guía de asfalto (carretera ii)

8/16/2019 Guía de Asfalto (Carretera II)

1/120

CWICJRN

GCXXARAXCW EE

DQEC BA JCHNXCRNXEN

CQPEJECX; BCOEAJ GCHCJJAXN YEJJCX\COBN

RAXGAXC ABEGENO 8


2/120

RCHJC BA GNORAOEBN

3) \AWN AW\AGÆIEGN BAJ GAFAORN CWICJREGN. ……………………………………………………….……………..…………3

8) \AOARXCGENO BAJ GAFAORN CWICJREGN…………………………….…….…………….…………………..………………….4

7) BQGREJEBCB BAJ GAFAORN CWICJREGN………………………………………………………….……………..……………….31

2) \QORN BACHJCOBCFEAORN BAJ GAFAORN CWICJREGN…………..……………….……………………………….…. 83

1) \QORN BA EOIJCFCGENO U \QORN BA JJCFC BAJ GAFAORN CWICJREGN ……………………………………… 85

9) \NXGAORCKA BA \AXBEBC BA JC \AJEGQJC BAJDCBC AO AJ @NXON……………………….………………………. 74

4) FCOG@C BA NJEAOWEW……………………………..……………………….…………………………………………………………… 25

0) AWRCHEJEBCB U IJQAOGEC FARNBN FCXW@CJJ………………………………………..……………....…………………… 11

5) APRXCGGENO BA RAWREDNW……………………………………………………………………………………..…….……………….. 47

3


3/120


4/120

FCRAXECJAW BA GNOWRXQGGENO BCOEAJ GCHCJJAXN YEJJCX\COBN

3

\AWN AW\AGÆIEGN BAJGAFAORN CWICJREGN 3

ONXFCW

CCW@RN R ‗ 880Asta fåtnbn basgreha aj prngabefeaotn pcrc batarfeocr aj pasnaspagæiegn ba fctarecjas hetufeonsns safes÷jebns.

CWRF ‗ B 4<

Jns vcjnras ba baosebcb sa utejezco pcrc jc gnovarse÷o bavnjûfaoas c jcs uoebcbas ba fcsc, y pcrc jc gnrragge÷o bavnjûfaoas fabebns ba jc tafparcturc ba jc fabege÷o c uoctafparcturc astãobcr uscobn jc onrfc CWRF B 2733.

NHKAREYNW

Aj nhkatevn ba asta aoscyn as, aj ba gnongar aj pasn aspagæiegn, baj prnbugtn csicjtegn, asta bctn as ûtej pcrc `cgar jcsgnrraggenoas ba Ynjufao gucobn asta sa feba c tafparcturcs ajavcbcs.

Wa afpjac tcfheåo gnfn uon ba jns icgtnras pcrc jc batarfeocge÷o ba jns `uagns ao jcs fazgjcs csiãjtegcs pcrcpcvefaotcgenoas gnfpcgtcbcs.


5/120


8

IQOBCFAORN RA×XEGN

Aj pasn aspagæiegn as jc rajcge÷o ao pasn pcrc vnjûfaoaseducjas ba hatûo y cduc raieocbns cfhns c jc tafparcturcba 81» G. su batarfeocge÷o gnfpraoba uoc fuastrc bahatûo c jc tafparcturcs y faben cfheaota, asta aoscynbasafpaóc cbafãs uo rnj eotarascota ao jc qua raspagtc cjc gjcseiegcge÷o parfeteaobn astchjagar se sa trctc ba

hetûfaoas ba patr÷jan n ba ycgefeaotns csiãjtegns jcgustras,ba Rreoebcb, Harfubc Guhc, atg. N baj cjquetrão y susbarevcbns. Aj pasn aspagæiegn baj gafaotn csiãjtegn gnfnsuhprnbugtn ba jc bastejcge÷o crteiegecj baj patr÷jan, rcrc vazaxgaba ba 3.


6/120


7

Rarf÷fatrn ba ‗0 c 8


7/120


2

batarfeoa jc fcsc y basædoajc gnfn H,cprnxefcobn c


8/120


1

As gnovaoeaota gcjaotcr jedarcfaota aj pego÷fatrncotas ba vcgecr aj fctarecj. Wa bahao tnfcrpragcugenoas pcrc avetcr qua aj fctarecj tnqua jcspcrabas baj pego÷fatrn pnr aogefc ba su oevajieocj, y aveta jc eogjuse÷o ba hurhukcs ba cera,cpjegcobn jedarcfaota jc jjcfc ba uo fag`arn c jcsupariegea baj pego÷fatrn y baj csicjtn. Aoiræa ajpego÷fatrn y su gnotaoebn c tafparcturccfheaota y batarfeoa jc fcsc gno jc tcpc eogjuebc.Basedoa astc fcsc gnfn G, cprnxefcobn c


9/120


9

. .6( ∘ )

( ∘ ) ∘ ( ∘ )

C\JEGCGE×O

Asta bctn as ûtej pcrc `cgar jcs gnrraggenoas ba Ynjufaogucobn asta sa feba c tafparcturcs ajavcbcs.Wa afpjac tcfheåo gnfn uon ba jns icgtnras pcrc jc

batarfeocge÷o ba jns `uagns ao jcs fazgjcs csiãjtegcs pcrcpcvefaotcgenoas gnfpcgtcbcs.


10/120


4

\AOARXCGE×O BAJGAFAORN CWICJREGN 8

ONXFCW

CCW@RN R ‗ 25Asta fåtnbn basgreha aj prngabefeaotn pcrc batarfeocr jcpaoatrcge÷o n gnosestaogecs ba fctarecjas hetufeonsns snjebns nsafes÷jebns

CWRF BW ‗

09Aj fåtnbn ba aoscyn hãsegn ba jc batarfeocge÷o baj eotarvcjn baahujjege÷o ba uo prnbugtn ba patr÷jan fabecota jc racjezcge÷o bauoc sefpja bastejcge÷o pnr jntas `c astcbn ao usn, seafpra ygucobn jc eobustrec baj patr÷jan ̀ c axestebn. As uon ba jns fåtnbnsfãs coteduns ba pruahc hckn jc kuresbegge÷o baj Gnfetå B


11/120


0

IQOBCFAORN RA×XEGN

Aj aoscyn ba paoatrcge÷o batarfeoc jc burazc n gnosestaogecrajctevc ba uo hatûo csiãjtegn, febeaobn jc bestcogec qua uoccdukc onrfcjezcbc paoatrc vartegcjfaota ao uoc fuastrcbaj csicjtn ao gnobegenoas aspageiegcbcs ba tafparcturc,gcrdc y teafpn. Gucobn on sa faogenoco aspagæiegcfaotantrcs gnobegenoas aspageiegcbcs, sa aoteaoba qua jc fabebc

ba paoatrcge÷o sa `cga c 81 ¼G, qua jc cdukc astã gcrdcbcgno 3


12/120


5

Jc fcsc baj gnokuotn gcsquata - cdukc sarã ba 8,1<³


13/120


3<


14/120


33

aoscya, jc prniuobebcb ba jc fuastrc sac c jnfaons 3< ff fcynr qua jc prniuobebcb c jc gucjsa asparc qua jc cdukc paoatra. Yeartc bnspnrgenoas sapcrcbcs pcrc gcbc vcrecge÷o ba jcsgnobegenoas ba aoscya.

7) \rntakc jc gãpsujc gnotrc aj pnjvn, guhreåobnjc gnouo vcsn y båkajc aoirecr cj cera c uoc tafparcturcaotra 31 y 7


15/120


38

Ontc 7; Jc pnsege÷o ba jc cdukc sa puaba vesucjezcrfaknr gno jc cyubc ba uo tuhn ba ejufeocge÷o bapnjefatej fatcgrejctn.

2) @cdc uo fæoefn ba tras paoatrcgenoas ao jcsupariegea ba jc fuastrc ao puotns bestcogecbns cjfaons 3< ff ba jc pcrab ba jc gãpsujc y c onfaons ba 3< ff aotra uon y ntrn. We sa usc ajtrcospnrtcbnr ba gãpsujc, ratnroa jc fuastrc y ajtrcospnrtcbnr cj hcón ba cduc aotrabatarfeocgenoas= usa uoc cdukc jefpec pcrc gcbcbatarfeocge÷o.We jc paoatrcge÷o as fcynr qua 8


16/120


37

C\JEGCGE×O

Jc paoatrcge÷o baj gafaotn csicjtegn ons bc uoc ebac ba jcburazc qua teaoa y asn ons serva pcrc asgndar aj gafaotncsicjtegn qua faknr sa cbcpta cj gjefc baj judcr bnoba sa vc

c gnostruer jc gcrratarc, se aj gafaotn csicjtegn as fuy burny aj judcr as iren sa iesurcrã aj pcvefaotn, y se as fuy hjcobny aj judcr as fuy gãjebn sa puaba baspjczcr y bainrfcr.


17/120


32


18/120


31

BQGREJEBCB BAJGAFAORN CWICJREGN 7

ONXFCW

CCW@RN R ‗ 13Astc onrfc astchjaga aj fåtnbn pcrc batarfeocr jc bugtejebcb bauo fctarecj hetufeonsn, febeaobn jc bestcogec qua sa cjcrdc jcfuastrc cotas ba jc rupturc, gucobn sa jc asterc c uoc vajngebcb ytafparcturc aspagæiegcs.

NHKAREYNW

Batarfeocr jc bugtejebcb ba fctarecjas hetufeonsns qua as aj cjcrdcfeaotn fãxefn axprascbn ao gf. qua axparefaotcuo hatûo csicjtegn cj sar astercbn ao gnobegenoas onrfcjezcbcs c 81 ¼G ba tafparcturc y c uoc vajngebcb gnostcota ba1 gf pnr feoutn.


19/120


39

IQOBCFAORN RA×XEGN

Bugtejebcb; sa baieoa gnfn jc bestcogec fãxefc ao gf quasa asterc jc prnhatc `cstc aj eostcota ba jc rnturc.

Fug`cs vagas jc bugtejebcb astã csngecbc gno jc rabugge÷obaj ãrac ba jc fuastrc pnr aj iao÷faon ba guajjn ba hntajjc,astn tcfheåo as utejezcbn ao gnfn eobegcbnr ba jc bugtejebcb,

gnfn jc ajnodcge÷o fug`cs vagas on as uoeinrfa tcfpngnjn as aj ãrac baj guajjn ba hntajjc pnr jn qua sa ragnfeaobcutejezcr jc fabege÷o baj beãfatrn fæoefn ba guajjn.Gnobegenoas baj aoscyn.

Cjduons eodaoearns gnosebarco qua jc bugtejebcb as uocgcrcgtaræstegc efpnrtcota ba jns gafaotns csiãjtegns. Weoafhcrdn, daoarcjfaota sa gnosebarc fãs sedoeiegctevc jcprasaogec n cusaogec ba jc fesfc, qua su drcbn racj.

Cjduons gafaotns csiãjtegns qua teaoao uo drcbn fuy cjtnba bugtejebcb sno tcfheåo fãs susgaptehjas c jctafparcturc. As bager, qua jc vcrecge÷o ba jc gnosestaogecpuaba sar fcynr bahebn cj gcfhen ba tafparcturc.

Ao jc gcrcgtarezcge÷o baj gafaotn csicjtegn as efpnrtcota ajaoscyn ba trcgge÷o, pcrc gnongar aj puotn ao aj gucj jcfuastrc sa rnfpa, aj gucj batarfeoc jc prnpeabcb iæsegc quasa baonfeoc bugtejebcb.

FCRAXECJ

Gafaotn csicjtegn.

Djegareoc

tcjgn eobustrecj.

Wcj eodjasc

cduc.

ASQE\N

FnjbasAj fnjba, ba hrnoga n zeog, baha sar sefejcr ao

besaón cj fnstrcbn ao jc Iedurc C


20/120


34

Hcón ba cducFcotaodc aj hcón c jc tafparcturc ba aoscya

aspageiegcbc, gno uoc tnjarcogec ba ³


21/120


30

8) Fnjban ba jcs fuastrcs pcrc aj aoscyaGcjeaota jc fuastrc gno guebcbn, praveoeaobngcjaotcfeaotns jngcjas, `cstc qua aståsuiegeaotafaota ijuebc pcrc vartar. Weo afhcrdn,burcota aj gcjaotcfeaotn, jc tafparcturc on bahaaxgabar ba 0< c 33< »G pnr aogefc baj puotn bachjcobcfeaotn asparcbn. Rcfega jc fuastrciuobebc c trcvås baj tcfez


22/120


35

2) AoscyaAodcog`a jns coejjns ba gcbc axtrafn ba jns gjeps cjcs gjcvekcs baj bugtejæfatrn y sapãrajns c jcvajngebcb uoeinrfa aspageiegcbc `cstc jc rupturcba jc hrequatc= sa parfeta uoc tnjarcogec ba ³ 1 %pcrc jc vajngebcb aspageiegcbc. Febc jc bestcogec aogf. aotra jns gjeps trcggenocbns ao aj fnfaotn baprnbugersa jc rupturc. Burcota aj bascrrnjjn bajaoscya, aj cduc ao aj astcoqua baj bugtejæfatrnguhrerã jc hrequatc c jn faons 8,1 gf. y åstc safcotaobrã gnoteoucfaota c jc tafparcturcaspageiegcbc gno uoc tnjarcogec ba ³


23/120


8


24/120


83

\QORN BACHJCOBCFEAORN BAJ

GAFAORN CWICJREGN

2ONXFCW

CCW@RN R ‗ 17Batarfeocr jc tafparcturc baj puotn ba chjcobcfeaotn ba uofctarecj hetufeonsn.

NHKAREYNW

Batarfeocr aj puotn ao aj qua aj gafaotn csicjtegn sa chjcobc (qua tafparcturc y ao quå teafpn hckn geartcsgnobegenoas).


25/120


88

IQOBCFAORN RA×XEGN

Aj chjcobcfeaotn ba uo fctarecj hetufeonsn on teaoa judcrc uoc tafparcturc baieoebc gucjquearc, seon fãs heao, `cyuo gcfhen drcbucj ao jc gnosestaogec bahebn cj eografaotnba tafparcturc, aotnogas gucjquear prngabefeaotn qua sacbnpta pcrc batarfeocr aj puotn ao qua sa eoegec ajchjcobcfeaotn puaba sar ba octurcjazc uo tcotn crhetrcrec.

Aj prngabefeaotn ba usn gnfûo ao jns jchnrctnrens bafctarecjas pcrc gcrratarcs sa gnonga gnfn ‚fåtnbn bajcoejjn y jc hnjc ‚y sa puaba cpjegcr c jns fctarecjas s÷jebns nWafes÷jebns.

