guests staying at marada inn were asked to rate the quality of their accommodations as being...
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Guests staying at Marada Inn were asked to rate the quality of their accommodations as being excellent, above average, average, below average, or poor. The ratings provided by a sample of 20 guests are:
Below Average Above Average Above Average Average Above Average Average Above Average
Average Above Average Below Average Poor Excellent Above Average Average
Above Average Above Average Below Average Poor Above Average Average
Example: Marada Inn
3 9
5 2 1
Categorical Data
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1
PoorBelow AverageAverageAbove AverageExcellent
Rating Frequency
Example: Marada Inn
Total 20
2359
Categorical Data
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PoorBelow AverageAverageAbove AverageExcellent
10 15 25 45 5 100
RelativeFrequency
PercentFrequencyRating
Example: Marada Inn
.05
1.00
.10
.15
.25
.45
1Total 20
23
59
Frequency
Categorical Data
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Poor BelowAverage
Average AboveAverage
Excellent
Freq
uen
cy
Rating
Categorical Data
12
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10Marada Inn Quality Ratings
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BelowAverage 15%
Average 25%
AboveAverage 45%
Poor10%
Excellent 5%
Marada Inn Quality Ratings
Categorical Data
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Pelican StoresPelican Stores is chain of women’s apparel stores. It recently ran a promotion in which discount coupons were set to customers of other National Clothing stores. Data collected for a sample of 100 in-store credit card transactions at Pelican Stores during one day while the promotion was running are shown in Table 2.18. Customers who made a purchase using a discount coupon are referred to as promotional customers and customers who made a purchase but did not use a discount coupon are referred to as regular customers. Because the promotional coupons were not set to regular Pelican Stores customers, management considers the sales made to people presenting the promotional coupons as sales it would not otherwise make.
Customer 5 purchased 2 items, … which cost her $54
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Pelican StoresPelican Stores is chain of women’s apparel stores. It recently ran a promotion in which discount coupons were set to customers of other National Clothing stores. Data collected for a sample of 100 in-store credit card transactions at Pelican Stores during one day while the promotion was running are shown in Table 2.18. Customers who made a purchase using a discount coupon are referred to as promotional customers and customers who made a purchase but did not use a discount coupon are referred to as regular customers. Because the promotional coupons were not set to regular Pelican Stores customers, management considers the sales made to people presenting the promotional coupons as sales it would not otherwise make.
Pelican’s management would like to use this sample data to learn about its customer base and to evaluate the promotion involving discounts.
Managerial Report1. Using graphs and tables, summarize the qualitative variables.
data_pelican.xls
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Example: Hudson Auto Repair
The manager of Hudson Auto would like to have better understanding of the cost of parts used in the engine tune-ups performed in the shop. She examines 50 customer invoices for tune-ups. The costs of parts, rounded to the nearest dollar.
91 78 93 57 75 52 99 80 97 62
71 69 72 89 66 75 79 75 72 76
104 74 62 68 97 105 77 65 80 109
85 97 88 68 83 68 71 69 67 74
62 82 98 101 79 105 79 69 62 73
Quantitative Data
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sorted
52 57 62 62 62 62 65 66 67 68
68 68 69 69 69 71 71 72 72 73
74 74 75 75 75 76 77 78 79 79
79 80 80 82 83 85 88 89 91 93
97 97 97 98 99 101 104 105 105 109
minimum
maximum
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
Quantitative Data
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13
52 57 62 62 62 62 65 66 67 68
68 68 69 69 69 71 71 72 72 73
74 74 75 75 75 76 77 78 79 79
79 80 80 82 83 85 88 89 91 93
97 97 97 98 99 101 104 105 105 109
2
1677
5
50-5960-6970-7980-8990-99
100-109
Cost ($) Frequency
Quantitative Data
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2/50.04Relative Freq
1.00
13/5016/507/507/505/50
.26
.32
.14
.14 .10
4
Percent Freq
100
26321414
10
Quantitative Data
50
50-5960-6970-7980-8990-99
100-109
Cost ($) Frequency
132
1677
5
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2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
PartsCost ($)
Fre
qu
en
cy
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
Tune-up Parts Cost
Quantitative Data
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Moderately Skewed LeftSymmetric
Highly Skewed Right
Quantitative Data
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Ogive for Hudson Auto Repair
< 60 < 70
< 80 < 90
< 100< 110
Cost ($) CumulativeFrequency
50-59 60-69
70-79
80-89
90-99
100-109
2 13
16
7
7
5
Parts Cost ($)
Parts Frequency
50
2
15
31
38
45
50
Quantitative Data
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CumulativeRelative
Frequency
CumulativePercent
Frequency
4 30 62 76 90
100
.04
.30
.62
.76
.90
1.00
Quantitative Data
Ogive for Hudson Auto Repair
< 60 < 70
< 80 < 90
< 100< 110
Cost ($) CumulativeFrequency
2
15
31
38
45
50
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PartsCost ($)
20
40
60
80
100
Cu
mu
lati
ve P
erc
en
t Fr
eq
uen
cy
50 60 70 80 90 100 110
($90, 76%)
Tune-up Parts Cost
Example: Hudson Auto Repair
($50, 0%)
($60, 4%)
($70, 30%)
($80, 62%)
($100, 90%)
($110, 100%)
Quantitative Data
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Pelican Stores -- continued Pelican Stores is chain of women’s apparel stores. It recently ran a promotion in which discount coupons were set to customers of other National Clothing stores. Data collected for a sample of 100 in-store credit card transactions at Pelican Stores during one day while the promotion was running are shown in Table 2.18. Customers who made a purchase using a discount coupon are referred to as promotional customers and customers who made a purchase but did not use a discount coupon are referred to as regular customers. Because the promotional coupons were not set to regular Pelican Stores customers, management considers the sales made to people presenting the promotional coupons as sales it would not otherwise make.
