growth and expansion - dickinson independent...

304

Growth and

Expansion1790–1825

1793• Eli Whitney

invents cotton gin1790• First U.S. Census

1807• Robert Fulton designs

first practical steamboat

1792• Russia invades Poland

1804• Haiti claims independence

from France

Washington1789–1797

CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion

1790 1800 1810

Adams1797–1801

Jefferson1801–1809

Madison1809–1817

Why It MattersDuring the early 1800s, manufacturing took on a stronger role in the American

economy. During the same period, people moved westward across the conti-nent in larger and larger numbers. In 1823 the United States proclaimed its

dominant role in the Americas with the Monroe Doctrine.

The Impact Today These developments were important factors in shaping the nation. Today the

United States is one of the leading economic and military powers in the world.

The American Republic to 1877 Video The chapter 10 video, “The One-Room Schoolhouse,” depicts a typical school day in the

nineteenth century.

Monroe1817–1825

305

1819• Florida ceded

to U.S.

1825• Erie Canal completed

1815• Battle of Waterloo

crushes Napoleon 1819• Bolívar defeats Spanish forces at Boyacá

HISTORY

Chapter OverviewVisit and click on Chapter 10—Chapter Overviews to pre-view chapter information.

Valley of the Yosemite by Albert Bierstadt Bierstadt’s panoramicscenes of the American West capture the vastness of the landscape.


1820 1830

1821• Peru claims independence

from Spain

1820• Missouri

Compromisepassed

1823• Monroe Doctrine

issued

J.Q. Adams1825–1829

Expansion Growth

West East

Expansion Growth

West East

Step 1 Fold one sheet of paper in half from topto bottom.

Step 2 Fold it in half again, from side to side.

Step 3 Unfold the paper once. Sketch an outlineof the United States across both tabs and labelthem as shown.

Step 4 Cut up the fold of the top flap only.

This cut willmake two tabs.

Cause-and-Effect Study Foldable Make thisfoldable to help you analyze the causes and effectsof growth in the East and expansion into the Westof the United States.

Reading and Writing As you read the chapter,list causes and effects of eastern growth andwestern expansion under the appropriate tabsof your foldable.

tarvol1.glencoe.com

http://tarvol1.glencoe.com

306

1793Eli Whitney inventsthe cotton gin

1807Congress passesEmbargo Act

1814Francis Lowell opens textileplant in Massachusetts

1816Second NationalBank is chartered


Both men and women in the early 1800s valued hard work. An English journalistdescribed the farmers of Long Island in 1818: “Every man can use an axe, a saw, and a hammer. Scarcely one who cannot do any job at rough carpentering, and mend aplough and wagon. . . . ” Another European noted the daily activities of Americanwomen in 1823: “They take care of everything pertaining to the domestic economy, for example, making candles, boiling soap, preparing starch, canning berries, fruit andcucumbers, baking, and spinning, sewing, and milking the cows.”

The Growth of IndustryDuring the colonial era, workers were in short supply. Americans learned to

develop tools that made work easier and more efficient. American methods andinventions won the admiration of Europeans. One observer exclaimed:

“The axe here [in America] . . . is a combination axe, wedge, and sledgehammer;what an accomplished woodchopper can do with this instrument! There are someamong them who can chop and split five and one-half loads of wood a day, includingstacking them.”

Main IdeaThe rise of industry and trade led tothe growth of cities.

Key TermsIndustrial Revolution, capitalism, capital, free enterprise, technology,cotton gin, patent, factory system,interchangeable parts

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you read the section, re-create the dia-gram below and describe in the ovalschanges brought about by the Industrial Revolution.

Read to Learn• how the Industrial Revolution

began in the United States.• how the United States changed as

it became more economically independent.

Section ThemeEconomic Factors The Industrial Rev-olution changed the way goods weremade.

Economic Growth

Industrial Revolution

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦ 1790 ✦ 1800 ✦ 1810 ✦ 1820

American blacksmith,early 1800s woodcut

People working in their homes or in work-shops made cloth and most other goods. Usinghand tools, they produced furniture, farmequipment, household items, and clothing.

In the mid-1700s, however, the way goodswere made began to change. These changesappeared first in Great Britain. British inventorscreated machinery to perform some of the workinvolved in cloth making, such as spinning. Themachines ran on waterpower, so British clothmakers built mills along rivers and installed themachines in these mills. People left their homesand farms to work in the mills and earn wages.The changes this system brought about were sogreat that this historic development is known asthe Industrial Revolution.

The Industrial Revolution in New EnglandThe Industrial Revolution began to take root

in the United States around 1800, appearing firstin New England—Massachusetts, Rhode Island,Connecticut, Vermont, and New Hampshire.New England’s soil was poor, and farming wasdifficult. As a result, people were willing to leavetheir farms to find work elsewhere. Also, NewEngland had many rushing rivers and streams.These provided the waterpower necessary to runthe machinery in the new factories.

New England’s geographic location alsoproved to be an advantage. It was close to otherresources, including coal and iron from nearbyPennsylvania. New England also had manyports. Through these ports passed the cotton

TextileMillThe Lowell factory systemwas designed to bringwork and workerstogether. A typical Lowelltextile mill in 1830 housed4,500 spindles, 120 powerlooms, and more than 200employees under one roof.What type of energypowered the mills?

The first steps in textile productionclean the raw cotton and turn loose cotton into crude yarn.

At the weaving stage, power loomsinterlace the threads into coarse cloth or fabric.

1

2

3

Fabric is measured and batched for dyeing. Vegetable dyes were the earliest known dyes.

4

Gears

The spinning process transforms the yarn into thread.

307

weaving looms

3

spinning2

clean1

dyeingdyeing4

shipped from Southern states to New Englandfactories, as well as the finished cloth boundfor markets throughout the nation.

Also necessary to strong industrial growthis an economic system that allows competitionto flourish with a minimum of governmentinterference. The economic system of theUnited States is called capitalism. Under capi-talism, individuals put their capital, or money,into a business in hopes of making a profit.

Free enterprise is another term used todescribe the American economy. In a systemof free enterprise, people are free to buy, sell,and produce whatever they want. They can alsowork wherever they wish. The major elementsof free enterprise are competition, profit, privateproperty and economic freedom. Business own-ers have the freedom to produce the productsthat they think will be the most profitable. Buy-ers also compete to find the best products at thelowest prices.

New TechnologyWorkers, waterpower, location, and capital all

played roles in New England’s Industrial Revo-lution. Yet without the invention of newmachines and technology—scientific discover-ies that simplify work—the Industrial Revolu-tion could not have taken place.

Inventions such as the spinning jenny andthe water frame, which spun thread, and thepower loom, which wove the thread into cloth,made it possible to perform many steps in mak-ing cloth by machine, saving time and money.Because these new machines ran on water-power, most mills were built near rivers. In1785, for the first time, a steam engine providedpower for a cotton mill.