\uotn ba chjcobcfeaotn.Gnfn schafns, jns csicjtns, eogjusn jns fãs burns, on snos÷jebns varbcbarns y, pnr tcotn, on puaba ̀ chjcrsa ba puotnba iuse÷o ba jns csicjtns ao su astregtn saotebn iæsegn. Cjbatarfeocr jc gcotebcb ba gcjnr oagascrec pcrc ajavcr jctafparcturc ba uo s÷jebn basba uoc tafparcturc R3 eoiarenrc su puotn ba iuse÷o C ntrc R8, suparenr c asta puotn, aspragesn sufcr cj prnbugtn ba jc beiaraogec R8 ‗ R3 pnr ajgcjnr aspagæiegn baj guarpn aj ‚gcjnr jctaota ba iuse÷o‖,prnbugtn ba jc fcsc baj guarpn pnr uoc gnostcotagcrcgtaræstegc. Ao aj csicjtn on axesta asta ûjtefn tårfeon.Weo afhcrdn, pnr gnovaoeaogecs ba ebaoteiegcge÷o, sa baieoaao jns csicjtns uo puotn ba chjcobcfeaotn gnovaogenocjqua as jc tafparcturc c jc qua aj csicjtn cjgcozcbatarfeocbn astcbn ba ijuebaz.

Axestao vcrens aoscyns pcrc jc batarfeocge÷o baj puotn bachjcobcfeaotn, ba jns qua jns fãs uscbns gno aj coejjn yhnjc, aj ba Mrâfar-Wcronv y aj puotn ba dntc.

\uotn ba chjcobcfeaotn coejjn y hnjc.Aj puotn ba rahjcobagefeaotn coejjn y hnjc sa batarfeocgnjngcobn ao uo ragepeaota ba cduc, y c uoc batarfeocbctafparcturc cjturc snhra aj inobn, uo coejjn ba jct÷o babefaosenoas iekcs qua sa `c rajjaocbn pravecfaota gnocsicjtn iuobebn y sa `c bakcbn aoirecr c tafparcturccfheaota burcota guctrn ̀ nrcs. Wnhra aj tcp÷o ba csicjtn sagnjngc uoc hnjc ba cgarn ba 5,17 ff. Ba beãfatrn, ybaspuås sa gcjeaotc aj hcón ba inrfc qua jc tafparcturc bajcduc suhc c vajngebcb gnostcota. \nr aiagtn baj gcjnr bajcsicjtn sa vc chjcobcobn y jc hnjc basgeaoba drcbucjfaotaaovuajtc ao uoc hnjsc ba csicjtn `cstc tngcr aj inobn bajhcón. Jc tafparcturc baj hcón ao asta fnfaotn sabaonfeoc puotn ba rahjcobagefeaotn coejjn y hnjc bajcsicjtn aoscycbn.

Ao asta fåtnbn baieoefns aj ‚puotn ba chjcobcfeaotn‖ gnojc tafparcturc c jc qua uoc prnhatc baj fctarecj ao inrfcba besgn, fcotaoebc ̀ nreznotcjfaota baotrn ba uo coejjn, sabainrfc pnr aj pasn ba uoc hnjc ba cgarn y tngc uocsupariegea setucbc c 8.2 gf. Gucobn sa gcjeaotc c uocvajngebcb batarfeocbc ao uo hcón ba cduc n djegareoc.

Cùajjcfeaotn

Aj cùajjcfeaotn (rutteod) ao jc gcpc suparenr baj pcvefaotnsa prnbuga pnr jc cgufujcge÷o ba jc bainrfcge÷o pjãstegc aojc fazgjc gnfn rasujtcbn ba jc rapatege÷o ba gcrdcs y sagnosebarc uoc icjjc astrugturcj ba jns pcvefaotns csiãjtegns.Asta iao÷faon ngurra gno fcynr savarebcb c cjtcstafparcturcs ba iuogenocfeaotn ba jc fazgjc y prnbuga uofcynr efpcgtn ao jns csicjtns seo aovakagar qua jnsaovakagebns. \nr tcj rcz÷o sa èzn oagascren rajcgenocr jcraspuastc ajãstegc baj pcvefaotn gno jcs gcrdcs beoãfegcsbaj trãosetn. Gno raspagtn cj trãosetn y c pcrter banhsarvcgenoas, sa gnosebar÷ qua jc cpjegcge÷o prnfaben bajc gcrdc c trcvås ba jc jjcotc ba uo gcfe÷o c uoc vajngebcbba 0< Mf/` gnrraspnoba c uo teafpn ba


26/120


87

axgasevcfaota aspasn y ba pngc ijuebaz, c jæquebns hjcobnsy faons vesgnsns. \nr astc rcz÷o, jc batarfeocge÷o bajpuotn ba chjcobcfeaotn sa baha aiagtucr fabecota uofåtnbn crhetrcren, parn heao baieoebn, ba fcoarc bagnfpcrcr rasujtcbns.

BAIEOEGENOAW

\uotn ba ChjcobcfeaotnAs jc faonr tafparcturc c jc qua uoc fuastrc, suspaobebcao uo coejjn `nreznotcj ba befaosenoas aspageiegcbcs, asinrzcbc c gcar 81 ff pnr aj pasn ba uoc hnjc ba cgarnaspageiegcbc, gucobn jc fuastrc sa gcjeaotc fabecotaeografaotns c uoc vajngebcb prasgretc, ao uo hcón ba cducn ba djegareoc.

FCRAXECJ

Gafaotn csicjtegn.

Djegareoc

tcjgn eobustrecj.

Cduc bastejcbc.

@eajn.

ASQE\N

Aquepn Onrfcjc) Coejjn ba hrnoga qua gufpjc gno jcs befaosenoasqua sa fuastrco ao jc Iedurc C


27/120


82

supariegea suparenr ba jc pjcgc, y jc supariegeaeoiarenr ba åstc c uoc bestcogec ba pnr jn faons 37ff y on fcynr ba 35 ff cj inobn baj vcsn. Jcprniuobebcb baj jæquebn ao aj vcsn baharã sarfcynr qua 3


28/120


81

7) Baspuås ba aoirecbn, gnrta aj axgasn ba fctarecjgno uoc aspãtujc n gug`ejjn jedarcfaota gcjeaota.Ao gcsn ba qua sa rapetc aj aoscya, utejega uocfuastrc ouavc y uo ragepeaota jefpen.

\XNGABEFEAORN

\rngabefeaotn pcrc fctarecjas qua taodco uo puotn bachjcobcfeaotn educj n faonr qua 0


29/120


89

8) Cpjequa gcjnr ba tcj fcoarc qua jc tafparcturc bajjæquebn cufaota gno uoc vajngebcb uoeinrfa ba1¼G pnr feo= aveta aj aiagtn ba jcs gnrreaotas bacera, utejezcobn prntagtnras se as oagascren.

Ontc 3; \crc aj gcjaotcfeaotn sa parfeta aj usn bauo fag`arn ba dcs n uo pjctn gcjeaota ajågtregn; Weoafhcrdn, aj pjctn ajågtregn pragesc taoar uosestafc pcrc eografaotcr jcs tafparcturcs seobafnrc, pcrc fcotaoar jc vajngebcb bagcjaotcfeaotn.

7) Jc vajngebcb ba cufaotn ba tafparcturc baharãsar uoeinrfa y on sa prnfabecrã burcota ajparænbn baj aoscya. Jc vcrecge÷o fãxefcparfesehja pcrc gucjquear feoutn ba teafpn,baspuås ba jns tras feoutns, sarã ³ 1¼G. Ajefeoatnbns jns aoscyas ao jns qua jc vajngebcb bacufaotn ba tafparcturc on astå baotrn ba astnsjæfetas.

2) Conta pcrc gcbc coejjn y hnjc jc tafparcturceobegcbc pnr aj tarf÷fatrn= ao aj eostcota qua jcfuastrc qua rnbac jc hnjc, tnqua jc pjcgc eoiarenr.We jc beiaraogec aotra astns bns vcjnras axgaba 3¼G,rapetc aj aoscya.

\rngabefeaotn pcrc fctarecjas qua taodco uo puotn bachjcobcfeaotn fcynr qua 0


30/120


84


31/120


80


32/120


85

\QORN BA EOIJCFCGE×OU \QORN BA JJCFC BAJ

GAFAORN CWICJREGN

1ONXFCW

CCW@RN R ‗ 20Asta fåtnbn guhra jc batarfeocge÷o baj puotn ba eoijcfcge÷o batnbns jns prnbugtns barevcbns baj patr÷jan, axgaptn cgaetasgnfhustehjas y cquajjns qua pnsaao uo puotn ba eoijcfcge÷ofaonr c 45»G (341»I). Jc gnpc ba pruahc, as jjaocbc gno aj nhkatnba aoscyn c uo oevaj aspagæiegn. Juadn eoegecjfaota jc tafparcturcbaj nhkatn ba aoscyn sa ajavc rãpebcfaota, baspuås c uocvajngebcb gnostcota, parn jaotc, sa cjgcozc aj puotn baeoijcfcge÷o. Jc faonr tafparcturc c jc gucj jc jjcfc gcusc qua jnsvcpnras snhra jc gnpc eoijcfao, sa tnfc gnfn jc tafparcturc baeoijcfcge÷o. \crc batarfeocr aj puotn ba aogaobebn sa seduagcjaotcobn `cstc qua jc supariegea sa aogeaoba pnr cj faons 1saduobns.

CCW@RN R ‗ 45Eovastedcr

NHKAREYNW

Aj nhkatevn baj prasaota aoscyn as batarfeocr aj puotn ba edoege÷o fæoefn baj csicjtn, aj gucj raprasaotc jctafparcturc gretegc, ao tafparcturcs qua aståo crrehc ba jc fesfc sa baharã tnfcrsa pragcugenoas, pcrc ajefeocr jnspajedrns ba eogaoben burcota aj gcjaotcfeaotn y fcoepujcge÷o baj csicjtn.


33/120


7<

IQOBCFAORN RA×XEGN

Gucobn sa gcjeaotc uo csicjtn, jeharc vcpnras qua snognfhustehjas. Aj puotn ba eoijcfcge÷o, as jc tafparcturc cjc gucj puaba sar gcjaotcbn gno sadurebcb uo csicjtn, seo quasa prnbuzgc jc eoijcfcge÷o eostcotãoac ba jns vcpnrasjeharcbns, ao prasaogec ba uoc jjcfc jehra. Astctafparcturc, seo afhcrdn, astã hcstcota pnr bahckn, ao

daoarcj, ba jc qua aj fctarecj aotrc ao gnfhuste÷o parfc-oaota. Wa jc baonfeoc puotn ba gnfhuste÷o (iera pneot), yas fuy rcrn qua sa usa ao aspageiegcgenoas pcrc csicjtn.Aj aoscyn fãs uscbn pcrc faber aj puotn ba eoijcfcge÷o bajgafaotn csiãjtegn as aj ba "vcsn cheartn Gjavajcob" (GNG),qua gnosesta ao jjaocr uo vcsn ba hrnoga gno uobatarfeocbn vnjufao ba csicjtn, y gcjaotcrjn gno uocufaotn ba tafparcturc onrfcjezcbn. Wa pcsc uoc paqua-óc jjcfc snhra jc supariegea baj csicjtn c eotarvcjns bateafpn astepujcbns. Aj puotn ba eoijcfcge÷o as jctafparcturc c jc gucj sa `co baspraobebn suiegeaotasvnjãtejas gnfn pcrc prnvngcr uoc eoijcfcge÷o eostcotãoac.

FCRAXECJ

Gafaotn csicjtegn.

ASQE\N

Gnpc Cheartc ba GjavajcobGnosesta ao uoc gnpc ba aoscya, uoc pjcgc bagcjaotcfeaotn, uo cpjegcbnr ba jc jjcfc, uogcjaotcbnr y cpnyns gnfn sa basgreha ao batcjja aoaj Coaxn. Qoc inrfc ba crfcr aj cpcrctn, jc pjcgcba gcjaotcfeaotn y jc gnpc, as gnfn sa ejustrc aojcs Iedurc C


34/120


73

7) Fcotaodc aj tarf÷fatrn ao pnsege÷o vartegcj gnoaj hujhn c uoc bestcogec ba 9,1 ff baj inobn ba jcgnpc (gno jc tnjarcogec fnstrcbc ao jc IedurcC


35/120


78

gerguoiaraogec ba uo gærgujn qua taodc uo rcben cjfaons ba 31< ff. Aj gaotrn ba jc jjcfc ba pruahcbaha fnvarsa ao uo pjcon qua besta faons ba 8ff pnr aogefc baj pjcon baj hnrba suparenr ba jcgnpc, pcscobn ao uoc beragge÷o prefarn y ao ajpr÷xefn eotarvcjn ao jc beragge÷o npuastc. Ajteafpn gnosufebn ao pcscr jc jjcfc c trcvås ba jcgnpc sarã gargcon c 3 s. Burcota jns ûjtefns 34¼G,

suhc jc tafparcturc praven cj \uotn baEoijcfcge÷o. Aveta cjtarcgenoas baj vcpnr ao jc gnpcba aoscya pnoeaobn ctaoge÷o ao fnvefeaotnsbasguebcbns n ao ceras sucvas gargcons c jc gnpc.

1) Eoinrfa aj \uotn ba Eoijcfcge÷o gnfn jctafparcturc jaæbc ao aj tarf÷fatrn, gucobncpcraga aj bastajjn ao gucjquear puotn ba jcsupariegea baj fctarecj, parn on gnoiuobc ajvarbcbarn bastajjn gno aj ̀ cjn czujcbn qua cjduocsvagas gerguobc jc jjcfc ba pruahc.

9) \crc batarfeocr aj \uotn ba Gnfhuste÷o gnoteoûagcjaotcobn ba fnbn qua jc tafparcturc ba jcfuastrc sa ajava c uoc rcz÷o ba 1 c 9¼G pnr feo.Gnoteoûa cpjegcobn jc jjcfc c eotarvcjns ba 8¼G`cstc qua aj fctarecj sa eoijcfa y gnoteoûa

quafãobnsa gnfn fæoefn 1 s. Eoinrfa jctafparcturc ba asta puotn gnfn aj \uotn baGnfhuste÷o baj fctarecj.

GNXXAGGE×O \NX \XAWE×OHCXNFÅRXEGC

37. We jc prase÷o hcrnfåtregc racj burcota aj teafpn baaoscya as faonr qua 431 ff ba farguren, eoinrfa y sufa

jc gnrragge÷o cprnpecbc cj \uotn ba Eoijcfcge÷o y \uotn baGnfhuste÷o ba cguarbn c jc tchjc sedueaota;

GCJGQJNW

Gnrrekc aj \uotn ba Eoijcfcge÷o n aj \uotn baGnfhuste÷o n cfhns, nhsarvcbns, ba cguarbn gno37.

