhu, through the
app on his smart phone, pre-heated the car 10 min-utes before rolling out of the garage. The app saves him time, and, by heating the car while it’s still connected to the charger, conserves energy stored in the battery for driving.
Prabhu commutes each morning to downtown Se-attle from his home, located on an island in Puget Sound. This morning he rolls up to the pier and waits for the signal to drive into the belly of the fer-ry that will carry him to the dock in Seattle. A few years before, the ferry operator upgraded its fleet. Gone are ships burning dirty bunker fuel in aging diesel engines. Instead, the roof is lined with solar panels, which charge the battery. A hybrid propul-sion system – a fuel cell stack and electric motor – pushes the ferry toward Seattle.
wInd And evs – A perFeCt mAtCh
electric vehicles (evs) don’t just eliminate emis-sions at the tailpipe. the cars are mini power plants on wheels, with their battery packs avail-able to store or dispatch power during the 90% of the day cars sit idle. A report104 released by the U.s. pacific northwest national laboratory, in september 2011, found that the region’s elec-trical grid could better handle additional inter-mittent wind power if just 13% of cars were evs.
103 a helpful resource for infor-mation on EV charging, the smart grid, and the networked EV is Cleenfleetreport.com. inspiration for prabhu’s interac-tion with his EV comes, in part, from this source. addison, J. 07.09.2011. Electric Car Charging and smart grid, networked EV. Cleanfleetre-port.com.104 Tuffner, f. et al. July 2011. Using Electric Vehicles to Meet Balancing requirements asso-ciated with Wind power. pacific northwest national laboratory (U.s.) pnnl-20501.105 Wassener, B. 18.08.2011. have solar panels, Will Travel. The new york Times.106 Barry, K. 18.08.2011. Electric ferry is a solar Boat to China.
autopia Blog, Wired.com.107 More cities are looking to follow stockholm and london’s example and charge drivers a congestion fee to enter city centers. The latest is Beijing, where drivers will soon face a levy to drive on selected roads, Chinese officials announced in september 2011. loveday, E. 07.09.2011. Beijing to levy Congestion Charge to Ease Traffic, reduce pollu-tion. autoBloggreen108 gordon, r. 15.09.2011. Texting service to Make it simpler to park in s.f. san francisco Chronicle.
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In the air, Prabhu rides with a cleaner conscience than he did even a few years before. Clever engi-neers had discovered creative ways to save fuel. They shaved pounds by replacing metal in the frame with carbon fiber and using ceramics in the engine; they reduced drag by adding an acrylic resin to the exterior paint job to fill in cracks. Beginning in 2011 and 2012, global airlines and the United States mili-tary started replacing petroleum-based jet fuel with biofuels112.
In two hours, he’s on the ground in San Francisco.
An automated AirTrain carries him to the platform where a train waits. The high-speed rail line links San Francisco to Los Angeles. Prabhu boards; he had purchased a ticket from the plane using his phone, but doesn’t bother finding a seat. The train – capable of speeds of up to 220 mph – covers113 the 12 miles to his stop in Palo Alto in just 8 minutes.
When he arrives in Seattle 24 hours later, after a morning of meetings in Silicon Valley, his car will be waiting, fully charged, and ready for the trip home.
sUmmAry:Innovations that make prabhu’s life easier and better:
• electric vehicle outfitted with grid-friendly charging technol-ogy
• solar-powered, hybrid, and all-electric ferries
• demand-based price parking, with smart phone interface
• vehicle-to-grid technology – evs can store surplus green power and dispatch it when needed by the utility
• Airplane fuel-saving measures: solar panels, carbon fiber frame, ceramic engine parts
• next-generation biofuels – in-cluding camelina-based jet fuel
• high-speed rail
109 rEnfE, spain’s state-owned train operator, reports that the 375-mile Madrid-Barcelona aVE high-speed train route has captured nearly half of iberia airlines’ traffic on the same route. selcraig, B. 16.08.2010. Taking high-speed Trains into the future. Miller-McCune.com.110 addison, J. 25.05.2011. oakland airport 15 Coulomb Charging spaces for Electric Cars. Cleanfleetreport.com.111 The solar impulse sB-hia, a super-light, carbon-fiber aircraft outfitted with 12,000 solar cells, recently completed three inter-national flights on a European tour powered by solar alone. http://www.solarimpulse.com/ 112 Murray, J. 17.08.2011. obama readies Jet Biofuels for Takeoff With $510m investment. Busi-nessgreen.com, and nichols, W. 03.08.2011. aeromexico pilots first Trans-atlantic Commercial Biofuel flight.113 on prabhu’s short trip from sfo to palo alto, he rides
California’s in-the-works high-speed rail line. The line will connect san francisco to anaheim, and make the trip from los angeles to san francisco in just under two-and-a-half hours. California high-speed rail authority. Trip planning current as of september 16, 2011. http://www.cahighspeedrail.ca.gov/114a thorough guide to recent aviation industry research into fuel-saving measures is this special report. The Economist. 03.09.2011. Changes in the air. 115 paur, J. 26.08.2011. feds sign off on Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner. autopia Blog, Wired.com. 116 scandinavian airlines (sas). Email corre-spondence. september 12, 2011.
A partner at one of the West Coast’s leading ven-ture capital firms, Prabhu travels often to meet with prospective clients and check in on his firm’s investments. On this day, he needs to make a 3:30 p.m. flight for San Francisco. Once each month he visits his firm’s Silicon Valley office, in Palo Alto, for a meeting with the other partners in the cleantech practice. On shorter trips in Washington and Or-egon, he takes the new Cascadia high-speed train. The past two months, he’s made a weekly visit to Portland, Oregon, to visit a thin-film solar panel fac-tory – an investment he had shepherded from the research lab to market. On each trip, Prabhu notices more riders. Just one year after opening, the high-speed rail line connecting Seattle and Portland has lured away half of the airline traffic on the same route109.
Prabhu arrives at Seattle-Tacoma International Airport (Sea-Tac) with plenty of time to make his flight. He parks at one of the long-term EV charging stations. Sea-Tac, like many American airports110, began adding EV charging stations as soon as the first wave of next-generation plug-in vehicles hit the market, in 2010 and 2011. The beep coming from his phone, he knows from routine, is the text message from his bank debiting his account $15 for the park-ing fee. The utility will top off the battery overnight.
Seated at the gate, Prabhu looks out the window. His San Francisco-bound plane is waiting, ready to board passengers. His client in Portland, the thin-film solar company, had won a lucrative contract only the year before to outfit the airline’s fleet with solar. He smiles, glancing at the plane – a hefty re-turn on investment for his firm, and plenty of clean power for the airline. With the lightweight solar panels affixed to each wing and fuselage111 feeding electricity to the plane’s battery pack and auxiliary motor, the plane is able to turn off its powerful, fu-el-hungry main engines at the gate, and burn less fuel in the air.
FUel-sAvIng meAsUres For AIrlIners
eager to cut surging fuel costs, and forced to cut emissions after the inclusion of commercial avia-tion in the european emissions trading scheme, the aviation in-dustry started to invest heavily in fuel-saving measures114. boe-ing claims the 787 dreamliner, outfitted with high-efficiency ge and rolls royce engines and a light-but-strong carbon compos-ite fuselage, burns 20 percent less fuel115 than similar aircraft. In the future116, major airlines, such as sAs, are looking to add solar power to supplement the energy supply during flight, harvest the energy from landing wheels for re-use at taxiing, and to reduce emissions from air traffic with im-plementation of advanced traffic control systems such as the sin-gle european sky initiative.
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bUs-rApId trAnsIt CorrIdors
In sustainia, bus rapid transit (brt) corridors ease congestion, reduce travel times, and slash emissions. buses in the systems, like the one jia rides to work, operate much like trains, with exclusive or prior-ity lanes, street-level boarding, and pay-before-you-board stations. onboard It, including gps units, es-timate arrival times and communi-cate with traffic signals. nearly 100 cities launched brt systems from 2000-2010; 50 more were under construction in 2011119.
117 inspiration for Jia residing in guangzhou comes from an article written by your chapter author that describes the bus-rapid transit and bike-sharing improve-ments made along zhongshan avenue. gerdes, J. 09.06.2011. a Two-Wheeled future? Chinadia-logue118 statistics on mode share by bike in guangzhou, the years between bike lanes, and drivers added each year from: gerdes, J. 09.06.2011. a Two-Wheeled future? Chinadialogue.119 lovaas, D. 15.03.2011. Bus rapid Transit: an inexpensive solution for Cash-strapped states and re-gions. natural resources Defense Council staff Blog.
Today, it’s much calmer. She walks up the ramp to the bus station and reaches for the transit card in her pocket. She carries a pass pre-loaded with mon-ey, linked to her bank account, which she can use for buses, trains, and bikes. She glances up at the digital screen announcing arrival times. Her bus is due in two minutes. With her free hand she reaches for her smart phone and checks email for the first time that morning. A client asks if she can meet in three hours to talk over revisions to the plans for his firm’s new headquarters in Shanghai.
