group_v-strategy - t & d loss

8/2/2019 Group_V-Strategy - T & D Loss

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Strategy ImplementationTo Reduce T & D Losses In

India.

Group VPravin Chavan-80118110013

Naveen Dsouza-80118110027Zelda Kolah-80118110049

Satej More-80118110064Virendra Panchal-80118110072

Anitra Pillai-80118110083Swarup Saha-80118110095

Sunil Desai-80118110117


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Appendix2

India Power Sector Scenario Snapshot .

What does Transmission and DistributionMeans?

What are the current challenges in India forTransmission and Distribution (T & D) Network

Reasons for T & D losses

Measures to reduce Transmission andDistribution losses.


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ALL INDIA REGIONWISE GENERATING INSTALLED CAPACITY(MW) OF POWER

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SL. NO. REGION Nuclear HYDRO

COAL GAS DSL TOTAL (Renewable)

1 Northern 26932.5 4 171.26 12.99 31116.75 1620 14922.75 3509.56 51169.06

2 Western 34923.5 7903.81 17.48 42844.79 1840 7447.5 5937.6 58069.89

3 Southern 20982.5 4690.78 939.32 26612.6 1320 11338.03 10128.96 49399.59

4 Eastern 21122.88 190 17.2 21330.08 0 3882.12 356.42 25568.62

5 N. Eastern 60 787 142.74 989.74 0 1158 223.6 2371.34

6 Islands 0 0 70.02 70.02 0 0 6.1 76.12

7 All India 104021.38 17742.85 1199.75 122963.98 4780 38748.4 20162.24 186654.62

THERMAL

R.E.S.@ (MNRE) TOTAL


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ALL INDIA REGIONWISE GENERATING INSTALLED CAPACITY(MW) OF POWER

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Indian Power Sector CurrentStatus

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The installed capacity has grown from 1362 Mw in 1947 to 1,86,654 Mwuntil 2011( the world's fifth largest.)

The per capita average annual domestic electricity consumption in India in2009 was 96 kWh in rural areas and 288 kWh in urban areas for those withaccess to electricity, in contrast to the worldwide per capita annual averageof 2600 kWh and 6200 kWh in the European Union.India's total domestic,

agricultural and industrial per capita energy consumption estimate varydepending on the source. Two sources place it between 400 to 700 kWh in20082009.As of January 2012, one report found the per capita totalconsumption in India to be 778 kWh.

In December 2011, over 300 million Indian citizens had no access toelectricity. Over one third of India's rural population lacked electricity, as did6% of the urban population. Of those who did have access to electricity in

India, the supply was intermittent and unreliable. In 2010, blackouts andpower shedding interrupted irrigation and manufacturing across the country.

India currently suffers from a major shortage of electricity generationcapacity, even though it is the world's fourth largest energy consumer afterUnited States, China and Russia.The International Energy Agencyestimates India needs an investment of at least $135 billion to provideuniversal access of electricity to its population.


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What Does Transmission andDistribution Means?

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What Does Transmission andDistribution Means?

A typical distributionsystem can consistof:

SubstationsDistribution Feeder

Circuits

Switches

ProtectiveEquipment

Primary Circuits

Distribution

Transformers(StepDown)

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http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/substation.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/distribution_feeder_circuits.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/distribution_feeder_circuits.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/switches.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/protective_equipment.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/protective_equipment.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/primary_circuits.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/distribution_transformers.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/distribution_transformers.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/distribution_transformers.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/distribution_transformers.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/primary_circuits.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/protective_equipment.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/protective_equipment.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/switches.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/distribution_feeder_circuits.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/distribution_feeder_circuits.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/distribution_system/distribution_feeder_circuits.htmlhttp://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/electric_power/illustrated_glossary/substation.html


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Aggregate Technical & Commercial(AT&C) loss State Wise

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Less than 20% Between 20-30% Between 30-40% Above 40%

Goa Andhra Pradesh Karnataka Delhi

Tamil Nadu Gujarat Kerala Uttar Pradesh

West Bengal Assam Bihar

Himachal Pradesh Haryana Jharkhand

Maharashtra Rajasthan Madhya Pradesh

Tripura Meghalaya Arunachal Pradesh

Punjab Mizoram Manipur

Uttaranchal Chhattisgarh Nagaland

Average transmission, distribution and consumer-level lossesexceeding 30%.


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Reasons of T & D losses

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Energy losses occur in the process of supplying electricityto consumers due to technical and commercial losses.

The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in theconductors and equipment used for transmission,

transformation, sub- transmission and distribution ofpower. The losses can be

further sub grouped depending upon the stage of powertransformation & transmission system as TransmissionLosses (400kV/220kV/132kV/66kV), as Sub transmission

losses (33kV /11kV) and Distribution losses (11kV/0.4kv). The commercial losses are caused by pilferage, defective

meters, and errors in meter reading and in estimatingunmetered supply of energy.