Eoinrfa jc gnrragge÷o baj \uotn ba Eoijcfcge÷o n\uotn ba Gnfhuste÷o n cfhns, gnfn aj \uotn baEoijcfcge÷o n Gnfhuste÷o ba jc Gnpc Cheartc baGjavajcob.

\XAGEWE×O

Qsa jns sedueaotas bctns pcrc kuzdcr jc cgaptchejebcb barasujtcbns (51% gnoiecozc).

XapatetevebcbXasujtcbns bupjegcbns pnr aj fesfn nparcbnr sarãognosebarcbns snspag`nsns se beiearao ao fãs ba jcssedueaotas gcotebcbas;

Xapatetevebcb\uotn Eoijcfcge÷o 0¼G\uotn Gnfhuste÷o 0¼G

XaprnbugehejebcbJns rasujtcbns prasaotcbns pnr gcbc jchnrctnren, sarãognosebarcbns snspag`nsns se beiearao ao fãs ba jcssedueaotas gcotebcbas;

\ADCX INRN

\ADCX INRN

\ADCX INRN

\ADCX INRN


36/120


77

Xaprnbugehejebcb\uotn Eoijcfcge÷o 39¼G\uotn Gnfhuste÷o 32¼G

COAPN

AquepnsAj aoscycbnr cheartn ba Gjavajcob gnosesta ao uoc gnpc ba

aoscya, uoc pjcgc ba gcjaotcfeaotn, uo cpjegcbnr c jc jjcfcba pruahc, uo gcjaotcbnr, uo tarf÷fatrn gno snpnrta y uosnpnrta ba jc pjcgc ba gcjaotcfeaotn, tnbn gnoinrfa gnojns sedueaotas raquarefeaotns;C3. Gnpc ba aoscya ba hrnoga gnoinrfa c jcs befaosenoaseobegcbcs ao jc Iedurc C


37/120


72

GN\C CHEAXRC BA GJAYAJCOB


38/120


71

IEDQXC 3- \JCGC BA GCJAORCFEAORN, IEDQXC 8-GN\C CHEAXRC BA GJAYAJCOB, IEDQXC 7-FABEBNX BAJ O


39/120


79

C\JEGCGE×O

Wcheaobn aj puotn ba eoijcfcge÷o y aj puotn ba jjcfc bajgafaotn csicjtegn gno aj gucj astcfns trchckcobn, ons bc uo

pcrãfatrn ba sadurebcb c jc gucj pnbafns gcjaotcr ajfctarecj csicjtegn seo pajedrn ba qua aotra ao gnfhuste÷o.Asta pcrãfatrn jas serva fug`n c jcs afprascs qua trchckcogno asta fctarecj.


40/120


74

\NXGAORCKA BA \ÅXBEBCBA JC \AJÆGQJC BAJDCBC

AO AJ @NXON

9ONXFCW

CCW@RN R ‗ 345Asta fåtnbn guhra jns prngabefeaotns ba batarfeocge÷o ba jnsaiagtns baj cera y aj gcjnr ao pajægujcs ba fctarecjas csiãjtegnssafes÷jebns. Jns aiagtns ba asta trctcfeaotn sno batarfeocbnspnr faben ba fabegenoas ba jcs fcscs ba jns nhkatns ba aoscyn,tnfcbcs cotas y baspuås ba jc pruahc. Qoc pajægujc ba fctarecjcsiãjtegn as gcjaotcbc ao uo `nron pnr 1 `nrcs c uoc tafparcturcba 397»G (781»I). Jns aiagtns baj gcjnr y aj cera sno batarfeocbnspnr gcfhens ngurrebns ao jcs prnpeabcbas iæsegcs, cotas y baspuåsbaj trctcfeaotn ao aj `nron. Qo prngabefeaotn npgenocj asbatarfeocr aj gcfhen ao jc fcsc baj nhkatn ba aoscyn.

NHKAREYNW

Xaprnbuger ao jchnrctnren jcs gnobegenoas y asiuarzns (% ba pårbebc c jns qua astã snfatebn aj gafaotn csicjtegn uocvaz puastn ao nhrc). Cbafãs ba eobegcr jc susgaptehejebcb cj aoburagefeaotn y parbebc ba bugtejebcb ba jns gafaotnscsicjtegns burcota aj fazgjcbn ao uoc fazgjcbnrc gno uoc tafparcturc ba cjrababnr ba 31< ¼G.


41/120


70

IQOBCFAORN RA×XEGN

EORXNBQGGENO

Qon ba jns bcóns supariegecjas qua gnotrehuyao cj batarenrnao aj teafpn ba jcs fazgjcs csiãjtegcs as aj prngasn baaovakagefeaotn. Asta iao÷faon as ctrehuehja c beiaraotasgcuscs y ao åj eotarveaoao beiaraotas vcrechjas. Jcs gcuscs

astão csngecbcs c vcrechjas eotræosagcs n sac jcsgcrcgtaræstegcs prnpecs ba jc fazgjc csiãjtegc c schar; ajgafaotn csiãjtegn, jns cdradcbns, aj gnotaoebn ba vcgæns y jcpajægujc ba csicjtn qua raguhra jns cdradcbns. Ba ntrn jcbntcfheåo eoijuyao jcs vcrechjas axtarocs qua niragao cjdûotepn ba cjtarcge÷o ao aj prngasn ba prnbugge÷o ba jc fazgjc,aj cjfcgaocfeaotn y trcospnrta y jc gnostrugge÷o ba jc gcpccsiãjtegc, ajjcs sa ragnongao gnfn vcrechjas axtræosagcs ysno jc tafparcturc ba prnbugge÷o ba jc fazgjc, jc ùfabcb,jc rcbecge÷o ujtrc venjatc y jc tafparcturc cfheaota.Jns fagcoesfns qua eotarveaoa ao aj prngasn astãocsngecbns c gcfhens ba nrbao quæfegn, iæsegn, fagãoegn yranj÷degn. Ao daoarcj jcs cjtarcgenoas ba nrbao quæfegngnfn jc vnjctejezcge÷o, jc nxebcge÷o y jc pnjefarezcge÷oprnbugao uo racgnfnbcfeaotn ao jc astrugturc fnjagujcrbaj csicjtn y jc fcoeiastcge÷o ba raspuastc c astns gcfhensrcbegc ao aj aoburagefeaotn ba jcs fazgjcs y pnrgnosedueaota jc fazgjc sa gnovearta jaotcfaota ao uofctarecj irãdej susgaptehja c cdreatcrsa. Jc gnosaguaogec baastns gcfhens as jc cpcrege÷o ba dreatcs pnr bnoba sa eoegecuo prngasn ba eodrasn ba cduc y vcpnr cj eotarenr ba jcfazgjc jn qua gnojjavc c ntrns prngasns ba pårbebc bagnàse÷o y bcóns pnr ùfabcb, jn qua rabuga ajbasafpaón baj pcvefaotn csiãjtegn.Gno cyubc ba uoc cfpjec ravese÷o hehjendrãiegc, ao asta

bngufaotn sa axpjegc aj iao÷faon ba aovakagefeaotn y sabasgrehao jcs vcrechjas eotræosagcs y axtræosagcs quaeotarveaoao ao aj prngasn. Ao uoc saduobc pcrta safaogenoco jcs pruahcs ba jchnrctnren qua sa `co utejezcbnpcrc sefujcr prngasns ba aovakagefeaotn cgajarcbn gnotrctcfeaotns ba tafparcturc, nxebcge÷o y rcbecge÷o ujtrcvenjatc. Ao jc targarc pcrta qua prasaotco jnas aiagtns quaaj aovakagefeaotn prnbuga ao aj basafpaón ba jnspcvefaotns y pnr ûjtefn sa fuastrco jcs beiaraotasagucgenoas qua jns eovastedcbnras `co prnpuastn pcrcbasgreher y prabager fctafãtegcfaota aj iao÷faon.

AJ IAONFAON BA AOYAKAGEFEAORN

Aj aovakagefeaotn ba jcs fazgjcs csiãjtegcs as uo prngasngnfpjakn aj gucj ngurra burcota aj fazgjcbn ao jc pjcotc, jcgnostrugge÷o ba jc gcrratarc y jc vebc ba sarvegen. Ao ajfuobn as cfpjecfaota cgaptcbn qua aj fagcoesfn baiuogenocfeaotn baj aovakagefeaotn ngurra ao bns atcpcs cschar; aj aovakagefeaotn c gnrtn y c jcrdn pjczn. Jc prefarcatcpc baj iao÷faon sa baha c jc pårbebc ba gnfpnoaotasvnjãtejas feaotrcs jc fazgjc astã gcjeaota y jc saduobc saprnbuga pnr jcs gnobegenoas cfheaotcjas y jns aiagtns baj

gjefc qua daoarco uoc nxebcge÷o prndrasevc burcota ajteafpn ba sarvegen (Hajjat cj., 3553).

Cuoqua aj fåtnbn ba besaón ba jc fazgjc csiãjtegc parfetaastchjagar sus gcotebcbas vnjufåtregcs, csæ gnfn sagnongao jcs prnpeabcbas ba gcbc fctarecj pnr sapcrcbn, onsa puaba cierfcr qua snjcfaota aj aovakagefeaotn bajcsicjtn n ba jns cdradcbns prabega aj aovakagefeaotn ba jcfazgjc. As csæ qua eovastedcbnras qua `co astubecbn jnsaiagtns baj aovakagefeaotn snhra csicjtns gnovaogenocjas ycsicjtns fnbeiegcbns `co astchjagebn qua jc tafparcturc, jcrcbecge÷o ujtrcvenjatc, jc prase÷o, jc ùfabcb daoarcprngasns ba nxebcge÷o qua prnbugao aovakagefeaotn ao jnsfctarecjas (Rrcxjar, 3597= Ycjjardc, 3503). Ao gnotrcsta,ntrns astubens gnogjuyao qua jns gcfhens ao jcsprnpeabcbas ranj÷degcs, iæsegcs y quæfegcs bapaobaoberagtcfaota ba jns fctarecjas qua gnfpnoao jc fazgjc, jcsgnobegenoas ba axpnsege÷o c jcs gnobegenoas cfheaotcjas y ajteafpn (Chhcsat cj., 8


42/120


75

vesgnsc, bahebn cj eografaotn ao aj tcfcón ba jcs fnjågujcspnr jc prasaogec ba nxædaon. Rcj pcraga qua jcscdjnfarcgenoas fnjagujcras pearbao fnvejebcb pcrc ijuer, ajãodujn ba icsa bagraga y sa eografaotc jc vesgnsebcb(\atarsao, 8


43/120


2<

ircggenoas prasaotco iuogenoas sapcrcbcs gno raspagtn c jcsprnpeabcbas iæsegcs y gnfn as j÷degn csufer aj tntcj ba jcsprnpeabcbas iæsegcs ba uo csicjtn as bapaobeaota ba jcgnfheocge÷o ba ascs ircggenoas y ba jcs prnpnrgenoas ao jcsgucjas astão prasaotas.

Iedurc 3. Wapcrcge÷o ao ircggenoas WCXC pcrc cjduons csicjtns(Fnrtczcve & Fnujt`rnp, 3557).

Jc efpnrtcogec ba jc basgnfpnsege÷o baj csicjtn ao jcsircggenoas WCXC rcbegc ao qua jcs cjtarcgenoas quæfegcs quasa prnbugao ao aj csicjtn sa avebaogeco ao jns gcfhens baastcs ircggenoas, csæ pnr akafpjn jns aiagtns bajaovakagefeaotn prnbugao uoc rabugge÷o ao aj gnotaoebn bacrnfãtegns y uo cufaotn ao jcs raseocs, jn qua c su vazeografaotc jns csiãjtaons, feaotrcs qua jns scturcbns aodaoarcj on prasaotco gcfhens tcj vaz pnr su hckc racgtevebcb

quæfegc (\atarsao, 8


44/120


23

3503=Mufcr & Dnatz, 3544= Dnnba & Juisay, 3591), cbafãsjc feoarcjndæc ba jns cdradcbns on eogeba ao aj basafpaónba jc fazgjc (Mcoetpnod & Hc`ec, 8


45/120


28

raguparcbns ba jcs fesfcs, axparefaotco uoc rabugge÷osedoeiegctevc ao jc paoatrcge÷o, jn qua eobegc uoaoburagefeaotn ba jc fazgjc ao aj teafpn ba sarvegen (Wceb,8


46/120


27

jns rcyns baj snj. Ba cguarbn gno fabegenoas racjezcbcs pnrjc OCWC, jc gnostcota snjcr teaoa uoc fabec coucjaquevcjaota c 3717 T/f8 y axparefaotc nsgejcgenoasbafãs n faons tras pnr geaotn burcota aj cón bahebn c jnsfnvefeaotns prnpens ba jc tearrc. Ba astc fcoarc, iuarc bajc ctfnsiarc jc rcbecge÷o nhtaoebc pnr jc hcobc ujtrc venjatcas ba 51 T/f8, seo afhcrdn cj pcscr jc ctfnsiarc, jcrcbecge÷o as ctaoucbc pnr besparse÷o y jc chsnrge÷o ba jcspcrtægujcs baj cera y asc fcdoetub bapaoba ba jcgnogaotrcge÷o ba vcpnr ba cduc, nznon y pnjvn. Jcrabugge÷o pnr astns aiagtns puaba cjgcozcr `cstc uo 3


47/120


22

ASQE\N

@nron.Qtejega uo `nron ajågtregn qua gufpja gno jnsraquarefeaotns ba jc onrfc CWRF A 321 ba @nronstepn EH, pcrc nparcrjn c tafparcturcs suparenras c30


48/120


21

Ontc 8; Jns pjctejjns teaoao taobaogec c bainrfcrsa nbnhjcrsa gno aj usn. Cuoqua aj aoscya eobegc qua uocpaquaóc bainrfcge÷o on ciagtc sedoeiegctevcfaota jnsrasujtcbns, as cgnosakchja eospaggenocr iraguaotafaota jnspjctejjns, pcrc ajefeocr jns gnfhcbns n bcócbns. Aj aspasnrbaj fatcj eobegcbn jas prnpnrgenoc jc redebaz cbagucbc seouo pasn axgasevn. Jns pjctejjns ba cgarn eonxebchjagnoiaggenocbns ba uoc `nkc O¼ 82 ba cgarn eonxebchja,gufpjao gno aj aspasnr ragnfaobcbn. Jns pjctejjns `ag`nsba uoc `nkc O¼ 89 ba uo fatcj eonxebchja, tcfheåo snocgaptchjas parn teaoao uoc fcynr taobaogec c bnhjcrsaburcota aj usn. Weo afhcrdn ao oeodûo gcsn jns aspasnrasbaj fatcj sarão faonras qua


49/120


29

`nron `c cjgcozcbn jc tafparcturc. Aj parænbn ba1 ` gnfeaozc gucobn jc tafparcturc cjgcozc398¼G= ao oeodûo gcsn aj teafpn tntcj qua jcfuastrc astå baotrn baj ̀ nron baha sar fcynr qua1 ` y 31 feo. Cj gnogjuer aj parænbn bagcjaotcfeaotn, queta jcs fuastrcs baj `nron. We ajgcfhen ba fcsc on sa astã batarfeocobn, prngabcba cguarbn gno 33= se aj gcfhen ba jc fcsc sa astãbatarfeocobn, aoiræa c tafparcturc cfheaota,pasa cprnxefcobn c


50/120


24

ragepeaotas uscbns ao jns aoscyas gnfn ajpnrgaotcka ba fcsc baj fctarecj nredeocj.