Her bus rolls up, the doors open. With no need to queue at the front door to pay the fare, or steps to climb to reach the seats, boarding is easy and fast. She holds her transit card up to the scanner and waits for the beep of approval. She finds a seat and looks again at her phone. She confirms the time with the client and opens the app she uses to re-serve a bike to ride to the meeting, 10 blocks from her office. The bus corridor is efficient, carrying more passengers per hour than any metro line in mainland China outside of Beijing.
On the days Jia rides to work, she parks her bike a block from her office at one of the two-tiered bike garages installed when Guangzhou re-made Zhong-shan Avenue, in 2010. Two hours later, Jia rolls up blueprints for her meeting and leaves the office, heading for the nearest bike-sharing station. Along the redesigned Zhongshan Avenue, planners added
smArt trAnsport mAKes UrbAn lIvIng eAsy In sUstAInIA
bUses, bIKes, And CAr-shArIng
Jia, 29, Architect, Urban Planner Guangzhou, China
Jia does not own a car. Unlike many people her age in China, she has never really wanted to drive. For as long as she can remember, cars have increased in popularity, especially in fast-growing Chinese cities such as Guangzhou117, her hometown of 14 million people. It was not always so.
China is still one of the world’s great biking coun-tries, but, as the middle class expanded, car sales boomed as bike sales slumped. In Guangzhou, the percentage of trips by bike bottomed out at just over 10%. By 2009, the city had not built a new bike lane in a dozen years and was adding 300,000 cars to its streets each year118.
But, at about that time, Guangzhou officials de-cided on a new course. An architect and urban planner, Jia had, at university, studied plans for the signature project credited with turning the tide against cars: the bus rapid transit (BRT) corridor along Zhongshan Avenue. Planners re-imagined a 22.5-kilometer stretch of the street, located in the city’s bustling commercial district. They replaced a
12-lane free-for-all that left cars, bus-es, and bikes jostling for position with a layout with dedicated lanes for cars and buses, and included two separat-ed bike lanes.
Jia depends on the new system. The apartment she shares with her hus-band, Xue, is located in a high-rise tower constructed along Zhongshan Avenue a few years after the BRT corridor was installed. Some days Jia bikes to her office, some days she rides the bus, deciding based on the weather.
On this day, she takes the bus. She rides the elevator down 27 stories to the street and walks two blocks to her station. She remembers Zhongshan Avenue before the changes, when, as a young girl, she rode the bus with her parents to reach the produce markets. Then, Zhongshan Avenue was loud, congested, and dangerous.
story 2
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120 hughes, C. K. 20.04.2011. Bicycle infrastructure in China – Case study: guangzhou. panel presentation, san francisco, Cali-fornia. 121 fehrenbacher, K. 06.09.2011. it’s official: Car sharing reduces Vehicle ownership. Earth2Tech Blog, gigaom.com 122 “sMarTer2020,” global e-sustainability initiative (gesi), December 3, 2012.
sUmmAry:innovations that make jia’s life easier and better:
• bus rapid transit (brt) corridors• dense, transit-oriented development – homes and
apartment located adjacent to transit hubs• sheltered bike garages and safe, separated bike lanes• bike-sharing systems• video-conferencing and telecommuting technology• Car-sharing systems
She meets Xue at home. A few years before, the owner of their apartment tower agreed to allow a car-share service to park eight vehicles in the garage. Jia walks up to space #7 and reaches for her swipe card. She slides the card into the reader, and with a click, the doors unlock. The sedan is a plug-in hybrid, which couples a small gas engine with a battery and electric motor. When the battery is depleted, the gas engine kicks in to replenish its charge.
They have made the drive many times, but Jia still turns on the navi-gation aid in the center console and punches in her parents’ address. They settle in for the drive, hoping to beat the Friday afternoon rush. With luck, they’ll roll into her parents’ driveway just in time for dinner.
vIdeo-ConFerenCIng And teleCommUtIng
many business meetings are conducted virtu-ally in sustainia. Companies opt for video-con-ferencing, when possible, to save money and reduce carbon emissions. A study122 published by the boston Consulting group on behalf of the global e-sustainability Initiative in decem-ber 2012 found that increased use of informa-tion and communication technology (ICt), including video conferencing, telecommuting, and smart building management, could cut global greenhouse gas emissions by 16.5 per-cent by 2020, resulting in $1.9 trillion in gross energy and fuel savings.
CAr-shArIng
students and young professionals are increas-ingly choosing car-sharing membership over car ownership. A University of California transporta-tion Center study122 surveyed 6,281 households that were part of car-sharing networks. the households owned 2,968 cars before car sharing and 1,507 after.
hundreds of such stations, with many located next to bus and train stops. With riders able to pedal in safe, separated lanes, bike trips exploded – a 50 per-cent increase in the first year120. Travel times im-proved for motorists, bus riders, and cyclists alike.
Jia finds her reserved bike, #1515, at the station. Her confirmation text message included the bike number and identified the rack where the bike would be waiting. Jia reaches for her transit card, and holds it up to an electronic scanner. After a beep and a click, the bike is released from the rack. If she returns the bike within an hour, she pays nothing. Beyond that, she pays a small hourly fee. Riding in the cycle track, where cyclists zip along efficiently with the aid of their own traffic signals, Jia makes it to her meeting in less than 10 minutes.
Jia also frequently uses video-conferencing tech-nology to conduct client meetings. Her firm asks that the equipment be used for meetings with out-of-town clients when possible to hold down travel
expenses and reduce its carbon foot-print. Several days each month, Jia avoids commuting to work altogether via telecommuting equipment that gives her remote access to her office desktop computer and the firm’s con-ference room.
Later that afternoon, back at the office, Jia prepares to leave. Her con-centration is broken by an incoming text message from her car-sharing service. She cycles or takes the bus to work, and most errands are a short walk from her apartment tower. But once a month she visits her parents, who returned to the countryside two hours outside Guangzhou for their re-tirement. Their village is not served by transit, but can be reached by car. Jia drives, grudgingly.
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bIogAs trAnsportAtIon InFrAstrUCtUre
Inspiration for Fredrik and hanna’s life in Kristianstad comes, in part, from a new york times feature123 by elisa-beth rosenthal. rosenthal describes how Kristianstad, population 80,000, built the infrastructure necessary to make the switch to locally sourced biogas for central heating and transport. the town has already eliminated fossil fuels for heating, and city planners expect that by 2020, local greenhouse gas emissions to be 40 percent below 1990 levels.
plant that burns biomass to create heat and elec-tricity, and a network of pipes to distribute heat through the city. It built a plant to convert plant and food wastes into biogas, a form of methane, burned to heat homes or propel a car.
Once settled in Kristianstad, Fredrik and Hanna happily replaced their petrol-burning sedan for a three-cylinder engine, biogas-powered hatchback. The new car burns cleaner than the old one, and Fredrik and Hanna take comfort in knowing that that fuel in the tank comes not from ancient car-bon locked deep in the Earth but from manure, used cooking oil, and other food and agriculture wastes sourced from the region’s abundant farms and food processing plants.
In the early years of Kristianstad’s energy shift, biogas was available only for the municipal fleet of cars. But the city expanded the pipe network and re-quired increased use of biogas in private cars; with more biogas to sell, private firms added filling sta-tions. Now, whenever Fredrik fills the tank, about twice a month, he simply drives to a station two ki-lometers from their home. The fuel costs 20 percent less than conventional petrol. The plan has worked so well that Kristianstad halved its fossil fuel use and slashed its planet-warming emissions by one-quarter in the first 10 years.
123 rosenthal, E. 10.12.2010. Using Waste, swedish City Cuts its fossil fuel Use. The new york Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2010/12/11/science/earth/11fossil.html
rUrAl lIvIng And trAde Are sImple And eFFICIent In sUstAInIA
bIogAs trAnsport, CAr-servICe model, And eFFICIent trUCKIng
story 3
Fredrik, 67, Retired truck driver – Kristianstad, Sweden
Fredrik and his wife Hanna had always wanted to retire in the coun-try. Ten years before, when he retired from his job as a long-haul truck driv-er, they decided to buy a home on the outskirts of Kristianstad. The town was familiar to Fredrik. His regular route for many years took him from Stockholm, south through Kristians-tad on the way to Malmo, Berlin, and back again.
He and Hanna had long lived in an apartment in Malmo, but they craved more room and a yard big enough for her to keep a flower garden. In good health, they didn’t worry about leav-ing a bigger city for a more isolated life in the country. For Fredrik, who had burned more liters of diesel than he could count driving his truck all those years, life in Kristianstad held a special appeal.
Thirty years before, city officials had charted a path beyond oil, coal, and natural gas. Assisted by grants from the government in Stockholm, Kristianstad invested in a centralized
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States, some trucks were converted to run on natu-ral gas. Still others are hybrids powered by hydro-gen fuel cells and an electric motor. Some did away with fuel altogether and run entirely on batteries.
Fredrik glances at the parked trucks a bit longer, noticing even more changes. A few trucks sport thin film solar panels on the roof127, charging a battery under the trailer deck. Nearly all have been outfit-ted with an under-trailer air deflector that reduces drag.
