group behavior in biologyusers.cecs.anu.edu.au/~bradyu/papercollection/swarm05/...swarms 3 why be in...
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Group Behavior in Biology
David K. Skelly
www.swarms.org
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Why be in a group?
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Why be in a group?
l Virtually all animals exist in groups for part of their life history
l Many live in groups for virtually their entire lives
Why be alone? Group behavior is the norm.
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Why be in a group?
l Survivall Growth/Developmentl Reproduction
Combine to yield Evolutionary Fitness
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Group Size Benefit
l Group size enhances bobwhite survival
Williams et al. 2003
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Group Size Cost
l Group size decreases bobwhite foraging success
Williams et al. 2003
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Group Size: Tradeoff
l Optimal group size balances costs and benefits
l Should be in a group only if member fitness exceeds solitary fitness
Higashi and Yamamura 1993
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Group size: an evolutionary basis
l Cliff swallow offspring choose colony sizes matched to their parents choices
l Confirmed in Cross Fostering Experiment
Brown and Brown 2000
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Biological Function in Groups
l Task allocationl Information sharing/Learningl Protectionl Enhance kin fitness
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Biological Function in Groups
l Task allocationl Information sharing/Learningl Protectionl Enhance kin fitness
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Biological Function in Groups
l Task allocationl Information sharing/Learningl Protectionl Enhance kin fitness
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Biological Function in Groups
l Task allocationl Information sharing/Learningl Protectionl Enhance kin fitness
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Group Size Benefit
l Group size enhances bobwhite survival
Williams et al. 2003
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Group Size Benefit
l Group size enhances bobwhite survival
Williams et al. 2003
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Biological Function in Groups
l Task allocationl Information sharing/Learningl Protectionl Enhance kin fitness
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l Task allocationl Information sharing/Learningl Protectionl Enhance kin fitness
l Coincident with goall Seeking Warmer Temperature
l Byproduct of sessile lifestylel Embryos in clutch
Soc
ial
Aso
cial
Biological Function in Groups
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Aggregations in Tadpoles
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Aggregation Sampling
5 m
= sampling point
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Aggregation Sampling
5 m
= sampling point
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Aggregations in Tadpoles
0
1
2
3
4
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
West-East
Sou
th-N
orth
XXX
XX
X
Density (18-445/m 2)
X Zero density
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Aggregations in Tadpoles
XXX
XX
X
Light [Global Site Factor]
Density
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Location & Performance
Wild Caught
Cage Experiment
Freidenburg in prep.
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Kin Recognition in Tadpoles
Halverson, Skelly & Caccone in prep.
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FatherMotherEgg MassEmbryo
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Kin Recognition in Tadpoles
Halverson, Skelly & Caccone in prep.
FencePond
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Kin Recognition in Tadpoles
Kin attraction
Pairs of tadpolesfrom the same pipeare more related thanthose from distant samples.
Halverson, Skelly & Caccone in prep.
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Kin Recognition in Tadpoles
Halverson, Skelly & Caccone in prep.
Kin “repulsion”
Pairs of tadpolesfrom the same pipeare less related thanthose from distant samples.
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Tadpole Groups
l Typical of many speciesl Consequences to performancel Kin based – context dependent
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Acknowledgments
Susan Bolden Department of DefenseNancy Cothran Guggenheim FoundationKealoha Freidenburg National Institutes of HealthNicole Freidenfelds National Science FoundationAnders Halverson