History of Britain

Presented by :

Adit Diska Ridho Bintar Hilga Sery

Normandy

Plantagenet

Tudor

Stuart

Hanover

Windsor

Lancaster & York

Monarch Born and Reign Married

William Ithe Conqueror

1028, son of Robert, Duke of Normandy& Arlette of Falaise 1066-1887

Matilda of Flanders

William IIRufus

circa 1056son of William Iand Matilda of Flanders 1087-1100

Henry Icirca 1068,son of William I& Matilda of Flanders 1100-1135

(1)Edith of Scotland(2)Adelicia of Louvain

King Stephen

circa 1096son ofStephen, Count of Bloisand Adela of Normandy 1135-54

Matilda of Boulogne

Matilda

1102daughter of Henry I& Edith of Scotland 1141

Geoffrey PlantagenetCount of Anjou

The Norman Kings of England

At 1085, William the Conqueror decided to conduct a far ranging survey of his kingdom with a book named Domesday Book.

William defeated the Saxon king (Harold) at the Battle of Hastings. Hastings is a town on the south coast of England. The story of the invasion is told in pictures in the Bayeux Tapestry. This was the last time that England was successfully invaded by a foreign army.

• The dynasty lasted for three generations, through the reigns of William's two sons, William II (1087-1100) and Henry I (1100-1135), both of whom were strong and efficient rulers, until civil war engulfed England as two of his grandchildren, Stephen (1135-54) (the son of the Conqueror's youngest daughter Adela) and Matilda (only legitimate daughter of his youngest son Henry I) became locked in a bitter struggle for the English crown. ". The dynasty of Norman kings ended on the death of King Stephen in 1154.

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Monarch   Birth and Reign Married

Henry II

b.1133son of-Geoffrey, Count of Anjou& Matilda of Normandyr.1154-89

Eleanor of Aquitaine

Richard I

b. 1157son of-Henry II&Eleanor of Aquitainer. 1189-99

Berengaria of Navarre

King John

b. 1167son of-Henry II&Eleanor of Aquitainer. 1199-1216

(1)Isabel of Gloucester(2)Isabella of Angouleme

Henry III

b.1207son of-King John& Isabella of Angouleme r. 1216-72

Eleanor of Provence

Edward I

b.1239son of -Henry III&Eleanor of Provencer. 1272-1307

(1)Eleanor of Castille(2)Margaret of France

Edward II

b. 1284son of-Edward I&Eleanor of Castiller.1307-27

Isabella of France

Edward III

b1312son of-Edward II&Isabella of Francer. 1327 -77

Philipa of Hainault

Richard II

b.1367son of-Edward, the Black Prince& Joan of Kentr.1377- 99

(1Anne of Bohemia(2)Isabel of France

Henry IV

b.1366son of John of Gaunt& Blanche of Lancasterr.1399-1413

(1)Mary de Bohun (2)Joan of Navarre

Henry V

b.1387son of-Henry IV& Mary de Bohunr. 1413- 22

Catherine of Valois

Henry VI

b.1421son of-Henry V&Catherine of Valoisr 1422- 61 & 1470-71

Margaret of Anjou

Edward IV

b.1442son ofRichard Duke of York&Cecily Neviller. 1461 -70 & 1471-83

Elizabeth Woodville

Edward V

b. 1470 son of-Edward IV&Elizabeth Woodviller. 1483

Richard III

b. 1452 son of-Richard Duke of York& Cecily Neviller. 1483-85

Anne Neville

The Plantagenet (Lancaster & York) Kings of England

The system of government at that time was known as the feudal system. The king owned all the land, but divided this between barons and the Church.

The House of Plantagenet

The barons had their own private armies, and agreed to pay taxes and fight for the king. They lived in manors. The private armies which they controlled were led by trained soldiers known as knights, who would ride horses and wear metal suits of armour to protect themselves in battle.

Yeomen were farmers, who were free but had to do some work for the baron. And Serfs (peasants) were owned by the baron and had to provide food in exchange for their security. This created a class system: upper class, middle class and working class.

The Christian church became rich and powerful in England and Wales under the Normans. Many churches and cathedrals were built, including those at Chichester and Durham. The headquarters of the Church in England was at Canterbury in Kent. It made Geoffrey Chaucer wrote a famous long poem about the stories of people travelling to the town with title The Canterbury Tales.

The Pope (based in Rome) was the leader of the Christian church in Europe. The lands around Jerusalem were regarded as holy by Christians. This area was controlled by Arabs during the time of the Dark Ages. The Pope ordered Christians to go there to attack the Turks, and there were a number of wars known as the Crusades.The dynasty produced such varied characters as the energetic Henry II, and his legendary son, Richard the Lionheart, who lead the Third Crusade against Saladin into the Holy Land

The legend of Robin Hood is based on this period of history, during the time when Richard the First was away from England fighting the Third Crusade

In this era the power of the king was limited by an agreement known as the Magna Carta in about 1200: this was the starting point of the system of democracy and of the legal system in BritainA parliament was later established. The early kings

used to call meetings of barons and bishops (this became the House of Lords), but a second assembly was also created which included local representatives (this became the House of Commons).