Anders rolls up. Over lunch he shares the good news that he had just turned in his retirement pa-pers. A new driver would soon take over the Stock-
the UndertrAy128
large, 18-wheel trucks, called semi-trailers, haul much of America’s goods. A south Carolina company, bmI, in-vented an under-trailer wind deflector, dubbed the Un-dertray, that made the trucks more aerodynamic. bmI estimated that installing the wind deflector on a semi can boost fuel efficiency by 12%. deploy Undertray on all 1.3 million of America’s semis, says the U.s. department of energy, and it would save 1.5 billion gallons of diesel annually. payback is in as little at 12 to 18 months.
sUmmAry: Innovations that make Fredrik’s life easier and better:
• biogas infrastructure – bio-mass-fired combined heat and power plants combined with regional pipe distribution network to deliver biogas for transport.
• Car-service model – automak-ers will soon offer customers a non-ownership subscription option.
• Fuel-saving and cleaner-burn-ing delivery trucks – fuel-saving engines; natural gas and bio-diesel used as fuel; some trucks powered by hydrogen fuel cells and electric motors.
• energy-saving truck upgrades – solar roofs and under-trailer air deflectors.
124 Car-service model inspired by Bill reinart, national Manager, advanced Technology Vehicles, Toyota Motor sales Usa, panel: “pole position,” Climate one at The Commonwealth Club of California, May 16, 2011.125 greenBiz.com, “Despite Vocal Complaints, European Car Makers Meeting new rules,” By Will nichols. september 29, 2011.126 greentech Media, “a 54.5 Mpg standard to hit in 2025: here are Ten Ways to improve Mileage,” By Michael Kanellos. July 28, 2011. 127 Merchants in the Dutch cities of Utrecht and haarlem have recently started receiving
holm-Berlin route. On the drive home, Fredrik is down – Anders’ retirement means the end of weekly lunch with a good friend. But his spirits lift when he remembers the to-do waiting for him at home: going online to reserve a station wagon. In two days, he and Hanna leave for the summer cabin.
The Undertray system is a sustainia100 solution. you can read more about it in the sustainia100 publication which can be found at www.sustainia.me.
deliveries from diminutive solar-powered, all-electric vans called the Cargohop-per. Treehugger.com, “how Tiny solar Trucks Can save american Cities,” By a.K. streeter. september 6, 2011. 128 The Economist, “rig on a roll,” June 4, 2011.
Fredrik and Hanna own just the one car. For most trips, it suits their needs. But occasionally they have need for something other than the hatchback. For two weeks each June, for instance, their three grandchildren visit from Malmo. Rather than buy a second car big enough to carry the grandkids and vacation gear but would otherwise sit idle for the rest of the year, Fredrik and Hanna subscribed to a car service. They love the flexibility.
The car-service model124 launched in California in 2013, and came to Sweden and the rest of Europe a few years later. Automakers realized that car-shar-ing networks were competing for their customers and spotted an opportunity to diversify. Frederick and Hanna pay the carmaker an annual fee and then, when they need a second car, reserve online a minivan or station wagon from the local dealer. They pay the automaker a daily rate that covers un-limited mileage and insurance.
Today, Fredrik is driving their hatchback. He’s due to meet shortly with a friend, Anders, a fellow truck driver. They meet each week for lunch, on a day when Anders stops in Kristianstad. Fredrik makes it to their favorite lunch spot, a roadside café fre-quented by truckers, a few minutes early. He looks at the vehicles parked out front; nearly every spot is taken by a delivery truck.
Much has changed in the 10 years since Fredrik retired. Trucks today burn less fuel – new fuel economy standards in Europe125 and United States126 prodded manufactures to build more efficient en-gines – and most do not run on conventional die-sel. Some run on a variety of biodiesel blends made from used cooking oil and animal fats. In the United
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“it iS HeaLtH tHat iS ReaL WeaLtH and
not PieCeS oF GoLd and SiLVeR.”
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129 World health organization. 2008. 2008-2013 action plan for the global strategy for the prevention and Control of non-communicable Diseases.
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ArgUments For ChAnge
A healthy life is a sustainable life and vice versa. When people are healthier, less pressure is put on the health care sector, medical expenses and our environment, less people experience reduced functionality as consequence of diseases, and quite simply, less quality of life is lost. And when we live in a sustainable society, we live in environments limiting our exposure to the risk factors of un-healthy living.
During the first decade of the 2000s, non-communicable diseases were the number one killer, accounting for almost two-thirds of deaths world-wide129. The main reason: Unhealthy lifestyles that were a byproduct of the physical and social environments surrounding us. Our food, houses, cit-ies, education, energy systems, and infrastructure did little or nothing to improve our health. Some of these areas instead had clear deteriorating impacts on public health.
On the following pages are four ex-hibits showing why it was so impor-tant in Sustainia to focus on health.
welCome toheAlth In sUstAInIA
In Sustainia, healthy living is the natural and convenient choice. Qual-ity of life and well-being are at the core of everything we do. We realized that the transition towards a sustain-able society would not succeed unless we learned how to preserve the most precious resource of all: people.
Accomplishing this isn’t easy. It takes a joint effort involving many stakeholders: The healthcare and ed-ucational sectors, business, the food industry, cities and municipalities, and, last but not least, people.
This is why, in Sustainia, we see initiatives to improve health emerg-ing from all parts of society. We truly believe in creating change from the bottom up.
The traditional healthcare sector has assumed a slightly different role in Sustainia. Its primary focus has shifted from treatment to an advisory role in shaping new healthy societies.
All our decisions ultimately affect our health, well-being, and quality of life. You could say that in Sustainia, every minister is a minister of health in Sustainia.
*non-CommUnICAble dIseAses
throughout this chapter we will be using the term ‘non-communicable diseases’. In sustainia we usually refrain from becoming too technical in our language, but in this case we have chosen to stick to this term. In all simplicity, the term non-communicable diseases covers: cancers, cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes, and chronic respira-tory diseases. these conditions are characterized by not being passed from person to person, but instead they are mainly caused by risk factors such as lifestyle and environment.
Sustainia is a destination where people take it upon themselves to cre-ate a healthier society and to counter infectious and non-communicable diseases*. It’s a society where empha-sis is placed on ensuring improved quality of life for the ill and healthy alike.
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the mAjor CAUses oF AIr pollUtIon Are:
• Fossil fuel combustion from electricity generation
• motorized transportation• Cooking indoors with solid
fuels, combined with poor ven-tilation
exhIbIt #2 From the UnheAlthy soCIety
oUr AIr Is not CleAn
the dAngeroUs CoCKtAIl thAt CAUses obesIty:
• poor diets consisting of unhealthy processed foods with elevated salt levels
• excessive consumption of saturated fat, espe-cially from meat and dairy products
• Insufficient physical activity in modern societies
• Increasingly sedentary jobs
Obesity* is a major risk factor for developing both type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. From 1980-2008, obesity rates nearly doubled. Before Sustainia, we were on a course towards a global obesity epidemic – also known as “globesity.”
exhIbIt #1 From the UnheAlthy soCIety
obesIty beComes globesIty
FoUr exhIbIts From the UnheAlthy soCIety
*obesity is by the Who defined as having a body mass index (BMi) of over 30.
in 1980, 4.8 percent of men and 7.9 per-cent of women were obese. These num-bers had reached 9.8 and 13.8 percent by 2008130 and gloomy predictions point to obesity rates of over 50 percent for both men and women by 2050131.
Access to clean air should be a ba-sic right the world over. However, air pollution exposing citizens to health hazards such as NOX and fine particu-late matter kills millions every year.
3.1mIlglobal deaths was caused by air pollution in 2004132
130 The lancet, 2011. national, region-al, and global Trends in Body-mass index since 1980: systematic analysis of health Examination surveys and Epidemiological studies With 960 Country-years and 9·1 Million participants. 131 international Diabetes federation. June 2012. Diabetes and Climate Change report. p. 10. 132World health organization (Who). Data extracted from the global health observatory. http://www.who.int/gho
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source: Chatham house briefing paper, 2012. sudeep Chand. silent Killer, Economic opportunity: rethink-ing non-Communicable Disease. &The lancet. 2011. Beaglehole, et. al. priority actions for the non-communicable Disease Crisis
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133 & 134harvard school of public health & World Economic forum. sep. 2011. The global Economic Burden of non-communicable Diseases
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The economic cost of non-communicable diseas-es includes more than the cost of treatment. Lost working hours for the patient and their relatives, reduced productivity, and financial insecurity of in-volved persons all place great economic burdens on societies. In many cases, treatment constitutes just half the economic cost133.
Cost of non-communicable diseases in billion dollars134
CAnCerCArdIovAsCUlAr dIseAsesrespIrAtory dIseAsesdIAbetes
exhIbIt #3 From the UnheAlthy soCIety
the eConomIC bUrden Is growIng
FoR eVeRy doL-LaR inVeSted in PReVention oF non-CoMMuni-CaBLe diSeaSeS, tHeRe iS a Re-tuRn oF tHRee doLLaRS. WitHin a deCade, MiL-LionS oF PReMa-tuRe deatHS Can Be aVeRted.
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*Daly (Disability adjusted life years) = number of healthy years lost due to ill-health or disability + number of years lost due to early death.
source:World health organization. 2008. The global Burden of Disease: Updated projections
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Many of the factors and conditions leading to the deterioration of public health, be it obesity or air pollution, are manmade. It is therefore within our reach to make changes. The food we eat, the energy we use, and the cities we live in are all important el-ements of the transformation to a society that is more environmentally sustainable and healthier.
