ground-water movement and effects of …strip mining of coal has a significant effect on the...
TRANSCRIPT
GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT AND EFFECTS OF COAL STRIP MINING ON WATER QUALITY OF
HIGH-WALL LAKES AND AQUIFERS IN THE MACON-HUNTSVILLE AREA, NORTH-CENTRAL
MISSOURI
By Dennis C. Hall and Robert E. Davis
U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Water-Resources Investigations Report 85-4102
Rolla, Missouri
1986
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
Donald Paul Hodel, Secretary
GEOLOGICAL SURVEY
Dallas L. Peck, Director
For additional write to:
information Copies of this report can be purchased from:
District ChiefU.S. Geological Survey1400 Independence RoadMail Stop 200Rolla, Missouri 65401
Open-File Services Section Western Distribution Branch Box 25425, Federal Center Denver, Colorado 80225 Telephone: (303) 236-7476
n
CONTENTSPage
Abstract - 1
Introduction- 2
Purpose and scope 2
Previous investigations- - 7
Physiography and drainage 7
Climate 7
Coal mining in Missouri - 7
Acknowledgments 9
Geology 9
Stratigraphy 9
Mineralogy 13
Ground-water movement 13
Transmissivity - 13
Recharge and discharge 19
Potentiometric surface- 20
General geochemical processes affecting ground-water quality 27
Effects of strip mining on water quality of high-wall lakes andaquifers 28
Summary - 60
References 62
Supplemental data --- 64
Figures 1.-4. Maps showing:
ILLUSTRATIONS
Page
1. Location of study area, spoil areas, and wellsoutside of spoil areas ~ 3
2. Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, andmiscellaneous lakes in 1940 spoil 4
3. Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, andmiscellaneous lakes in 1952 spoil 5
4. Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, andmiscellaneous lakes in 1968 spoil 6
Figure 5. Graph showing precipitation at Macon, May 1981through December 1983 8
6. Generalized lithologic section through an abandonedstrip mine- 10
7. Generalized stratigraphy of study area- 11
8. Map showing Pennsylvanian bedrock in the studyarea 12
9. Map showing potentiometric surface in shallowaquifers in parts of Macon, Randolph, and Chariton Counties, summers 1981 and 1982 21
10. Map showing potentiometric surface of shallowaquifers in 1940 spoil, summer 1983 22
11. Map showing potentiometric surface of shallowaquifers in 1952 and 1968 spoil, summer 1983 23
Figures 12.-14. Graphs showing:
12. Altitude of water surfaces in wells and lakes in1940 spoil, May 1981 through December 1983 24
13. Altitude of water surfaces in wells and lakes in1952 spoil, May 1981 through December 1983 25
14. Altitude of water surfaces in wells and lakes in1968 spoil, May 1981 through December 1983 26
ILLUSTRATIONS ContinuedPage
Figure 15. Diagram of major ions in water from 14 wells(55 analyses) completed in or near spoil and 3 high-wall lakes in or near spoil 39
16. Diagram of major ions in water from 4 wells completed in bedrock, 18 wells completed in glacial drift, and 1 lake in glacial drift, not affected by mining 40
Figures 17.-19. Graphs showing:
17. Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1940 spoil 44
18. Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, andselected chemical constituents in waterfrom four wells completed in 1952 spoil 46
19. Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1968 spoil 48
TABLESPage
Table 1. Sand-silt-clay grain-size distribution in glacial driftand spoil 14
2. Percentage of calcite and dolomite by weight in glacialdrift and spoil 15
3. Minerals selected for geochemical modeling -- 16
4. Reported transmissivities of alluvium, glacial drift, spoil, and bedrock in the Macon, Randolph, and Chariton Counties area--- 17
5. Average chemical composition of precipitation at Ashland,December 1981 to April 1982 29
6. Summary of selected properties and concentrations of chemical constituents in water from three high-wall lakes 30
7. Summary of selected properties and concentrations of chemical constituents in water from nonstrip-mine affected glacial drift 32
8. Summary of selected properties and concentrations ofchemical constituents in water from bedrock 34
