GROUP 1 REPORTGROUP 1 REPORT

LEADER:LEADER:

Justine monserratJustine monserrat

GROUP MEMBERGROUP MEMBER

Avejohn D. MendozaAvejohn D. Mendoza

Rodelo lontokRodelo lontok

Kyrus yban M. ReyesKyrus yban M. Reyes

Jeffry B. MontalesJeffry B. Montales

ACORNACORN

Acorn ComputersAcorn Computers was a British was a British computer company company established in established in Cambridge, , England, in 1978. The company , in 1978. The company produced a number of computers which were especially produced a number of computers which were especially popular in the popular in the UK. These included the . These included the Acorn Electron, the , the BBC Micro and the and the Acorn Archimedes. Acorn's . Acorn's BBC Micro computer dominated the UK educational computer market computer dominated the UK educational computer market during the 1980s and early 1990s, drawing many during the 1980s and early 1990s, drawing many comparisons with comparisons with Apple in the U.S. in the U.S.

Though the company was broken up into several independent Though the company was broken up into several independent operations in 1998, its legacy includes the development of operations in 1998, its legacy includes the development of RISC personal computers. A number of Acorn's former personal computers. A number of Acorn's former subsidiaries live on today - notably subsidiaries live on today - notably ARM Holdings who are who are globally dominant in the mobile phone and globally dominant in the mobile phone and PDA microprocessor market. Acorn is sometimes known as "the microprocessor market. Acorn is sometimes known as "the British British Apple".".

ArthurArthur is an early is an early operating system (OS) that was used on (OS) that was used on Acorn

ARM--cpu-based computers from about 1987 until the much--based computers from about 1987 until the much-superior superior RISC OS 2 was completed and made available in was completed and made available in April 1989. It was the operating system of the earliest April 1989. It was the operating system of the earliest Archimedes ARM machines. ARM machines.

It was bundled with a primitive desktop It was bundled with a primitive desktop graphical user interface (GUI). It features a colour-scheme (GUI). It features a colour-scheme typically described as "typically described as "technicolour". Its earlier revisions ". Its earlier revisions were very were very buggy, and was only really meant to be a , and was only really meant to be a placeholder until RISC OS 2 (a name chosen instead of placeholder until RISC OS 2 (a name chosen instead of Arthur 2) was completed.Arthur 2) was completed.

The graphical desktop runs on top of a The graphical desktop runs on top of a command-line driven driven operating system derived from Acorn's earlier operating system derived from Acorn's earlier MOS operating operating system for its system for its BBC Micro range of range of 8-bit microcomputers. microcomputers.

ARXARX was a was a Unix-like operating system written in written in Modula-2

developed by developed by Acorn Computers Ltd in the in the UK and at the and at the Acorn Research Centre (ARC) at Acorn Research Centre (ARC) at Palo Alto for their new for their new ARM RISC processors. For the project, Acorn developed . For the project, Acorn developed its own Modula-2 compiler, Acorn Extended Modula-2 its own Modula-2 compiler, Acorn Extended Modula-2 (AEM2), but this was never released externally.(AEM2), but this was never released externally.

ARX was a pre-emptive ARX was a pre-emptive multitasking, , multithreading, , multi-user operating system. Much of the OS ran in multi-user operating system. Much of the OS ran in user mode and as a result suffered performance and as a result suffered performance problems due to switches into problems due to switches into kernel mode to perform to perform mutexes, which led to the introduction of the SWP , which led to the introduction of the SWP instruction to the instruction set of the ARM3 version of instruction to the instruction set of the ARM3 version of the ARM processor. This suggests that ARX had a the ARM processor. This suggests that ARX had a microkernel-type design.-type design.

Machine Operating Machine Operating System(MOS)System(MOS)

was a computer was a computer operating system used in the Acorn BBC computer used in the Acorn BBC computer range. It included support for four-range. It included support for four-channel sound and graphics, file channel sound and graphics, file system abstraction, and digital and system abstraction, and digital and analogue I/O including a daisy-analogue I/O including a daisy-chained fast expansion bus. The chained fast expansion bus. The implementation was single-tasking, implementation was single-tasking, monolithic and non re-entrant.monolithic and non re-entrant.

RISC OSRISC OS is a computer is a computer operating system which was which was

originally developed by originally developed by Acorn Computers Ltd in Ltd in Cambridge, , England for their for their ARM based computers. It was first released in based computers. It was first released in 1988 as RISC OS 2.00, and replaced Acorn's as RISC OS 2.00, and replaced Acorn's Arthur operating system, which was operating system, which was shipped with the first shipped with the first Archimedes computer computer models in models in 1987. The operating system . The operating system takes its name from the takes its name from the RISC ( (reduced reduced instruction set computinginstruction set computing) architecture ) architecture used on supported systems.used on supported systems.

RISC iXRISC iX was a was a Unix-like operating system

designed to run on the designed to run on the Acorn Archimedes. Heavily based on . Heavily based on 4.3BSD, it was initially completed in , it was initially completed in 1988 — a year after 1988 — a year after Arthur but prior but prior to to RISC OS. Its relationship to . Its relationship to ARX is is unknown.unknown.

AmigaAmiga

The The AmigaAmiga was a family of was a family of personal computers originally originally developed by developed by Amiga Corporation. Development on the Amiga . Development on the Amiga began in 1982 with began in 1982 with Jay Miner as the principal hardware designer. as the principal hardware designer. Commodore International bought Amiga Corporation and bought Amiga Corporation and introduced the machine to the market in 1985. The name introduced the machine to the market in 1985. The name AmigaAmiga was chosen by the developers specifically from the was chosen by the developers specifically from the Spanish and and Portuguese word for a female friend, word for a female friend,[1] and because it occurred and because it occurred before before Apple and and Atari alphabetically. alphabetically.[2]

Based on the Based on the Motorola 68k series of series of microprocessors, the machine , the machine sports a sports a custom chipset with advanced graphics and sound with advanced graphics and sound capabilities, and a capabilities, and a pre-emptive multitasking operating system (now known as (now known as AmigaOS). While the M68k is a ). While the M68k is a 32-bit processor, processor, the version originally used in the Amiga, the 68000, has a the version originally used in the Amiga, the 68000, has a 16-bit external external data bus so it must transfer 32 bits of data in two so it must transfer 32 bits of data in two consecutive steps, a technique called consecutive steps, a technique called multiplexing -- all this is -- all this is transparent to the software, which was 32-bit from the beginning. transparent to the software, which was 32-bit from the beginning.

AMIGA OSAMIGA OS   The AmigaOS has been characterized as “the best The AmigaOS has been characterized as “the best

operating system ever developed”.operating system ever developed”. The "Amiga Operating System" originally targeted the The "Amiga Operating System" originally targeted the

desktop computing market. It was built around tightly desktop computing market. It was built around tightly integrated hardware and software. The hardware was integrated hardware and software. The hardware was originally based on proprietary chips running the originally based on proprietary chips running the Motorola 68000 series of processors. The AmigaOS was Motorola 68000 series of processors. The AmigaOS was designed from its inception as a true multi-threaded, designed from its inception as a true multi-threaded, multi-tasking, multi-media operating system. This multi-tasking, multi-media operating system. This combination of hardware and software produced a very combination of hardware and software produced a very fast, powerful and easy to use computing platform. fast, powerful and easy to use computing platform. Over 6 million Amiga computers were sold.Over 6 million Amiga computers were sold.