BCRNW U GÃJGQJNW

C6 pasn baj ragepeaota vcgænH6 pasn baj ragepeaota fãs fuastrcG6 pasn baj ragepeaota fãs fuastrc baspuås baj `nron

% 6 ∘ ∘

∔ 3


51/120


20


52/120


25

FCOG@C BA NJEAOWEW 4ONXFCW

CCW@RN R ‗ 3


53/120


1<

IQOBCFAORN RA×XEGN

Astc onrfc ba aoscyn as cpjegchja snjcfaota c prnbugtnscsicjtegns barevcbns baj patr÷jan y on sa cpjegcrc c csicjtnsocturcjas gnotaoeaobn fctarecjas on hetufeonsnseosnjuhjas ao xejaon.

Wa afpjac pcrc batarfeocr aj aquevcjaota ba àptcon-

xejaon (jc gcotebcb ba xejaon raquarebn pcrc suprefer jcfcog`c prnbugebc pnr besparse÷o ao àptcon onrfcj), ajgucj eobegc se uo csicjtn `c suirebn basgnfpnsege÷o tårfegc(grcgmeod) n cjtarcbn pnr snhragcjaotcfeaotn burcota, npnstarenrfaota, cj prngasn ba raieon.

Jns fctarecjas qua `cyco sebn gjcseiegcbns gnfn pnsetevnsgno aj besnjvaota onrfcjezcbn puabao sar aoscycbnspnstarenrfaota, pcrc batarfeocr su drcbn ba pnsetevebcb,pnr faben ba su (aquevcjaota ba xejaon.

C jns fctarecjas qua fabecota aj usn baj snjvaota onrfcj sagjcseiegco gnfn pnsetevns, sa ja puaba batarfeocr su drcbnba pnsetevebcb pnr faben baj ‚Aquevcjaota ba Pejaon‖. Ajaquevcjaota ba xejaon sarã aj faonr pnrgaotcka pnr vnjufaoba xejaon ao uo snjvaota gnfpuastn ba xejaon y ocitc onrfcjn xejaon y àptcon onrfcj, gnfn sa aspageiequa, aj gucjprnbuga uoc fcog`c‚oadctevc‖ pcrc aj fctarecj ao guaste÷o. Asta sa gnongagnfn aquevcjaota ocitc xejaon y àptcon xejaon,raspagtevcfaota. Aj pnrgaotcka ba xejaon ao jns snjvaotas savc cdradcobn ao eografaotns ba 1% raspagtn ba jc fazgjc.Gucobn on sa aspageiegc aquevcjaota xejaon, sa uscsnjcfaota aj snjvaota ocitc onrfcj.

FCRAXECJ Gafaotn csicjtegn.

\cpaj w`ctfco # 1< n pcpaj iejtrn hjcogn ba 0< dr./gf 8.

Gucobn sa aspageiegc aj aquevcjaota xejaon, sarãquæfegcfaota purn, gno uo rcodn ba tafparcturcsba ahujjege÷o aotra 374 ‗ 32


54/120


13

Gnrg`n pcrc ircsgn prnvestn gno uo tuhn ba vebrenba 8


55/120


18

8) Qoc vaz gnfpjatc jc besparse÷o, hcka aj tuhn bavebren `cstc sufarderjn ao jc snjuge÷o y båkajnaoirecr burcota 7< feo. c tafparcturc cfheaota.Jc fazgjc snjvaota csicjtn sa gcjeaotc pnr 31 feo.ao uo hcón ba cduc y sa fcoteaoa c jc tafparcturcba 78 ³


56/120


17

1) Jc dntc ba jc fazgjc ba 82 ` baha gnjngcrsa snhrajc pjcgc ba vebren fcotaoeåobnjc ao uo ãodujn ba21¼ snhra jc `nreznotcj. We c fabebc qua jc dntcijuya, åstc bascrrnjjc ao aj gaotrn ba su trcyagtnrecuoc jæoac fcta seo puotc, aj axtarenr ba jc gucj astãheao baieoebc gnotrc jn sucva, jefpen y gciå justrnsnba jc znoc axtarenr, gucobn aj vebren sa axcfeoc pnrjuz raijakcbc gnotrc uo inobn nsgurn, aj aoscya

baha eoinrfcrsa gnfn pnsetevn.

9) We uoc dntc ba jc fazgjc ba jcs 82 ` ijuyauoeinrfafaota ao uoc pajægujc gciå justrnsc yjefpec, seo jc jæoac gaotrcj qua sa basgrehe÷ ao ajpãrrcin cotarenr, aj aoscya sa eoinrfcrã gnfnoadctevn.

Fåtnbn aquevcjaota ba xejaon

4) Gucobn aj fåtnbn uscbn as pnr ‚aquevcjaota baxejaon‖, aj aoscya as aj fesfn aspageiegcbn cotas,axgaptn qua aj snjvaota baharã astcr gnfpuastn ycsac pnr xejaon y jc ocitc onrfcj n pnr xejaon y uoàptcon onrfcj, sadûo sa aspageiequa.

0) \crc batarfeocr aj xejaon aquevcjaota, bns n fãs

fuastrcs ba jcs icjtn pnr axcfeocr bahaobesparscrsa ao jc fazgjc baj snjvaota prasgretn. Ajpnrgaotcka ba xejaon sa `cga vcrecr fabecotaeografaotns sugasevns ba 1% ao vnjufao gnoraspagtn ba jc fazgjc, ̀ cstc qua sa aoguaotrao bnssnjugenoas gno csicjtn, uoc ba jcs gucjas fuastrauoc fcog`c pnsetevc, feaotrcs qua jc sedueaota (aojc gucj aj snjvaota gnotaodc 1% fãs ba xejaon)fuastra uoc fcog`c oadctevc. Aj xejaonaquevcjaota puaba eoinrfcrsa gnfn aj pnrgaotckaba xejaon ao jns bns snjvaotas uscbns ao astcs bns

snjugenoas, pnr akafpjn; 3< ‗ 31% ba ocitc xejaoaquevcjaota n 8< ‗ 81% àptcon xejaonaquevcjaota, sadûo sac aj gcsn.

5) Gucobn jc cgaptcge÷o ba uo fctarecj sa hcsc ao ajxejaon aquevcjaota aspageiegcbn, aj pnrgaotcka fãhckn axcgtn ba xejaon qua prnbuga uoc fcog`coadctevc on oagasetc batarfeocrsa. Jc fuastrcpuaba aoscycrsa gno snjvaota gnfpuastn ba jns

pnrgaotckas aspageiegcbns ba xejaon y ocitc onrfcjn xejaon y àptcon onrfcj, sadûo sa raquearc, ygucjquear fctarecj qua fuastra fcog`c oadctevcpcrc asta snjvaota baha eoinrfcrsa gnfn faonrqua aj xejaon aquevcjaota pcrtegujcr pcrc aj gucj `sebn besaócbn, pnr akafpjn; faonr qua 8


57/120


12


58/120


11

AWRCHEJEBCB U IJQAOGECFÅRNBN FCXW@CJJ 0

ONXFCW

CCW@RN B ‗ 3115Asta fåtnbn guhra jc fabege÷o ba jc rasestaogec cj ijukn pjãstegn bajcs fuastrcs gejæobregcs ba fazgjc csiãjtegc hetufeonsc gcrdcbn aojc supariegea jctarcj pnr faben baj cpcrctn Fcrs`cjj. Asta fåtnbnsa utejezc gno fazgjcs qua gnoteaoao gafaotn csiãjtegn, ragnrtacsicjtn n cjquetrão, y aj cdradcbn ba `cstc 81,2 ff (3 pujd.) Batcfcón fãxefn.

NHKAREYNW

Asta aoscyn gnosesta ao fazgjcr csicjtn gno ãrebns y prapcrcr uoc sarea ba hrequatcs gno beiaraotas gnotaoebns bacsicjtn qua fabecota aj prngabefeaotn baj aoscyn sa nhteaoa uoc sarea ba gurvc qua raprasaotc jns rasujtcbns bajaoscyn y fuastrc aj gnotaoebn ÷ptefn ba csicjtn, pcrc aognotrcr jc gnfheocge÷o agno÷fegc ba cdradcbn csicjtegn quaja bå c jc fazgjc jcs sedueaotas prnpeabcbas; astchejebcb (rasestaogec qua npnoa jcs fazgjc c jc cgge÷o ba gcrdc batrcosetn), efparfachejebcb, trchckchejebcb (icgejebcb gno qua jc fazgjc csiãjtegc puaba gnjngcrsa y gnfpcgtcrsa, astãao iuoge÷o ba drcoujnfatræc, taxturc supariegecj y inrfc ba jcs pcrtægujcs, rajcge÷o tcfcón fãxefn aspasnrgnfpcgtcbn ba jc fazgjc, paoatrcge÷o y % ba csicjtn) y ijuaogec (bainrfcgenoas hckn jc cgge÷o ba jcs gcrdcs baotrn barcodns cgaptchjas).


59/120


19

IQOBCFAORN RA×XEGN

Aj aoscyn Fcrs`cjj as uo fåtnbn ebacbn pcrc bnseiegcr jcsfazgjcs csiãjtegcs afpjacobn csicjtns s÷jebns y fctarecjdrcoujcr qua on supara uo tcfcón fãxefn ba 8.12 gf.Fabecota jc pruahc, sa nhteaoa jc gcotebcb cprnpecbc bacsicjtn pcrc pnbar dcrcotezcr jc suiegeaota astchejebcb y csæfesfn jcs axedaogecs baj sarvegen seo baspjczcfeaotns n

bestnrsenoas, uo huao raguhrefeaotn ba pcrtægujcs pcrcnhtaoar uo pcvefaotn burchja eogjuyaobn aj icgtnr ba jcgnfpcgtcge÷o.Jns bctns fãs efpnrtcotas baj besaón ba jcs fazgjcs pnr ajfåtnbn Fcrs`cjj sno; uo coãjeses ba baosebcb, rajcge÷o bavcgæns y uoc pruahc ba astchejebcb y ijukn, snhra fuastrcsgnfpcgtcbcs.Jc ieocjebcb baj besaón Fcrs`cjj as nhtaoar jcs gcotebcbas÷ptefcs ba jns gnotaoebns qua `cgao pcrta ba jc fazgjccsiãjtegc, gno aj ieo ba sctesicgar jcs axedaogecs ba sarvegentaoeaobn ao guaotc beiaraotas gretarens ba coãjeses gnfn snoaj ijukn, jc astchejebcb, vcgæns gno cera ao jc fazgjc y vcgænsao jns cdradcbns feoarcjas, dcrcotezcobn uo pcvefaotnburchja, gno uo gnotaoebn ba csicjtn ÷ptefn qua raguhrc,efparfachejega y jedua aj fctarecj påtran.

BEWAÓN BA FA[GJCW CWIÃJREGCW AO GCJEAORAEORXNBQGGENO

Ao uoc fazgjc csiãjtegc ao gcjeaota ba pcvefaotcge÷o, ajcsicjtn y aj cdradcbn sno gnfheocbns ao prnpnrgenoasaxcgtcs; Jcs prnpnrgenoas rajctevcs ba astns fctarecjasbatarfeoco jcs prnpeabcbas iæsegcs ba jc fazgjc y,avaotucjfaota, aj basafpaón ba jc fesfc gnfnpcvefaotn tarfeocbn. Axestao bns fåtnbns ba besaón

gnfûofaota utejezcbns pcrc batarfeocr jcs prnpnrgenoascprnpecbcs ba csicjtn y cdradcbn ao uoc fazgjc. Ajjns sno ajfåtnbn Fcrs`cjj y aj Fåtnbn @vaaf. Ao aj prasaotaastuben s÷jn trctcrafns aj fåtnbn Fcrs`cjj.Cfhns fåtnbns ba besaón sno cfpjecfaota uscbns ao ajbesaón ba fazgjcs csiãjtegcs ba pcvefaotcge÷o. Jc sajagge÷oy usn ba gucjquearc ba astns fåtnbns ba besaón ba fazgjcsas, preogepcjfaota, csuotns ba dustns ao eodaoearæc, bahebnc qua gcbc fåtnbn gnoteaoa gcrcgtaræstegcs y vaotckcsseodujcras. Gucjquear fåtnbn puba sar uscbn gno rasujtcbnssctesicgtnrens.

GCXCGRAXEWREGCW U GNF\NXRCFEAORN BA JC FA[GJC

Qoc fuastrc ba fazgjc ba pcvefaotcge÷o prapcrcbc ao ajjchnrctnren puaba sar cocjezcbc pcrc batarfeocr su pnsehjabasafpaón ao jc astrugturc baj pcvefaotn. Aj coãjeses astãaoingcbn `cgec guctrn gcrcgtaræstegcs ba jc fazgjc, y jceoijuaogec qua astcs puabco taoar ao aj gnfpnrtcfeaotn bajc fazgjc. Jcs guctrn gcrcgtaræstegcs sno;

Baosebcb ba jc fazgjc Ycgæns ba cera, n sefpjafaota vcgæns. Ycgæns ao aj cdradcbn feoarcj. Gnotaoebn ba csicjtn.