Pelican’s management would like to use this sample data to learn about its customer base and to evaluate the promotion involving discounts.
Managerial Report1. Using graphs and tables, summarize the qualitative variables.2. Using graphs and tables, summarize the quantitative variables.
data_pelican.xls
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Summarizing Two variables
Finger Lakes Homes.xls
Example:
18 6 19 12 55
30 100
12 14 16 3
Quantitative variable
qualitative variable
45
20 35 15
PriceRange Colonial Log Split A-Frame Total
< $99,000> $99,000
Total
Home Style
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PriceRange Colonial Log Split A-Frame Total
< $99,000> $99,000
18 6 19 12 55
30Total 100
12 14 16 3
Home Style
45
20 35 15
Summarizing Two variables
Finger Lakes Homes.xls
Example:
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PriceRange Colonial Log Split A-FrameTotal
< $99,000> $99,000
Home Style
PriceRange Colonial Log Split A-Frame Total
< $99,000> $99,000
18 6 19 12 55
30Total 100
12 14 16 3
Home Style
45
20 35 15
0.3273 1.00000.10910.34550.2182
0.2667 1.00000.31110.35560.0667
Summarizing Two variables
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PriceRange Colonial Log Split A-Frame
Total
< $99,000> $99,000
Home Style
PriceRange Colonial Log Split A-Frame
< $99,000> $99,000
18 6 19 12
30Total
12 14 16 3
Home Style
20 35 15
0.6000
1.0000
0.4000
0.30
1.0000
0.70
0.5429
1.0000
0.4571
0.8000
1.0000
0.2000
Summarizing Two variables
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Summarizing Two variables
Admitted Denied Total
Male 3738 4704 8442
Female 1494 2827 4321
Total 5232 7531 12763
Admitted Denied Total
Male 0.2929 0.3686 0.6614
Female 0.1171 0.2215 0.3386
Total 0.4099 0.5901 1.0000
Dividing all of the frequencies above by the number of observations yields what the joint probability table below
The crosstabulation for the aggregated UC-Berkley data is
Male acceptance rate is higher when data is aggregated.
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Female
Admitted Denied Total
A 89 19 108
B 17 8 25
Total 106 27 133
Male
Admitted Denied Total
A 512 313 825
B 313 207 520
Total 825 520 1345
Female
Admitted Denied Total
A 0.8241 0.1759 1.0000
B 0.6800 0.3200 1.0000
Male
Admitted Denied Total
A 0.6206 0.3794 1.0000
B 0.6019 0.3981 1.0000
Compute the row percentages to show the Simpson’s Paradox
Summarizing Two variables
data_simpson.xls
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A Negative Relationship
x
yQBigMacs
PBigMacs0.50
21
5.00
2
Summarizing Two variables
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No Apparent Relationship
yQNoseHairTrimmers
xPBigMacs
Summarizing Two variables
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Example: Panthers Football Team
13213
1424181730
x = Number ofInterceptions
y = Number of Points Scored
The Panthers football team is interested ininvestigating the relationship, if any, betweeninterceptions made and points scored.
Summarizing Two variables
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y
x
Number of Interceptions
Num
ber
of
Poin
ts S
core
d
510
15
2025
30
0
35
1 2 30 4
Summarizing Two variables
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data_pelican.xls
Pelican Stores -- continued Pelican Stores is chain of women’s apparel stores. It recently ran a promotion in which discount coupons were set to customers of other National Clothing stores. Data collected for a sample of 100 in-store credit card transactions at Pelican Stores during one day while the promotion was running are shown in Table 2.18. Customers who made a purchase using a discount coupon are referred to as promotional customers and customers who made a purchase but did not use a discount coupon are referred to as regular customers. Because the promotional coupons were not set to regular Pelican Stores customers, management considers the sales made to people presenting the promotional coupons as sales it would not otherwise make.
Pelican’s management would like to use this sample data to learn about its customer base and to evaluate the promotion involving discounts.
Managerial Report1. Using graphs and tables, summarize the qualitative variables.2. Using graphs and tables, summarize the quantitative variables.3. Using pivot tables and scatter plots, summarize the variables.