In 1793 Eli Whitney of Massachusettsinvented the cotton gin, a simple machine thatquickly and efficiently removed the seeds fromthe cotton fiber. The cotton gin enabled oneworker to clean cotton as fast as 50 people work-ing by hand.

In 1790 Congress passed a patent law to pro-tect the rights of those who developed “usefuland important inventions.” A patent gives aninventor the sole legal right to the invention and

308 CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion

Cloth for manufactured goods such asshirts and sheets is produced at textile

mills (cloth factories).The mills in Lowell,Massachusetts, drewabout 80 percent oftheir workers fromyoung women, many in theirteens, known asthe “Lowell girls.”

The Lowell Girls

its profits for a certain period of time. One of thefirst patents went to Jacob Perkins for a machineto make nails.

Analyzing Why were the first millsin Great Britain built near rivers?

New England FactoriesThe British tried to keep their new industrial

technology a secret. They even passed laws pro-hibiting their machinery as well as their skilledmechanics from leaving the country. However, afew enterprising workers managed to slip awayto the United States.

In Britain Samuel Slater had worked in a fac-tory that used machines invented by RichardArkwright for spinning cotton threads. Slater

309CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion

MagazineThe Lowell Offering wasa magazine written forand about the mill girls.

◗

◗

On the JobLucy Larcom started working in the mills whenshe was 11 years old. She later recalled her lifeat Waltham:

“We did not call ourselves ladies. We did not forget that we were working girls, wearingaprons suitable to our work, and that therewas some danger of our becoming drudges.”

Working ConditionsThe young women who worked in Low-ell’s mills endured difficult working con-ditions. They put in long hours—fromsunrise to sunset—for low wages. Thevolume of the factory machinery wasearsplitting and the work was monoto-nous. The women usually performedone task over and over again.

◗

memorized the design of Arkwright’s machinesand slipped out of Britain in 1789. Once in theUnited States, Slater took over the managementof a cotton mill in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.There he duplicated Arkwright’s machines.Using these machines the mill made cottonthread. Women working in their homes wovethe thread into cloth. Slater’s mill marked an important step in the Industrial Revolution in America.

In 1814 Francis Cabot Lowell opened a textileplant in Waltham, Massachusetts. The plan heimplemented went several steps beyond Slater’smill. For the first time, all the stages of clothmaking were performed under one roof. Low-ell’s mill launched the factory system, a systembringing manufacturing steps together in oneplace to increase efficiency. The factory system

was a significant development in the way goodswere made—and another important part of theIndustrial Revolution.

Interchangeable PartsThe inventor Eli Whitney started the use of

interchangeable parts. These were identicalmachine parts that could be quickly put togetherto make a complete product. Because all theparts were alike, they could be manufacturedwith less-skilled labor, and they made machinerepair easier. Interchangeable parts opened theway for producing many different kinds ofgoods on a mass scale and for reducing the priceof the goods.

Describing How did the factory system work?

Agriculture ExpandsAlthough many New Englanders went to

work in factories, most Americans still lived andworked on farms. In the 1820s more than 65 per-cent of Americans were farmers.

In the Northeast, farms tended to be small,and the produce was usually marketed locally.In the South, cotton production increased dra-matically. The demand for cotton had grownsteadily with the development of the textileindustries of New England and Europe. South-ern plantation owners used enslaved workersto plant, tend, and pick the cotton. The cottongin—which made it possible to clean the cottonfaster and less expensively than by hand—encouraged the planters to raise larger crops.Between 1790 and 1820, cotton productionsoared from 3,000 to more than 300,000 bales a year.


Rural92.8 %

Urban7.2 %

Urban and Rural Population, 1820

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Boston

New York CityPhiladelphia

Baltimore

New Orleans

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MASS.N.Y.

PA.

VA.

N.C.

S.C.

GA.ALA.

TENN.

KY.

OHIOIND.ILL.

MO.

LA.

MISS.

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N.J.

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ARKANSASTERR.

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0

Popu

latio

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mill

ions

)

1800 1810 1820 1830 1840

10

0

20

Year

Population Growth, 1800–1840

5.37.2

9.6

12.9

17.1

Source: Historical Statistics of the United States.

In the West, agriculture also expanded. South-ern farmers seeking new land moved west toplant cotton. Western farmers north of the OhioRiver concentrated on raising pork and cashcrops such as corn and wheat.

Describing How was the Northeastdifferent from the South in what it produced?

Economic IndependenceMost new industries were financed by

small investors—merchants, shopkeepers, andfarmers. These people invested some of their

Less than 100,000100,000 – 500,000500,000 – 1 millionMore than 1 millionCities with 25,000 or moreTerritories with unknown population

Po p u l a t i o n b y S t a t ei n 1 8 2 0

Population of the United States, 1820

The tremendous growth in population helped to spur the growthof industry.1. Analyzing Information What states had passed one

million in population by 1820?2. Comparing Which state had the larger population—

Missouri or Alabama?

money in the hope of earning profits if the newbusinesses succeeded. Low taxes, few govern-ment regulations, and competition encouragedpeople to invest in new industries.

Large businesses called corporations began todevelop rapidly in the 1830s, when some legalobstacles to their formation were removed. Therise of these new corporations made it easier tosell stock—shares of ownership in a company—to finance improvement and development.

The charter of the First Bank of the UnitedStates had expired in 1811. In 1816 Congresschartered the Second Bank of the UnitedStates, also chartered for 20 years. The Bankhad the power to make large loans to busi-nesses. State banks and frontier people criti-cized the Bank on the grounds that it was amonopoly used by the rich and powerful fortheir own gain. Those who believed in strictinterpretation of the Constitution also criti-cized it because they believed Congress did nothave the power to charter such a bank.

Cities Come of AgeThe growth of factories and trade spurred the

growth of towns and cities. The new industrialtowns grew quickest. Many developed alongrivers and streams to take advantage of thewaterpower. Older cities like New York, Boston,and Baltimore also grew as centers of commerce

and trade. In the West, towns like Pittsburgh,Cincinnati, and Louisville profited from theirlocations on major rivers. As farmers in the Westshipped more and more of their products bywater, these towns grew rapidly.

Cities and towns looked quite different frommodern urban areas. Buildings were made ofwood or brick. Streets and sidewalks wereunpaved, and barnyard animals often roamedfreely. There were no sewers to carry waste anddirty water away, so the danger of diseases suchas cholera and yellow fever was very real. In1793, for example, a yellow fever epidemic inPhiladelphia killed thousands of people.

Fire posed another threat to cities. Sparksfrom a fireplace or chimney could easily ignite awooden building and spread to others. Fewtowns or cities had organized fire companies,and fires could be disastrous.

Cities and towns of the period also hadadvantages, however. Some people left farmingbecause cities and towns offered a variety of jobsand steady wages. As cities grew they addedlibraries, museums, and shops that wereunavailable in the countryside. For many, thejobs and attractions of city life outweighed anyof the dangers.

Analyzing Why did cities such asPittsburgh and Louisville grow?