BAOWEBCB

Jc baosebcb ba jc fazgjc gnfpcgtcbc astã baieoebc gnfn supasn uoetcren (aj pasn ba uo vnjufao aspagæiegn ba jcfazgjc). Jc baosebcb as uoc gcrcgtaræstegc fuy efpnrtcotabahebn c qua as asaogecj taoar uoc cjtc baosebcb ao ajpcvefaotn tarfeocbn pcrc nhtaoar uo raobefeaotnburcbarn.Ao jcs pruahcs y aj coãjeses baj besaón ba fazgjcs, jcbaosebcb ba jc fazgjc gnfpcgtcbc sa axprasc,daoarcjfaota, ao mejndrcfns pnr fatrn gûhegn. Jc baosebcbas gcjgujcbc cj fujtepjegcr jc drcvabcb aspagæiegc tntcj ba jcfazgjc pnr jc baosebcb baj cduc (3


60/120


14

Aj YFC raprasaotc aj aspcgen bespnoehja pcrc cgnfnbcr ajvnjufao aiagtevn ba csicjtn (tnbn aj csicjtn faons jcpnrge÷o qua sa pearba ao aj cdradcbn) y aj vnjufao ba vcgænsoagascren ao jc fazgjc. Gucobn fcynr sac aj YFC fãsaspcgen `chrã bespnoehja pcrc jcs pajægujcs ba csicjtn.Axestao vcjnras fæoefns pcrc YFC jns gucjas astão

ragnfaobcbns y aspageiegcbns gnfn iuoge÷o baj tcfcón bajcdradcbn. Astns vcjnras sa hcsco ao aj `ag`n ba qua gucotnfãs druasc sac jc pajægujc ba csicjtn qua guhra jcs pcrtægujcsba cdradcbn, fãs burchjas sarã jc fazgjc. Jc ied. 2.3 ejustrcaj gnogaptn ba YFC y jc ied. 2.8 prasaotc jns vcjnrasraquarebns.

IEDQXC O» 2.3.- Ejustrcge÷o baj YFC ao uoc \rnhatc ba Fazgjc Gnfpcgtcbc (Ontc; pcrc sefpjeiegcr aj vnjufao ba csicjtn chsnrhebn on asfnstrcbn)

IEDQXC O» 2.8.- Ycgæns ao aj Cdradcbn Feoarcj (Xaquesetns ba YFC)

\crc qua puabc jndrcrsa uo aspasnr burchja ba pajægujc bacsicjtn, sa baha taoar vcjnras fæoefns ba YFC. Qocufaotn ao jc baosebcb ba jc drcbucge÷o baj cdradcbn,`cstc aj puotn bnoba sa nhtaodco vcjnras ba YFC pnrbahckn baj fæoefn aspageiegcbn, puaba rasujtcr ao pajægujcs

bajdcbcs ba csicjtn y ao fazgjcs ba hckc burchejebcb ycpcreaogec sagc.\nr jn tcotn, as gnotrcprnbugaota y parkubegecj, pcrc jcgcjebcb baj pcvefaotn, besfeouer ajYFC pcrc agnonfezcr aj gnotaoebn ba csicjtn.

GNORAOEBN BA CWICJRN

Jc prnpnrge÷o ba csicjtn ao jc fazgjc as efpnrtcota y bahasar batarfeocbc axcgtcfaota ao aj jchnrctnren, y juadngnotrnjcbc gno pragese÷o ao jc nhrc. Aj gnotaoebn ba csicjtnba uoc fazgjc pcrtegujcr sa astchjaga uscobn jns gretarens

(besgutebns fãs cbajcota) begtcbns pnr aj fåtnbn ba besaónsajaggenocbn.Aj gnotaoebn ÷ptefn ba csicjtn ba uoc fazgjc bapaoba, aodrco pcrta, ba jcs gcrcgtaræstegcs baj cdradcbn tcjas gnfn jcdrcoujnfatræc y jc gcpcgebcb ba chsnrge÷o. Jc drcoujnfatræc

baj cdradcbn astã beragtcfaota rajcgenocbc gno ajgnotaoebn ÷ptefn baj csicjtn. Aotra fãs ieons gnotaodc jcdrcbucge÷o ba jc fazgjc, fcynr sarã aj ãrac supariegecj tntcj,y, fcynr sarã jc gcotebcb ba csicjtn raquarebc pcrc guhrer,uoeinrfafaota, tnbcs jcs pcrtægujcs. \nr ntrn jcbn jcsfazgjcs fãs druascs (cdradcbns fãs drcobas) axedaofaons csicjtn bahebn c qua pnsaao faons ãrac supariegecjtntcj.Jc rajcge÷o aotra aj ãrac supariegecj baj cdradcbn y agnotaoebn ÷ptefn ba csicjtn as fãs prnouogecbc gucobn`cy rajjaon feoarcj (ircggenoas fuy ieocs ba cdradcbn quapcsco c trcvås baj tcfez ba


61/120


10

paquaóns eografaotns ao jc gcotebcb ba rajjaon feoarcj,puabao chsnrhar, jetarcjfaota, drco pcrta aj gnotaoebn bacsicjtn, rasujtcobn ao uoc fazgjc eoastchja y sagc. Jcspaquaócs besfeougenoas teaoao aj aiagtn gnotrcren; pngnrajjaon feoarcj rasujtc ao uoc fazgjc fuy regc (`ûfabc).Gucjquear vcrecge÷o ao aj gnotaoebn n rajjaon feoarcj gcuscgcfhens ao jcs prnpeabcbas ba jc fazgjc, `cgeåobnjc vcrecrba sagc c `ûfabc. We uoc fazgjc gnoteaoa pngn nbafcsecbn, rajjaon feoarcj, gucjquear ckusta crhetrcren, pcrcgnrrader jc setucge÷o, prnhchjafaota jc afpanrcrã.Ao vaz ba `cgar ckusta crhetrcrens, sa baharã aiagtucr uofuastran y uocs pruahcs cprnpecbcs pcrc batarfeocr jcsgcuscs ba jcs vcrecgenoas y, se as oagascren, astchjagar ntrnbesaón ba fazgjc.Jc gcpcgebcb ba chsnrge÷o (`chejebcb pcrc chsnrhar csicjtn)baj cdradcbn uscbn ao jc fazgjc as efpnrtcota pcrcbatarfeocr aj gnotaoebn ÷ptefn ba csicjtn. Astn sa baha cqua sa teaoa qua cdradcr suiegeaota csicjtn jc fazgjc pcrcparfeter chsnrge÷o, y pcrc qua cbafãs sa puabco guhrer jcspcrtægujcs gno uoc pajægujc cbagucbc ba csicjtn. Jns tågoegns`chjco ba bns tepns ba csicjtn gucobn sa raiearao cj csicjtn

chsnrhebn y cj on chsnrhebn; gnotaoebn tntcj ba csicjtn ygnotaoebn aiagtevn ba csicjtn.Aj gnotaoebn tntcj ba csicjtn as jc gcotebcb ba csicjtn quabaha sar cbegenocbc c jc fazgjc pcrc prnbuger jcs gucjebcbasbasacbcs ao jc fazgjc. Aj gnotaoebn aiagtevn ba csicjtn as ajvnjufao ba csicjtn on chsnrhebn pnr aj cdradcbn= as jcgcotebcb ba csicjtn qua inrfc uoc pajægujc jedcota aiagtevcsnhra jc supariegea ba jns cdradcbns. Aj gnotaoebn aiagtevnba csicjtn sa nhteaoa cj rastcr jc gcotebcb chsnrhebc bacsicjtn baj gnotaoebn tntcj ba csicjtn.Jc gcpcgebcb ba chsnrge÷o ba uo cdradcbn as, nhvecfaota,uoc gcrcgtaræstegc efpnrtcota ao jc baieoege÷o baj gnotaoebnba csicjtn ba uoc fazgjc. Daoarcjfaota sa gnonga jcgcpcgebcb ba chsnrge÷o ba jcs iuaotas gnfuoas bacdradcbns, parn as oagascren aiagtucr aoscyns guebcbnsnsgucobn sno uscbcs iuaotas ouavcs.

\XN\EABCBAW GNOWEBAXCBCW AO AJ BEWAÓN BA FA[GJCW

Jcs huaocs fazgjcs csiãjtegcs ao gcjeaota trchckco heaobahebn c qua sno besaócbcs, prnbugebcs y gnjngcbcs ba tcjfcoarc qua sa jndrc nhtaoar jcs prnpeabcbas basacbcs. @cyvcrecs prnpeabcbas qua gnotrehuyao c jc huaoc gcjebcb bapcvefaotns ba fazgjcs ao gcjeaota. Astcs eogjuyao jcastchejebcb, jc burchejebcb, jc efparfachejebcb, jc

trchckchejebcb, jc ijaxehejebcb, jc rasestaogec c jc ictedc y jcrasestaogec cj basjezcfeaotn.Aj nhkatevn prefnrbecj baj prngabefeaotn ba besaón bafazgjcr as aj ba dcrcotezcr qua jc fazgjc ba pcvefaotcge÷opnsac gcbc uoc ba astcs prnpeabcbas. \nr jn tcotn, `cy quaschar qua sedoeiegc gcbc uoc ba astcs prnpeabcbas, g÷fn as

avcjucbc, y qua raprasaotc ao tårfeons ba raobefeaotn bajpcvefaotn.

AWRCHEJEBCB

Jc astchejebcb ba uo csicjtn as su gcpcgebcb ba rasesterbaspjczcfeaotns y bainrfcge÷o hckn jcs gcrdcs baj trãosetn.Qo pcvefaotn astchja as gcpcz ba fcotaoar su inrfc yjesurc hckn gcrdcs rapatebcs, uo pcvefaotn eoastchjabascrrnjjc cùajjcfeaotns (gcocjas), nobujcgenoas(gnrrudcge÷o) y ntrcs saócs qua eobegco gcfhens ao jcfazgjc.Jns raquesetns ba astchejebcb snjn puabao astchjagarsabaspuås ba uo coãjeses gnfpjatn baj trãosetn, bahebn c quajcs aspageiegcgenoas ba astchejebcb pcrc uo pcvefaotnbapaobao baj trãosetn asparcbn. Jcs aspageiegcgenoas baastchejebcb bahao sar jn suiegeaota cjtcs pcrc cgnfnbcrcbagucbcfaota aj trãosetn asparcbn, parn on fãs cjtcs ba

jn qua axekco jcs gnobegenoas ba trãosetn. Ycjnras fuy cjtnsba astchejebcb prnbugao uo pcvefaotn bafcsecbn rædebn y,pnr jn tcotn, faons burchja qua jn basacbn.Jc astchejebcb ba uoc fazgjc bapaoba ba jc iregge÷o y jcgnàse÷o eotaroc. Jc iregge÷o eotaroc ao jcs pcrtægujcs bacdradcbn (iregge÷o aotra pcrtægujcs) astã rajcgenocbc gnogcrcgtaræstegcs baj cdradcbn tcjas gnfn inrfc y taxturcsupariegecj. Jc gnàse÷o rasujtc ba jc gcpcgebcb jedcota bajcsicjtn. Qo drcbn prnpen ba iregge÷o y gnàse÷o eotaroc, ao jcfazgjc, praveaoa qua jcs pcrtægujcs ba cdradcbn sabaspjcgao uocs raspagtn c ntrcs bahebn c jcs iuarzcsakargebcs pnr aj trãiegn.Ao tårfeons daoarcjas, aotra fãs codujcr sac jc inrfc bajcs pcrtægujcs ba cdradcbn y fãs ãsparc sac su taxturcsupariegecj, fãs cjtc sarã jc astchejebcb ba jc fazgjc.Gucobn on ̀ cy cdradcbns bespnoehjas gno gcrcgtaræstegcs bacjtc iregge÷o eotaroc, sa puabao uscr fazgjcr fãsagno÷fegcs, ao judcras bnoba sa aspara trãiegn jevecon,utejezcobn cdradcbns gno vcjnras faonras ba iregge÷oeotaroc.Jc iuarzc jedcota ba jc gnàse÷o cufaotc gno cufaotns aojc iraguaogec ba gcrdc (trãiegn). Jc gnàse÷o tcfheåocufaotc c fabebc qua jc vesgnsebcb baj csicjtn cufaotc, nc fabebc qua jc tafparcturc baj pcvefaotn besfeouya.Cbegenocjfaota, y `cstc geartn oevaj, jc gnàse÷o cufaotc

gno cufaotns ao aj gnotaoebn ba csicjtn. Gucobn sasnhrapcsc asta oevaj, jns cufaotns ao aj gnotaoebn bacsicjtn prnbugao uoc pajægujc bafcsecbn druasc snhra jcspcrtægujcs ba cdradcbn, jn gucj rasujtc ao pårbebc ba iregge÷oaotra pcrtægujcs-Axestao fug`cs gcuscs y aiagtns csngecbns gno uocastchejebcb eosuiegeaota ao aj pcvefaotn.


62/120


15

BQXCHEJEBCB

Jc burchejebcb ba uo pcvefaotn as su `chejebcb pcrc rasestericgtnras tcjas gnfn jc baseotadrcge÷o baj cdradcbn, gcfhensao jcs prnpeabcbas ba csicjtn (pnjefarezcge÷o y nxebcge÷o), ysapcrcge÷o ba jcs pajægujcs ba csicjtn. Astns icgtnras puabaosar aj rasujtcbn ba jc cgge÷o baj gjefc, aj trãosetn, n uocgnfheocge÷o ba cfhns.Daoarcjfaota, jc burchejebcb ba uoc fazgjc puaba sar

faknrcbc ao tras inrfcs. Astcs sno; uscobn jc fcynrgcotebcb pnsehja ba csicjtn, uscobn uoc drcbucge÷o baoscba cdradcbn rasestaota c jc sapcrcge÷o, y besaócobn ygnfpcgtcobn jc fazgjc pcrc nhtaoar jc fãxefcefparfachejebcb.Jc fcynr gcotebcb pnsehja ba csicjtn cufaotc jc burchejebcbpnrqua jcs pajægujcs druascs ba csicjtn on sa aovakagao naoburagao tco rãpebn gnfn jn `cgao jcs pajægujcs bajdcbcs.Ao gnosaguaogec, aj csicjtn rateaoa, pnr fãs teafpn, susgcrcgtaræstegcs nredeocjas. Cbafãs aj fãxefn gnotaoebnpnsehja ba csicjtn sajjc aiegczfaota uo drco pnrgaotcka bavcgæns eotargnoagtcbns ao aj pcvefaotn, `cgeaobn beiægej jcpaoatrcge÷o baj cera y baj cduc. \nr supuastn, sa baha bakcr

uo geartn pnrgaotcka ba vcgæns ao aj pcvefaotn pcrc parfeterjc axpcose÷o baj csicjtn ao jns teafpns gãjebns.Qoc drcbucge÷o baosc ba cdradcbn ierfa, burn, c jcsapcrcge÷o, gnotrehuya, ba tras fcoarcs, c jc burchejebcb bajpcvefaotn. Qoc drcbucge÷o baosc prnpnrgenoc uo gnotcgtnfãs gargcon aotra jcs pcrtægujcs baj cdradcbn, jn gucjfaknrc jc efparfachejebcb ba jc fazgjc. Qo cdradcbn ierfay burn rasesta jc baseotadrcge÷o hckn jcs gcrdcs baj trãosetQo cdradcbn rasestaota c jc sapcrcge÷o rasesta jc cgge÷o b

cduc y aj trãosetn, jcs gucjas teaobao c sapcrcr jc pajægujc bcsicjtn ba jcs pcrtægujcs ba cdradcbn, gnobugeaobn c jbaseotadrcge÷o baj pcvefaotn. Jc rasestaogec ba uoc fazgjcc jc sapcrcge÷o puaba sar faknrcbc, hckn geartcsgnobegenoas, fabecota aj usn ba gnfpuastns cb`asevns, nrajjaons gnfn jc gcj `ebrctcbc.Jc eotruse÷o baj cera y cduc ao aj pcvefaotn puabafeoefezcrsa se sa besaóc y gnfpcgtc jc fazgjc pcrc bcrjc cjpcvefaotn cj fãxefn efparfachejebcb pnsehja. Axestaofug`cs gcuscs y aiagtns gno uoc pngc burchejebcb bajpcvefaotn.