AmigaOS 2.0, 2.04, 2.05, AmigaOS 2.0, 2.04, 2.05, 2.12.1

improvements introduced a lot of major advances to the improvements introduced a lot of major advances to the GUI of Amiga operating system. The harsh blue and GUI of Amiga operating system. The harsh blue and orange colour scheme, replaced with a much easier on the orange colour scheme, replaced with a much easier on the eye grey and light blue with 3D aspect in the border of the eye grey and light blue with 3D aspect in the border of the windows. The Workbench was no longer tied to the windows. The Workbench was no longer tied to the 640×256 (PAL) or 640×200 (NTSC) display modes, and 640×256 (PAL) or 640×200 (NTSC) display modes, and much of the system was improved with an eye to making much of the system was improved with an eye to making future expansion easier. For the first time, a standardised future expansion easier. For the first time, a standardised "look and feel" was added. This was done by creating the "look and feel" was added. This was done by creating the Amiga Style GuideAmiga Style Guide, and including libraries and software , and including libraries and software which assisted developers in making conformant software. which assisted developers in making conformant software. Technologies included the GUI element creation library Technologies included the GUI element creation library gadtoolsgadtools, the software installation scripting language , the software installation scripting language InstallerInstaller, and the , and the AmigaGuideAmigaGuide hypertext help system. hypertext help system.

VERSIONSVERSIONS

AmigaOS 3.0, 3.1AmigaOS 3.0, 3.1AmigaOS 3.5, 3.9AmigaOS 3.5, 3.9AmigaOS 4AmigaOS 4Amiga UnixAmiga Unix

Apollo ComputerApollo Computer

Apollo Computer, Inc.Apollo Computer, Inc., founded , founded 1980 in 1980 in Chelmsford, Massachusetts by by William Poduska (a founder of (a founder of Prime Computer), developed and ), developed and produced produced Apollo/Domain workstations in the 1980s. Along with in the 1980s. Along with Symbolics and and Sun Microsystems, , Apollo was one of the first vendors of Apollo was one of the first vendors of graphical workstations in the 1980s.graphical workstations in the 1980s.

Domain/OSDomain/OS Domain/OSDomain/OS is the is the operating system used by used by

the the Apollo/Domain line of line of workstations manufactured by manufactured by Apollo Computer, Inc. during , Inc. during the late 1980s, as the successor to the one the late 1980s, as the successor to the one previously used, previously used, AEGISAEGIS. It was one of the early . It was one of the early distributed operating systems..[1] Hewlett-Packard supported the operating supported the operating system for a short time after they purchased system for a short time after they purchased Apollo, but they later ended the product line in Apollo, but they later ended the product line in favor of their favor of their HP-UX Unix variant. HP ended final variant. HP ended final support for Domain/OS on January 1, 2001.support for Domain/OS on January 1, 2001.

AEGISAEGIS AEGIS was distinctive mainly for being designed AEGIS was distinctive mainly for being designed

for the networked computer, as distinct from its for the networked computer, as distinct from its competitors, which were essentially standalone competitors, which were essentially standalone systems with added network features. The prime systems with added network features. The prime examples of this were the examples of this were the file system, which was , which was fully integrated across machines, as opposed to fully integrated across machines, as opposed to Unix which even now draws a distinction between Unix which even now draws a distinction between file systems on the host system and on others, and file systems on the host system and on others, and the user administration system, which was the user administration system, which was fundamentally network-based. So basic was this fundamentally network-based. So basic was this orientation that even a standalone Apollo machine orientation that even a standalone Apollo machine could not be configured without a could not be configured without a network card..

Apple Apple

gave the acronym gave the acronym SOSSOS (pronounced (pronounced /ˈsɔːs/))[1] the meaning the meaning Sophisticated Operating Sophisticated Operating SystemSystem[2] when the when the operating system was was released in 1980. SOS made the resources of the released in 1980. SOS made the resources of the Apple III available in the form of a menu-driven Apple III available in the form of a menu-driven utility program as well as a programming utility program as well as a programming API..

The Apple /// System Utilities program shipped The Apple /// System Utilities program shipped with each Apple III computer. It provided what with each Apple III computer. It provided what today would be called the end user "experience" today would be called the end user "experience" of the operating system if the user were running of the operating system if the user were running it instead of an application program. it instead of an application program.

Apple DOSApple DOS refers to refers to operating systems for the for the Apple II series of of

microcomputers from 1979 through early 1983. Apple from 1979 through early 1983. Apple DOS had three major releases: DOS 3.1, DOS 3.2, and DOS had three major releases: DOS 3.1, DOS 3.2, and DOS 3.3; each one of these three releases was DOS 3.3; each one of these three releases was followed by a second, minor "bug-fix" release, but followed by a second, minor "bug-fix" release, but only in the case of Apple DOS 3.2 did that minor only in the case of Apple DOS 3.2 did that minor release receive its own version number, Apple DOS release receive its own version number, Apple DOS 3.2.1. The best-known and most-used version was 3.2.1. The best-known and most-used version was Apple DOS 3.3 in the 1980 and 1983 releases. Prior to Apple DOS 3.3 in the 1980 and 1983 releases. Prior to the release of Apple DOS 3.1, Apple users had to rely the release of Apple DOS 3.1, Apple users had to rely on on audio cassette tapes for data storage and for data storage and retrieval, but that method was notoriously slow, retrieval, but that method was notoriously slow, inconvenient and unreliableinconvenient and unreliable..

Apple ProDOSApple ProDOSProDOSProDOS was the name of two similar was the name of two similar

operating systems for the for the Apple II series of of personal computers. The original ProDOS, . The original ProDOS, renamed renamed ProDOS 8ProDOS 8 in version 1.2, was the in version 1.2, was the last official operating system usable by all last official operating system usable by all Apple II series computers, and was Apple II series computers, and was distributed from 1983 to 1993.distributed from 1983 to 1993.[[citation needed]] The The other, other, ProDOS 16ProDOS 16, took advantage of the , took advantage of the extra capabilities of the extra capabilities of the 16-bit Apple IIGS, , but was short-lived and replaced by but was short-lived and replaced by GS/OS within a year.within a year.[1]

GS/OSGS/OS is an is an operating environment developed by developed by

Apple Computer for its for its Apple IIGS personal computer that uses the that uses the ProDOS filing system. It provides facilities for filing system. It provides facilities for accessing the accessing the file system, controlling , controlling input/output devices, loading and running input/output devices, loading and running program files, and a system allowing program files, and a system allowing programs to handle programs to handle interrupts and signals. and signals. GS/OS was included as a component of GS/OS was included as a component of Apple IIGS System Software versions 4.0 Apple IIGS System Software versions 4.0 through 6.0.1.through 6.0.1.