England and France spent many years fighting each other, especially in the period known as the Hundred Years War. At one time England ruled almost all of France, helped by victories at the battles of Crécy in the time of Edward the Third and Agincourt in the time of Henry the Fifth

France rebellion against the English was led by Joan of Arc, and by the end of the middle Ages the English had lost nearly all of the land in France.Peasant's Revolt happened when the king tried to

increase taxes to pay for the war against France, then peasants attacked their lords and marched to London, asking for higher wages and their freedom. Although the king promised to help them, the leaders of the revolt were killed after they returned home.

• The Black Death was a disease carried by rats which spread through much of Europe. About a third of the population of Britain were killed by this, with England being affected particularly badly. This meant there were fewer serfs (peasants) to farm the land, and those who survived had to work harder for no extra benefit.

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The later Plantagenets became divided into the House of Lancaster and House of York which descended through different sons of King Edward III.

There were a series of battles between the House of York (whose family symbol was a white rose) and the House of Lancaster (whose family symbol was a red rose), the leaders of which both wanted to rule England. These fights were known as the Wars of the Roses.

The final result was a victory for Lancaster's Henry Tudor (Henry the Seventh) at Bosworth Field. He ended the fighting between the families by marrying a member of the House of York. This was the start of the Tudor period.

Lancaster & York

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Monarch   Reign Married

Henry VII

b. 1457son of Edmund TudorEarl of Richmond&Margaret Beaufortr. 1485-1509

Elizabeth of York

Henry VIII

b. 1491son of-Henry VII& Elizabeth of Yorkr. 1509 -1547

(I)Catherine of Aragon(2)Anne Boleyn(3)Jane Semour(4)Anne of Cleves(5)Catherine Howard(2)Catherine Parr

Edward VI

b.1537son of-Henry VIII& Jane Seymourr. 1547-1553

Jane Grey

b.1537daughter of-Henry Grey, Duke of Suffolk& Frances Brandonr. 1553

Guildford Dudley

Mary I

b.1516daughter of-Henry VIII& Catherine of Aragonr. 1553 - 1558

Phillip II of Spain

Elizabeth I

b.1533daughter of -Henry VIII& Anne Boleynr. 1558-1603

The Tudor Kings of England

Henry the Eighth was married to Catherine of Aragon, but only had one daughter (Mary) in 18 years of marriage. Henry wanted to divorce Catherine so that he could have a son, but the Pope refused to allow this. He therefore created a separate Church which did not regard the Pope as its leader. He married Anne Boleyn, but she produced another daughter (Elizabeth). He accused her of having a love affair and she was killed (beheaded). He married Jane Seymour and had a son (Edward), but she died. He married a German princess called Anne of Cleaves, but didn't like her and had the marriage cancelled. Next he married Catherine Howard, but she had a love affair and was killed (beheaded). His sixth wife Catherine Parr managed to live longer than Henry.

The male line of the Plantagenets became extinct with the execution in 1499 of Edward, Earl of Warwick, the son of George, Duke of Clarence, in the reign of Henry VII, the first Tudor.

Henry VIII’ wives :"Divorced, beheaded, died; divorced, beheaded,

survived”

1. After Henry the Eighth died and Edward the Sixth became king, the Protestant faith began to become established in England.

2. When Edward died, Mary the First became Queen and tried to convert the country back to the Catholic Church, killing many people who refused: for this reason she is often known as Bloody Mary. She was married to the Spanish King Philip the Second.

3. Elizabeth the First became queen after Mary died. She restored the Protestant religion and the Church of England became established.

4. Sir Walter Raleigh went to America and established a new colony there called Virginia (named after Elizabeth, who was called the Virgin Queen because she never married)

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Monarch   Reign Married

James I & VI

b.1566son of-Henry StuartLord Darnley& Mary Queen ofScotsr.1603-1625

Anne of Denmark

Charles I

b.1600son of-James I& Anne of Denmarkr.1625-49

Henrietta Maria of France

Charles II

b.1630son of-Charles I&Henrietta Mariaof Francer.1660-1685

Catherine of Braganza

James II & VII

b.1633son of-Charles I&Henrietta Mariaof Francer.1685-1701

(1)Anne Hyde (2)Mary of Modena

William III

b.1650son of-William II of Orange&Mary of Gt Britainr.1688-1702

Mary II

Mary II

b.1662daughter ofJames II& Anne Hyder.1688-94

William III

Queen Anne

b.1664daughter ofJames II& Anne Hyder.1702-1714

George of Denmark

The Stuart Kings of England

James the First became the English king of house of stuart after Elizabeth died. He was already the king of Scotland, and united Scotland with England and Wales James the first tried to force

Catholics to go to Protestant churches. A group of Catholics planned to blow up the Houses of Parliament when James was there (on 5th November 1605)this was known as the Gunpowder Plot. But the plan was discovered and one of the group called Guy Fawkes was caught and burnt alive. On the 5th November every year, people celebrate the failure of the Gunpowder Plot by burning a straw man on a fire, and a display of fireworks.