EF\AXFACHEJEBCB

Jc efparfachejebcb ba uo pcvefaotn as jc rasestaogec cj

pcsn ba cera y cduc `cgec su eotarenr, n c trcvås ba åj. Astcgcrcgtaræstegc astã rajcgenocbc gno aj gnotaoebn ba vcgæns bajc fazgjc gnfpcgtcbc, y as csæ gnfn drco pcrta ba jcsbesgusenoas snhra vcgæns ao jcs saggenoas ba besaón bafazgjc sa rajcgenoc gno efparfachejebcb. Cuoqua ajgnotaoebn ba vcgæns as uoc eobegcge÷o baj pcsn pntaogecj bacera y cduc c trcvås ba uo pcvefaotn, jc octurcjazc ba astnsvcgæns as fuy efpnrtcota qua su gcotebcb.

Aj drcbn ba efparfachejebcb astã batarfeocbn pnr ajtcfcón ba jns vcgæns, seo efpnrtcr se astão n on gnoagtcbns,y pnr aj cggasn qua teaoao c jc supariegea baj pcvefaotn.

Cuoqua jc efparfachejebcb as efpnrtcota pcrc jcburchejebcb ba jcs fazgjcs gnfpcgtcbcs, vertucjfaota tnbcsjcs fazgjcs csiãjtegcs uscbcs ao jc gnostrugge÷o bagcrratarcs teaoao geartn drcbn ba parfachejebcb. Astn ascgaptchja, seafpra y gucobn jc parfachejebcb astå baotrnba jns jæfetas aspageiegcbns.


63/120


9<

RXCHCKCHEJEBCB

Jc trchckchejebcb astã basgretc pnr jc icgejebcb gno qua uocfazgjc ba pcvefaotcge÷o puaba sar gnjngcbc y gnfpcgtcbc.Jcs fazgjcs qua pnsaao huaoc trchckchejebcb sno iãgejas bagnjngcr y gnfpcgtcr= cquajjcs gno fcjc trchckchejebcb snobeiægejas ba gnjngcr y gnfpcgtcr. Jc trchckchejebcb puaba sarfaknrcbc fnbeiegcobn jns pcrãfatrns ba jc fazgjc, aj tepnba cdradcbn, y/n jc drcoujnfatræc.Jcs fazgjcs druascs (fazgjcs qua gnoteaoao uo cjtnpnrgaotcka ba cdradcbn druasn) teaoao uoc taobaogec c

sadradcrsa burcota su fcoakn, y tcfheåo puabao sarbeiægejas ba gnfpcgtcr. C trcvås ba fazgjcs ba pruahc ao ajjchnrctnren puaba sar pnsehja cbegenocr cdradcbn ieon, y tcjvaz csicjtn, c uoc fazgjc druasc, pcrc vnjvarjc fãstrchckchja. Ao tcj gcsn sa baharã taoar geartn guebcbn pcrcdcrcotezcr qua jc fazgjc fnbeiegcbc gufpjc gno jns ntrnsgretarens ba besaón, tcjas gnfn gnotaoebn ba vcgæns yastchejebcb.Qo gnotaoebn bafcsecbn cjtn ba rajjaon tcfheåo puabaciagtcr jc trchckchejebcb. \uaba ngcsenocr qua jc fazgjc savuajvc fuy vesgnsc, `cgeaobn beiægej su gnfpcgtcge÷o.

Jc trchckchejebcb as aspagecjfaota efpnrtcota ao setensbnoba sa raqueara gnjngcr y rcstrejjcr c fcon gcotebcbasgnosebarchjas ba fazgjc, gnfn pnr akafpjn cjrababnr batcpcs ba cjgcotcrejjcbns, gurvcs prnouogecbcs y ntrnsnhstãgujns sefejcras. As fuy efpnrtcota uscr fazgjcstrchckchjas ao beg`ns setens.Jcs fazgjcs qua sno iãgejfaota trchckchjas n bainrfchjassa gnongao gnfn fazgjcs tearocs. Jcs fazgjcs tearocs snobafcsecbn eoastchjas pcrc sar gnjngcbcs y gnfpcgtcbcscprnpecbcfaota. Qsucjfaota sno aj prnbugtn ba uoc icjtcba rajjaon feoarcj, bafcsecbc craoc ba tcfcón fabecon.,pcrtægujcs jescs y rabnobacbcs ba cdradcbn, y/n bafcsecbc

`ufabcb ao jc fazgjc.Cuoqua aj csicjtn on as jc preogepcj gcusc ba jns prnhjafcsba trchckchejebcb, se teaoao cjdûo aiagtn snhra astcprnpeabcb. Bahebn c qua jc tafparcturc ba jc fazgjc ciagtcjc vesgnsebcb aj csicjtn, uoc tafparcturc bafcsecbn hckc`crã qua jc fazgjc sac pngn trchckchja, feaotrcs qua uoctafparcturc bafcsecbn cjtc pnbrã `cgar qua jc fazgjc savuajvc tearoc. Aj drcbn y aj pnrgaotcka ba csicjtn tcfheåopuabao ciagtcr jc trchckchejebcb ba jc fazgjc.

IJAPEHEJEBCB

Ijaxehejebcb as jc gcpcgebcb ba uo pcvefaotn csiãjtegn pcrccgnfnbcrsa, seo qua sa cdreata, c fnvefeaotns ycsaotcfeaotns drcbucjas ba jc suhrcscota. Jc ijaxehejebcb asuoc gcrcgtaræstegc basachja ao tnbn pcvefaotn csiãjtegnbahebn c qua vertucjfaota tnbcs jcssuhrcscotas sa cseaotco (hckn gcrdcs) n sa axpcobao (pnraxpcose÷o baj suajn).Qoc fazgjc ba drcoujnfatræc cheartc gno cjtn gnotaoebn bacsicjtn as, daoarcjfaota, fãs ijaxehja qua uoc fazgjcbaoscfaota drcbucbc a hckn gnotaoebn ba csicjtn. Cjduocs

vagas jns raquarefeaotns ba ijaxehejebcb aotrco ao gnoijegtngno jns raquesetns ba astchejebcb, ba tcj fcoarc qua sa bahahusgcr aj aquejehren ba jns fesfns.

XAWEWRAOGEC C JC ICREDC

Jc rasestaogec c jc ictedc ba uo pcvefaotn as jc rasestaogec cjc ijaxe÷o rapatebc hckn jcs gcrdcs ba trãosetn. Wa `cbafnstrcbn, pnr faben ba jc eovastedcge÷o, qua jns vcgæns(rajcgenocbns gno aj gnotaoebn ba csicjtn) y jc vesgnsebcb bajcsicjtn teaoao uo aiagtn gnosebarchja snhra jc rasestaogec cjc ictedc. C fabebc qua aj pnrgaotcka ba vcgæns ao uo


64/120


93

pcvefaotn cufaotc, yc sac pnr besaón n pnr icjtc bagnfpcgtcge÷o, jc rasestaogec c jc ictedc baj pcvefaotn. (Ajparenbn ba teafpn burcota aj gucj uo pcvefaotn ao sarvegenas cbagucbcfaota rasestaota c jc ictedc) besfeouya. Csæfesfn, uo pcvefaotn qua gnoteaoa csicjtn qua sa `caovakagebn y aoburagebn gnosebarchjafaota teaoa faonrrasestaogec c jc ictedc.Jcs gcrcgtaræstegcs ba rasestaogec y aspasnr ba uo pcvefaotn,y jc gcpcgebcb ba snpnrta ba jc suhrcscota, teaoao fug`n

qua var gno jc vebc baj pcvefaotn y gno jc pravaoge÷o bacdreatcfeaotn csngecbn gno gcrdcs ba trãosetn. Jnspcvefaotns ba drco aspasnr snhrasuhrcscotas rasestaotas on sa ijaxenoco tcotn, hckn jcsgcrdcs, gnfn jns pcvefaotns bajdcbns n cquajjns qua saaoguaotrco snhra suhrcscotas båhejas.

XAWEWRAOGEC CJ BAWJE[CFEAORN

Xasestaogec cj basjezcfeaotn as jc ̀ chejebcb ba uoc supariegeaba pcvefaotn ba feoefezcr aj basjezcfeaotn nrashcjcfeaotn ba jcs ruabcs ba jns va`ægujns,pcrtegujcrfaota gucobn jc supariegea asta fnkcbc. \crcnhtaoar huaoc rasestaogec cj basjezcfeaotn, aj oaufãtegnbaha sar gcpcz ba fcotaoar gnotcgtn gno jcs pcrtægujcs bacdradcbn ao vaz ba rnbcr snhra uoc pajægujc ba cduc ao jcsupariegea baj pcvefaotn (`ebrnpjcoan). Jc rasestaogec cjbasjezcfeaotn sa feba ao tarraon gno uoc ruabconrfcjezcbc hckn gnobegenoas gnotrnjcbcs ba `ufabcb aojc supariegea baj pcvefaotn, y c uoc vajngebcb ba 91 mf/`r(2< fe/`r).

Qoc supariegea ãsparc y rudnsc ba pcvefaotn taobrã fcynr

rasestaogec cj basjezcfeaotn qua uoc supariegea jesc. Jc faknrasestaogec cj basjezcfeaotn sa nhteaoa gno uo cdradcbn bataxturc ãsparc, ao uoc fazgjc ba drcbcge÷o cheartc y gnotcfcón fãxefn ba 5.1 ff (70 pujdcbcs) c 38.1 ff (3/8pujdcbc). Cbafãs ba taoar uoc supariegea ãsparc, jnscdradcbns baha rasester aj pujefeaotn (cjescfeaotn) hckn ajtrãosetn. Jns cdradcbns gcjgãrans sno fãs susgaptehjas cjpujefeaotn qua jns cdradcbns sejægans. Jcs fazgjcseoastchjas qua teaobao c bainrfcrsa n c axubcr (ijukn bacsicjtn c jc supariegea) prasaotco prnhjafcs drcvas barasestaogec cj basjezcfeaotn.

FCRAXECJ

2 jts ba Gafaotn Csiãjtegn

87 md. Ba cdradcbn druasn n peabrc.

87 md. Ba cdradcbn ieon n craoc.


65/120


98

5 md. Iejjar feoarcj (gucobn sac oagascren).

ASQE\N

Fnjbas ba gnfpcgtcge÷oGnostetuebns pnr uoc pjcgc hcsa, fnjba y gnjjcr. Ajfnjba baha taoar uo beãfatrn eotarenr ba 3


66/120


97


67/120


92

7) Rafparcturc ba fazgjcbnAs jc tafparcturc c jc gucj baha gcjaotcrsa ajgafaotn csiãjtegn y aj csicjtn gnrtcbn pcrc prnbugeruoc vesgnsebcb ba 34< ³ 8< gWt.

2) 2. Rafparcturc ba gnfpcgtcge÷o\crc gafaotns csiãjtegns jc tafparcturc bagnfpcgtcge÷o baha sar cquåjjc c jc gucj aj gafaotncsiãjtegn cjgcozc uoc vesgnsebcb ba 80< ³ 7< gWt.\crc csicjtns gnrtcbns jc tafparcturc bagnfpcgtcge÷o baha sar cquåjjc c jc gucj aj csicjtngnrtcbn cjgcozc uoc vesgnsebcb ba 80< ³ 7< gWt,baspuås ba parbar uo 1


68/120


91

feo ao uo hcón ba cduc n ao uoc pjcgc gcjeaota cuoc tafparcturc pr÷xefc c jc ba gnfpcgtcge÷o.Gnjnqua uo besgn ba pcpaj iejtrn, gnrtcbn c fabebc,ao jc pcrta eoiarenr baj fnjba cotas ba gnjngcr jcfazgjc. Wucvega jc pcrta eotarenr baj fnjba y jc gcrcbaj fcrtejjn gno uo cgaeta druasn. Gnjnqua ajgnokuotn gnjjcr, fnjba y hcsa ao aj pabastcj bajgnfpcgtcbnr.Jjaoa aj fnjba gno uoc aspãtujc, cgnfnbcobn jcfazgjc 31 vagas ao aj paræfatrn y 3< vagas ao ajgaotrn. Jc tafparcturc cotas ba gnfpcgtcr bahaastcr ao jns jæfetas astchjagebns ao 32 c) y h)= se onas csæ, basgãrtajc= ao oeodûo gcsn jc fazgjc baharagcjaotcrsa. Gno aj fcrtejjn ba gnfpcgtcge÷o cpjequa 41 dnjpasao uo teafpn on suparenr c 5< s. Wcqua jc hcsa y ajgnjjcr, eoveartc y raaoscfhja aj fnjba. Cpjequa aojc ntrc gcrc aj fesfn oûfarn ba dnjpas ao uoteafpn on fcynr cj eobegcbn. Baspuås bagnfpcgtcr, scqua jc hcsa y baka aoirecr jc prnhatccj cera. We sa basac uo aoirecfeaotn fãs rãpebn

puaba uscr vaotejcbnras. Onrfcjfaota jc prnhatcsa bakc aoirecr tnbc uoc ong`a.

Ontc 3; \nbrã aspageiegcrsa uoc gcotebcb beiaraotaba dnjpas, ba cguarbn cj trãosetn ba besaón.

4) Batarfeocge÷o ba baosebcb y aspasnrRco prnotn gnfn jc prnhatc sa aoiræa ctafparcturc cfheaota, basfnjba y batarfeoa suaspasnr.Juadn prngabc c batarfeocr su baosebcb bacguarbn cj Fåtnbn C


69/120


99

7) Wcqua jc prnhatc baj cduc y saqua guebcbnscfaotajc supariegea. Gnjnqua y gaotra jc prnhatc ao jcpcrta eoiarenr ba jc fnrbczc, juadn gnjnqua jc pcrtasuparenr y gaotra aj gnokuotn ao aj cpcrctn bagcrdc.