9. Summary of selected properties and concentrations of chemical constituents in water from in or near spoil- 36
10. Comparison of medians of properties and selected chemical constituents in precipitation, high-wall-lake water, and well water from glacial drift, bedrock, and in or near spoil 38
11. Comparison of means of property or constituent concentration in water from spoil of different ages---------------------------------------------------- 43
12. Oxidation potential (Eh) values used in chemical -equilibrium calculations- 50
13. Summary of saturation states in water from precipitation, high-wall lakes, and wells completed in glacial drift, bedrock, and in or near spoil -- 52
14. Results of mass-balance calculations for chemical changes resulting from selected initial sources to spoil using pyrite as the parent-material source of sulfate 54
TABLES--ContinuedPage
Table 15. Results of mass-balance calculations for chemical changes resulting from selected initial sources to spoil using gypsum as the parent-material source of sulfate 57
16. Selected data pertaining to wells for which quality-of-water data were obtained 65
17. Water-quality analysis data for wells and lakes 68
18. Reported chemical compositions of water from wells notaffected by strip mining 80
19. Surface altitudes of and selected quality-of-waterdata for lakes in spoil areas 84
20. Summary of selected properties and concentrations ofchemical constituents in water from 1940 spoil 86
21. Summary of selected properties and concentrations ofchemical constituents in water from 1952 spoil 88
22. Summary of selected properties and concentrations ofchemical constituents in water from 1968 spoil 90
23. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water fromselected lakes and precipitation 92
24. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wells completed in glacial drift and bedrock not affected by strip mines 94
25. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water fromwells completed in or near spoil 97
vn
CONVERSION FACTORS
For readers who prefer to use metric units, conversion factors for terms used in this report are listed below:
Multiply inch-pound unit By To obtain metric unit
inch
inch per hour
foot
foot per mile
mile
square mile
foot squared per day
gallon
ton
gallon per minute
25.40 0.02540
0.007056
0.3048
0.1894
1.609
2.590
0.09290
3.785 0.003785
0.9072
0.06309
millimeter meter
millimeter per second
meter
meter per kilometer
kilometer
square kilometer
meter squared per day
liter or cubic decimeter cubic meter
megagram or metric ton
liter per second
Temperature in degree Celsius (°C) may be converted to degree Fahrenheit (°F) as follows: F = 9/5 °C + 32.
Temperature in degree Fahrenheit (°F) may be converted to degree Celsius (°C) as follows: °C = 5/9 (°F-32).
vm
GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT AND EFFECTS OF COAL STRIP MINING ON WATER QUALITY
OF HIGH-WALL LAKES AND AQUIFERS IN THE MACON-HUNTSVILLE AREA,
NORTH-CENTRAL MISSOURI
By Dennis C. Hall and Robert E. Davis
ABSTRACT
Glacial drift and Pennsylvan!an bedrock were mixed together forming spoil during prereclamation strip mining for coal in north-central Missouri. This restructuring of the land increases the porosity of the material, and increases aqueous concentrations of many dissolved constituents. Median sodium and bicarbonate concentrations were slightly greater, calcium 5 times greater, magnesium 6 times greater, manganese 15 times greater, iron 19 times greater, and sulfate 24 times greater in water from spoil than in water from glacial drift. Median potassium concentrations were slightly greater, and chloride concentrations were two times greater in water from glacial drift than in water from spoil. Water types in glacial drift and bedrock were mostly sodium bicarbonate and calcium bicarbonate; in spoil and lakes in the spoil, the water types were mostly calcium sulfate. Median pH values in water from spoil were 6.6, as compared to 7.4 in water from glacial drift and 9.0 in water from bedrock. Neutralization of acid by carbonate rocks causes the moderate pH values in water from spoil; a carbonate system closed to the atmosphere may result in alkaline pH values in bedrock.