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use each of these terms

in a sentence that will help explainits meaning: Industrial Revolution,capital, technology, cotton gin,patent, factory system, inter-changeable parts.

2. Reviewing Facts Describe the rea-sons New England was ideal for thedevelopment of factories.

Reviewing Themes3. Economic Factors How did the cot-

ton gin affect cotton production?

Critical Thinking4. Categorizing Information Re-create

the diagram below and describe thecharacteristics and benefits of thefree enterprise system.

5. Determining Cause and Effect Wasnew technology necessary for theIndustrial Revolution? Explain.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the map and

the graphs on page 310. What do thecities shown on the map have in com-mon? Which state had the larger popu-lation in 1820—Georgia or Ohio ?

CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion 311

Expository Writing Study themap and graphs on page 310. Create a quiz for your classmatesbased on the information pre-sented. Trade quizzes with a class-mate and answer those questions.

Free enterprise system

304-329 C10SE-860983 10/17/03 4:59 PM Page 311

N O T E B O O K

V E R B A T I MV E R B A T I M

1790S WORD PLAY

Ahoy There!

WHAT PEOPLE ARE SAYING

“We are one.”“Mind your business.”FIRST OFFICIAL U.S. COIN,

sayings are on the front and back of the coin minted in 1787

“I die hard,

but I am not

afraid to go.”GEORGE WASHINGTON,on his deathbed in 1799

“My mother and myself begged

Mr. Carter not to sell this child

out of Fredg [plantation], he gave

us his word and honor that he

would not, but as soon as we left

him, he sold the child.”JAMES CARTER,African American slave of

Landon Carter, writing around 1790 about his sister,

whom he never saw again

“May the Lord bless King

George, convert him, and take

him to heaven, as we want no

more of him.”REVEREND JOHN GRUBER,to his Baltimore congregation

during the War of 1812

The U.S.S. Constitution, the world’s largest frigate, or warship, waslaunched in 1797 with a crew of 450 and 54 cannons. Want to join thecrew? First, you must prove you can understand a sailor’s vocabulary. Match each word or phrase in the first column with its original meaning.

a. Sailors who do wrong are disciplinedwith a cat-o’-nine-tails whip that’s keptin a red sack

b. Putting a ship in for repair

c. Bartenders keep track of what sailors drink and owe by marking numbers under “pints” and “quarts”

d. The course or direction boats take into the wind

e. Good condition

BE

TTMA

NN

/CO

RB

IS

HU

LTON

GE

TTY

1 Keel over

2 Try a new tack

3 Let the cat out of the bag

4 Mind your p’s and q’s

5 Shipshape

answers:1. b; 2. d; 3. a; 4. c; 5. e

TIME

INC

. PIC

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What were people’s lives like in the past?What—and who—were people talking about? What did they eat?

What did they do for fun? These two pages will give you some clues to

everyday life in the U.S. as you step back in time with TIME Notebook.

ProfileSAGOYEWATHA is the great Iroquois leader some call Red Jacket. Why? Because he fought with the British in the Revolutionary War. Sagoyewatha means “He Causes Them to Be Awake.” Below is part of a speech Sagoyewatha delivered in 1805 to a group of religious leaders from Boston:

“BROTHERS, OUR (NATIVE AMERICAN) SEATS

were once large and yours (colonists) were small. You have now become a great people, and we have scarcely a place left to spread our blankets. You have got our country but are not satisfied; you want to force your religion upon us. …

Brothers, continue to listen. You say there is but one way to worship and serve the Great Spirit. If there is but one religion, why do you white people differ so much about it?…

Brothers, we … also have a religion which was given to our forefathers and has been handed down to us, their children. …” Sagoyewatha

312

30 Number of treaties that took away Native Americanland or moved their borders. The treaties were between the U.S. and the Creeks,Choctaws, and Chickasawsbetween 1789 and 1825

$158 millionThe price the U.S. spent to fight the War of 1812

First Elizabeth Setonfounds the Sisters of Charity, aRoman Catholic order, in 1809

First Mary Kies becomes the first woman to receive a U.S.patent in 1809 for a method ofweaving straw with silk

$3,820.33 Amountpaid to Paul Revere for providingthe U.S.S. Constitution with copperparts and a ship’s bell in 1797

45 feet Length of thedinosaur dug up by Lewis andClark on their 1804 expedition

N E W H O R I Z O N S : 1 7 9 0 – 1 8 2 0

N U M B E R S N U M B E R SNATIVE AMERICAN L IFE

Sports StoryGEORGE CATLIN is a white man with a strong interest in Native American life. This lawyer has made a name for himself as an artist,painting portraits of Native American leaders, families, and everydayWestern life. Here he paints with words, telling us about a game (one the French call lacrosse) played by Choctaw men:

“EACH PARTY (TEAM) HAD THEIR GOAL MADE WITH TWO UPRIGHT POSTS,about 25 feet high and six feet apart, set firm in the ground, with a poleacross at the top. These goals were about 40 to 50 rods (660–825 feet)apart. At a point just halfway between was another small stake, drivendown, where the ball was to be thrown up at the firing of a gun, to bestruggled for by the players … who were some 600 or 700 in numbers,and were (trying) to catch the ball in their sticks, and throw it home and between their respective stakes. …For each time that the ball was passed between the stakes of either party, one was counted fortheir game… until the successfulparty arrived to 100, which was the limit of the game, andaccomplished at an hour’s sun.”

RIGHT: George Catlin painted this pic-ture of a 15-year-old Native Americangirl. Her name, Ka-te-qua, means“female eagle.”

BELOW: Painting by George Catlin ofChoctaw athletes playing their versionof lacrosse.

U.S. AT THE T IME

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314

1806Congress approves funds for national road

1807Fulton’s Clermontsteams to Albany

1820U.S. populationstands at 9.6 million

1825Erie Canal is completed


During the 1800s, settlers poured into the frontier west of the Appalachians. The typ-ical frontier family moved from place to place as the line of settlement pushed everwestward. Their home often consisted of a three-sided shack or a log cabin with a dirtfloor and no windows or door. A pile of leaves in the loft of the cabin often served as a bed. Loneliness, poverty, and an almost primitive lifestyle were daily companions tomany frontier people.

Moving WestThe first census—the official count of a population—of the United States in

1790 revealed a population of nearly four million. Most of the Americanscounted lived east of the Appalachian Mountains and within a few hundredmiles of the Atlantic coast.

Within a few decades this changed. The number of settlers heading westincreased by leaps and bounds. In 1811 a Pennsylvania resident reported see-ing 236 wagons filled with people and their possessions on the road to Pitts-burgh. A man in Newburgh, New York, counted 60 wagons rolling by in asingle day. In 1820, just 30 years after the first census, the population of the

Main IdeaThe huge amount of territory addedto the United States during the early1800s gave the country a large storeof natural resources and providedland for more settlers.

Key Termscensus, turnpike, canal, lock

Reading StrategyTaking Notes As you read the sec-tion, re-create the diagram below anddescribe why each was important tothe nation’s growth and development.