Apple SOSApple SOS

Apple Computer, Inc. gave the gave the acronym acronym SOSSOS (pronounced (pronounced /ˈsɔːs/))[1] the meaning the meaning Sophisticated Sophisticated Operating SystemOperating System[2] when the when the operating system was released in was released in 1980. SOS made the resources of the 1980. SOS made the resources of the Apple III available in the form of a Apple III available in the form of a menu-driven utility program as well menu-driven utility program as well as a programming as a programming API..

was a was a personal computer designed at designed at Apple Computer, Inc. during the early 1980s. during the early 1980s.

The Lisa project was started at Apple in 1978 and The Lisa project was started at Apple in 1978 and evolved into a project to design a powerful personal evolved into a project to design a powerful personal computer with a computer with a graphical user interface (GUI) that (GUI) that would be targeted toward business customers.would be targeted toward business customers.

Around 1982, Around 1982, Steve Jobs was forced out of the Lisa was forced out of the Lisa project project [1], so he joined the , so he joined the Macintosh project instead. project instead. Contrary to popular belief, the Macintosh is not a direct Contrary to popular belief, the Macintosh is not a direct descendant of Lisa, although there are obvious descendant of Lisa, although there are obvious similarities between the systems and the final revision, similarities between the systems and the final revision, the Lisa 2/10, was modified and sold as the the Lisa 2/10, was modified and sold as the Macintosh XL..

Aple LisaAple Lisa

Mac OSMac OS is the trademarked name for a series of is the trademarked name for a series of

graphical user interface-based -based operating systems developed by developed by Apple Inc. (formerly Apple Computer, Inc.) for their (formerly Apple Computer, Inc.) for their Macintosh line of line of computer systems. The . The Macintosh user experience is credited with Macintosh user experience is credited with popularizing the graphical user interface. The popularizing the graphical user interface. The original form of what Apple would later name original form of what Apple would later name the "Mac OS" was the integral and unnamed the "Mac OS" was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 with system software first introduced in 1984 with the the original Macintosh, usually referred to , usually referred to simply as the simply as the SystemSystem software. software.

VERSIONS OF MAC OSVERSIONS OF MAC OS

System Software 1 System Software 2 System Software 3 System Software 4 System Software 5 System Software 6 System 7 (code-named "Big Bang") (code-named "Big Bang")

Mac OS 8Mac OS 8

Mac OS 8 was released on July 26, 1997, shortly Mac OS 8 was released on July 26, 1997, shortly after after Steve Jobs returned to the company. It was returned to the company. It was mainly released to keep the Mac OS moving forward mainly released to keep the Mac OS moving forward during a difficult time for Apple. Initially planned as during a difficult time for Apple. Initially planned as Mac OS 7.7, it was renumbered "8" to exploit a legal Mac OS 7.7, it was renumbered "8" to exploit a legal loophole to accomplish Jobs's goal of terminating loophole to accomplish Jobs's goal of terminating third-party manufacturers' licenses to System 7 and third-party manufacturers' licenses to System 7 and shutting down the shutting down the Macintosh clone market. market.[[citation needed

]] 8.0 added a number of features from the stillborn 8.0 added a number of features from the stillborn Copland project, while leaving the underlying project, while leaving the underlying operating system unchanged. A operating system unchanged. A multi-threaded Finder was included, enabling better multi-taskingFinder was included, enabling better multi-tasking

Mac OS 9Mac OS 9

Mac OS 9 was released on October Mac OS 9 was released on October 23, 1999. It was generally a steady 23, 1999. It was generally a steady evolution from Mac OS 8. Early evolution from Mac OS 8. Early development releases of Mac OS 9 development releases of Mac OS 9 were numbered 8.7. Mac OS 9 added were numbered 8.7. Mac OS 9 added improved support for AirPort wireless improved support for AirPort wireless networkingnetworking

A/UXA/UX In 1988, Apple released its first UNIX-based In 1988, Apple released its first UNIX-based

OS, OS, A/UX, which was a UNIX , which was a UNIX operating system with the Mac OS look and with the Mac OS look and feel. It was not very competitive for its time, feel. It was not very competitive for its time, due in part to the crowded Unix market. due in part to the crowded Unix market. A/UX had most of its success in sales to the A/UX had most of its success in sales to the U.S. government, where UNIX was a , where UNIX was a requirement that Mac OS could not meet. requirement that Mac OS could not meet. Mac OS X later incorporporated code from Mac OS X later incorporporated code from the UNIX-based the UNIX-based NeXTStep after after Steve Jobs rejoined rejoined Apple in in 1996..

MkLinuxMkLinuxMkLinuxMkLinux is an is an open source

computer computer operating system started started by the by the OSF Research Institute and Research Institute and Apple Computer in February 1996 to in February 1996 to port port Linux to the to the PowerPC platform, platform, and and Macintosh computers computers

Mac OS XMac OS X

Mac OS XMac OS X (pronounced (pronounced /mæk oʊ ɛs tɛn/))[3] is a line of is a line of computer computer operating systems developed, marketed, and sold by developed, marketed, and sold by Apple Inc. As of 2009, every new As of 2009, every new Macintosh computer ships pre-loaded computer ships pre-loaded with the latest version of the system. with the latest version of the system.

VERSIONSVERSIONS

Mac OS X v10.0 (aka Mac OS X 10.0 "Cheetah") (aka Mac OS X 10.0 "Cheetah") Mac OS X v10.1 (aka Mac OS X 10.1 "Puma") (aka Mac OS X 10.1 "Puma") Mac OS X v10.2 (aka Mac OS X 10.2 "Jaguar") (aka Mac OS X 10.2 "Jaguar") Mac OS X v10.3 (aka Mac OS X 10.3 "Panther") (aka Mac OS X 10.3 "Panther") Mac OS X v10.4 (aka Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger") (aka Mac OS X 10.4 "Tiger") Mac OS X v10.5 (aka Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard") (aka Mac OS X 10.5 "Leopard") Mac OS X v10.6 (aka Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow (aka Mac OS X 10.6 "Snow

Leopard") Leopard") Mac OS X Server

Darwin (operating Darwin (operating system)system)

DarwinDarwin is an open source is an open source POSIX-compliant -compliant computer computer operating system released by released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived developed by Apple, as well as code derived from from NEXTSTEP, , FreeBSD, and other , and other free software projects. projects.

Darwin forms the core set of components Darwin forms the core set of components upon which upon which Mac OS X and and iPhone OS are are based. It is compatible with the based. It is compatible with the Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3) version 3 (SUSv3) and and POSIX UNIX applications and utilities. UNIX applications and utilities.

iPhone OSiPhone OS

iPhone OSiPhone OS or or OS X iPhoneOS X iPhone is the is the operating system developed by developed by Apple Inc. for the for the iPhone and and iPod Touch..[1][2] Like Like Mac OS X, from , from which it was derived, it uses the which it was derived, it uses the Darwin foundation.foundation.[3] iPhone OS has four iPhone OS has four abstraction layers: the Core OS layer, : the Core OS layer, the the Core Services layer, the Media layer, the Media layer, and the layer, and the Cocoa Touch layer. layer.