Alluvium, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil are aquifers in the study area. Transmissivities general Iy are greatest for spoil, and decrease in the following order: alluvium, glacial drift, and bedrock.
Recharge to spoil is from precipitation, lateral flow from glacial drift, and lateral and vertical flow from bedrock. Precipitation probably is the major source of recharge, both directly by infiltration and indirectly as inflow from lakes. The rate of recharge to the aquifers is unknown, but probably is small. Ground-water discharge from the glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil is to alluvium, which general Iy discharges to streams.
The potentiometric surface in the shallow aquifers generally conformed to the topography. The direction of flow general Iy was from high-walI lakes in the spoil toward East Fork Little Chariton River or South Fork Claybank Creek.
Significant differences (95-percent confidence level) in values and concentrations of aqueous constituents between spoil areas mined at different times (1940, 1952, and 1968) were obtained for pH, calcium, magnesium, manganese, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids, but not for iron. These differences are attributed to local variations in the geohydrologic system rather than spoil age. The changes in water quality occurred in fewer than 12 years and have persisted for more than 40 years.
Water from high-walI lakes, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil was saturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and quartz, but only water from spoil was saturated with respect to gypsum. The difference can be attributed either to dissolution of freshly exposed gypsum or to oxidation of freshly exposed pyrite, or both, in spoil. The exposure of the minerals probably results from disturbance of the drift and bedrock overburden during mining.
The general chemical processes that occur as water moves into spoil are dissolution and precipitation of calcite, dissolution of dolomite, consumption of oxygen gas, consumption and release of carbon dioxide gas, dissolution of pyrite and gypsum, precipitation of goethite (or iron hydroxide), and release of sodium ions by ion exchange. Vtfhen all the pyrite has been consumed through oxidation, the quality of water in the spoil probably will begin to improve. How long this might take is not known.
INTRODUCTION
Strip mining of coal has a significant effect on the near-surface environment because overburden, the material above the coal, is removed successively in furrows or strips. After the first strip cut, the broken and mixed overburden from successive cuts is placed into the previous cut forming spoil. The last cut is left open and eventually may fill with water, forming a high-wall lake. Strip mining can alter both the hydraulic and geochemical characteristics of hydrologic systems in the mined area.
To administer coal-mining regulations, State and Federal agencies need to assess the probable effects of strip mining on the movement and quality of ground water. However, to date (1984), information about the effects has been insufficient to make these assessments.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of this study was to describe the ground-water hydrology and general geochemical processes affecting ground-water quality in the Macon-Huntsville area of north-central Missouri (fig. 1). Specifically, the objectives were to determine the ground-water conditions in the area and the effects of strip mining of coal with a substantial sulfur content in a humid climate on water quality of high-wall lakes and aquifers.
An extensive data-collection program was begun during 1980 to provide hydrologic and geochemical information for the study. Existing wells in the study area were inventoried. In addition, 15 observation wells were installed in or near mine spoil emplaced during 1940 (fig. 2), 1952 (fig. 3), and 1968 (fig. 4) in southern Macon County. Cuttings were collected during drilling and were analyzed for physical properties and mineralogy. Water levels in the observation wells were measured monthly, and several sets of water samples were collected from the wells for on-site and laboratory chemical analysis. Staff gages were installed in nine lakes in spoil to determine the relationship between the lakes and ground water in the spoil. Samples of water from the lakes were collected and analyzed for specific conductance, pH, temperature, and carbonate and bicarbonate concentrations (see "Supplemental Data" section at the back of the report for data collected during the study).
Study Area
92° 45'
39° 45' ,
EXPLANATION
1952 £3 SPOIL AND YEAR OF M STRIP MINING
A WELL AND IDENTIFYING LETTER
39° 30'
Moberly\ ""?
012345 MILES
01 2345 KILOMETERS
Figure 1.--Location of study area, spoil areas, and wells outside of sooil areas.