Read to Learn• how land and water transportation

improved in the early 1800s.• how settlements in the West

affected the nation’s economy andpolitics.

Section ThemeScience and Technology Expansionof transportation systems helped set-tlement spread westward.

Westward Bound

Pioneer homestead, Smoky Mountains

Significance

National Road

John Fitch

Erie Canal

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦ 1800 ✦ 1810 ✦ 1820 ✦ 1830

United States had more than doubled, to about10 million people, with nearly 2 million livingwest of the Appalachians.

Traveling west was not easy in the late 1790sand early 1800s. The 363-mile trip from NewYork City to Buffalo could take as long as threeweeks. A pioneer family heading west with awagonload of household goods faced hardshipand danger along the way.

Roads and TurnpikesThe nation needed good inland roads for travel

and for the shipment of goods. Private companiesbuilt many turnpikes, or toll roads. The fees trav-elers paid to use those roads helped to pay forconstruction. Many of the roads had a base ofcrushed stone. In areas where the land was oftenmuddy, companies built “corduroy roads,” con-sisting of logs laid side by side, like the ridges ofcorduroy cloth. ; (See page 599 of the Primary Sources

Library for an account of a typical stagecoach journey.)

When Ohio joined the Union in 1803, the newstate asked the federal government to build aroad to connect it with the East. In 1806 Congressapproved funds for a National Road to the West

and five years later agreed on the route. Becausework on the road stopped during the War of 1812,the first section, from Maryland to western Vir-ginia, did not open until 1818. In later years theNational Road reached Ohio and continued on toVandalia, Illinois. Congress viewed the NationalRoad as a military necessity, but it did not under-take other road-building projects.

GeographyRiver Travel

River travel had definite advantages overwagon and horse travel. It was far more com-fortable than travel over the bumpy roads, andpioneers could load all their goods on riverbarges—if they were heading downstream in the direction of the current.

River travel had two problems, however. Thefirst related to the geography of the easternUnited States. Most major rivers in the regionflowed in a north-south direction, not east towest, where most people and goods were headed.Second, traveling upstream by barge against thecurrent was extremely difficult and slow.

Robert Fulton grew upin Lancaster, Pennsylva-nia. At an early age hecreated his own lead pen-cils and rockets. Whileliving in Europe in thelate 1790s, Fultondesigned and built a sub-marine called the Nautilusto be used in France’s war against Britain. Sub-marine warfare becamecommon later.

Fulton returned to theUnited States and devel-oped a steamboat enginethat was more powerfuland provided a smootherride than previousengines. On August 17,1807, Fulton’s Clermontmade its first successfulrun. By demonstratingthe usefulness of two-way river travel, Fultonlaunched the steamboat

era. Although his enginewas considered a greatsuccess, trouble fol-lowed after Fultonreceived a monopolyand government money.Eventually, the collapseof the monopoly led tolower prices, growth of competition, andintroduction of newtechnology to improvethe steamboat.


80°W 70°W

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Indianapolis

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PA.

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200 kilometers

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Tying the Nation Together:

The NationalRoad

For a large part of the early 1800s, theNational Road was the nation’s busiest landroute to the west. It stimulated trade. Wag-ons hauled produce from frontier farms tothe East Coast, often passing wagons filledwith staples such as sugar for the westernsettlements. It also stimulated settlement.From the day it opened, the road wascrowded with people moving west, theirpossessions packed into covered wagons.

National Road

Steam engines were already being used inthe 1780s and 1790s to power boats in quietwaters. Inventor James Rumsey equipped asmall boat on the Potomac River with a steamengine. John Fitch, another inventor, built asteamboat that navigated the Delaware River.Neither boat, however, had enough power towithstand the strong currents and winds foundin large rivers or open bodies of water.

In 1802 Robert Livingston, a political andbusiness leader, hired Robert Fulton to developa steamboat with a powerful engine. Livingston

wanted the steamboat to carry cargo and pas-sengers up the Hudson River from New YorkCity to Albany.

In 1807 Fulton had his steamboat, the Clermont, ready for a trial. Powered by a newlydesigned engine, the Clermont made the 150-mile trip from New York to Albany in theunheard-of time of 32 hours. Using only sails,the trip would have taken four days.

About 140-feet long and 14-feet wide, the Cler-mont offered great comforts to its passengers.They could sit or stroll about on deck, and at

Major Roads Before the Civil War

A Road Through the WildernessAn east-to-west national road was the first major step inthe creation of a national transportation system.

1752Delaware chiefNemacolinmarks path for road

1760sMilitary roadconstructed fromCumberland toFort Duquesne

1784George Washingtontravels west to studybest routes

1802Albert Gallatin pro-poses National Roadfunds to come fromfederal land sales

1805Senate considersCumberland-to-Ohio route


ARIZ.

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COLO.DEL.ILL. IND.

OHIO

KANS.

IOWA

MD.MO.

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N. MEX. OKLA.

PA.

TEXAS

WYO.

By 1926, the long-distance motoristcould use transcontinental highways

for car travel.

night they could relax in the sleeping compart-ments below deck. The engine was noisy, but itspower provided a fairly smooth ride.

Steamboats ushered in a new age in rivertravel. They greatly improved the transport ofgoods and passengers along major inlandrivers. Shipping goods became cheaper andfaster. Steamboats also contributed to thegrowth of river cities like Cincinnati and St. Louis.

Comparing What advantages didsteamboat travel have over wagon and horse travel?

CanalsAlthough steamboats represented a great

improvement in transportation, their routesdepended on the existing river system. Steam-boats could not effectively tie the eastern andwestern parts of the country together.

In New York, business and government offi-cials led by De Witt Clinton came up with a planto link New York City with the Great Lakes

OfficialStatus

From/To Lengthin miles/km

National Road 1806 780/1,255

Lincoln Highway* 1913 3,390/5,456

Route 40 1926 3,020/4,860

Route 66 1926 2,450/3,943

*first transcontinental road for automobiles

The National Road and Other Major Highways

Cumberland, Md./Vandalia, Ill.

New York City/San Francisco

Atlantic City, N.J./San Francisco

Chicago/Santa Monica, Calif.

ARIZ.

CALIF.NEV. UTAH

COLO.DEL.ILL. IND.

OHIO

KANS.

IOWA

MD.MO.

NEBR.N.J.

N. MEX. OKLA.

PA.

TEXAS

WYO.

Route 40

Lincoln Highway

Route 66

American Highways

1811Construction beginsat Cumberland

1818Cumberland-to-Wheeling sectioncompleted

1825Construction inOhio begins

1833Route toColumbus, Ohio,completed

1850National Roadstops at Vandalia

region. They would build a canal—an artificialwaterway—across New York State, connectingAlbany on the Hudson River with Buffalo onLake Erie.

Building the Erie CanalThousands of laborers, many of them Irish

immigrants, worked on the construction of the363-mile Erie Canal. Along the canal they builta series of locks—separate compartmentswhere water levels were raised or lowered.Locks provided a way to raise and lower boatsat places where canal levels changed.