Newton (platform)Newton (platform)

Newton platformNewton platform was an early was an early personal digital assistant hardware/software hardware/software platform developed developed by by Apple Computer (now Apple Inc.). (now Apple Inc.). Development was started in 1989 and Development was started in 1989 and officially ended on February 27, 1998. officially ended on February 27, 1998. Some electronic engineering and the Some electronic engineering and the manufacture of Apple's Newton devices manufacture of Apple's Newton devices was done in Japan by the was done in Japan by the Sharp Corporation..

Newton OSNewton OS

Newton OSNewton OS was the was the operating system for the for the Apple Newton PDAs produced by PDAs produced by Apple from 1993 - 1997. Newton OS Apple from 1993 - 1997. Newton OS was written entirely in was written entirely in C++ and and trimmed to be low power consuming trimmed to be low power consuming and use the available memory and use the available memory efficiently.efficiently.

ATARIATARI

ATARI DOSATARI DOS

Atari DOS is the disk operating system used with the Atari 8-bit family of computers. Operating system extensions loaded into memory were required in order for an Atari computer to access a disk drive. These extensions to the operating system added the disk handler and other file management features.

The most important extension is the disk handler. In Atari DOS 2.0, this was the File Management System (FMS), an implementation of a file system loaded from a floppy disk. This meant at least an additional 32K RAM memory was needed to run with DOS loaded,.

VERSIONSVERSIONS

DOS 1.0DOS 1.0DOS 2.0 DOS 2.0 DOS 3.0 DOS 3.0 DOS 2.5 DOS 2.5 DOS XEDOS XE DOS 4.0 DOS 4.0

Third-party DOS programsThird-party DOS programs

SmartDOS SmartDOS OS/A+ and DOS XL OS/A+ and DOS XL Super DOSSuper DOSTopDOS TopDOS MyDOSMyDOSSpartaDOSSpartaDOSETC.ETC.

Atari TOSAtari TOS

DetailsThe Atari TOS debuted with the Atari 520ST in 1985. TOS combines Digital Research's GEM GUI running on top of the DOS-like GEMDOS. Features include a flat memory model, MS-DOS-compatible disk format, support for MIDI, and a variant of SCSI called ACSI in later versions. Atari's TOS is run from ROM chips contained in the computer, thus before local hard drives were available in home computers it was an almost instant-running OS. TOS originally booted off floppy disks but later ST models came with the latest version of TOS in ROM.

TOS consisted of the following:Desktop - The main interface loaded after bootup.

GEM - Graphical Environment Manager AES - Application Environment Service

VDI - Virtual Device Interface (screen drivers only, other drivers loaded using GDOS)

GEMDOS - GEM Disk Operating SystemBIOS - Basic Input/Output System

XBIOS - Xtended BIOSLine-A - Low-level high-speed graphics calls.

Obsolete

VERSIONVERSION

TOS 1TOS 1 TOS 2TOS 2TOS 3TOS 3TOS 4TOS 4

Atari MultiTOSAtari MultiTOS

MultiTOS is an operating system developed by Atari. It is an

improved version of TOS for the Atari personal computers. MultiTOS allows multitasking. MultiTOS was the last version of TOS ever to be

released by Atari.MultiTOS is a combination of 2

system components; the OS kernel (MiNT) and the graphical user

interface (AES 4.0). MultiTOS was supplied with the Falcon 030 range

of computers from Atari

BAE SYSTEM

BAE SYSTEMS is a systems company, innovating for BAE SYSTEMS is a systems company, innovating for a safer world. BAE SYSTEMS employs nearly a safer world. BAE SYSTEMS employs nearly 100,000 people including joint ventures, and has 100,000 people including joint ventures, and has annual sales of around $18 billion. The company annual sales of around $18 billion. The company offers a global capability in air, sea, land and space offers a global capability in air, sea, land and space with a world-class prime contracting ability with a world-class prime contracting ability supported by a range of key skills. BAE SYSTEMS supported by a range of key skills. BAE SYSTEMS designs, manufactures and supports military designs, manufactures and supports military aircraft, surface ships, submarines, space systems, aircraft, surface ships, submarines, space systems, radar, avionics, communications, electronics, radar, avionics, communications, electronics, guided weapon systems and a range of other guided weapon systems and a range of other defense products. BAE SYSTEMS is dedicated to defense products. BAE SYSTEMS is dedicated to making the intelligent connections needed to making the intelligent connections needed to deliver innovative solutions. deliver innovative solutions.

BeOS

was originally developed by the company Be with the former Apple coworker Jean-Louis Gasseè for its own type of computer, the BeBox. It contains 2 power PC CPUs and was equipped with maximally with 256 Mbyte of RAM. BeOS is written from sratch and does not contain obsolete operating system design concepts. Designed as a single user operating system BeOS unfolds his optimal efficiency on multi-processor systems with several parallel running programs through it modern multi-thread based structure. BeOS basically does not run other applications that are not developed for this operating system. This operating system is only available in English, French and Japanese languages.

BeOS 4.5 boot process 5.0 - multi-threading for optimized performance

BeIA

BeIA (Be Internet Appliances) is a software platform which offers particularly simple access to Internet applications. It is based on BeOS and was scale-downed strongly. BeIA differentiates from BeOS by the platform independence and the specialization for multimedia and Internet applications for devices like web pads, settop or Internet boxes. Applications are surfing in the internet, audio streaming, video playback and e-mail communication. The system boots particularly fast, was developed for the x86 and PowerPC architecture and needs at least 8 mbyte fixed storage (harddisk, CompactFlash) as well as 32 mbyte RAM. BeIA was licensed for a small selection of devices of Sony, Compaq and Qubit.

Sony presented a product named eVilla™ on the base of BeIA 1.0 for internet access. Sony released a press report on 30th August, 2001 that this product is not continued any more because of the low market success.

Burroughs (later Unisys)

The Burroughs large systems were the largest of three series of Burroughs Corporation mainframe computers. Founded in the 1880s, Burroughs was the oldest continuously operating entity in computing, but by the late 1950s its computing equipment was still limited to electromechanical accounting machines such as the Sensimatic; as such it had nothing to compete with its traditional rivals IBM and NCR who had started to produce larger-scale computers, or with recently-founded Univac. The first machine, the B5000, was designed in 1961 and Burroughs sought to address its late entry in the market with the strategy of a completely different design based on the most advanced computing ideas available at the time. Computers using this architecture were still in production in 2005 as the Unisys ClearPath/MCP machines. Unisys now uses Intel Xeon processors, and run MCP, Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems on their servers.