Though Sustainia is a world of pros-perity, it is not a world of infinite re-sources. In health, we still must pri-oritize. While large costly initiatives to improve public health launched by governments or the healthcare sector remain the key drivers to improved quality of life, we found that many other factors could be added to the equation. Stakeholders from all parts of society are now co-contributors to creating healthier environments. Small changes in schools, supermar-kets, and workplaces make a big dif-ference. To us, this broader effort is what makes health in Sustainia sus-tainable, and we are eager to show you what it looks like!
quality of life is not just about living a long life; it is also about living a healthy one. every year someone lives with the burden of a disease is a year with diminished quality of life. Scientists often use the term disability adjusted life years (daLy)* to measure this. Predictions show that if nothing changes the burden of non-communicable diseas-es in years lost due to ill-health, disability, or death will keep growing, contrary to the burden of other conditions which can be treated.
Other conditions Non-communicable diseases
exhIbIt #4 From the UnheAlthy soCIety
lost QUAlIty oF lIFe
millions of years of “healthy life” lost globally measured as dAly*
sUstAInIA: A heAlthy new begInnIng
166 167
The agricultural system and food sector as a whole are in Sustainia fo-cused on encouraging less consump-tion of meat and more of vegetables through marketing campaigns, spe-cial offers etc. Less meat consumption not only reduces the industry’s green-house gas emissions from livestock production, it also provides more food for a growing human population as less grain is needed for animal feed. Finally, it makes Sustainians healthi-er and less inclined to develop diseas-
A soCIety thAt Is both heAlthy And sUstAInAble
es related to excessive consumption of saturated fat such as cardiovascu-lar diseases and diabetes.
Transportation systems in Sustai-nia focus on making active transpor-tation easy and appealing through traffic safety measures and urban planning favoring bicyclists and pe-destrians over motorized transporta-tion. This has not only lowered pol-lution from fossil fuel combustion, it also increases physical activity, which positively affects public health and reduces the risk of obesity and relat-ed conditions such as cardiovascular diseases and diabetes137.
There are many solutions, which counter both climate change and poor public health. In Sustainia we aim at exploring and implementing these
– here are a couple of examples:
137 health & Environment alliance and healthcare Without harm. 2010. acting now for Better health. p. 4.
vIsItIng heAlthy sUstAInIA
If you thought Sustainia is only about clean energy and green trans-portation, you missed our most im-portant message: Sustainia is about you! It is about people, and it is about health and well-being.
sUstAInAble soCIety = heAlthy soCIety
Climate change and the rise of non-communicable diseases pose two of the biggest threats to the modern world, but they are more integrated than one would think. In the european Union alone, a 30 percent reduction in greenhouse gases from 2008-2020 would result in more than 320,000 less life years lost and more than 28 million less restricted activity days135.
135Can Europe, WWf and health & Environment alliance. 2011. The Co-benefits to health of a strong EU Climate Change policy 136 British Medical Journal. 2012. haines, andy & Dora, Carlos. how the low-Carbon Economy Can improve health.
At the beginning of the millenni-um, the collateral health benefits of a sustainable society were often over-looked and not mentioned in public debates136. We talked of energy prices, resource scarcity, and greenhouse gases but failed to include health in the equation. In Sustainia, this has changed. Here we focus on always exploring and harvesting all the ben-efits of the sustainable society – with people at the center.
SCHOOLSPARENTS
CITY OFFICIALSURBAN PLANNERS
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WORKPLACES HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS INTERIOR DESIGNERS NUTRITIONISTS SUPERMARKETS
EnCoUraging physiCal aCTiViTy in ChilDrEn in sustainia, we have integrated efforts to encour-age more kids to bike to school. schooLs arrange biking days, where children and Parents are taught about traffic safety and the benefits of physical activity. school officials assist city officiaLs in locating places where children feel unsafe in traf-fic, and urban PLanners help identify safe and green alternative routes. This joint effort has created a culture amongst sustainia children where biking is the natural choice for getting around from a very early age.
MaKing pEoplE hEalThiEr ThroUgh ThEir WorK
We all spend a lot of our time at work; traditionally, the main payoff was a sal-ary. This is still the case in sustainia, but an extra payoff has been added: health. Many workPLaces in sustainia involve heaLthcare ProfessionaLs and interior desiGners in creating of-fices that encourage physical activity by promoting the use of stairs over eleva-tors and ensure sufficient ventilation and daylighting in all areas. furthermore, nutritionists, chefs, and suPer-markets are all involved in developing healthy lunches made from ingredients that are available in the supermarket and in-season. The result: employees adopt healthier habits on and off the job.
everyone plAys A pArt In pUblIC heAlth
Health is and always will be one of the most important issues for people everywhere. In modern times, it has become “the most personal of public issues and the most public of person-al issues”138. So why not focus on em-powering all of the public?
138 Expression coined by nancy Mensch Turett, global Chair at Edelman. Taken from the follow-ing blog: http://blog.pharmexec.com/2012/01/18/close-to-home-is-good-health-communicable/139 The lancet. 2011. Un high-level Meeting on non-communicable Diseases: addressing four Ques-tions. p. 452.
In Sustainia, we learned it was not enough to rely on governments and the healthcare sector to achieve even greater improvements in public health. These remain the primary drivers139, but with many societal stakeholders involved, large and ex-pensive initiatives can be comple-mented by local initiatives that em-power people to live healthy in their daily lives in schools, urban environ-ments, workplaces, and supermar-kets.
An important part of raising public health is integrating efforts between various stakeholders. Knowledge sharing and cooperation between various institutions, organizations and groups can create efficient health promotion initiatives, which not only encourage healthier living, but also does so at low cost. On the following page, we present you with two exam-ples of how this is done in Sustainia.
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worKplACesa healthy employee is a productive employee. Workplaces encourage healthy lifestyles through lunch programs, corporate sports, and workshops.
wAlKIng meetIngsgreen areas around office buildings encourage employees to get up and go outside for walk-and-talk meetings, rather than sitting inside all day.
sChoolsBy making health an integrat-ed part of everyday school ac-tivities, children have become a catalyst to improving public health.
the wAlKIng sChool bUsWith a grownup ‘driver’ and ‘con-ductor,’ a walking school bus picks up children at various stops and teaches them they can easily and safely walk to school.
green AreAs And plAy groUndsgreen areas and play-grounds invite people of all ages to come out and play, do sports, or simply go for a walk.
homeshealthy indoor climates are a product of building materials that don’t emit harmful chemicals, proper ventilation, and access to daylight.
bIKe to worKEfficient public transportation linked with corporate or public bicycles encourage employees to leave their cars at home and get some exercise on their way to and from work.
the heAlthy town
CleAn AIrElectricity generated from the wind, the sun, and the waves, not the combustion of fossil fuels, cleans the air and reduces exposure to fine particulate matter.
sUpermArKets & loCAl AgrICUltUrein-store displays are organized to promote healthy products like in-season fruits and vegetables, which are supplied by local farmers at competitive prices.
bICyCle pAthsBicycle paths detached from big roads ensure safety and persuade people to choose the bike as the favored means of transportation.
sChool KItChen gArdenslocal farmers help maintain school kitchen gardens where young children can grow their own vegetables and learn about healthy food.
sports FACIlItIesintegrating recreational and sport facilities into the city inspires people to become more physically active.
172 173
143 “Buildings and their impact on the Environment: a statistical summary,” U.s. Epa, 2009.144 http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environment-and-health/housing-and-health
sUpermArKetssupermarkets in sustainia are no longer only focused on trying to convince customers to buy this week’s special offer. They are now a source of inspiration for healthy living, where consumers are present-ed with a cornucopia of healthy food options and inspiration – and they feature a new offer on “this week’s healthy choice” every week. This does not mean you won’t be able to find your favorite chocolate; neither have they stopped selling wine. features of sustainia super-markets are instead:
• healthy products such as fruits and vegetables are strategically placed to catch the eye of the consumer. The shelves of impulse-buy candy, which used to be placed next to cash registers, have been replaced with shelves of fruit and nut snacks.
• supermarkets cooperate with the local farms and nutritionists to inspire sustainians with healthy food plans and recipes consisting of produce that is fresh and in-season in order to minimize con-sumption of processed food.
• many supermarkets have “people’s kitchens” where products that have reached their sell-by date are prepared and sold as healthy ready-made meals for busy sustainians.
homes We spend around 90 percent of our time indoors143, and a large part of this at home. healthy homes where we can breathe and spend time without concern for our well-being are essential to sustainians. several measures have been taken to ensure healthy indoor climates:
• building materials are carefully chosen to prevent the release of indoor air pollutants and growth of mold, which can cause asth-ma, allergies, or respiratory diseases144.
• efficient ventilation is a must. it helps prevent bacterial diseases, reduces indoor air pollution caused by cooking stoves, and less-ens exposure to radon in our homes.
• houses are designed to maximize daylighting.
worKplACes
Employers in sustainia invest in the health of their em-ployees; for every dollar spent on worker wellness pro-grams, there is an average return of $3.27140. healthy workplaces in sustainia include features such as141:
• office landscapes encourage physical activity – smart design persuades employees to use stairs rather than elevators and get up and walk for water or coffee.