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Reasons for high technicallosses

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Inadequate investment on transmission and distribution, particularly in sub-transmission and distribution.

Haphazard growths of sub-transmission and distribution system with the short-term objective of extension of power supply to new areas.

Large scale rural electrification through long 11kV and LT lines.

Too many stage of transformations ,Improper load management. Poor quality of equipment used in agricultural pumping in rural areas, cooler air-

conditioners and industrial loads in urban areas.

Lengthy lines more than Standards and Over Loading of lines

Abnormal operating conditions at which power and distribution transformers areoperated

Operation of Primary and secondary distribution system at low power factors. Loose connections at Joints in the system like at tapping of lines, Jumpering of

at AB switch contacts, terminations at the transformer bushings

Unequal load distribution among three phases in L.T system causing highneutral currents.

Low voltages at consumer terminals causing higher drawl of currents by

inductive loads. Installation of Distribution transformers away from load centers


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Reasons for commercial losses11

Defects in metering system Defective meters, stuck up, burnt, slow, sluggish

meters. Defects in billing system and Defective bill

distribution. Billing errors , Wrong billing and Non billing. Improper categorization of services. Unmetered consumers.Other Reasons - Tampered meters Direct tapping of lines Non Realization of revenue


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A WEB of wires illegally tapping power... Rampant powertheft has become the bane of the sector


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Measures for reducing technicallosses

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Short term measures

Identification of the weakest areas in the distributionsystem and strengthening Improving them so as todraw the maximum benefits of the limited resources.

Reducing the length of LT lines by relocation ofdistribution sub stations installations of additionaldistribution transformers (DTs).

Installation of lower capacity distribution transformersat each consumer premises instead of cluster

formation and substitution of DTs with those havinglower no load losses such as amorphous coretransformers.

Installation of shunt capacitors for improvement ofpower factor.


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Measures for reducing technicallosses

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Long term measures

Mapping of complete primary and secondary distribution system clearlydepicting the various parameters such as conductor size line lengths etc.

Compilation of data regarding existing loads, operating conditions, forecastof expected loads etc.

Going for bulk power transmission through Ultra High Voltage lines like 765KV .This will reduce transmission losses. This would be viable forUltramega Power Projects of 1500 Mw and above.

Carrying out detailed distribution system studies considering the expectedload development during the next 8-10 years.

Preparation of long-term plans for phased strengthening and improvementof the distribution systems along with associated transmission system.

Estimation of the financial requirements for implementation of the differentphases of system improvement works.

Formulation of comprehensive system improvement schemes with detailedinvestment program so as to meet system requirement for first 5 yearsperiod.


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PERCENTAGE REDUCTION IN LOSSES DUE TOIMPROVEMENT IN POWER FACTOR CALCULATION

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If a 11 KV feeder is having a load of 150 Amps at 0.8 P.F, theline losses of the feeder are proportional to (150)^2.

If suitable capacitors are placed at load points and P.F of the11 KV feeder is improved to unity the load current reduces to120Amps & the feeder line losses will be proportional to

(120)2The reduction in the line losses is proportional to (150)2(120)2

Percentage reduction in losses over original losses is

((150)2 (120)2 )X 100 / (150)2 = (152 - 122 )X 100 /152

= 36 %.

So reduction in percentage line losses due to improvement inPower Factor from 0.8 to 1.0 is 36%.


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Measures for reducingCommercial/Non Technical losses

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Set up vigilance squads to check and preventpilferage of energy.

Severe penalties may be imposed on those tamperingwith the meter seals etc.

Energy audits should be introduced and personalresponsibility should be fixed on the district officers(executive engineers) for energy received and energysales in each area.

Installation of tamper-proof meter boxes and use of

tamper-proof numbered seals. Providing adequate meter testing facilities. A time

bound program should be chalked out for checkingthe meters, and replacement of defective meters withtested meters.


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Government Actions -17

The central or the state governments should draw plans to providefinancial support to the utilities for installations of meters on at leastall the distribution transformers in a phased manner.

It should be made obligatory for all the big industries as well as theutilities to carry out energy audit of their system to identify high lossareas and take remedial measures to reduce the same.

Schemes for incentive awards to utilities who are able to reduceT&D losses beyond a certain pre-fixed limit.

The financial institutions should be encouraged to provide easyloans to utilities for taking remedial measures to reduce the T&Dlosses.

Publicity campaigns should be carried out to make the consumeraware of the high penalties on the unauthorized use of electricity.

Utilities should prepare realistic power Master Plans for theirsystems to develop a strategy to meet the growing electricitydemands of the different sectors of the states economy over thenext 15 years.


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Thank You.

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