Burroughs MCP

The MCP (Master Control Program) is the proprietary operating system of the Burroughs large systems including the Unisys Clearpath/MCP systems. Originally written in 1961 in ESPOL (Executive Systems Programming Language), which itself was an extension of Burroughs Extended ALGOL, in the 1970s it was converted to NEWP, a better structured, more robust, and more secure form of ESPOL. The MCP was the first operating system to manage multiple processors and the first commercial implementation of virtual memory, among numerous other advances

Convergent Technologies (Unisys)

Convergent Technologies was a company formed by a small group of people who left Intel Corporation and Xerox PARC in 1979.

Convergent Technologies' first product was the IWS (Integrated Workstation) tower based on the Intel 8086, which ran

Convergent Technologies Operating System - their first operating system. The next product was a cost-reduced desktop version called the AWS (Advanced Workstation). Both of these workstations ran in an RS-422

clustered environment under a proprietary operating system known as CTOS.

In 1982, Convergent formed a new division to focus on a multi-processor computer known as the MegaFrame. The MegaFrame ran a [[Unix|UNIX]

System 3]-derived operating system called CTIX on multiple Motorola 68010 processors. Three other I/O processor boards could also be place in the

system, the File Processor, the Cluster Processor, and the Terminal Processor. All I/O processor boards were based on the Intel 80186

and ran a scaled down version of CTOS.Convergent later used the Motorola 68010 in their MiniFrame, and later Motorola 68020 and 68040 processors in their VME-based MightyFrame

systems, all also running CTIX.Supplanting the IWS was the AWS (Advanced Workstation) which itself was replaced by the NGEN (New or Next Generation) workstation and used by Prime Computer as a word processing workstation; The "Prime Producer

100". The NGEN was known to Burroughs users as the B25, to Prime as the "Prime Producer 200", and was included the Intel 80186 CPU chip.

CTOS

Operating Convergent Technologies System or CTOS is a multi-user operating system developed

by Convergent Technologies. CTOS is a character based, multi-processing, pre-emptive multitasking, true message-based, microkernel

OS. CTOS file system was hierarchical and allowed

very long file names. Security was also hierarchical. Most of the system programs were written in PL/M, an ALGOL-like language from Intel which compiled directly to object code

without a runtime library.Convergent Technologies Integrated Workstation based on the Intel 8086 processor used CTOS as

its operating system. CTOS ran on Intel X86 computers, and could run concurrently with

Windows NT. CTOS is no longer marketed today.

Digital/Tandem Digital/Tandem Computers/Compaq/HPComputers/Compaq/HP

TOPS-10TOPS-10The The TOPS-10TOPS-10 System ( System (Timesharing / Timesharing /

Total OPerating SystemTotal OPerating System) was a ) was a computer computer operating systemoperating system from from Digital Digital Equipment CorporationEquipment Corporation (DEC) for the (DEC) for the PDP-10PDP-10 (or DECsystem-10) (or DECsystem-10) mainframe mainframe computercomputer launched in 1967. TOPS-10 launched in 1967. TOPS-10 evolved from the earlier "Monitor" evolved from the earlier "Monitor" software for the software for the PDP-6PDP-6 and -10 and -10 computers; this was renamed TOPS-10 computers; this was renamed TOPS-10 in 1970.in 1970.

WAITSWAITS WAITSWAITS was a heavily-modified variant of was a heavily-modified variant of Digital Digital

Equipment CorporationEquipment Corporation's Monitor 's Monitor operating systemoperating system (later (later renamed to, and better known as renamed to, and better known as TOPS-10TOPS-10) for the ) for the PDP-6PDP-6 and and PDP-10PDP-10 mainframe computers, used at the mainframe computers, used at the Stanford Stanford Artificial Intelligence LaboratoryArtificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL) up until 1990; the (SAIL) up until 1990; the mainframe computer it ran on also went by the name of mainframe computer it ran on also went by the name of "SAIL"."SAIL".

There was never an "official" expansion of WAITS, but a There was never an "official" expansion of WAITS, but a common variant was "West-coast Alternative to common variant was "West-coast Alternative to ITSITS"; "; another variant was "Worst Acronym Invented for a another variant was "Worst Acronym Invented for a Timesharing System". The name was endorsed by the Timesharing System". The name was endorsed by the SAIL community in a public vote choosing among SAIL community in a public vote choosing among alternatives. Two of the other contenders were SALTS alternatives. Two of the other contenders were SALTS ("Stanford AI Laboratory Timesharing System")("Stanford AI Laboratory Timesharing System")

TENEXTENEX

TOPS-20TOPS-20 Learning from this mistake, the DEC sales manager Learning from this mistake, the DEC sales manager

in charge of the PDP-10 line managed to purchase in charge of the PDP-10 line managed to purchase the rights to TENEX from BBN and set up a project the rights to TENEX from BBN and set up a project to port it to the new machine. At around this time to port it to the new machine. At around this time Murphy moved from BBN to DEC as well, helping on Murphy moved from BBN to DEC as well, helping on the porting project. Most of the work centered on the porting project. Most of the work centered on emulating the BBN pager hardware in a emulating the BBN pager hardware in a combination of software and the KI-10's simpler combination of software and the KI-10's simpler hardware. The speed of the KI-10 compared to the hardware. The speed of the KI-10 compared to the PDP-6 made this possible. Additionally the porting PDP-6 made this possible. Additionally the porting effort required a number of new effort required a number of new device drivers to to support the newer backing store devices being support the newer backing store devices being used.used.

RSTS/ERSTS/E

RSTSRSTS (pronounced as "RIST-ess" or "RIST-uhs") is a (pronounced as "RIST-ess" or "RIST-uhs") is a multi-usermulti-user time-sharingtime-sharing operating systemoperating system, , developed by developed by Digital Equipment Corporation ("DEC"), (now part of ("DEC"), (now part of Hewlett Packard) for the ) for the PDP-11 series of series of 16-bit minicomputers. The first . The first version of RSTS (RSTS-11, version of RSTS (RSTS-11, Version 1) was ) was implemented in 1970 by DEC implemented in 1970 by DEC software engineers that developed the that developed the TSS-8 time-sharing operating time-sharing operating system for the system for the PDP-8. The last version of RSTS . The last version of RSTS (RSTS/E, (RSTS/E, Version 10.1) was released in September of ) was released in September of 1992. RSTS-11 and RSTS/E are usually referred to 1992. RSTS-11 and RSTS/E are usually referred to just as "RSTS" and this article will generally use the just as "RSTS" and this article will generally use the shorter form.shorter form.

RSX-11RSX-11

RSX-11RSX-11 is a family of is a family of real-time real-time operating systemsoperating systems mainly for mainly for PDP-11PDP-11 computers created by computers created by Digital Digital Equipment CorporationEquipment Corporation (DEC), common (DEC), common in the late 1970s and early 1980s. in the late 1970s and early 1980s. RSX-11D first appeared on the PDP-RSX-11D first appeared on the PDP-11/40 in 1972. It was designed for and 11/40 in 1972. It was designed for and much used in process control, but was much used in process control, but was also popular for program development.also popular for program development.

