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Principles of ChemistryCHAPTER 20 ORGANIC CHEMISTRY PART 2

Functional Groups

This work by Justin Zollars is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License

• The majority of organic molecules contain elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen

• Functional Groups - molecules that are fundamentally hydrocarbons but have additional atoms or groups of atoms

R-OH

where R = represents hydrocarbonfragments which are different

Alcohols:

Functional Groups


Diethylether

Aldehydes

Ethers:

Formaldehyde

Functional Groups


Acetonecarboxylic acids

ketones:

acetic acid

Functional Groups


Ethyl butyrate (pineapple flavoring)amines

esters

methylamine

Alcohols


• Alcohols - are characterized by the presence of the R-OH group

• The systematic name for an alcohol is obtained by replacing the final -e of the parent hydrocarbon name with -ol.

Alcohols:

Naming Alcohols


1.Select the longest chain hydrocarbon, containing the R-OH group

2.Number the chain such that the carbon with the -OH group gets the lowest possible number

3.Obtain the root name from the name of the parent hydrocarbon chain by replacing the final -e with -ol

4.Name any other substituents as usual

Naming Alcohols

Formula name Common name

CH3OH methanol methyl alcohol

CH3CH2OH ethanol ethyl alcohol

CH3CH2CH2OH 1-propanol n-propyl alcohol


Ethanol

Uses of Alcohols


• Methanol is used as a starting material for the synthesis of acetic acid, fibers and plastics

• Ethanol is commonly found in beverages such as beer and wine

• produced by the fermentation of sugar glucose in corn, barley, grapes and so on

• ethylene glycol is used in automobile antifreezes

• phenol is used to produce polymers for adhesives and plastics

Aldehydes and Ketones


• Aldehydes and Ketones contain the carbonyl group:

• Ketones - the carbonyl group is bound to two carbon atoms

Aldehydes and Ketones


• Aldehydes and Ketones contain the carbonyl group:

• Aldehydes - the carbonyl group is bound to one carbon atom and one hydrogen atom

Naming Aldehydes and Ketones


• Aldehyde are named from the parent alkane by removing the final -e and adding -al

• The carbon is numbered as 1

• Ketones are named by removing the final -e and adding -one

• The carbon chain in ketones is numbered such that the carbon gets the lowest possible number

Naming Aldehydes and Ketones


methanal

butanal

butanone

propanone

Carboxylic Acids


• Carboxylic acids - are characterized by their carboxyl group -COOH. They often have a pungent odor.

• Carboxylic acids are named by dropping the final -e from the parent alkane and adding the suffix -oic.

butanoic acid

Esters


• Esters have the following general formula:

• Esters often have a sweet, fruity odor

• They are often referred to by their common names

References1. Zumdahl, Steven. DeCoste, Donald. Introductory Chemistry: A foundation.

Sixth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN: 0-618-80327.

2. Cracolice, Mark. Peters, Edward. Introductory Chemistry: An Active Learning Approach. Third Edition. Thomson Brooks/Cole. ISBN 0-495-01332-3

3. Wikipedia (some graphics)


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