After more than two years of digging, the ErieCanal opened on October 26, 1825. Clintonboarded a barge in Buffalo and journeyed on thecanal to Albany. From there, he headed downthe Hudson River to New York City. As crowdscheered, the officials poured water from LakeErie into the Atlantic. The East and Midwestwere joined.

In its early years, the canal did not allowsteamboats because their powerful engines could


IL

IN

OH

PA

NY

MD

VA

�

ChamplainCanal

Erie Canal

PennsylvaniaCanal

Chesapeakeand Ohio Canal

James andKanawha Canal

Miamiand Erie

Canal

Ohio andErie Canal

Wabash andErie Canal

Illinois andMichigan

Canal

Hud

son

R.

Ohi

o R.

Wab

ash R.L

ak

eM

ich

igan

Lake Superior

Lake Huron

Lake Erie

Lake Ontario

Illin

ois

R.

LakeChamplain

Potomac R.

Troy

Philadelphia

Washington, D.C.

Pittsburgh

Cleveland

ToledoChicago

Cincinnati

La Salle

Evansville

Richmond

Buffalo

40°N

70°W

CANADA

300 kilometers0Albers Conic Equal-Area projection

300 miles0

N

S

EW

damage the earthen embankments along thecanal. Instead, teams of mules or horses hauledthe boats and barges. A two-horse team pulled a100-ton barge about 24 miles in one day—aston-ishingly fast compared to travel by wagon. In the1840s the canal banks were reinforced to accom-modate steam tugboats pulling barges.

The success of the Erie Canal led to an explo-sion in canal building. By 1850 the United Stateshad more than 3,600 miles of canals. Canals low-ered the cost of shipping goods. They broughtprosperity to the towns along their routes. Per-haps most important, they helped unite thegrowing country.

Identifying What two cities did theErie Canal connect?

Canal Mileage,1850

NY and PA,1,757 miles

OH, 792 milesIN, 214 milesIL, 100 milesOther states,800 miles

Canals, 1820–1860

In the early 1800s, Americans shipped many goods alongcanals, which helped to unite the country.1. Location What two bodies of water did the Erie Canal

connect?2. Analyzing Information About how many miles long

was the Erie Canal?

Western SettlementAmericans moved westward in waves. The

first wave began before the 1790s and led to theadmission of four new states between 1791 and1803—Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Ohio.A second wave of westward growth beganbetween 1816 and 1821. Five new western stateswere created—Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi,Alabama, and Missouri.

The new states reflected the dramatic growthof the region west of the Appalachians. Ohio, forexample, had only 45,000 settlers in 1800. By1820 it had 581,000.

Pioneer families tended to settle in communi-ties along the great rivers, such as the Ohio andthe Mississippi, so that they could ship their cropsto market. The expansion of canals, which criss-crossed the land in the 1820s and 1830s, allowedpeople to live farther away from the rivers.

People also tended to settle with others fromtheir home communities. Indiana, for example,was settled mainly by people from Kentuckyand Tennessee, while Michigan’s pioneers camemostly from New England.

Western families often gathered together forsocial events. Men took part in sports such aswrestling. Women met for quilting and sewingparties. Both men and women participated incornhuskings—gatherings where farm families

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Use the following terms

to write a short newspaper articleabout the opening of the Erie Canal:turnpike, canal, lock.

2. Reviewing Facts Describe theimprovements for transportation in the westward expansion duringthe early 1800s.

Reviewing Themes3. Science and Technology How did

steam-powered boats improve rivertravel?

Critical Thinking4. Drawing Conclusions How did bet-

ter transportation affect westwardexpansion?

5. Comparing What forms of commu-nication and transportation linkedEast to West in the early 1800s? Whatlinks exist today? Re-create the dia-gram below and compare the links.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Study the infor-

mation on the National Road onpages 316 and 317. When did con-struction of the National Road begin?To what city did it extend? How longwas the National Road?


Geography Create a chart thatlists the major means of trans-portation that helped the UnitedStates grow. Include the advan-tages and disadvantages of eachtype of transportation.

Paul Bunyan and John Henry Legends have grownaround mythical figures like Paul Bunyan. Imaginarystories were passed along about how this giant lumber-jack dug the Mississippi River and performed otherincredible feats. Yet some of the famous characters inAmerican folklore were real people. There was a JohnHenry who worked on the railroads. He was an AfricanAmerican renowned for his strength and skill in drivingthe steel drills into solid rock. He is best rememberedfor something that probably never happened. Accord-ing to legend, John Henry defeated a steel-drivingmachine, but the effort killed him.

Legendary Heroes

shared the work of stripping the husks fromears of corn.

Life in the West did not include the conven-iences of Eastern town life, but the pioneers hadnot come west to be pampered. They wanted tomake a new life for themselves and their fami-lies. America’s population continued to spreadwestward in the years ahead.

Identifying What states wereformed between 1791 and 1803?

Links

Early 1800s Today


Reading a Diagram

Social StudiesSocial Studies

Why Learn This Skill?Suppose you buy a new bicycle and discover that

you must assemble the parts before you can ride it. A diagram, or a drawing that shows how the parts fittogether, would make this job much easier.

Learning the SkillTo read a diagram, follow these steps:• Read the title to find out what the diagram shows.• Read all labels carefully to clearly determine

their meanings.• Read the legend and identify symbols and colors

used in the diagram.• Look for numbers indicating a sequence of steps,

or arrows showing movement.

Practicing the SkillAnalyze the diagram of the Clermont, then answerthe following questions.

1 What type of energy was used to power this ship?

2 What was the purpose of the paddle wheels?

The Clermont was about140 feet (43 m) long and14 feet (4.3 m) wide.

The Clermont SteamboatOn August 17, 1807, the Clermont steamed up the Hudson River fromNew York City on its way to Albany, New York. The trip took only 32hours—a commercial success!

Water is heated intosteam inside the boiler.

The steam is releasedfrom the boiler aspressurized energy,which powered thepistons that movedthe paddle wheels.

Two side paddlewheels pushed thesteamboat upriver.

Applying the SkillMaking a Diagram Draw a diagram showingeither how to make macaroni and cheese or howto tie a pair of shoes. Label your diagram.

Glencoe’s Skillbuilder InteractiveWorkbook CD-ROM, Level 1, providesinstruction and practice in key social studies skills.

321

1816James Monroe elected president

1820Missouri Compromisepassed

1823Monroe Doctrineissued

Main IdeaAs the nation grew, differences ineconomic activities and needsincreased sectionalism.

Key Termssectionalism, internal improve-ments, American System, disarma-ment, demilitarize, court-martial

Reading StrategyOrganizing Information As you readthe section, re-create the diagrambelow and list four issues that createdsectional conflict.

Read To Learn• why sectional differences grew in

the 1820s.• what effect the Monroe Doctrine

had on foreign policy.