The next king was Charles the First. He argued with Parliament, particularly about taxes.

Many people in the Parliament were Puritans, who wanted the Church of England to adopt a simpler style of worship without bishops and formal ceremonies. Some Puritans known as the Pilgrim Fathers travelled to America to Massachusetts to follow their own religion freely. There were more disagreements,

and fighting began between Royalists (known as Cavaliers) who supported the king, and Parliamentarians (known as Roundheads) who supported Parliament. This was known as the English Civil War. One of the main leaders of the

Roundheads was Oliver Cromwell (his statue can be seen in Parliament Square in London, opposite the Houses of Parliament)

In 1665 there was another spread of disease in London and the south of England known as the Great Plague, and then in 1666 much of London was destroyed by the Great Fire of London.

Charles' brother became the next king, James the Second. He was a Catholic and tried to change some of the laws against people who were not ProtestantsJames became unpopular and was replaced by

William and Mary (Mary was James' daughter and William of Orange was her husband, a Dutch Protestant prince).

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The Hanover Kings of EnglandMonarch   Birth & Reign Married

George I

b.1660son of -Ernest AugustusElector of Hanover&Sophia of the Palatiner.1714 -1727

Sophia Dorothea of Celle

George II

b.1683son of-George I& Sophia Dorotheaof Celler.1727-1760

Caroline of Anspach

George III

b.1738son of-FrederickPrince of Wales& Augusta of Saxe-Gothar.1760-1820

Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz

George IV

b.1762son of-George III& Charlotte of Mecklenberg-Strelitzr.1820 -!830

Caroline of Brunswick

William IV

b.1765son of-George III& Charlotte of Mecklenberg-Strelitzr.1830-1837

Adelaide of Saxe-Meiningen

Queen Victoria

b.1818daughter of-Edward Duke of Kent& Victoire of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfieldr.1837-1901

Albert of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha

During the reign of queen Anne, Scotland, England and Wales united, creating Great Britain. Anne had 17 children but they all died as babies or children. Her nearest Protestant relative was George from the House of Hanover, in northern Germany. For over 100 years (from 1714 until 1830) all of the kings were called George: George I, George II, George III and George IV. This is known as the Georgian period.

During this time the Parliament in Westminster became increasingly powerful. The role of Prime Minister was established. The first and longest serving Prime Minister was Walpole

The two main political parties during the Georgian period were the Tories (who usually supported the King) and the Whigs (who usually supported the rights of the land-owners and Parliament).

George the Third died in 1820. The Prince Regent (his eldest son) became George the Fourth. Ten years later he died and his brother became William the Fourth. (1765-1837)

Farming methods were greatly improved: this is known as the Agricultural Revolution. The Industrial

Revolution began in Great Britain: new machines were invented to make clothes.

Railways were built throughout Britain.

THE VICTORIAN AGEVictoria became Queen in 1837

when she was 18 years old, and married a German prince called Albert three years later.

Prince Albert died in 1861. After Albert's death, Victoria always dressed in black

The Victoria Monument in front of Buckingham Palace was built to remember Queen Victoria, who died in 1901.

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There were many advances in science during the Victorian period. And many famous novels were written during this time.

Monarch Reign Married

Edward VII

b.1841son ofAlbert ofSaxe-Coburg-Gotha&Queen Victoriar.1901-1910

Alexandra of Denmark

George V

b.1865son of-EdwardVII&Alexandra of Denmarkr.1910-36

Mary of Teck

Edward VIII ;

b.1894son of-George V&Mary of Teckr.1936

Wallis Warfield Simpson

George VI

b.1895son of-George V& Mary of Teckr.1936-52

Lady Elizabeth Bowes Lyon

Elizabeth II

b.1926daughter of-George VI&Elizabeth Bowes-Lyonr.1952-

Phillip Mountbatten, Duke of Edinburgh

The Windsor Kings of England

The House of Windsor has produced four British sovereigns, George V (1910-1936), his son Edward VIII (1936) , who abdicated the throne to marry the twice divorced American Wallis Warfield Simpson in favor of his brother George VI (1936-52) and the present Queen, Elizabeth II.

The House of Windsor came into being in 1917, when King George V, formerly of the House of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, concerned that his Germanic sounding surname would alienate his British subjects at the height of German xenophobia during World War I, changed the name of his dynasty to the more English sounding, Windsor.

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