92C32'30"
I
EXPLANATION
SPOIL
NON-MINED AREA
OBSERVATION WELL AND NUMBER
101 LAKE STAFF GAGE AND NUMBER
££> LAKE- Numbered where 100F data were collected
39'37'30"-
0.5
0.5 1 MILE -\
KILOMETER
Figure 2.--Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, and miscellaneous lakes in 1940 spoil.
92° 32'30"R.14 W.
39° 40
EXPLANATION
| | SPOIL
0 NON- MINED AREA
OBSERVATION WELL AND NUMBER
LAKE STAFF GAGE AND NUMBER
LAKE -Numbered where datd were collected
T56N
I , !,__, I 4__, ,0.5
1 MILE
KILOMETER
Figure 3.--Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, and miscellaneous lakes in 1952 spoil.
39.42-30"
EXPLANATION
SPOIL
NON- MINED AREA
11 OBSERVATION WELL AND
301 LAKE STAFF GAGE AND NUMBER
300 LAKE -Numbered where data were collected
0.539°40'
Figure 4.--Location of observation wells, lake staff gages, and miscellaneous lakes in 1968 spoil.
Previous Investigations
Studies of the coal resources of Missouri have been made by Gentile (1967), Robertson (1971 and 1973), Robertson and Smith (1981), and Searight (1967). Studies of ground-water resources in and near the study area have been made by Haliburton Associates (1981), Horner and Shifrin, Inc. (1981), and Vaill and Barks (1980). Studies made by Draney (1982); Lewis (1982); Older (1982); and Seifert (1982) relate directly to certain geologic and hydrologic aspects of the study area.
Physiography and Drainage
North-central Missouri has been glaciated and is in the Dissected Till Plains physiographic area (Fenneman, 1938). The topography consists of rolling hills with about 100 feet of relief. The major streams, East and Middle Forks Little Chariton River, drain southward to the Missouri River. Two major reservoirs, Thomas Hill and Long Branch, are located in the study area (see fig. 1).
Climate
North-central Missouri has a humid climate. Mean annual precipitation for 1941-70 at Macon (fig. 1) was 38.7 inches (National Weather Service, 1981-83). The mean annual temperature was 52.1 °F (National Weather Service, 1981-83). Mean annual potential evapotranspiration is 28 inches (Lewis, 1982, p. 23) and mean annual runoff is 8 to 9 inches (Skelton, 1971, plate 1).
Precipitation at Macon (fig. 5) was 52.4 inches during 1981; 47.4 inches during 1982; and 41.7 inches during 1983 (National Weather Service, 1981-83; and U.S. Army, Corps of Engineers, Long Branch Reservoir, oral commun., 1983). The 1981 and 1982 values were considerably greater than the mean annual precipitation.
Coal Mining in Missouri
Missouri has an estimated 47 billion tons of coal reserves, of which 18 billion tons are identified, 12 billion tons are hypothetical, and 17 billion tons are speculative (Robertson and Smith, 1981, p. 12-13) . Of the 18 billion tons of identified reserves, 5 billion tons are considered recoverable. Of these recoverable reserves, 2 billion tons are considered recoverable by strip mining. The coal in Missouri is bituminous and has a relatively large sulfur content. In a study by Wedge and others (1976), the sulfur content of Missouri coal ranged from 2.7 to 6.9 percent, averaging 4.3 percent.
Macon County produced 43 million tons of coal from 1889 to 1964 (Gentile, 1967) , which was more than any other county in Missouri. During the same period, Randolph County produced 24 million tons of coal. Both underground and strip mines have been significant in the production of coal. About 37 percent of the total coal produced has been strip mined and almost all coal produced since the mid-1960's has been strip mined. In the 108 square-mile drainage of East Fork Little Chariton River between Macon and Huntsville (see fig. 1) , 14 percent of the area has been disrupted by strip mining.