FujitsuFujitsu

Towns OSTowns OS

The Fujitsu The Fujitsu Towns OSTowns OS was a color was a color Graphical User Interface desktop + desktop + mouse type similar to mouse type similar to Microsoft Windows and and Macintosh GUIs and designed GUIs and designed specifically for the proprietary specifically for the proprietary FM Towns PC architecture. It was bootable from its PC architecture. It was bootable from its CD media in 1989, something the CD media in 1989, something the standard CD-ROM drive in every standard CD-ROM drive in every FM Towns computer made possible. computer made possible.

  

Green Hills Green Hills SoftwareSoftware

INTEGRITY-178BINTEGRITY-178B

178B178B is a royalty-free is a royalty-free ARINC ARINC-653-1––compliant compliant real-time operating system (RTOS) (RTOS) manufactured and marketed by manufactured and marketed by Green Hills Software. It is a subset of the securely . It is a subset of the securely partitioned partitioned INTEGRITY real-time operating system. It real-time operating system. It targets demanding, safety-critical applications targets demanding, safety-critical applications containing multiple programs with different levels of containing multiple programs with different levels of safety criticality, all executing on a single processor. safety criticality, all executing on a single processor. (The "178B" indicates conformance to (The "178B" indicates conformance to DO-178B.).)

Integrity-178B is used in several military jets such Integrity-178B is used in several military jets such as the as the F-16, , F-22, and , and F-35, as well as the , as well as the commercial airframes commercial airframes Airbus A380 and and Boeing 787..[1]

INTEGRITYINTEGRITY is a is a real-time operating system (RTOS) produced and (RTOS) produced and

marketed by marketed by Green Hills Software. It is . It is royalty-free, , POSIX-certified, and intended for use in -certified, and intended for use in embedded systems needing reliability, availability, and fault tolerance. It is needing reliability, availability, and fault tolerance. It is built atop the built atop the velOSity microkernel and is intended mainly and is intended mainly for modern 32- or for modern 32- or 64-bit embedded system designs that embedded system designs that support an support an MMU. INTEGRITY uses hardware . INTEGRITY uses hardware memory protection to isolate and protect itself and user to isolate and protect itself and user tasks from incorrect operation caused by accidental tasks from incorrect operation caused by accidental errors or malicious tampering. Supported platforms errors or malicious tampering. Supported platforms include variants of include variants of ARM and and XScale, , Blackfin, , Freescale ColdFire, , MIPS, , PowerPC, and , and x86 computer computer architectures. There is also architectures. There is also INTEGRITY-178B, a certifiable , a certifiable version for Safety-Critical applications.version for Safety-Critical applications.

Real-time operating Real-time operating systems (RTOS)systems (RTOS)

INTEGRITY is a is a POSIX-certified-certified[2] royalty-free royalty-free[3]

real-time operating system intended for use in embedded intended for use in embedded systems requiring reliability and systems requiring reliability and fault tolerance..[1]

INTEGRITY-178B is an is an ARINC-653-1–compliant real-–compliant real-time operating system for applications containing time operating system for applications containing multiple programs with different levels of safety multiple programs with different levels of safety criticality, all executing on a single processor.criticality, all executing on a single processor.[4]

velOSity, a royalty-free real-time operating system , a royalty-free real-time operating system for processors without a full for processors without a full memory management unit..[5]

µ-velOSity, a real-time , a real-time microkernel for resource- for resource-

constrained devicesconstrained devices..

Hewlet pakard Hewlet pakard

MPEMPE ( (Multi-Programming Multi-Programming ExecutiveExecutive) )

is an late 1970/early 1980s era business-oriented is an late 1970/early 1980s era business-oriented minicomputer operating system made by made by Hewlett-Packard..

It runs the It runs the HP 3000 family computers, which originally family computers, which originally used HP custom used HP custom CISC CPUs and were later migrated to and were later migrated to PA-RISC. The original version of MPE was written in . The original version of MPE was written in SPL; later the name of the OS was changed to SPL; later the name of the OS was changed to MPE/iXMPE/iX to indicate to indicate Unix interoperability. The product line is in interoperability. The product line is in deep maintenance mode as of 2003deep maintenance mode as of 2003[update] - or mature - or mature as HP likes to call this - and will be completely ended as HP likes to call this - and will be completely ended in a few years; the user-base is much smaller than in a few years; the user-base is much smaller than that of its old competitors that of its old competitors OS/400 and and VMS and no and no further product introductions are expected.further product introductions are expected.

HP-UXHP-UX HP-UX 11iHP-UX 11i (Hewlett Packard UniX) is (Hewlett Packard UniX) is

Hewlett-Packard's 's proprietary implementation of implementation of the the Unix operating system, based on , based on System V (initially (initially System III). It runs on the HP 9000 ). It runs on the HP 9000 PA-RISC-based range of -based range of processors and HP and HP Integrity Integrity Intel's 's Itanium-based systems, and was -based systems, and was also available for later also available for later Apollo/Domain systems. systems. Earlier versions also ran on the Earlier versions also ran on the HP 9000 Series Series 200, 300, and 400 computer systems based on 200, 300, and 400 computer systems based on the the Motorola 68000 series of processors, as well series of processors, as well as the as the HP 9000 Series 500 computers based on Series 500 computers based on HP's proprietary HP's proprietary FOCUS processor architecture. processor architecture.

IntelIntel

RMXRMX iRMXiRMX is a is a real-time operating system designed designed

specifically for use with the specifically for use with the Intel 8080 and and Intel 8086 family of processors. It is an acronym family of processors. It is an acronym for for Real-time Multitasking eXecutiveReal-time Multitasking eXecutive. . Intel developed iRMX in the late 1970s and originally developed iRMX in the late 1970s and originally released it in 1980 to support and create released it in 1980 to support and create demand for their processors and Multibus demand for their processors and Multibus system platforms.system platforms.[1]

Effective 2000 iRMX is supported, maintained, Effective 2000 iRMX is supported, maintained, and licensed worldwide by and licensed worldwide by TenAsys Corporation, , under an exclusive licensing arrangement with under an exclusive licensing arrangement with Intel..

iRMX variantsiRMX variants

Several variations of iRMX have been developed Several variations of iRMX have been developed since its original introduction on the since its original introduction on the Intel 8080: : iRMX I, II and III, iRMX-86, iRMX-286, DOS-RMX, iRMX I, II and III, iRMX-86, iRMX-286, DOS-RMX, iRMX for Windows, and, most recently, INtime. iRMX for Windows, and, most recently, INtime. While many of the original variants of iRMX are While many of the original variants of iRMX are still in use, only iRMX III, iRMX for Windows, and still in use, only iRMX III, iRMX for Windows, and INtime are currently supported for the INtime are currently supported for the development of new real-time applications. development of new real-time applications. Each of these three supported variants of iRMX Each of these three supported variants of iRMX require an require an Intel 80386 equivalent or higher equivalent or higher processor to run.processor to run.