• healthy lunch programs planned by nutritionists and health experts.
• smoke-free working environments.
• educational health campaigns: Employees who are knowledgeable and empowered in health promo-tion are not only more productive, they can also be powerful advocates for change within their families and communities142.
• walk-and-talk rather than sedentary meetings.
• Individual health check-ups every second year.
• employee-organized sports events and recreation-al activities.
140 “The Workplace Wellness alli-ance – investing in a sustainable Workforce,” WEf, 2012.141 These points are inspired by novo nordisk: “novohealth” and Kaiser permanente: “live Well Be Well.”142 “The private sector, interna-tional Development and nCDs,” Christine hancock, lise Kingo, and olivier raynaud, 2011, p 5.
zoomIng In on the heAlthy town
174 175
146 http://www.escardio.org/about/press/press-releases/esc11-paris/pages/children-first-prevention-programme.aspx147 Who information series on school health – Document Twelve, 2007.148 “physical activity and perfor-mance at school: a systematic review of the literature including a Methodological Quality assess-ment,” singh, et. al., archives of pediatrics & adolescent Medicine, 2012, p. 166.
sChools
schools in sustainia play a central role in helping chil-dren adopt healthy habits. They are the focal point for teaching children what healthy living is and how fun and exciting healthy living can be. schools control the level of physical activity and diet of children dur-ing school hours, and they also give children tools for healthy living outside of school.
• schools in sustainia participate in local public health campaigns through projects and theme weeks. Chil-dren are very efficient drivers of habit modification at home via concepts learned in schools146.
• schools assist the neighboring community in creat-ing healthy environments that foster physical activ-ity such as green spaces and bike paths.
• every child should be moderately physically active for at least 60 minutes each day147. sustainia schools know this, and make sure it happens through physi-cal activity and inspiring playground designs.
• school officials in sustainia have learned that physi-cal activity not only improves students’ health, it also relieves them of stress and can improve aca-demic performance148.
145 These points are inspired by “global recommendations on physical activity for health,” Who, 2010.
UrbAn envIronmentin sustainia, we know that our surroundings shape our lives. The ur-ban environment connecting our homes with schools, shopping, and work is a green, people-friendly environment that encourages sus-tainians to get up and get outside. important characteristics of the healthy sustainia urban environment are145:
• green areas spread throughout the community with play facilities for children and recreational spots for adults, too. safe walking trails connect these green areas with the rest of the city allowing for safe travelling.
• bicycle paths detached from major roads and safe walking paths to encourage active transportation.
• Integrated public transportation system that is an alternative to private motorized transportation.
176 177
“Good HeaLtH SuPPoRtS SuCCeSSFuL LeaRninG. SuCCeSSFuL LeaRninG SuPPoRtS HeaLtH. eduCation and HeaLtH aRe inSePaRaBLe”.
Coordinator for Health Promotion, department of Chronic disease; and Chief of Health Promotion, WHo Geneva
dR. deSMond o’ByRnesource: The World health organization’s information series on school health. local actionCreating healthpromoting schools
178 179
edUCAte And empower people
Knowledge is power – and when it comes to health, knowledge is the power to understand and choose a healthy lifestyle. In Sustainia, we recognize that before people become patients, they need to be informed and empowered to improve their own health151. And here education is a powerful tool. Studies show that bet-ter-educated people are less likely to smoke, to drink alcohol in excess, and to become obese152.
Health literacy is more than just knowing what to do when you are sick. Many health-related decisions are made in the context of stay-ing well in everyday life rather than managing illnesses and conditions153. Being healthy entails knowledge on everyday hygiene, nutrition, physical activity, alcohol, and tobacco.
In Sustainia, public health liter-acy is a secret weapon. It empowers people to take more control of their health154. It equips people to make informed decisions when buying gro-ceries, when cooking for themselves and their children, when choosing a mode of transportation for work, and when planning activities for their spare time.
promotIng heAlth lIterACy In sUstAInIA
• schools integrate healthy living and well-being into the curricu-lum and organize theme weeks and project days on the subject.
• workplaces arrange workshops and involve employees in creat-ing healthy workspaces.
• public institutions include health literacy in places where they interact with citizens such as driver’s license courses and birth preparation classes.
Early origins of health Good health starts before birth. Re-search shows that the mother’s health during (and even before pregnancy) has a big impact on a child’s future health, especially in relation to devel-oping non-communicable diseases155. Educating mothers-to-be in their own and their future child’s health helps build a solid foundation for the health of future generations. Ensuring high levels of health literacy in young women before pregnancy gives chil-dren the best possible start in life and is a key priority in Sustainia.
155 “Developmental origins of non-communicable Disease: population and public health implications,” Mark hanson and peter gluckman, 2011.
In Sustainia we learned that we needed to look holistically at how to improve health. We could not just sit around and wait for diseases to oc-cur and then focus all our energy on treating them.
We had to look at all the elements of peoples’ lives, which affect their health and consider how to shape these elements in ways that positively impacts peoples’ health. This meant looking both at the physical as well as on the social structures of our society. Elements such as: level of education, economic status, employment, urban or rural environments and the food system all impact public health. Sci-entists often refer to these elements as the social determinants of health, and most of them are mainly changed through actions taken outside what is traditionally called the healthcare sector149.
CreAte the rIght FoUndAtIon For A heAlthy soCIety
heAlth promotIonIn sUstAInIA
Although we still strongly believe in medical, technological, and procedural breakthroughs in the healthcare sector, we now also place empha-sis on addressing the social determinants shaping people’s lives and health. We no longer assume that spending more money on high-tech treatments and sophisticated new drugs is sufficient to improve the health of the people of Sustainia150. After all, lack of healthcare is not the primary cause of disease.
151 “people-Centred healthcare – a policy framework,” Who West-ern pacific region, 2007, p. 5.152 “Education and health: Evaluat-ing Theories and Evidence,” David M. Cutler andadriana lleras-Muney, 2006.153 “health literacy revisited: What Do We Mean and Why Does it Matter?,” anita peerson and Margo saunders, 2009.154 “health literacy: addressing the health and Education Divide,” ilona s. Kickbusch, 2001.
Urban Environment
6 soCIAl determInAnts
to heAlth
Education
health Care
food access
Transportation
Employment
149 Closing the gap in a genera-tion,” Who, 2008. 150 http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-healing-fac-tor/201201/the-impact-socioeco-nomic-status-health
180 181
mAKe heAlthy Food AvAIlAble to everyone
Food is fuel for body, mind, and soul. It gives us nutrition; it keeps us alive; and some food, like chocolate, can even provide us with a sense of happiness. An old saying goes: “You are what you eat” – in Sustainia, we have slightly adjusted this proverb into: “You are what you eat, so why not eat healthy?”
Making healthy food options attrac-tive, cheap, and available has been key in shaping the food industry in Sustainia. But it could not have been done without commitments from the food and retail sectors.
Enjoy a meal - nice ‘n’ less saltyDiet and health are in-separable. But the deci-sion to take in healthy food is determined more by the food landscape we encounter than by individual choices: more than 75 percent of buying decisions are made in-store156, so the food in-dustry holds great potential for creat-ing change.
We learned that reducing salt con-sumption held great potential for im-proving our health. Previously, the majority of our food contained elevat-ed salt levels that caused high blood pressure, and it was one of the main risk factors for strokes and heart dis-eases157. The food industry proactively reduced salt concentrations in many
not so sAlty sUstAInIApeople used to consume an average of 9-12 grams of salt daily; in sustainia, to the goal is to lower this to the recommended 5 grams per day158. research shows that over a 10-year pe-riod a 15 percent reduction of population-wide salt consumption could avert up to 8.5 million deaths in the 23 most affected countries159.
75 percent of the salt we consume comes from processed and packaged food and is there-fore added before the food even reaches our plate, according to research from Canada from 2012159.
156 “2012 shopper Engagement study – Media Topline report,” popai, 2012.157 “priority actions for the non-communicable Disease Crisis,” The lancet, 2011, p. 1441.158 http://www.who.int/gho/ncd/risk_factors/un-healthy_diet_text/en/index.html 159 “Chronic Disease prevention: health Effects and financial Costs of strategies to reduce salt intake and Control Tobacco Use,” Beaglehole, et. al., The lancet, 2007.160 “guidance for the food industry on reducing sodium in processed foods,” health Canada, 2012.
products. Salt levels were gradu-ally lowered over time to ensure that consumers didn’t turn their back on products due to differences in taste.
75%
‘aCCeSS to HeaLtH’ GoeS Beyond SiMPLe aCCeSS to HeaLtHCaRe. it iS aBout eMPoWeR-inG PeoPLe to MaKe CHoiCeS tHat enHanCe PHySiCaL and MentaL WeLL-BeinG and to aCt uPon tHoSe deCiSionS.
source:“The private sector, international Development and nCDs,” Chris-tine hancock, lise Kingo, and olivier raynaud, 2011, p. 5.
182 183
the pAtIent In the Center163 by putting the patient at the center of the healthcare model, synergies can be created between various actors. Family and friends, society and the healthcare system, all contribute to creating a cost-effective healthcare model which emphases quality of life for the patient.