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The hilly topography has made contour strip mining the method of choice in Macon and Randolph Counties (Vaill and Barks, 1980). By this method, the overburden is removed successively in strips following the contour of the land (fig. 6). Mining generally continues until the thickness of the overburden makes mining uneconomical or until the thickness of the overburden exceeds the removal capacity of the equipment. The maximum thickness of overburden removed in Missouri generally is not more than 150 feet.
Before 1972, reclamation was not required and ordinarily was not practiced in Missouri mining operations. After the coal was removed, strip mines were abandoned and left to natural processes. The mine areas were not recontoured, topsoil was not replaced, and the fertility of the surface material varied widely. As a result, vegetation varies from sparse to dense in unreclaimed areas.
Public Law 95-87 (U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement, 1979) requires that land stripped for mining be reclaimed. With reclamation the spoil is recontoured, the topsoil is replaced, and the area is reseeded and revegetated. However, high-wall lakes are still a characteristic feature.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful for the cooperation of the Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc., which owns much of the property where this study was made; and to the many employees who offered assistance, particularly Kimery C. Vories and Daniel L. Henry. Also, many thanks to Scott and Carol Phillips, owners of Phillips Farms, who permitted the installation of wells and staff gages on their property.
GEOLOGY
Stratigraphy
The near-surface geology of northern Missouri consists of Quaternary alluvium, loess, and glacial drift overlying Pennsylvanian bedrock (fig. 7). Alluvium primarily is present in the larger stream valleys and consists of sand, silt, and clay. Maximum thickness of the alluvium is about 50 feet. The loess is a post-glacial deposit composed of fine-grained, wind-blown material and primarily occurs on the higher ridges. The loess generally is 5 to 10 feet thick (Gentile, 1967). The glacial drift, consisting of till and outwash deposits, is composed of poorly sorted sand, silt, and clay with some well-sorted sand lenses. Glacial drift is present throughout most of the study area, except where locally eroded, and is as much as 150 feet thick, generally thinning to the south. In some areas, fractures occur in the glacial drift (Horner and Shifrin, Inc., 1981).
Pennsylvanian bedrock underlies the entire area (fig. 8) and consists of shale, limestone, sandstone, and coal with shale predominating (Gentile, 1967). Total thickness of Pennsylvanian bedrock in southwest Macon County is about 280 feet. Coal seams of interest are the Mulky and Bevier-Wheeler seams that generally are within 100 feet of the land surface.
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.--Generalized l
ithologic
sect
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ugh
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strip m
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39° 30'
L-'Salisbury
01 2345 MH.ES
01 2345 KILOMETERS
EXPLANATION
MARMATONGROUP, UNDIFFERENTIATED
CHEROKEEGROUP, UNDIFFERENTIATED
Figure 8.--Pennsy1vanian bedrock in the study area. (Geology by Anderson, 1979.)
12
Soils in the study area vary depending on the parent material (Vaill and Barks, 1980). Soils formed from alluvium or loess are rich and fertile, and soils formed from glacial drift are less fertile.
Spoil is present where surface mining has occurred. The spoil consists of a heterogeneous mixture of glacial drift and broken bedrock. The composition of spoil varies from place to place depending on the relative quantities of disturbed glacial drift and bedrock. Thicknesses are about 30 to 55 feet in the 1940 spoil, 30 to 40 feet in the 1952 spoil, and 25 to 110 feet in the 1968 spoil.
Mineralogy
The major minerals present in the spoil are quartz, calcite, dolomite, and various clays. Pyrite, gypsum, goethite, amorphous iron hydroxide, and jarosite also are present (Older, 1982). Quartz, is the dominant mineral in the sand-silt fraction of glacial drift and spoil (table 1).
Calcite and dolomite are present in approximately equal quantities ranging from about 2 to 10 percent and averaging about 4 to 5 percent (table 2). Calcite generally was observed in the clay fraction (grains less than 2 micrometers in diameter).