DOS-RMXDOS-RMX DOS-RMX is a variant of the standalone iRMX DOS-RMX is a variant of the standalone iRMX

operating system designed to allow two operating operating system designed to allow two operating systems to share a single hardware platform. In systems to share a single hardware platform. In simplest terms, simplest terms, MS-DOS and iRMX operate and iRMX operate concurrently on a single concurrently on a single IBM PC compatible computer, where iRMX tasks (processes) have computer, where iRMX tasks (processes) have scheduling priority over the DOS kernel, interrupts, scheduling priority over the DOS kernel, interrupts, and applications. iRMX events (e.g., hardware and applications. iRMX events (e.g., hardware interrupts) pre-empt the DOS kernel to insure that interrupts) pre-empt the DOS kernel to insure that tasks can respond to real-time events in a time-tasks can respond to real-time events in a time-deterministic manner. In a functional sense, DOS-deterministic manner. In a functional sense, DOS-RMX is the predecessor to iRMX for Windows and RMX is the predecessor to iRMX for Windows and INtime..

IBMIBM

OriginsOrigins IBM originally intended that System/360 should have only one IBM originally intended that System/360 should have only one

batch-oriented operating system, OS/360.batch-oriented operating system, OS/360.[2] It also intended to It also intended to supply a separate supply a separate timesharing operating system, operating system, TSS/360. . There are at least two accounts of why IBM eventually decided There are at least two accounts of why IBM eventually decided to produce other, simpler batch-oriented operating systems: to produce other, simpler batch-oriented operating systems: because it found that OS/360 would not fit into the limited because it found that OS/360 would not fit into the limited memory available on the smaller System/360 models;memory available on the smaller System/360 models;[3] or or because it realized that the development of OS/360 would take because it realized that the development of OS/360 would take much longer than expected. IBM introduced a series of stop-much longer than expected. IBM introduced a series of stop-gaps to prevent System/360 hardware sales from collapsing—gaps to prevent System/360 hardware sales from collapsing—first first BOS/360 (Basic Operating System, for the smallest, card- (Basic Operating System, for the smallest, card-only machines), then only machines), then TOS/360 (Tape Operating System, for (Tape Operating System, for machines with only tape drives), and finally machines with only tape drives), and finally DOS/360 (Disk (Disk Operating System), which became a mainstream operating Operating System), which became a mainstream operating system and is the ancestor of today's widely used system and is the ancestor of today's widely used z/VSE..[4][3]

DOS/360 and successorsDOS/360 and successors

Disk Operating System/360Disk Operating System/360, also , also DOS/360DOS/360, or , or simply simply DOSDOS, was an , was an operating system for for IBM mainframes. It was announced by . It was announced by IBM on the last on the last day of 1964, and it was first delivered in June 1966.day of 1964, and it was first delivered in June 1966.[1]

DOS/VSDOS/VS was further development, released in was further development, released in 1972, , as the as the virtual memory mechanism became available mechanism became available on new on new System/370 series hardware. series hardware.

IBM later released DOS/VSE, then VSE/ESA, and then IBM later released DOS/VSE, then VSE/ESA, and then z/VSE, which is the most current version since , which is the most current version since 2005. . In its time DOS was the most widely used operating In its time DOS was the most widely used operating system in the world;system in the world;[2] its successor z/VSE is still its successor z/VSE is still widely used as of 2006widely used as of 2006[update]..[3]

Unix-likeUnix-likeA A Unix-likeUnix-like (sometimes shortened to (sometimes shortened to

*nix*nix to circumvent to circumvent trademark issues) issues) operating system is one that is one that behaves in a manner similar to a behaves in a manner similar to a Unix system, while not necessarily system, while not necessarily conforming to or being certified to conforming to or being certified to any version of the any version of the Single UNIX Specification..

MTS systems MTS systems CorporationCorporation

MTS Systems CorporationMTS Systems Corporation ( (NASDAQ: : MTSC) is a testing and sensing solutions company ) is a testing and sensing solutions company located in located in Eden Prairie, , Minnesota, a , a southwest suburb of southwest suburb of Minneapolis..

MTS is a leading provider of mechanical test MTS is a leading provider of mechanical test systems, material testing, fatigue testing and systems, material testing, fatigue testing and tensile testing services as well as motion tensile testing services as well as motion simulation system and calibration services. simulation system and calibration services. Examples of MTS products include hydraulic Examples of MTS products include hydraulic actuators, actuators, rolling road simulators, shaker , shaker tables, and medical testing equipment.tables, and medical testing equipment.

TSS/360TSS/360The IBM Time Sharing System The IBM Time Sharing System

TSS/360TSS/360 was an early was an early time-sharing operating system which ran on a which ran on a special model of the special model of the System/360 line of line of mainframes, the mainframes, the Model 67. Introduced . Introduced in 1967, it implemented a number of in 1967, it implemented a number of novel features which eventually saw novel features which eventually saw daylight in more popular systems such daylight in more popular systems such as as Multics and and VM/CMS..

MUSIC/SPMUSIC/SPMUSIC/SPMUSIC/SP (Multi-User System for (Multi-User System for

Interactive Computing / System Product; Interactive Computing / System Product; originally "McGill University System for originally "McGill University System for Interactive Computing") was developed at Interactive Computing") was developed at McGill University in the late 1960s from an in the late 1960s from an IBM system called RAX (Remote Access). system called RAX (Remote Access). The system ran on IBM The system ran on IBM S/360, , S/370, and , and 4300-series mainframe hardware, and hardware, and offered novel features (for the time) such as offered novel features (for the time) such as file access control and file access control and data compression. .

IBM Series/1IBM Series/1

Marine Corps Series/1 computer in a field configuration.

Marine Corps Series/1 computer set up for use

The The IBM Series/1IBM Series/1 computer was a was a 16-bit minicomputer, introduced in 1976, that in , introduced in 1976, that in many respects competed with other many respects competed with other minicomputers of the time, such as the minicomputers of the time, such as the PDP-11 from from Digital Equipment Corporation and similar offerings from and similar offerings from Data General and and HP. The Series/1 was typically used to . The Series/1 was typically used to control and operate external electro-control and operate external electro-mechanical components while also allowing mechanical components while also allowing for primitive data storage and handling.for primitive data storage and handling.

DOS/VSDOS/VSDOS/VS is the successor to the DOS/360. It DOS/VS is the successor to the DOS/360. It

added the virtual storage capability through added the virtual storage capability through a fixed a fixed page table which strictly mapped which strictly mapped the real storage with fixed page table the real storage with fixed page table entries. Since the DOS/VS system entries. Since the DOS/VS system maintained the small system memory maintained the small system memory scheme limited to 16 megabytes for all scheme limited to 16 megabytes for all partitions combined, user programs and partitions combined, user programs and online systems were small and less complex online systems were small and less complex than those found on systems using than those found on systems using MVT and and its successors.its successors.