Section ThemeIndividual Action Senators Calhoun,Webster, and Clay represented differ-ent regions and different interests.

Unity and Sectionalism


Following the War of 1812, Americans felt buoyed by a new sense of pride and faithin the United States. In his Inaugural Address on March 4, 1817, President James Monroe expressed this feeling of proud nationalism: “If we look to the history of othernations, ancient or modern, we find no example of a growth so rapid, so gigantic, of apeople so prosperous and happy.”

The Era of Good FeelingsThe absence of major political divisions after the War of 1812 helped forge a

sense of national unity. In the 1816 presidential election, James Monroe, theRepublican candidate, faced almost no opposition. The Federalists, weakenedby doubts of their loyalty during the War of 1812, barely existed as a nationalparty. Monroe won the election by an overwhelming margin.

Although the Federalist Party had almost disappeared, many of its programsgained support. Republican president James Madison, Monroe’s predecessor, hadcalled for tariffs to protect industries, for a national bank, and for other programs.

Sectional conflict

Preview of Events

Guide to Reading

✦ 1815 ✦ 1820 ✦ 1825

James Monroepocket watch

Political differences seemed to fade away,causing a Boston newspaper to call these yearsthe Era of Good Feelings. The president himselfsymbolized these good feelings.

Monroe had been involved in national politicssince the American Revolution. He worebreeches and powdered wigs—a style no longerin fashion. With his sense of dignity, Monroe rep-resented a united America, free of political strife.

Early in his presidency, Monroe toured thenation. No president since George Washingtonhad done this. He paid his own expenses andtried to travel without an official escort. Every-where Monroe went, local officials greeted himand celebrated his visit.

Monroe arrived in Boston, the former Feder-alist stronghold, in the summer of 1817. About40,000 well-wishers cheered him, and JohnAdams, the second president, invited Monroe tohis home. Abigail Adams commended the newpresident’s “unassuming manner.”

Monroe did not think the demonstrationswere meant for him personally. He wrote Madi-son that they revealed a “desire in the body of thepeople to show their attachment to the union.”

Two years later Monroe continued his tour,traveling as far south as Savannah and as farwest as Detroit. In 1820 President Monroe wonreelection, winning all but one electoral vote.

Describing Why was this periodcalled the Era of Good Feelings?

Sectionalism GrowsThe Era of Good Feelings did not last long.

Regional differences soon came to the surface,ending the period of national harmony.

Most Americans felt a strong allegiance to theregion where they lived. They thought of them-selves as Westerners or Southerners or North-erners. This sectionalism, or loyalty to theirregion, became more intense as differences aroseover national policies.

The conflict over slavery, for example, hadalways simmered beneath the surface. Most whiteSoutherners believed in the necessity and value ofslavery. Northerners increasingly opposed it. To

protect slavery, Southerners stressed the impor-tance of states’ rights. States’ rights are providedin the Constitution. Southerners believed theyhad to defend these rights against the federal gov-ernment infringing on them.

The different regions also disagreed on theneed for tariffs, a national bank, and internalimprovements. Internal improvements werefederal, state, and privately funded projects,such as canals and roads, to develop the nation’stransportation system. Three powerful voicesemerged in Congress in the early 1800s asspokespersons for their regions: John C. Cal-houn, Daniel Webster, and Henry Clay.

John C. Calhoun John C. Calhoun, a planter from South Car-

olina, was one of the War Hawks who had calledfor war with Great Britain in 1812. Calhounremained a nationalist for some time after thewar. He favored support for internal improve-ments and developing industries, and he backeda national bank. At the time, he believed theseprograms would benefit the South.

In the 1820s, however, Calhoun’s viewsstarted to change, and he emerged as one of thechief supporters of state sovereignty, the ideathat states have autonomous power. Calhoun


Flag of 1818 By 1818 the number of states had reached 20. In AprilPresident Monroe signed a bill thatset the basic design of the flag.Each newly admitted state addeda star to the field of blue. The addi-tion of a new star took place on the Fourth of July following the state’s year of entry.

The Great Star Flag Congress did not state how the stars should bearranged, so flagmakers used vari-ous designs. The Great Star Flagplaced the stars in the form of afive-pointed star.

America’s Flags

36°30'N

Missouri,1821

MEXICO

OregonCountry

Maine,1820

MissouriCompromise Line

(36°30' N)

N

S

EW

500 kilometers

500 miles0

0

Azimuthal Equidistant projection


Webster gained fame as one of the greatestorators of his day. As a United States senator, hespoke eloquently in defense of the nation as awhole against sectional interests. In one memo-rable speech Webster declared, “Liberty andUnion, now and forever, one and inseparable!”

Henry Clay Another leading War Hawk, Henry Clay of

Kentucky, became Speaker of the House of Representatives in 1811 and a leader who repre-sented the interests of the Western states. Healso served as a member of the delegation thatnegotiated the Treaty of Ghent, ending the Warof 1812. Above all, Henry Clay became knownas the national leader who tried to resolve sec-tional disputes through compromise.

The Missouri CompromiseSectional tension reached new heights in

1820 over the issue of admitting new states tothe Union. The problem revolved around slav-ery. The South wanted Missouri, part of theLouisiana Purchase, admitted as a slave state.Northerners wanted Missouri to be free of

became a strong opponent of nationalist pro-grams such as high tariffs. Calhoun and otherSoutherners argued that tariffs raised the pricesthat they had to pay for the manufacturedgoods they could not produce for themselves.They also argued that high tariffs protectedinefficient manufacturers.

Daniel WebsterFirst elected to Congress in 1812 to represent

his native New Hampshire, Daniel Websterlater represented Massachusetts in both theHouse and the Senate. Webster began his politi-cal career as a supporter of free trade and theshipping interests of New England. In time,Webster came to favor the Tariff of 1816—whichprotected American industries from foreigncompetition—and other policies that he thoughtwould strengthen the nation and help the North.

FreeSlave

FreeSlave

State

Territory

The Missouri Compromise, 1820

After 1820 all new states north of 36°30’N were to be admittedas free states.1. Region Did Missouri enter the Union as a free state or a

slave state?2. Analyzing Information Was Maine a slave state or a

free state in 1820?

In the mid-1800s, a visit to the doctor’s office wasviewed with suspicion.

Faced with “cures” that were oftenfatal, people started using patent medicines—those they could buy in stores. One popularremedy, Snake Oil, was a mixture of wintergreenand white gasoline.

Today artificial hearts, cameras that movethrough veins, and other products have greatlyimproved Americans’ health.

“Modern” Medicine

slavery. The issue became the subject of debatethroughout the country, exposing bitterregional divisions that would plague nationalpolitics for decades.

While Congress considered the Missouri ques-tion, Maine—still part of Massachusetts—alsoapplied for statehood. The discussions aboutMissouri now broadened to include Maine.

Some observers feared for the future of theUnion. Eventually Henry Clay helped work out acompromise that preserved the balance betweenNorth and South. The Missouri Compromise,reached in March 1820, provided for the admis-sion of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a

free state. The agreement banned slavery in theremainder of the Louisiana Territory north of the36°30'N parallel.