163 inspired by “people-Centred healthcare – a policy frame-work,” Who Western pacific region, 2007 and the novo nor-disk social support Model http://novonordisk.com/diabetes_care/social_support/default.asp
people-Centered heAlthCAre
In Sustainia, we have built a society fostering healthy lifestyles for all, and eventually we will have a world with little or no occurrences of chronic conditions. But as the graphs on page 162-164 show, old practices and habits had created living condi-tions leading to widespread chronic disease. Unfor-tunately, no magic trick will make all these occur-rences go away overnight. Therefore, the healthcare sector in Sustainia is as important as ever. It excels in ensuring improved quality of life and functional-ity for the diseased and the chronically ill through a people-centered, holistic approach to treatment.
Traditionally, the supply side of the health equa-tion – biomedical and technological advancements –received the most attention161. In Sustainia, we shifted attention to the demand side. Increased in-volvement by patients, families, and communities has been crucial to improving quality of life for the chronically ill.
bAlAnCIng A dIseAsethe overarching goal of the patient-centered healthcare system in sustainia is to ensure that people with diseases, acute and chronic, experience minimal loss of quality of life. we learned that family and friends, the healthcare system and the patient, all play an important role in ensuring opti-mal quality of life for afflicted persons. by promoting greater patient responsibility and family involvement, we learned that patient-centered healthcare leads to healthier patients as well as optimal value for healthcare investments162.
161 “people-Centred healthcare – a policy framework,” Who West-ern pacific region, 2007, p. 6.162 “Declaration on patient-Centred healthcare,” international alliance of patients organiza-tions, 2006.
pAtIent CAre In sUstAInIA
healthcare
• provide the best possible treatment for the patient.
• make health information easy, accessible, and un-derstandable for the patient to ensure trust, secu-rity, and engagement.
• educate patients and families in self-management and provide counseling for the duration of an illness.
• ensure comfortable and health-promoting environ-ments for patients receiving care.
patient Family and friends
society
patient
• Attends public classes and seminars to increase health literacy, which provides greater control over personal health.
• proactively uses available health information to bet-ter his condition.
• takes active part in planning of treatment.
family and friends
• participate in educational programs on how to provide emotional and practical support.
• take part in the treatment process as main providers of support.
society
• schools, supermarkets, and work-places shape physical and social environments into places where the chronically ill experience minimal loss of functionality and quality of life. ac-cessibility, education, and flexibility are key drivers for a supportive soci-ety that improves health.
healthcare
184 185
how to empower people wIth ChronIC dIseAses
Outfitted164 with equipment to monitor their own health, patients in much of Sustainia are increasing-ly able to effectively diagnose themselves. Health-care professionals are still on standby for advice or treatment when needed, but educated patients are able to handle many day-to-day issues on their own. This empowerment gives affected persons flexibil-ity in their lives and significantly reduces the need for hospital re-admissions165.
stay in the Green ZoneWith an easy, intuitive system, patients can monitor their own health. a diagnostic display informs patients whether they are in green, yellow, or red zones and guides them according to their condition.
Green zone:in the green zone, the patient is in good health, and the focus is on education of the patient and relatives in creating and maintaining a healthy and supportive environment.
yellow zone:in the yellow zone, the patient’s condition is more critical. focus will turn to improving the factors lead-ing to the deterioration. healthcare professionals, the patient, and relatives engage in a dialogue on how to improve the condition.
red zone:in the red zone, the patient’s condition has deterio-rated to a level where hospital admission is needed. Treatment is carried out, and a plan for quick im-provement is made in cooperation with the patient, family, and healthcare professionals.
164 inspired by Epitalet in the publication “guide to The patients Journey,” Monday Morning, 2012.165 “nurse Tele-consultations With Discharged CopD patients reduce Early readmissions – an interventional study,” Clinical re-spiratory Journal, January 2011.
“HeaLtHy CitizenS aRe tHe GReateSt aSSet any CountRy Can HaVe”.
WinSton S. CHuRCHiLL
186 187
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188 189
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190 191
WitHin tHe food cHain of tHe fasHion industry tHere Were common cHallenges tHat led to tHe transition to sustainia.
arGuments for chanGe
169 nrdc, clean by design campaignThe rupp report http://www.Textile-world.Com/articles/2010/may/the_rupp_reportx_the_fiber_year_2009-10.html170 http://safe.puma.Com/us/en/2011/05/puma-announces-results-of-unprecedented-environmental-profit-loss/ * please note consumer care is not factored into the corporate environmental p&l
As manufacturing migrated to Asia, fashion’s footprint became a topic of conversation. The textile industry was found to be the second larg-est polluter, and one of the top ten energy users, in China – the major producer of the world’s tex-tiles and garments169. By the end of 2010, global fiber consumption was more than 70.5 million tons170.
pollUtIon
weLcome to fashion in sustainia
In Sustainia, the fashion industry has moved beyond “throwawayism” and de-veloped new, fully functioning closed-loop business models focused on incentivized take back and refund systems; re-, up-, and down-cycling initiatives; and orga-nized wardrobe stewardship through smartphone applications.
Resource efficiency and conscious shop-ping are key values making light living in and owning stuff out of fashion. Behavior change in Sustainia relies on cross-cutting partnerships comprising government, civil society, industry and campaigns that target specific incentives to motivate change, including social pressure, finan-cial incentives, or intrinsic motivation.
Sustainia fashion is main-stream, and is not just the new black like some other fashion trend – it is here to stay.
with manufacturers and mills occupying 60-million-people166,167 and clocking in the $1.8-trillion, fashion is a truly global business168.
166 July 16, 2012. China’s Cotton prices soar to 150-year high. www.wantchinatimes.com/news-subclass-cnt.aspx?id=20120716000022&cid=1202167 2012. Textiles, clothing, leather, and footwear. ilo. www.ilo.org/global/industries-and-sectors/textiles-clothing-leather-footwear/lang--en/index.htm168 Datamonitor. global industry overview. www.datamoni-tor.com
HigH quality, sexy de-sign, coolness, and a desiraBle lifestyle Have rePlaced tHe scratcHy and Wrinkled image of sustainaBle fasHion. stereotyPes of tree-Huggers in HemP suits are long gone. Welcome to fasHion in sustainia.
192 193
soCIAl And lAbor IssUes
Since textile and apparel production is such a labor-intensive industry, it is inextricably linked to people. Apparel became highly commoditized, and the workforce was required to meet stringent and unfair requirements – sending textile and garment workers into a vicious cycle of unfair labor practices and, in some cases, indentured servitude.
wAste
With all that consumption comes waste. Around 13.1 million tons of textiles were disposed of in 2010 in the U.S. alone, accounting for 5.3 percent of the total municipal solid waste going into landfills . In the U.K., 80,000 tons of material was incinerated and 350,000 tons sent to landfill in the same year.
172 Tipping fees Vary across the U.s. https://home.wasterecyclingnews.com173 January 6, 2012. Waste opportunity, financial Times. http://www.ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/8cfd120a-2673-11e1-91cd-00144feabdc0.html#axzz25pfVwMBi
the waste has cost the U.s. $641.9 million (at $49/ton tipping fee172) and the U.K. $18.49 million (at $78/ton for incineration and $35/ton for landfill – not including the landfill tax, which is around $111/ton!173) annually.
textiles and clothing was the first sector to be industrialized, in 1765171.
since that time it has been a cornerstone for many
developing countries, often serving both as a springboard for national
development and an achilles’ heel for progressive
environmental and socio-cultural progress. with the
sheer size of the industry, it is no wonder that textiles
and clothing have been the center of attention for
centuries.
171 January 2005. labour implications of the Textiles and Clothing Quota phase-out. hil-degunn Kyvik nordas. Working paper. 224. international labour office, geneva.
194 195
shanghai – los angeles
ChInA
xinjiang – shanghai
emIssIon (Kg. CO2)
AIr pollUtAnt(Kg. Nox)
AIr pollUtAnt(Kg. Nox)
3,656 1,357
12.7 16,5
emIssIon (Kg. CO2) 950
96,618
17.0 418.8
los angeles – denver
UsA
trAnsport A zipper from Japan, cotton from
Brazil, production in China, and retail in the U.K. – fashion travels a long way even before it hits the stores. Before Sustainia, a garment had, on average, components from three countries174, and the industry moved fast to catch the latest trend.
5.4 7.0
1,550 575emIssIon
(Kg. CO2)
AIr pollUtAnt(Kg. Nox)
CAlCUlAtIons by nrdC175 led to the FollowIng tIps:
1. Avoid air transport – up to 99% of carbon emissions can be avoided simply by put-ting goods on a ship instead of a plane
2. Choose the type of ship wisely – only use fuel-efficient ships
3. Choose the optimal route to market and avoid empty trucks on the return trip
(The data from this graph is from nrDC) 174 Energy and Waste, Ethical fashion forum, Jan. 2010. www.source.ethicalfashionforum.com/article/energy-and-waste 175 nrDC, Clean by Design Campaign, May 2012. www.nrdc.org/international/clean-bydesign/transportation.asp
196 197
"there's a saying that gets repeated a lot in
china: ‘you know the color that's
in fashion this season by the color of the rivers.'
in my work in china, i've seen rivers of
every color."