2) Cpjequa gcrdc c jc prnhatc c uoc vajngebcbgnostcota ba bainrfcge÷o ba 1< ³ 3 ff/feo,`cstc qua sa prnbuzgc jc icjjc. Aj puotn ba icjjcquabc baieoebn pnr jc gcrdc fãxefc nhtaoebc. Wabaieoa jc astchejebcb Fcrs`cjj gnfn aj oûfarn tntcjba oawtnos (O) oagascrens pcrc prnbuger jc icjjc bajc prnhatc c 9


70/120


94

AW\AGEIEGCGENOAW BAJ FÅRNBN FCXW@CJJ


71/120


90

ICGRNXAW BA GNXXAGGENO \NX CJRQXC \CXC AWRCHEJEBCB FCXW@CJJ


72/120


95


73/120


4<

C\CXCRN BA FCXW@CJJ. IEDQXC 3 FNJBA BA GNF\CGRCGE×O. IEDQXC 8 FCXREJJN BA GNF\CGRCGE×O


74/120


43

C\CXCRN BA FCXW@CJJ. FNXBC[C


75/120


48

C\JEGCGE×O

Gno asta aoscyn pnbafns var jcs gcotebcbas ÷ptefcs ba jnsgnotaoebns qua ̀ cgao pcrta ba jc fazgjc csiãjtegc, gno aj ieoba sctesicgar jcs axedaogecs ba sarvegen.


76/120


47

APRXCGGE×O BA RAWREDNW 5ONXFCW

E.O.Y. A ‗ 410 ‗


77/120


42

BAIEOEGENOAW

Rastedn

Fuastrc gejæobregc csarrcbc, axtrcæbc ba pcvefaotnstarfeocbns y/n ba ajafaotns ba ̀ nrfed÷o astrugturcj, guynieo as vareiegcr qua jns beiaraotas pcrãfatrns ba besaón(baosebcb, aspasnr, rasestaogec, atg.) gufpjco gno jcs

aspageiegcgenoas ba jc nhrc.

Hrngc

Bespnsetevn fatãjegn gnostruebn ao cgarn, ba inrfctuhujcr, gno gnrnoc ba gnrta becfcotcbc y `chetucjfaotarairedarcbn pnr cduc, qua sa afpjac pcrc gnrtcr tastedns.Axestao ba beiaraotas beãfatrns y jnodetubas, pcrc bevarsnsusns y raquarefeaotns.

Rastedns ba pcvefaotns csiãjtegns

Jcs fuastrcs ba pcvefaotns csiãjtegns astão basteocbcspreogepcjfaota, c batarfeocr jc baosebcb y aj aspasnr,gno aj nhkatevn ba vareiegcr aj gufpjefeaotn ba jcsaspageiegcgenoas ba besaón. Rcfheåo, ao fug`cs ngcsenoasservao pcrc batarfeocr cbegenocjfaota, aj gnotaoebnpnrgaotucj ba csicjtn, pnr faben baj aoscya ba axtrcgge÷o.

Rastedns ba pcvefaotns ba `nrfed÷o

Jcs fuastrcs ba pcvefaotns ba `nrfed÷o sa afpjacopreogepcjfaota pcrc vareiegcr aj aspasnr ba jcs jnscs y aofaonr drcbn , pcrc batarfeocr rasestaogecs gucobn jnsaoscyas racjezcbns ao fuastrcs ba `nrfed÷o irasgn,

rasujtco eosuiegeaotas pcrc uoc bahebc avcjucge÷oastcbæstegc ba jc nhrc. Rcfheåo sa utejezco pcrc gnfprnhcrjc gcjebcb ieocj gucobn sa `co radestrcbn baiegeaogecsburcota jc gnostrugge÷o.

Rastedns ba `nrfednoas astrugturcjas

Ao `nrfednoas astrugturcjas, jcs fuastrcs sa ngupcopreogepcjfaota pcrc batarfeocr aspasnras y ao cjduonsgcsns pcrc avcjucr jc rasestaogec astrugturcj baj `nrfed÷ogucobn sa `co radestrcbn baiegeaogecs burcota jcgnostrugge÷o.

ASQE\N U FCRAXECJAW

Axestao bns gctadnræcs ba aquepns pcrc jc axtrcgge÷o batastedns (tasteduarcs), jns qua sa beiaraogeco pnr su pasn,pntaogec, raobefeaotn y fcoenhrchejebcb.

Aquepns ba cjtn raobefeaotn

Gnrraspnobao c jcs tasteduarcs ba drco pasn y pntaogec,fnotcbcs snhra uo gcrrn pcrc trcospnrta y qua eogjuyao uosestafc `ebrãujegn gno bespnsetevn ba iekcge÷o, jns qua sacbnsco c jc supariegea pcrc bcrja cj aquepn jc cbagucbcastchejebcb. Bespnoao ba uoc hnfhc y uo astcoqua ba cduc,jn qua jas bc drco cutnonfæc, parfeteaobn uoc cjtcvajngebcb y gcjebcb ba gnrta (var Iedurc C


78/120


41

Ao astrugturcs cocjega jc pnsege÷o ao qua gnoveaoa axtrcar ajtastedn, pcrc qua sac raprasaotctevn baj ajafaotn qua saprataoba gnotrnjcr= cbafãs, batarfeoa jc pnsehja pnsege÷oba jcs aoiearrcburcs, ba fcoarc qua jc axtrcgge÷o onefpjequa bahejetcr jc sagge÷o.

\crc qua jc axtrcgge÷o ba uo tastedn rasujta aiegeaota aseobespaoschja taoar prasaota jcs sedueaotasgnosebarcgenoas;

Hrngcs

Jcs hrngcs bahao sar jcs cbagucbcs raspagtn c gcjebcb ybefaosenoas pcrc aj tepn ba trchckn c racjezcr y bahaoaognotrcrsa ao huaocs gnobegenoas. Onrfcjfaota pcrcpcvefaotns ba `nrfed÷o sa usco hrngcs ba 9 pujdcbcs (31<ff) ba beãfatrn y pcrc pcvefaotns ba csicjtn ba 2pujdcbcs (3


79/120


49


80/120


44

GNORAOEBN BA GAFAORNCWICJREGN 3<

ONXFCW

CWRF B8348 / B8348F ‗ 33Rnbns astns fåtnbns ba pruahc sa puaba utejezcr pcrc jcsbatarfeocgenoas gucotetctevcs ba csicjtn ao gcjeaota fazgjcbcfazgjcs ba pcvefaotn y fuastrcs ba pcvefaotn pcrc jc cgaptcge÷oaspageiegcge÷o, avcjucge÷o baj sarvegen, aj gnotrnj y jc eovastedcgeGcbc fåtnbn prasgreha aj besnjvaota n besnjvaotas y ntrnsracgtevns qua sa puabao utejezcr ao aj fåtnbn ba aoscyn. Fåtnbnba Aoscyn B3019 raqueara qua aj Fåtnbn C sa utejezc gucobn ajcsicjtn sa raguparc ba jc snjuge÷o.

NHKAREYNW

Batarfeocr aj gnotaoebn ba rasebun n gafaotn csiãjtegn ao jcs fazgjcs, axprasãobnjn gnfn pnrgaotcka ao pasnraspagtn cj baj fctarecj påtran sagn.


81/120


40

IQOBCFAORN RANXEGN

\crc nhtaoar aj gnotaoebn ba gafaotn csiãjtegn ao jc fazgjcyc ajchnrcbc sa afpjac uo cpcrctn jjcfcbn X÷tcrax naxtrcgtnr gaotræiudn, qua prnpnrgenoc uo faben ûtej pcrcgnfprnhcr aj pnrgaotcka ba gafaotn csiãjtegn prasaota aojc fazgjc. Cbafãs parfeta aj aiagtucr uo coãjesesdrcoujnfåtregn baj cdradcbn cj ieocjezcr jc pruahc ba

axtrcgge÷o baj gafaotn csiãjtegn.

FCRAXECJ

1


82/120


45

Fuijc n fag`arn c dcsGcpcz ba fcotaoar tafparcturcs aotra 1


83/120


0<

BCRNW U GÃJGQJNW

\f61


84/120


85/120


08


86/120


07

ÆOBEGA BA \IAEIIAX 33ONXFCW

OJR 303 / 97Aj fåtnbn saduebn ao astc Onrfc pcrc jc batarfeocge÷o baj Æobegaba paoatrcge÷o as aj bahebn c \iaeiiar y Yco Bnnrfcj, yprnpnrgen oc uo gretaren pcrc faber jc susgaptehejebcb baj hatûo cjns gcfhens ba tafparcturc y su gnfpnrtcfeaotn Ranj÷degn.Aj æobega ba paoatrcge÷o E\ sa gcjgujc c pcrter baj vcjnr ba jcpaoa trcge÷o c 81¼ G y baj puotn ba rahjcobagefeaotn -coejjn yhnjc.

NHKAREYNW

Batarfeocr ba inrfc ta÷regc y ba inrfc afpæregc óc saosehejebcb tårfegc baj gafaotn csicjtegn


87/120


02

IQOBCFAORN RA×XEGN

Aj becdrcfc afpjacbn cquæ (prapcrcbn pnr jc Qoe÷o Wuezcba \rnia senocjas ba jc Gcrratarc) (Y.W.W.) sa `c astchjagebncbfeteaobn, pnr uoc pcrta, qua jc vcrecge÷o ba jcpaoatrcge÷o ba uo hatûo gno jc taf parcturc sa puabaraprasaotcr pnr uoc jæoac ragtc se sa utejezc asgcjcjndcrætfegc, y, pnr ntrc pcrta, qua jc paoatrcge÷o bagucjquear tepn ba hatûo c jc tafparcturc baj puotn barahjcobagefeaotn C y H as ba 0


88/120


01


89/120


09


90/120


04

CB@AXAOGEC BA ÃXEBNW 38ONXFCW

CWRF B 3992Asta fåtnbn basgreha aj guhrefeaotn y aj prngabefeaotn baeofarse÷o astãtegc c ieo ba batarfeocr jc cb`araogec baj pcr jedcotacsiãjtegn - ãrebn ao prasaogec ba cduc. Aj prngabefeaotn sa cpjegc cfctarecjas hetufeonsns gnrtcbns, safes÷jebns y afujsenoascsiãjtegcs.

NHKAREYNW

Aj nhkatevn baj prasaota aoscyn as aj ba batarfeocr aj drcbn ba cb`araogec qua teaoa aj gafaotn csiãjtegn


91/120


00

IQOBCFAORN RANXEGN

Cbàsevebcb

Jc cbàsevebcb on as prnpecfaota uoc prnpeabcb bajcsicjtn, seon baj gnokuotn inrfcbn pnr aj csicjtn y ntrnsguarpns. \nbafns baieoer jc cbàsevebcb aotra aj csicjtn yuo fctarecj gucjquearc gnfn `c rasestaogec npuastc pnr ajcsicjtn c baspadcrsa baj feoarcj uoc vaz aotrcbn aognotcgtn gno åj. Astc baieoege÷o prasgretc aj eognovaoeaotaba qua as prãgtegcfaota efpnsehja faber jc cbàsevebcbaotra aj csicjtn y uo guarpn gucjquearc febeaobn jc iuarzcoagascrec pcrc baspadcrjns, yc qua ao jc fcynr pcrta ba jnsgcsns, gucobn axesta cbàsevebcb pnr paquaóc qua sac, jcrnturc ba jc pajægujc ba csicjtn sa prnbuga cotas qua ajbaspraobefeaotn\crc qua axestc cbàsevebcb aotra aj csicjtn n ao daoarcj uojedcota gucjquearc y ntrn fctarecj as oagascren qua saprnbuzgco bns iao÷faons;

3¼ Sua aj csicjtn aotra ao gnotcgtn gno aj guarpn aoguaste÷o, fnkãobnjn

8¼ Sua axestc cbàsevebcb as bager, qua jc uoe÷o csæprnbugebc sac rasestaota c jns cdaotas axtarons.

Jc cbàsevebcb aotra aj csicjtn y ntrns fctarecjas as baeotarås asaogecj aspagecjfaota ao jc gnostrugge÷o bagcrratarcs, bnoba sa astubec pcrtegujcrfaota jc cbàsevebcbaotra aj csicjtn y jns ãrebns. Cbafãs, ao astns gcsns, jccbàsevebcb sa baieoa fãs qua gnfn jc rasestaogec bajcsicjtn c baspraobarsa ba jc peabrc hckn aj aiagtn baasiuarzns ba trcgge÷o, gnfn jc rasestaogec baj csicjtn c sarbaspjczcbn ba jc supariegea ba jc peabrc pnr jc cgge÷o bajcduc.Fabegeno ba jc cbàsevebcb\crc faber jc cbàsevebcb aotra ãrebns y jedcota sa ragurrausucjfaota c aoscyns afpæregns gnosestaotas aj, aovnjvarao aj jedcota uoc fuastrc ba peabrc ao guaste÷o, bagcrcgtaræstegcs drcoujnfåtregcs regcs batarfeocbcs, ybatarfeocr quå prnpnrge÷o ba jc supariegea ba jc peabrcquabc basguheartc pnr baspjczcfeaotn baj jedcota baspuås

ba uo batarfeocbn parænbn ba eofarse÷o ao cduc aobatarfeocbcs gnobegenoas ba ¬tafparcturc y cdetcge÷o.

Ntrn sestafc gnosesta ao faber jc pårbebc ba rasestaogec bauoc prnhatc ba `nrfed÷o csiãjtegn baspuås ba geartnteafpn, ba eofarse÷o.

Jc cbàsevebcb quæfegc qua cotas àfns getcbn, qua saprnbuga pnr racgge÷o ba batarfeocbcs fnjågujcs baj jedcotagno jcs fnjågujcs ba, jc peabrc, puaba prasaotcrsa pnrracgge÷o ba jns ãgebns ocitåoegns baj csicjtn gno jns ãrebns

gcjezns sagns. Ao asta gcsn, jc cbàsevebcb nhtaoebcocturcjfaota suaja sar hcstcota huaoc.

Weo afhcrdn, se jns ãrebns gcjezns astão ̀ ûfabns n se sa trctcba ãrebns sejegens, 3ª cbàsevebcb aotra ãrebn y jedcota asfcjc Ao aj gcsn ba ãrebns gcjezns puaba ajefeocrsaiãgejfaota jc ùfabcb pnr gcjaotcfeaotn parn gucobn satrctc ba ãrebns sejegans cuo gcjaotcobn c tafparcturcs fuy

ajavcbcs, sedua fcotaoeåobnsa cbàrebc c jc supariegea bajãrebn uoc gcpc fnonfnjagujcr ba cduc qua, rasujtcbeiegejæsefn baspjczcr y qua efpeba sa prnbuzgc uocvarbcbarc cbàraogec c on sar qua sa prngabc c jccgtevcge÷o ba jns jedcotas

Ao jns iao÷faons ba cbàsevebcb n fãs prnpecfaota baaovuajtc teaoao uoc drco efpnrtcogec jc vesgnsebcb bajjedcota We jc aovuajtc sa `cga ao prasaogec ba ãrebns sagns,cuo supnoeaobn qua. 3c agucge÷o c qua cotas à¬fnscjubebn ao prasaogec ba cduc bearc pcrc jc baseducjbcb ajsedon basicvnrchja c jc aovuajtc, se aj jedcota as fuy vesgnsnaj iao÷faon ba baspjczcfeaotn pnr aj cduc, cuoquacgchcrã eobaiagtehjafaota pnr prnbugersa, puaba tcrbcrhcstcota teafpn pnrqua. jc drco rasestaogec fagãoegc, bajjedcota fuy vesgnsn, c baspjczcrsa, `crã beiægej aj gnfeaoznbaj iao÷faon Ao asta cspagtn, gucotn fãs vesgnsns saco jnsjedcotas fãs icvnrchja as jc setucge÷o.