Identifying What issue did the Mis-souri Compromise address? How did the Northern andSouthern attitudes towards slavery differ?

The American SystemThough he was a spokesperson for the West,

Henry Clay believed his policies would benefitall sections of the nation. In an 1824 speech, hecalled his program the “American System.”The American System included a protectivetariff; a program of internal improvements,especially the building of roads and canals, tostimulate trade; and a national bank to controlinflation and to lend money to build develop-ing industries.

Clay believed that the three parts of his plan would work together. The tariff would pro-vide the government with money to build roadsand canals. Healthy businesses could use theirprofits to buy more agricultural goods from theSouth, then ship these goods northward alongthe nation’s efficient new transportation system.

Not everyone saw Clay’s program in suchpositive terms. Former president Jeffersonbelieved the American System favored thewealthy manufacturing classes in New England.Many people in the South agreed with Jefferson.They saw no benefits to the South from the tar-iff or internal improvements.

In the end, little of Clay’s American Systemwent into effect. Congress eventually adoptedsome internal improvements, though not on thescale Clay had hoped for. Congress had createdthe Second National Bank in 1816, but itremained an object of controversy.

McCulloch v. MarylandThe Supreme Court also became involved in

sectional and states’ rights issues at this time.The state of Maryland imposed a tax on the Bal-timore branch of the Second Bank of the UnitedStates—a federal institution. The Bank refusedto pay the state tax, and the case, McCulloch v.Maryland, reached the Court in 1819.

PresentGenetic engineer

CHAPTER 10 Growth and Expansion324

Past


Speaking for the Court, Chief Justice JohnMarshall ruled that Maryland had no right totax the Bank because it was a federal institu-tion. He argued that the Constitution and thefederal government received their authoritydirectly from the people, not by way of thestate governments. Those who opposed theMcCulloch decision argued that it was a “looseconstruction” of the Constitution, which saysthat the federal government can “coin”money—gold, silver, and other coins—but theConstitution does not mention paper money. Inaddition, the Constitutional Convention hadvoted not to give the federal government theauthority to charter corporations, includingbanks. ; (See page 625 of the Appendix for a summary of

McCulloch v. Maryland.)

Gibbons v. OgdenAnother Supreme Court case, Gibbons v.

Ogden, established that states could not enactlegislation that would interfere with Congres-sional power over interstate commerce. TheSupreme Court’s rulings strengthened thenational government. They also contributed tothe debate over sectional issues. People who sup-ported states’ rights believed that the decisionsincreased federal power at the expense of state

power. Strong nationalists welcomed the rulings’support for national power. ; (See page 624 of the

Appendix for a summary of Gibbons v. Ogden.)

Examining Why was the Court’sdecision in Gibbons v. Ogden significant?

Foreign AffairsThe War of 1812 heightened Americans’ pride

in their country. Abigail Adams, wife of JohnAdams, wrote from England to her sister back inMassachusetts:

“Do you know that European birds have nothalf the melody of ours? Nor is their fruit half sosweet, nor their flowers half so fragrant, northeir manners half so pure, nor their people halfso virtuous.”

At the same time, many Americans realizedthat the United States needed peace with Britainto grow and develop. It had to put differencesaside and establish a new relationship with the“Old World.”

English cartoonist James Gillray shows European leaderscarving up the world (above). American cartoonist DavidClaypoole Johnston portrays Andrew Jackson as a ruthlessgeneral (right). What opinions are the cartoonistsexpressing?

Analyzing Political Cartoons

Relations With BritainIn the years following the War of 1812, Presi-

dent Monroe and his secretary of state, JohnQuincy Adams, moved to resolve long-standingdisputes with Great Britain and Spain.

In 1817, in the Rush-Bagot Treaty, the UnitedStates and Britain agreed to set limits on thenumber of naval vessels each could have on theGreat Lakes. The treaty provided for the disar-mament—the removal of weapons—along animportant part of the border between the UnitedStates and British Canada.

The second agreement with Britain, the Convention of 1818, set the boundary of theLouisiana Territory between the United Statesand Canada at the 49th parallel. The conven-tion created a secure and demilitarized bor-der—a border without armed forces. ThroughAdams’s efforts, Americans also gained theright to settle in the Oregon Country.

Relations With SpainSpain owned East Florida and also claimed

West Florida. The United States contended thatWest Florida was part of the Louisiana Purchase.In 1810 and 1812, Americans simply added partsof West Florida to Louisiana and Mississippi.Spain objected but took no action.

In April 1818, General Andrew Jacksoninvaded Spanish East Florida, seizing control oftwo Spanish forts. Jackson had been ordered tostop Seminole raids on American territory fromFlorida. In capturing the Spanish forts, however,Jackson went beyond his instructions.

Luis de Onís, the Spanish minister to theUnited States, protested forcefully anddemanded the punishment of Jackson and hisofficers. Secretary of War Calhoun said that Jack-son should be court-martialed—tried by a mili-tary court—for overstepping instructions.Secretary of State John Quincy Adams disagreed.

GeographyAdams-Onís Treaty

Although Secretary of State Adams had notauthorized Jackson’s raid, he did nothing to stopit. Adams guessed that the Spanish did not wantwar and that they might be ready to settle the

Florida dispute. He was right. For the Spanishthe raid had demonstrated the military strengthof the United States.

Already troubled by rebellions in Mexico andSouth America, Spain signed the Adams-OnísTreaty in 1819. Spain gave East Florida to theUnited States and abandoned all claims to WestFlorida. In return the United States gave up itsclaims to Spanish Texas and took over responsi-bility for paying the $5 million that Americancitizens claimed Spain owed them for damages.

The two countries also agreed on a borderbetween the United States and Spanish posses-sions in the West. The border extended north-west from the Gulf of Mexico to the 42ndparallel and then west to the Pacific, giving theUnited States a large piece of territory in thePacific Northwest. America had become atranscontinental power.

Identifying What areas did theUnited States obtain from Spain?

Latin American RepublicsWhile the Spanish were settling territorial dis-

putes with the United States, they faced a seriesof challenges within their empire. In the early


Miguel Hidalgo

The Monroe DoctrineIn 1822 Spain had

asked France, Austria,Russia, and Prussia—the Quadruple Alliance—for help in its fightagainst revolutionaryforces in South Amer-ica. The possibility ofincreased European involvement in North Amer-ica led President Monroe to take action.

The president issued a statement, later knownas the Monroe Doctrine, on December 2, 1823.While the United States would not interfere withany existing European colonies in the Americas,Monroe declared, it would oppose any newones. North and South America “are henceforthnot to be considered as subjects for future colo-nization by any European powers.”

In 1823 the United States did not have the mil-itary power to enforce the Monroe Doctrine. TheMonroe Doctrine nevertheless became an impor-tant element in American foreign policy and hasremained so for more than 170 years. ; (See page

616 of the Appendix for an excerpt from the Monroe Doctrine.)