Linda GReeR Ph.d.Senior Scientist, natural Resources
defense Council (nRdC)
wAterBefore Sustainia, the production of
and care for clothing consumed a lot of water. Consumption depends on the type of raw material, but, accord-ing to the Sustainable Cotton Proj-ect, over 3,000 liters of water is used during the lifecycle of a single pair of Levi’s 501 jeans – from cotton produc-tion and manufacturing to consumer care.
176 http://safe.puma.com/us/en/2011/05/puma-announces-results-of-unprecedented-environmental-profit-loss/ * note: consumer care is not factored into the Corporate Environmental p&l.
puma’s environmental profit and loss measurements show that the majority of its water use – 52 per-cent – stems from raw material production, such as cotton farm-ing and oil drilling, whereas 37 percent involves the processing of raw materials, such as leather tanneries and oil refining176.
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... of water consumption occurs during clothes washing by the customer.
45%
198 199
At times, the fashion industry was a big mystery. No one knew who was doing business with whom. So who are the players and the A-listers you sim-ply have to know about in fashion? In the chart below is an introduction to the fashion industry before Sustainia.
ConsUmer end oF lIFeretAIler
in the U.K., su-permarkets have outperformed traditional fashion retailers, and have no specific focus on their responsibility for the products' end of life.
garments are not labelled with infor-mation on the envi-ronmental impact. Thrift shops are dodgy and getting rid of old clothes is a hassle179.
around 13.1 million tons of textiles were disposed of in the U.s. alone in 2010, accounting for 5.3 percent of the total municipal solid waste going into landfills180.
Before, a garment had a large envi-ronmental impact throughout its life span. From land use when growing materials, to design, manufacturing, and sales, and, finally, the end of the line at the landfill, there were negative effects on the environment and, ulti-mately, everyone’s wallet, well-being, and future.
before sustainia
desIgner mAnUFACtUrerrAw mAterIAls
highly labor- and resource-intensive farming and the use of pesticides cause severe strains on the environment, biodi-versity, and, ultimate-ly, the livelihoods of farmers177.
Designers produce several collections a year, adding trend-specific garments in between without consideration or responsibility for its impact.
one ton of fabric on average pollutes as much as 200 tons of water with toxic dyes, not to mention the social effects of labor-intensive production methods178.
177 nrdc, clean by design campaign 178 nrdc, clean by design campaign 179 nrdc, clean by design campaign 180 U.s. Epa, www.Epa.gov/ osw/conserve/materials/textiles.htm
all tHese sectors BeloW sHared tHe same cHallenges, But tHey Were never dealt WitH collectively.
200 201
how-todesIgn
retAIl
mAnUFACtUrIng
ConsUmer
end oF lIFe
rAw mAterIAls
in sustainia, transParency and communication Has Paved tHe Way for a neW Holistic Wave of sustainaBle design. But HoW did it HaPPen, and HoW can otHers join? Here’s tHe HoW-to guide for fasHion in sustainia.
fasHion is no longer a linear Process But a closed-looP and Holistic industry.
fashion in sustainia
In a world where raw materials, energy, water, and land were becom-ing scarce resources and populations were growing by the second, Sustai-nia prevailed by implementing much-needed changes in policy, business practices, and manufacturing tech-niques. Pre- and post-consumer waste has become too valuable to waste. Radical technology innovations are designed to do more with less and have changed the way fashion is pro-duced and sold.
Collaborative, open-source indus-try tools like the Higg Index181 , which was previously used as an internal environmental and social assessment tool for apparel and footwear prod-ucts, has become the dominate con-sumer-facing index – and is the main sustainability indicator for a product. Consumers are now able to see, rank, and compare the environmental, so-cial, and cultural scores of products of interest with their mobile device.
In Sustainia, consumers have dra-matically shifted habits on how they wear and care for their clothes. Re-use and remanufacturing of clothing has developed in response to higher prices for old-world fibers such as cot-ton, while new materials are made of natural waste and by-products.
181 see textbox on page 202
in sustainia, labels – “fair trade,” “organic,”
and others – are less relevant to
consumers and more so to businesses to help them assess
the environmental credentials of
products.
202 203
From Coop And remeI Ag. naturaline textiles are grown in in-dia and Tanzania with over 8,000 farmers involved. The companies focus on organic cotton produc-tion, ecological processing and fair working conditions along the entire supply chain. This is also a sustainia100 solution which you can read more about in the sus-tainia100 publication on www.sustainia.me.
to Know where yoU Are goIng, UnderstAnd where yoU Are.The higg index is an open-source, metrics-based tool that analyzes elements of the entire product value chain from materials sourcing to garment manufacturing. it in-cludes industry-wide acceptance of philosophies such as cradle-to-cradle, the standardized practice of environ-mental profit and loss, and governmental requirements.
How-toUsE raW MaTErials
Analyses have shown that the largest environ-mental impacts occur where raw materials are derived from natural resources (e.g., cultivation of fibers, oil drilling for petroleum-based fibers, and cattle ranching for leather)182.
so how to Use rAw mAterIAls?
use raw materials that reduce or ultimately eliminate environmental and social impact, including the grow-ing of fiber from bio-cultures, removal of invasive plants from landscapes, and the use of their fiber for clothes.
avoid materials that are fossil fuel-based such as polyester, acrylic, and nylon183 and use polymer-based sustainable materials derived from plants.
recycle materials like polyester e.g. creating fleece jackets from recycled bottles184.
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182 May 16, 2011. puma and ppr home announce final results of unprecedented Environmental profit & loss account. http://about.puma.com/puma-and-ppr-home-announce-first-results-of-unprecedented-environmental-profit-loss-account/183 royal society of Chemistry, 2008, www.rsc.org/images/synthetic%20fabrics_tcm18-114532.pdf184 Cirfs, 2012. www.cirfs.org/sUsTainaBiliTy/sustain-abilityissues/polymerWasteasrawMaterial.aspx
204 205
185 niCE, www.nicefashion.org 186SørenEllebækLaursen;Johnhansen; hans henrik Knudsen; henrik Wenzel; henrik fred larsen; FransMøllerKristensen,EDIPTEX,Environmental assesment of Textiles, 2007. www.mst.dk/Udgiv/publica-tions/2007/978-87-7052-515-2/pdf/978-87-7052-516-9.pdf
How-toBE a ManUfaCTUrEr
in sustainia, the entire value chain acknowledges that the most valu-able resource in the industry is its people. The niCE Manual and Code of Conduct has been devel-oped for the fashion and textile industry to move towards a more ethical and environmentally re-sponsible industry185.
how to beCome A mAnUFACtUrer In sUstAInIA?
engage in collaborative initiatives to improve the environmental performance of textiles across the supply chain – design for durability, new fibers and fabrics, maximize reuse/recycling/end-of-life-management, and sustainable cleaning.
for a basic cotton t-shirt, this means using or-ganic materials, non- toxic dyes, alternative fabric softeners and no treatment that improve color fastness186.
efficiently recycle bio-based and synthetic ma-terials – this means that excess process energy is recaptured and reused in a cyclical fashion.
show complete transparency and traceability in production methods and adhere to all interna-tional labor conditions and rights.
manufacturers explore sustainable options and offer these to their current clients, explaining the benefits to the client.
In Sustainia, manufacturers use the smartest materials possible at the outset because they know they will reuse this material later when gar-ments are returned.
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Key rUles Are: • Design for durability. This has
become the design mantra and the most eco-efficient option. garment lifecycles have been expanded due to new retail business models, allowing for styles and whole collections to be repeatedly leased, which also brings new margins to retailers.
• Partnerships with consumersand crowdsourcing.
• A flexible approach to designfor different patterns of clothing use. selecting durable materials for the black trousers and bio-degradable ones for the one-offs offer a more sustainable solution.
How-toBE a DEsignEr
In Sustainia, fashion designers con-sider in the design process how dif-ferent styles of clothes are combined, used, and disposed of, creating envi-ronmental value.
Designers take into account, in the creative process and decision-mak-ing, the full garment lifecycle. De-signing for disassembly and reuse is another integrated paradigm in Sus-tainia fashion; everything that goes into making a garment is designed for reuse and remanufacture – minimiz-ing consumption of scarce resources.
dress mAde wIth sIlK, where the moth is allowed to hatch and fly out before the cocoon is used, organic cottons, natural dyes and fair wages
206 207
From mArKs And spenCer And oxFAm.getting customers into the habit of recycling while shopping and gaining store credit. shwopped clothes is given to oxfam for re-selling or recycling. shwopping is also a sustainia100 solution which you can read more about in the sustainia100 publication on www.sustainia.me.
187 Tesco Clothing, 2012, www.clothingat-tesco.com/f+f-virtual-fitting-room/page/tesco-virtual-fittingroom
How-toBE a rETailEr
At the other end of the fashion value chain, re-tailers are constantly considering how to apply their core competencies to new markets. Sustai-nia retailers have thrown themselves into the game, turning parts of their spaces into huge thrift markets for clothes and other services such as on-the-spot tailoring, mending, clean-ing, and 3D-body scanning187.
Pre-loved, custom, and vintage clothing is growing in popularity, and retail spaces become community building spaces, where new youth cultures emerge.