The clay-mineral groups are calcium montmorillonite, vermiculite, kaolin, illite, mixed-layer illite-vermiculite, and degraded chlorite (Older, 1982). Calcium montmorillonite, vermiculite, kaolin, and illite probably are derived from the glacial drift; kaolin, illite, and also small quantities of vermiculite probably are derived from the bedrock. The average quantity of clay in the spoil was 39 percent. Calcium montmorillonite has the largest cation-exchange capacity of the clay present, although iron-hydroxide coatings on the clay probably inhibit exchange. The major minerals or mineral groups observed or expected to be in the spoil and selected for geochemical modeling are listed in table 3 (Seifert, 1982).
GROUND-WATER MOVEMENT
Alluvium, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil are aquifers in the study area. The alluvial aquifer generally is confined, although unconfined conditions may exist locally. The glacial drift and bedrock aquifers generally are confined. The spoil aquifer is unconfined.
Transmissivity
Data on hydraulic properties of the aquifers are few. A summary of available data is given in table 4. Although the ranges of known values vary considerably, transmissivities generally are greatest for the spoil and decrease in the following order: alluvium, glacial drift, bedrock above the coal, and bedrock below the coal. Transmissivities determined for the spoil with permeameters in the laboratory were considerably less than those determined in wells. However, the investigators (Shell Engineering Associates, 1981) stated that the samples in the permeameters were packed too tightly.
13
Table 1.--Sand-silt-clay grain-size distribution in glacial drift
[Data from Draney, 1982]
Well number and
identifying letter
(figs. 1-4)
1W
Average
2345
Average
789
101415
Average
6111213
Average
Average spoil
Sand
333032
3226342730
5161928243221
2212101816
22
PercentSilt
Glacial drift
283230
1940 spoil
3034263030
1952 spoil
40504134434041
1968 spoil
4245543845
39
Clay
393838
3841404340
55344038332738
3743364340
39
1Due to rounding of numbers, percentages may not always total 100,
14
Table 2.--Percentage of calcite and dolomite by weight in glacial drift and spoil
[Data from Draney, 1982]
Well number and
identifying letter
(figs. 1-4)
1W
Average
2345
Average
789
101415
Average
6111213
Average
Percentage, by weightCalcite Dolomite
5.85.95.8
6.44.07.13.45.2
1.92.53.99.93.14.64.3
6.07.36.44.76.1
Glacial drift
4.75.55.1
1940 spoil
5.43.45.43.64.4
1952 spoil
4.82.43.28.22.82.84.0
1968 spoil
4.74.95.54.75.0
Average spoil 5.1 4.4
15
Table 3.--Minerals selected for geochemical modeling
[Modified from Seifert, 1982]
Adularia (KAlSi 308 )
Albite (NaAlSi 308 )
Alunite [KAl 3 (S04 ) 2 (OH)g]
Amorphous aluminum hydroxide [A1(OH) 3A]
Amorphous iron hydroxide [Fe(OH)J\]
Calcite (CaC03 )
Calcium montmorillonite [Cag -jyAl^ 33^1*5
Dolomite [CaMg(C03 ) 2 ]
Goethite [FeO(OH)]
Gypsum (CaS04 *2H20)
Illite [K0 . 6Mg0>25Al 2>3Si
Jarosite [KFe(S04 ) 2 (OH) 6 ]
Kaolinite [Al 2 $i 2
Pyrite (Fe$ 2 )
Quartz (Si02 )
Siderite (FeC03 )
16
Tabl
e 4.
Rep
orte
d tr
ansm
issi
viti
es of a
lluvium, glacial
drift, sp
oil,
an
dbedrock
Source
Hali
burt
on A
ssociates
(1981) Do
.
Do.
Horner a
nd Shifrin,
Inc. (1981)
J.
Do.
Do.
Do.
