Growth from Birth to Age 5

Growth from Birth to Age 5

PSY 121 Chapters 5 - 10

Part 1

Sensation versus Perception

•Receiving environmental stimuli versus

•Giving meaning to information received by the sensory system

•Receiving environmental stimuli versus

•Giving meaning to information received by the sensory system

Neuron

•Parts of a neuron•dendrite

•cell body

•axon

•synapse

•myelin

•Parts of a neuron•dendrite

•cell body

•axon

•synapse

•myelin

A NEURON

http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=35.9.122.184/images/40-AnimalStructureAndFunction/40-03-Neuron.jpg&imgrefurl=http://35.9.122.184/images/40-AnimalStructureAndFunction/&h=600&w=600&sz=78&tbnid=ibs2ctakd4gJ:&tbnh=133&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dneuron%26start%3D40%26hl%3Den%26lr%3D%26ie%3DUTF-8%26oe%3DUTF-8%26sa%3DN

The Brain

•Left brain processes verbal, numerical, textual & logical information

•Right brain processes spatial, colored & creative information

•Left brain processes verbal, numerical, textual & logical information

•Right brain processes spatial, colored & creative information

•Hemispheres have differing functions but don’t work independently.•Both generally work together to

perform most tasks.

•One side may be faster.

Left Hemisphere Rt Hemisphere

Language Spatial relationships;artistic abilities

Process positiveemotions

Perception & expressionof emotion; negativeemotions

The Brain

•Right and left halves are joined

by the corpus callosum.

•Myelination

•Right and left halves are joined

by the corpus callosum.

•Myelination

Myelin Sheath•Insulation on axon to improve speed of transmission.

•Also insulates axon from activity of other neurons.

Reflexes

•Survival reflexes•Breathing

•Sucking

•Rooting

•Swallowing

•Survival reflexes•Breathing

•Sucking

•Rooting

•Swallowing

Other ReflexesOther Reflexes

•Startle or Moro

•Babinski

•Walking (stepping)

•Swimming

•Startle or Moro

•Babinski

•Walking (stepping)

•Swimming

Motor SkillsMotor Skills

•Gross Motor Skillslarge body movements such as running, climbing, jumping and throwing

•Earliest and easiest to be mastered

•Gross Motor Skillslarge body movements such as running, climbing, jumping and throwing

•Earliest and easiest to be mastered

•Fine Motor Skills

are smaller body movements such as drawing, buttoning, coloring, tying shoes, using tools, etc..•require some maturation nervous system of to develop

Types of Play*

•Sensorimotor Play

•Parallel Play

•Rough and Tumble Play

•Play Face

•Mastery Play•Dramatic Play

* not a complete list; categories are not mutually exclusive

•Sensorimotor Play

•Parallel Play

•Rough and Tumble Play

•Play Face

•Mastery Play•Dramatic Play

* not a complete list; categories are not mutually exclusive

Sigmund Freud

•First clearly delineated “stage theory”• Human development proceeds in orderly stages; one stage

must be reached before the next stage can happen

•Controversial

•Failure to attain success is called fixation.

Psychosexual Stages

•Oral

•Anal

•Phallic

•Latency

•Genital

•Oral

•Anal

•Phallic

•Latency

•Genital

Oral Stage

•Focus on the the mouth•feeding, sucking, babbling, blowing

bubbles, etc.

•from birth to 1 year

•fixation = oral-aggressive or oral-receptive

Anal Stage

•Focus on the anal sphincter muscles

•Toilet-training:freedom and control issues: own body, parents

•fixation = anal-retentive and anal-expulsive

Phallic Stage

•Centered on the genitals, especially the penis.

•Awareness of sex and gender differences

•Identification with and role-play of same sex parent

Phallic Stage

•Fixation = Oedipus complex in boys and Electra complex in girls

•castration anxiety for males

•penis envy in females

Latency and Genital Stage

•Most challenging development happens on oral, anal and phallic stages

•latency - repressed sexuality due to unconscious guilt

•Genital stage - adolescence renewed interest in genital stimulation; adult sexuality

•Most challenging development happens on oral, anal and phallic stages

•latency - repressed sexuality due to unconscious guilt

•Genital stage - adolescence renewed interest in genital stimulation; adult sexuality

Erikson’s Psychosocial Stages

•Infancy = Basic trust versus mistrust

•Toddlerhood = autonomy versus shame and doubt

•Preschool = initiative versus guilt

Social Learning Theory

•Modeling: Learning by observation and imitation

•learned aggressiveness and learned helplessness

•Importance of television and other media on learning