Evaluating How did the MonroeDoctrine affect foreign policy?

1800s, Spain controlled a vast colonial empirethat included what is now the southwesternUnited States, Mexico and Central America, andall of South America except Brazil.

In the fall of 1810 a priest, Miguel Hidalgo(ee• DAHL• goh), led a rebellion against theSpanish government of Mexico. Hidalgo calledfor racial equality and the redistribution of land.The Spanish defeated the revolutionary forcesand executed Hidalgo. In 1821 Mexico gained itsindependence, but independence did not bringsocial and economic change.

Bolívar and San MartínIndependence in South America came largely

as a result of the efforts of two men. SimónBolívar, also known as “the Liberator,” led themovement that won freedom for the present-day countries of Venezuela, Colombia, Panama,Bolivia, and Ecuador. José de San Martín suc-cessfully achieved independence for Chile andPeru. By 1824 the revolutionaries’ military vic-tory was complete, and most of South Americahad liberated itself from Spain. Portugal’s largecolony of Brazil gained its independence peace-fully in 1822. Spain’s empire in the Americashad shrunk to Cuba, Puerto Rico, and a fewother islands in the Caribbean.

Checking for Understanding1. Key Terms Write a short paragraph

in which you use the following keyterms: sectionalism, internalimprovements, American System,disarmament, demilitarize.

2. Reviewing Facts Describe the dis-agreement between the North andSouth that resulted in the MissouriCompromise.

Reviewing Themes3. Individual Action What action did

Daniel Webster take that shows heplaced his concerns for the nationabove his sectional interests?

Critical Thinking4. Identifying Central Issues Explain

the debate involved in Gibbons v.Ogden and the final decision.

5. Determining Cause and EffectDescribe the chain of events in LatinAmerica and Europe that led to theadoption of the Monroe Doctrine.Show your answers in a diagram likethe one below.

Analyzing Visuals6. Geography Skills Use the map on

page 323 to answer these questions.Which parallel did the Missouri Com-promise line follow? How many slavestates were there in 1820? Howmany free states?


Art Design a flag to representeither the North, South, or Westduring the early 1800s. Use photos,symbols, or mottoes that mighthave been popular with the peoplewho lived in these regions.

event event eventMonroeDoctrine

HISTORY

Student Web ActivityVisit and click on Chapter 10—Student Web Activitiesfor an activity on the democratic movements in the Americas.

tarvol1.glencoe.com


328

Growth and Expansion1790• Samuel Slater builds first

cotton mill in America

1793• Eli Whitney invents the

cotton gin

1801• John Marshall is appointed

chief justice of the SupremeCourt

1807• Robert Fulton builds the

Clermont

1811• National Road is begun

1816• James Monroe elected president

• Second National Bank is chartered

1817• Rush-Bagot Treaty is signed

1818• Convention of 1818 agreement is

signed

1819• Adams-Onís Treaty is signed

• Supreme Court rules on McCulloch v.Maryland

1820• Missouri Compromise is adopted

1823• Monroe Doctrine is

announced

1825• Erie Canal is opened

Reviewing Key TermsOn a sheet of paper, create a crossword puzzle using thefollowing terms. Use the terms’ definitions as your cross-word clues.1. Industrial Revolution 4. disarmament2. factory system 5. demilitarize3. sectionalism 6. court-martial

Reviewing Key Facts7. What problems did cities face as a result of rapid

growth during the Industrial Revolution?8. How did the landscape of New England affect

how and where people lived in the late 1700s and early 1800s?

9. How did canals boost the economy of the Great Lakesregion?

10. How did North and South differ on the issue of tariffs?11. Identify factors in the United States that made it ideal

for the free enterprise system.12. What was the American System?13. Explain the debate involved in McCulloch v. Maryland

and the final decision in the case. Why was the deci-sion significant?

14. How did James Monroe change the nation’s foreignpolicy?

Critical Thinking15. Analyzing Themes: Economic Factors How did the

Industrial Revolution help to make the United Statesmore economically independent in the early 1800s?

16. Analyzing Themes: Global Connections Why didSecretary of State John Quincy Adams allow GeneralJackson’s invasion into Spanish East Florida in 1818?

17. Determining Cause and Effect How did the develop-ment of roads boost the growth of the United States?Use a diagram like the one shown to organize youranswer.

Roads

Citizenship Cooperative Activity26. Exploring Your Community’s Past Working with two

other students, contact a local historical society to learnabout your community’s history. Then interview people inyour neighborhood to learn about their roots in the com-munity. Find out when their families first settled there.Write a history of the community and give a copy of it tothe historical society.

Economics Activity27. Using the Internet Search the Internet for information

about how to apply for a patent for an invention. Createa step-by-step list of directions describing the process.

Alternative Assessment28. Portfolio Writing Activity Review Section 2 of the chap-

ter for information about what it was like to live in theWest in the early 1800s. Record your notes in your jour-nal. Use your notes to write a postcard to a frienddescribing your social life.

Self-Check QuizVisit and click on Chapter 10—Self-Check Quizzes to prepare for the chapter test.

tarvol1.glencoe.com

HISTORY


Directions: Choose the bestanswer to the following question.

The South opposed protective tariffs for which reason?

A They thought tariffs would not work.B They had very little industry to protect.C They thought foreign goods were better.D Their main business was smuggling.

Test-Taking Tip:

Eliminate answers that do not make sense. For example, it is not realistic that the main business

for the entire South was smuggling. Therefore, answer D cannot be correct.

Geography and History ActivityIn 1819 Spain ceded Florida to the United States in theAdams-Onís Treaty. The Spanish had established colonies inFlorida beginning in the 1500s. Study the map and answerthe questions that follow.

18. Region When was the largest portion of Florida acquiredfrom Spain?

19. Location What body of water blocked further expansionof Florida to the west?

20. Movement In what direction did the United Statesacquire the various parts of Florida?

Practicing SkillsReading a Diagram Study the diagram of the textile mill onpage 307. Use the diagram to answer these questions.21. What is the first step in the production of textiles?22. At what stage does the thread become cloth?23. What process turns the yarn into thread?24. When would a cotton gin be necessary in this process?25. Now choose one of the inventions mentioned in the

chapter. Prepare a diagram that traces the developmentof that invention to a similar device in use today. Forexample, you might diagram the development of a mod-ern cruise ship, showing all the improvements made fromstart to finish.

St. AugustinePensacola

New Orleans

BatonRouge

Natchez

Ceded bySpain, 1819

Annexed byU.S., 1812

Annexed byU.S., 1810

Mis

s.R

.

GEORGIA

MISSISSIPPIALABAMA 80°W

90°W

30°N

Gulf of

Mexico

200 kilometers

200 miles0

0Albers Conic Equal-Areaprojection

N

S

EW

Acquisition of Florida, 1819

Standardized Test Practice

304-329 C10SE-860983 10/17/03 5:13 PM Page 329


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