In Sustainia, the leading brands are those that understand how to engage with customers to build communities and create loyalty. Online voting determines which styles go into produc-tion – saving energy and eliminating waste. New business opportunities have emerged from smartphone technology whereby small produc-ers in Africa, Asia and South America have found access to world markets for their creations.
Big brands save resources by creating and sourcing styles that can easily be combined and adapted to changing consumer wants and needs, and provide options for how to recycle your pieces, when it is time.
Retail spaces are carbon positive, safe havens for fresh and clean air in larger cities, so you can breathe in when deciding between pairs of shoes.
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1. inspired by honest by188, look for brands that promote transparency, offering an accessible, on-demand track-and-trace system along the supply chain.
2. buy shoes designed to be repaired, reused, and, ultimately, disassembled.
3. seek out durable, high-quality garments. This ensures that products are well-loved by the wearer and will fetch higher prices or higher bargaining chips if sold or traded on the market.
4. buy products with a reduced need for washing and ironing – and don’t worry. it’s not gross.
5. Look for locally made products. Buying lo-cal supports nearby merchants and reduces negative environmental impacts.
6. source additions to your wardrobe made using traditional artisanal skills, bought direct from trader in new producer markets in africa, asia and south america.
7. Go online to find the best and biggest se-lection of sustainable clothes.
8. Look for the trendy community laundries with zero-water washing machines.
swishing is a worldwide phenom-enon, started by the sustainability Communications agency futerra, where people mix having a great time with getting their wardrobe an upgrade. Their rules are simple:
• Everyonehastobringatleastoneitemofqualityclothing
• Youwillhavehalfanhourtobrowsebeforetheswishopens
• Noitemmaybeclaimedbeforetheswishopens
• Assoonastheswishisdeclaredopen,everyonemaytakewhattheywant
• Remembernoscratching,spit-tingorfighting
in sustainia, sHoPPing Has made Way for sWaPPing, BorroWing, Bartering, and renting. HoWever, BotH online and exPeriential Brick-and-mortar sHoPs Have Been set uP WHere Buyers can PurcHase clotHes and scan clotHing qr codes to assess tHe suPPly cHain imPacts.
tIps For the shopper
188 see more about honest By in sustainia100 page 19
How-toBE a ConsUMEr
Fashion brands and retailers in Sus-tainia are obsessed with full value chain transparency. The companies involve consumers and other civil society ac-tors in regular risk assessments of their business models and supply chains to continuously improve the understanding of the social and environmental context in which their products and services are used.
Consumers avoid information overload by following the simple, accessible guid-ance provided by the Sustainia eco-label, a global standard inspired by the EU Ener-gy Label that was successfully introduced in the previous millennium. The fashion eco-label took all the complexities in the existing labeling schemes, specifications, and small print and summarized it into A-G letter grades that enable consumers to shop quickly, with a conscience.
The eco-label ensures consumers know
the origin and social and environmental impact of their clothes.
New consumer-oriented services with built-in sustainability have been intro-duced: Radio Frequency Identification (RFID)-tagged clothes are collected from customers by eco-efficient community laundries, automatically separated to be cleaned with similar clothes, and then re-turned to their owners according to their preferences (folded, on hangers, or back in wardrobe).
eco-LabeLmeasuring environmental
impact
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"People don't (generally) want to cause harm or
damage, but they have to be given the licence to do the
positive things"
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How-toDEal WiTh EnD of lifE
Nothing is disposed of – high-tech take-back systems and auto-mated sorting machines collect vast amounts of textile waste close to the consumers.
Disposal of textile waste is tightly regulated due to resource scarcity, and clothes have become a favorite fencing item. Region-wide refund sys-tems operate, and consumers bring unwanted clothes for refund to gro-cery stores, alongside refundable bot-tles and cans.
Waste is a Widely traded and valued commodity in sustainia. for years, Post-consumer textile Waste Has surPassed e-Waste as tHe most valued Waste Product. Waste management firms tHrive.
212 213
These pieces are traded using digi-tal apps that virtually place the piec-es online through a number of highly visible, networked websites that en-courage the business of swapping, borrowing, and bartering. In short, consumers become their own retail-ers. And because better-made clothes fetch better prices and better swap-ping, the behavioral patterns of con-sumers and respective manufactur-ers have shifted towards quality and not quantity.
But what is the Sustainian wearing? Here is a sneak peek into the holiest of places: the closet.
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asos africa collection is the flag-ship brand in the green room. often worn by first lady Michelle obama, it is made by soKo, the Kenyan clothing workshop which creates employment opportuni-ties for communities in Kenya. The eco-factory is based at the sus-tainia100 solution Wildlife Works who provide innovative market based solutions to the conserva-tion of biodiversity.
sustainians are crazy aBout tHe sHaring- and service-Based economy – sPurred By tHe raPid uPtake of Peer-to-Peer softWare and moBile tecHnol-ogy designed to re-duce tHe Pressures of oWnersHiP WHile satis-fying tHe desire for a little retail tHeraPy.
what are women wearinG?
When new clothes are needed, on-line rental outlets enable Sustainians to rent the latest fashions – helping eliminate waste. The service-based sector also thrives in this new econo-my, marked by an increase in tailors, seamsters, and seamstresses who tuck, tighten, and embellish new and old creations to give them second, third, and fourth lives.
Well-worn clothes end up in home-based recycling bins and are picked up by the municipalities of Sustainia. The fabric is turned into wash rags, insulation, padding, and even com-post (the latter is especially popular because so much clothing is cradle-to-cradle and safe to cycle back into the environment). Less clothing waste reduces the need for landfills, which saves cities money – a win-win for ev-eryone involved.
214 215
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216 217
today, business, community and
government supported campaigns such as the japanese classic “super
cool Biz” encourage white-collar male workers to
wear outfits appropriate for the office yet cool enough to endure the
summer heat and air-cons set on 28°c to reduce electric consumption.
traditionally, men Had Been sloWer to emBrace sustainaBle fasHion. But celeB-rity endorsements from footBall Heroes, fasHion icons, and rock stars cHanged tHis dramatically.
Sustainia men love repair and cus-tomizing and often bring garments to a tailor to replace frayed linings and se-cure loose buttons. They enjoy dropping off a few articles at the nearest in-store recycling bin, receiving a store credit re-deemable at some of the largest clothing brand stores.
Most of all, he loves his jeans because of the durability and the one-year pe-riod between washes.
what are men wearinG?
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shoes thAt prodUCe eleCtrICItynew technology by MiT researchers
189 www.yulex.com/materials/biorubber/solids190 www.yulex.com/press/press-releases/ november 16, 2012
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Paur, J. 26.08.2011. Feds Sign Off on Boeing’s 787 Dreamliner. Autopia Blog, Wired.com
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Scientific studies:
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SuStainia 100
– 100 sustainable solutions from more than 45 countries
“Sustainia 100” is Sustianias yearly catalogue of 100 sustainable solutions with the potential to create real change. Solutions needs to be ready and available, scal-able, collaborative, transformative, cost-effective, im-prove quality of life and of course have an positive envi-ronmental impact.
in 2012 Sustainia 100 gathered solutions from more than 45 countries on five continents to inspire communities, businesses and policy makers and highligt investment opportunities. the Sustainia 100 also acts as the list of nominees for the Sustiania award.
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SuStainia SeCtoR GuideS
– Stimulating the market for sustainable solutions
the Sustainia Sector Guide to Buildings aims to stimulate the market for sustainable buildings. it documents the socio-economic benefits of retrofitting and building sustainably, and gathers the arguments for a big push towards sustain-ability in the buildings sector. it focuses on healthy indoor climate, productivity and quality of life as well as energy and resource efficiency
SuStainia City GuideS
– exploring the sustainable cities and industries of tomorrow
the “Sustainia Guide to Copenhagen” is the first publication in our series of Sustainia city guides. our goal for the series is to visualize the benefits of living in sustainable cities all over the world.
SuStainia aWaRd
– Celebrating progress on sustainable solutions
Sustainia award is our international sustainability award given to a solution, technology or initiative with a sig-nificant potential to help build a sustainable future. For-mer Governor arnold Schwarzenegger serves as chair for Sustainia award Committee that selects the winner. the award is given out at our annual Sustainia award Ceremony. nominees for the award are the solutions ac-cepted on the Sustainia100 list.
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Sustainia is a place – a world – where we have decided to live life to the fullest. Where quality of life is what matters. It’s a desirable place. A place you would want to go, if you knew about it. Once there, you would want to stay, make a life for yourself and your family.
Guide to Sustainia takes you on a journey. A journey to the sustainable society of tomorrow. It is fascinating cities and attractive homes where you would want to live. We will give you a clear and concrete insight into how Sustainians – our citizens – are getting around, the homes they live in, the clothes they wear and their general lifestyle.
Sustainia is not futuristic science fiction – it is a realistic proposal on how we could live a better life in a future only 10 years from now. It might not be tomorrow, but it is close enough for you to get excited: This could happen if we boldly implemented the solutions already available now.
In Sustainia having a high quality of life is what matters the most. We will drive cooler vehicles, live in smarter houses and enjoy cleaner air and water.
We look forward to showing you around.
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