FCRAXECJ GAFAORN CWICJREGN

CDXADCBN

CDQC BAWREJCBC


92/120


05

ASQE\N

Xagepeaotas fatãjegns ba uoc gcpcgebcb ba 81<gf7.

Hcjcozc ba 1


93/120


5<

8) Gnobegenoas ba tarraonBaha afpjacrsa asta fåtnbn ba aoscya bacb`araogec pcrc vareiegcr aj gufpjefeaotn baaspageiegcgenoas astchjagebcs ao aj prnyagtn pcrcaj ãrebn y aj csicjtn. Ao asta gcsn sa utejezcrã ajcsicjtn y aj ãrebn qua sa afpjacrão ao jcgnostrugge÷o baj prnyagtn.

7) Ãrebn ba raiaraogec\uaba `cgarsa aj aoscya ba avcjucge÷o barasestaogec cj baspadua gno vcrens csicjtns pcrcieoas gnfpcrctevns. Ao asta gcsn usa uo ‚ÃrebnOnrfcj‖ ba prnpeabcbas gnongebcs.

2) Csicjtn ba raiaraogecAj aoscya puaba uscrsa tcfheåo pcrc uoc

avcjucge÷o gnfpcrctevc ba vcrens ãrebns. Ao tcjgcsn, utejega uo csicjtn ba prnpeabcbas gnongebcsgnfn ‚Csicjtn Onrfcj‖.

1) Cduc bastejcbcAj cduc bastejcbc pnr afpjacr ao aj jcvcbn ba jnsãrebns y burcota aj aoscya, baha taoar uo \` aotra9,< y 4,


94/120


53

g) Cbegenoa cj ãrebn gcjeaota uo 1,1 ³


95/120


58

eof÷vej ao aj cduc. Astefa aj ãrac ba ãrebn qua quabaguheartc, gnfn fcynr n faonr c 51%.

Ontc 7; Wa ragnfeaobc racjezcr astc astefcge÷o gno cyubcba uoc jãfpcrc prnvestc ba uoc cfpnjjatc asfarejcbc ba 41wctts, gnjngcbc ao uoc pnsege÷o tcj qua aj raijakn ao jcsupariegea baj cduc on ciagta jc nhsarvcge÷o. Gucjquear ãracbajdcbc, nsgurc n safetrcospcraota, sa gnosebarcrãtntcjfaota guheartc.


96/120


97/120


52

sa uhegc ao quahrcbcs, gursns ba cduc y ao znocs qua saraqueara pcrc aj cjeven ba guoatcs.CJRAXCGE×O BA JC GC\CGEBCB YECJ A EORAXIAXAOGEC CJRXÃOWERN;Wno setucgenoas qua puabao prasaotcrsa gnfngnosaguaogec baj usn ba jc eoircastrugturc vecj, ngcsenocobncjtarcgenoas ao aj ijukn fãxefn va`egujcr, eotariaraogecs ngnodaste÷o cj trãosetn.CJRERQB;Cjturc n bestcogec vartegcj ba uo puotn supariegecjbaj tarraon raspagtn cj oevaj baj fcr. Daoarcjfaota saebaoteiegc gno jc sedjc ‚fsof‖ (fatrns snhra aj oevaj bajfcr).CJREFARXÆC;Gnokuotn ba nparcgenoas oagascrecs pcrcbaieoer y raprasaotcr, oufåregc n drãiegcfaota, jcs gntcs bapuotns baj tarraon.CJRÆFARXN;Eostrufaotn qua eobegc jc beiaraogec ba cjtetubaotra aj puotn bnoba sa aoguaotrc jngcjezcbn y uo puotn baraiaraogec= `chetucjfaota sa utejezc pcrc gnongar jc cjturcsnhra aj oevaj baj fcr ba uo puotn.CJQB; Drco fcsc ba oeava, cduc y peabrcs, qua sa basjezcpnr jc jcbarc ba uoc fnotcóc.

CJQYECJ;Wuajn sabefaotcbn c trcvås baj teafpn, qua `csebn trcospnrtcbn ao suspaose÷o baj cduc y juadnbapnsetcbn.CJQYENOCJ;Wuajn trcospnrtcbn c trcvås ba cjuvenoas n`ucegns y juadn bapnsetcbn.CJQYE×O;Yar @QCEGN.COÃJEWEW GNWRN HAOAIEGEN;Fatnbnjndæc ba avcjucge÷o bauo \rnyagtn baEovarse÷o \ûhjegc (\E\) qua gnosesta ao ebaoteiegcr,gucoteiegcr y vcjnrcr fnoatcrecfaota jns gnstns y haoaiegensdaoarcbns pnr aj \E\ burcota su vebc ûtej, gno aj nhkatn baafeter uo kuegen snhra jc gnovaoeaogec ba su akaguge÷o aojudcr ba ntrc cjtaroctevc.COÃJEWEW GNWRN AIAGREYEBCB;Fatnbnjndæc ba avcjucge÷oba uo \rnyagtn ba Eovarse÷o \ûhjegc qua gnosesta aognfpcrcr jcs eotarvaogenoas qua prnbugao sefejcrashaoaiegens asparcbns gno aj nhkatn ba sajaggenocr jc bafaonr gnstn baotrn ba jns jæfetas ba uoc jæoac ba gnrta. Wacpjegc ao jns gcsns ao jns qua on as pnsehja aiagtucr uocgucoteiegcge÷o cbagucbc ba jns haoaiegens ao tårfeonsfnoatcrens.COÃJEWEW DXCOQJNFÅRXEGN N FAGÃOEGN;\rngabefeaotnpcrc batarfeocr jc drcoujnfatræc ba uo fctarecj ÷ jcbatarfeocge÷o gucotetctevc ba jc bestrehuge÷o ba tcfcóns.ÃODQJN BA XA\NWN;Aj qua sa prnbuga aotra jc `nreznotcj

y aj tcjub fãxefn qua aj suajn csufa c trcvås ba uo prngasnocturcj.C\JEGCGE×O CWIÃJREGC;Qtejezcge÷o baj fctarecj csiãjtegnao sus besteotcs inrfcs gno n seo cdradcbns.CXGEJJCW;\crtægujcs ieocs gno tcfcón ba drcon faonr c 8κf (


98/120


51

CWICJRN BEJQEBN;Gafaotn csiãjtegn qua ̀ c sebn jegucbn cjfazgjcrjn gno snjvaotas ba patr÷jan (tcfheåo jjcfcbnsbejuyaotas). Ba cguarbn gno aj teafpn ba gurcbnbatarfeocbn pnr jc octurcjazc baj bejuyaota utejezcbn, ajcsicjtn bejuebn sa gjcseiegc ao; XG, FG, WG. Jns bejuyaotas saavcpnrco uoc vaz axpuastns c jcs gnobegenoas ctfnsiåregcs,parfeteaobn csæ qua aj gafaotn csiãjtegn racjega su iuoge÷o.CWICJRN AFQJWENOCBN;Yar AFQJWE×O CWIÃJREGC.CWICJRN AO \AJÆGQJC BAJDCBC;Csicjtn snfatebn cprngasn ba gcjaotcfeaotn pcrc batarfeocr aj aiagtn bajgcjnr y baj cera snhra uoc pajægujc baj fesfn. Ajaovakagefeaotn puaba aiagtucrsa ao `nron RINR ÷ XRINR.CWICJRN FNBEIEGCBN;\rnbugtn ba jc eognrpnrcge÷o ba uopnjæfarn u ntrn fnbeiegcbnr ao aj csicjtn pcrc faknrcr susprnpeabcbas iæsegcs y danj÷degcs gnfn jc besfeouge÷o ba jcsusgaptehejebcb c jc tafparcturc y c jc `ufabcb.CQRNGJCYA;Cpcrctn qua sa usc pcrc batarfeocr jcaxpcose÷o y gnotrcgge÷o ba jns fnrtarns ba gafaotnsnfatebns c prase÷o y tafparcturc batarfeocbcs.CQRN\EWRC BA \XEFAXC GJCWA;Gcrratarc ba EFBC fcynrc 2


99/120


59

GCHA[CJ BA CJGCORCXEJJC;Astrugturc tarfeocj c jc hngcba aotrcbc y scjebc ba uoc cjgcotcrejjc, gnostruebc gno jcieocjebcb ba aogcuzcr y avetcr jc arnse÷o baj cduc, csæ gnfnckustcrsa c jc supariegea baj tcjub baj tarraon.GCHA[CJ \CXC \EJNRAW;Hjnqua ba fcbarc, rnjjn bafagcta, n cfhns, qua sa gnjngco snhra jc gchazc baj pejntagno ieoas ba prntagge÷o, y servao pcrc cfnrteducr y rapcrteraj dnjpa baj fczn ba uo fcrteoata.GCEWW×O;Repn ba gefaotcge÷o. Wa utejezc gucobn jns suajnson sno cbagucbns pcrc gefaotcgenoas supariegecjas, pnr sarhjcobns= iraguaotafaota sa afpjac pcrc gefaotcr pejcrasba puaotas ao aj gcuga ba jns ræns. Wu pcrtegujcrebcb gnosestaao qua sa vc gnostruyaobn c fabebc qua sa vc `uobeaobnao aj tarraon y su sagge÷o trcosvarscj puaba sar rabnobc,gucbrcbc, ragtcodujcr n ajæptegc.GCKC GNJAGRNXC;Astrugturc qua ragnda jcs cducs ba uocguoatc pcrc aogcuzcr c uoc cjgcotcrejjc.GCJAOBCXEN BA CYCOGA BA JC NHXC (GCN);Bngufaotnao aj qua gnostc jc prndrcfcge÷o faosucj vcjnrezcbc pcrcjc akaguge÷o ba uoc nhrc.GCJEGCRC;Axgcvcge÷o supariegecj qua sa racjezc ao uo

tarraon, gno jc ieocjebcb ba parfeter jc nhsarvcge÷o ba jnsastrctns baj suajn c beiaraotas prniuobebcbas yavaotucjfaota nhtaoar fuastrcs daoarcjfaotabesturhcbcs.GCJE[C; Xngc ba nredao sabefaotcren gnfpuastcasaogecjfaota ba gcrhnoctn ba gcjgen (gcjgetc) prnvaoeaotaba cgufujcge÷o fagãoegc ba ircdfaotns ba asta feoarcj,pnr pragepetcge÷o quæfegc.GCJ[CBC;Yar WQ\AXIEGEA BA XNBCBQXC.GCFHEN BA AWRÃOBCX;Fnbeiegcge÷o ba jcs gcrcgtaræstegcsba uoc væc, yc sac ao inrfc eotadrcj n prndrasevc pcrccjgcozcr oevajas ba sarvegen cbagucbns.GCFEON; Yæc tarrastra pcrc aj trãosetn ba va`ægujnsfntnrezcbns y on fntnrezcbns, pactnoas y coefcjas, gnoaxgapge÷o ba jcs væcs iårracs.GCFEON BA @AXXCBQXC;Yæc tarrastra pcrc aj trãosetn bapactnoas y coefcjas.GCOCJ;As uoc zcokc gnostruebc pcrc rageher y aogcuzcrfabecocs n paquaócs gcotebcbas ba cduc prnvaoeaotas bajtarraon octurcj n ba ntrcs nhrcs ba braocka.GCORAXC;Bapnsetn octurcj ba fctarecj cprnpecbn pcrc sarutejezcbn ao jc gnostrugge÷o, ra`chejetcge÷o, faknrcfeaotny/n fcotaoefeaotn ba jcs gcrratarcs.GCORN XNBCBN;Ircdfaotn ba rngc qua cj sartrcospnrtcbn c jn jcrdn baj teafpn pnr aj ijukn ba cduc `c

cbquerebn inrfcs on codujcras y supariegea jesc.GC\C CWIÃJREGC BA IXEGGE×O BA DXCBCGE×O CHEAXRC;Qoc gcpc supariegecj ba pcvefaotn qua gnosesta ba uocfazgjc ba pjcotc gno fug`ns vcgæns, y qua parfeta ajbraocka rãpebn ba cducs ba jjuvec c trcvås ba jc gcpc y `cgecjc harfc. Jc fazgjc sa gcrcgtarezc pnr uo cjtn pnrgaotcka bacdradcbn druasn ba uo snjn tcfcón. Asta tepn ba gcpc avetcaj `ebrnpjcoan, y prnpnrgenoc uoc supariegea rasestaota cjbasdcsta.GC\C CWIÃJREGC OEYAJCORA;Qoc gcpc (fazgjc ba csicjtn ycdradcbn) ba aspasnr vcrechja uscbc pcrc ajefeocr

erradujcrebcbas ao aj gnotnron ba uoc supariegea axestaota,cotas ba uo trctcfeaotn n ba uoc gnostrugge÷o.GC\CGEBCB BA GCXDC BAJ RAXXAON;As jc rasestaogeccbfesehja baj suajn ba gefaotcge÷o gnosebarcobn icgtnrasba sadurebcb cprnpecbns cj coãjeses qua sa aiagtûc.GC\CGEBCB BA GCXDC QJREFC BAJ RAXXAON;As jc prase÷oraquarebc pcrc prnbuger jc icjjc baj tarraon, seo gnosebarcricgtnras ba sadurebcb.GCXXARAXC;Gcfeon pcrc aj trãosetn ba va`ægujnsfntnrezcbns, ba pnr jn faons bns akas, gno gcrcgtaræstegcsdanfåtregcs baieoebcs ba cguarbn c jcs onrfcs tågoegcsvedaotas ao aj Feoestaren ba Rrcospnrtas y Gnfuoegcgenoas.GCXXARAXC CIEXFCBC;Gcrratarc guyc supariegea barnbcburc astã gnostetuebc pnr uoc n fãs gcpcs baCIEXFCBN.GCXXARAXC ON \CYEFAORCBC;Gcrratarc guyc supariegeab

guía de asfalto (carretera ii)

Documents