CP/CMSCP/CMS CP/CMSCP/CMS was a was a time-sharing operating system of the late of the late

60s and early 70s, known for its excellent performance 60s and early 70s, known for its excellent performance and advanced features. It had three distinct versions:and advanced features. It had three distinct versions:

CP-40/CMS, an important "one-off" research system that /CMS, an important "one-off" research system that established the CP/CMS established the CP/CMS virtual machine architecture architecture

CP-67/CMS, a reimplementation of CP-40/CMS for the /CMS, a reimplementation of CP-40/CMS for the IBM System/360-67, and the primary focus of this article , and the primary focus of this article

CP-370/CMS, a reimplementation of CP-67/CMS for the /CMS, a reimplementation of CP-67/CMS for the System/370 – never released as such, but instead – never released as such, but instead becoming the foundation of IBM's becoming the foundation of IBM's VM/370 operating operating system (announced in 1972 and still in use) system (announced in 1972 and still in use)

CP/CMS as free softwareCP/CMS as free software CP/CMS was distributed in CP/CMS was distributed in source code form, and form, and

many CP/CMS users were actively involved in many CP/CMS users were actively involved in studying and modifying that source code. Such direct studying and modifying that source code. Such direct user involvement with a vendor-supplied operating user involvement with a vendor-supplied operating system was unusual.system was unusual.

In the CP/CMS era, many vendors distributed In the CP/CMS era, many vendors distributed operating systems in machine-readable source code. operating systems in machine-readable source code. It is possible that It is possible that OS/360, , DOS/360, and a number of , and a number of later "mainstream" IBM operating systems were later "mainstream" IBM operating systems were distributed in this way; at any rate, their source code distributed in this way; at any rate, their source code was certainly available in was certainly available in microfiche form, and was form, and was widely used by systems programmers at customer widely used by systems programmers at customer sites.sites.

IBM System/38IBM System/38

The The System/38System/38 was a was a midrange computer server platform manufactured and sold by the manufactured and sold by the IBM Corporation. The system offered a Corporation. The system offered a number of innovative features, and was number of innovative features, and was the brainchild of the brainchild of IBM engineer Dr. Frank Soltis. Developed under the . Developed under the code-name "Pacific", the System/38 was code-name "Pacific", the System/38 was commercially available in August 1979.commercially available in August 1979.

IBM System iIBM System i

The The IBM System iIBM System i is IBM's previous generation of is IBM's previous generation of systems designed for systems designed for IBM i users, and was subsequently users, and was subsequently replaced by the replaced by the IBM Power Systems in April 2008. in April 2008.

In 2006, the platform was rebranded to In 2006, the platform was rebranded to System iSystem i as as part of IBM's Systems branding initiative. Previously it part of IBM's Systems branding initiative. Previously it was known as was known as eServer iSerieseServer iSeries in 2000 and before that in 2000 and before that it was introduced as it was introduced as AS/400AS/400 in 1988. in 1988.

In April 2008 IBM announced its integration with the In April 2008 IBM announced its integration with the System p platform. The unified product line is called platform. The unified product line is called IBM Power Systems and features support for the and features support for the IBM i (previously known as i5/OS or OS/400), (previously known as i5/OS or OS/400), AIX and and Linux operating systems. Previous hardware ran OS/400 operating systems. Previous hardware ran OS/400 exclusively.exclusively.

UnixUnixUnixUnix (officially trademarked as (officially trademarked as UNIXUNIX, ,

sometimes also written as UNIX with sometimes also written as UNIX with small caps) is a computer ) is a computer operating system originally developed in 1969 by a group of originally developed in 1969 by a group of AT&T employees at employees at Bell Labs, including , including Ken Thompson, , Dennis Ritchie, , Douglas McIlroy, and , and Joe Ossanna. Today's . Today's Unix systems are split into various branches, Unix systems are split into various branches, developed over time by AT&T as well as developed over time by AT&T as well as various commercial vendors and various commercial vendors and non-profit organizations.organizations.

IBM Personal IBM Personal ComputerComputer

The The IBM Personal ComputerIBM Personal Computer, commonly known as the , commonly known as the IBM PCIBM PC, is the original version and progenitor of the , is the original version and progenitor of the IBM PC compatible hardware hardware platform. It is . It is IBM model model number number 51505150, and was introduced on August 12, 1981. , and was introduced on August 12, 1981. It was created by a team of engineers and designers It was created by a team of engineers and designers under the direction of under the direction of Don Estridge of the IBM Entry of the IBM Entry Systems Division in Systems Division in Boca Raton, Florida..

Alongside "Alongside "microcomputer" and "" and "home computer," the ," the term "personal computer" was already in use before term "personal computer" was already in use before 1981. It was used as early as 1972 to characterize 1981. It was used as early as 1972 to characterize Xerox PARC's Alto. However, because of the success of Xerox PARC's Alto. However, because of the success of the IBM Personal Computer, the term came to mean the IBM Personal Computer, the term came to mean more specifically a microcomputer compatible with more specifically a microcomputer compatible with IBM's PC products.IBM's PC products.

International Computers International Computers LimitedLimited

International Computers LtdInternational Computers Ltd, or , or ICLICL, , was a large British computer hardware, was a large British computer hardware, computer software and computer computer software and computer services company that operated from services company that operated from 1968 until 2002, when it was renamed 1968 until 2002, when it was renamed Fujitsu Services Limited after its parent Fujitsu Services Limited after its parent company, Fujitsu. The company's most company, Fujitsu. The company's most successful product line was the ICL successful product line was the ICL 2900 Series range of mainframe 2900 Series range of mainframe computerscomputers

Origins of ICLOrigins of ICL International Computers Ltd was formed in International Computers Ltd was formed in

1968 as a part of the Industrial Expansion 1968 as a part of the Industrial Expansion Act of the Wilson Labour Government. ICL Act of the Wilson Labour Government. ICL was an initiative of Tony Benn, the was an initiative of Tony Benn, the Minister of Technology, to create a British Minister of Technology, to create a British computer industry that could compete computer industry that could compete with major world manufacturers like IBM. with major world manufacturers like IBM. ICL represented the last step in a series of ICL represented the last step in a series of mergers that had taken place in the mergers that had taken place in the industry since the late 1950s.industry since the late 1950s.

International Computers International Computers and Tabulators (ICT)and Tabulators (ICT)

ICT was itself the result of a merger of two ICT was itself the result of a merger of two UK companies that had competed with each UK companies that had competed with each other throughout the 1930s and 1940s other throughout the 1930s and 1940s during the punch card era: British during the punch card era: British Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) and Tabulating Machine Company (BTM) and Powers-Samas. ICT had thus emerged with Powers-Samas. ICT had thus emerged with equipment that would process data encoded equipment that would process data encoded on punched cards - 40, 80 or 160 column on punched cards - 40, 80 or 160 column cards in the case of ICT, compared to the 64 cards in the case of ICT, compared to the 64 or 80 column cards used by IBM and its or 80 column cards used by IBM and its predecessors.predecessors.

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