H. Wi
llia
ms,
(Missouri
Department
in the
Maco
n, Randolph,
and
Chariton Co
unti
es area
[>,
grea
ter
than
]
Number o
f si
tes
or
well
nu
mber
Aq
uife
r Lo
cati
on
(fig
s. 2-
4)
Allu
vium
Near E
xcel
lo
1 site
Glacial
do.
7 si
tes
drift
Bedr
ock
do.
2 si
tes
Alluvium
Near T
homa
s 2
sites
Hill
Glacial
do.
5 si
tes
drift
Bedr
ock
above
do.
5 si
tes
Bevi
er c
oal
Bedrock, Be
vier
do
. 4
site
s coal and
belo
w
Glacial
Near Ex
cell
o 3
site
s drift
Transmissivity (T),
in feet s
quared
per
day
4.1
0.02
- 3.
3
.089
- 1.0
9.9
->11
.0021
- 29
.007
-
1.0
.003
-
.016
1 -
51
of N
atur
al Resources,
written
comm
un.,
19
82)
Tabl
e 4.
--Re
port
ed t
rans
miss
ivit
ies
of a
lluv
ium,
gl
acia
l dr
ift,
spoil, and
00
bedr
ock
in th
e Macon, Randolph,
and
Chariton C
ounties
area Continued
Sour
ce
Seif
ert
(198
2, p.
37-4
0) Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Do.
Shell
Engi
neer
ing
Associates (1
981,
p.
21
and
51-5
4)
Aquifer
Glac
ial
drif
t
Spoi
l
do.
do.
do.
do.
Spoil
Loca
tion
Stud
y ar
ea
do.
do.
do.
do.
do.
Near T
homa
s Hi
ll
Numb
er o
f sites
or
well
number
(figs. 2-
4)
Well
1
Well
3
Well
7
Well
8
Well
9
Well
12
Laboratory
permeameters
Transmissivity (T),
in feet sq
uare
d pe
r da
y
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
o.
11 23 8.7
2.9
57 35
08
- 10
Satu
rate
d th
ickn
ess,
13.0 f
eet.
Saturated
thic
knes
s, 26
.6 f
eet.
'Saturated th
ickn
ess,
9.2
feet.
Satu
rate
d th
ickn
ess,
20
.8 f
eet.
Saturated
thickness, 59.4 f
eet.
Saturated
thickness, 40.3 feet.
^Ass
umes
a
hypo
thet
ical
sa
tura
ted
thic
knes
s of
25
feet.
During well drilling in spoil and in glacial drift close to the spoil, layers were encountered in which penetration was rapid and large quantities of drilling fluid containing Revert1 were lost. This was true for wells l f 6, 7 , 11 and 12 (figs. 2, 3, and 4). These wells all had yields of more than 5 gallons per minute. Attempted slug tests failed in wells 1, 7, 11, and 12 because recovery was too rapid to measure manually.
Recharge and Discharge
Recharge to the alluvium occurs by infiltration of precipitation and by lateral and probably vertical flow from adjacent aquifers. Recharge probably occurs during periods of high stream stage. The rate of recharge by infiltration of precipitation is unknown, but probably is small.
Recharge to glacial drift occurs by infiltration of precipitation and lateral flow from adjacent aquifers. The potential rate of infiltration in glacial drift is about 0.06 inch per hour (Dennis K. Potter, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, oral commun., April 1984). Due to extensive layers of clay in the glacial drift, infiltration of precipitation probably occurs mainly in localized areas where sand lenses or fractures are present. The actual rate of recharge to the glacial drift probably is small. Based on tritium dating, Haliburton Associates (1981, p. 173-174) report that no significant vertical recharge to the deeper parts of glacial drift has occurred since 1952 in an area east of Excello. By means of a ground-water flow model, Horner and Shifrin, Inc. (1981, p. 32) estimate an annual recharge rate of 4 x 10~ 5 inch to the glacial drift throughout a 100 - square-mile area in Randolph and Chariton Counties near Thomas Hill. However, Lewis (1982, p. 38-40), also using a ground-water flow model for part of the Excello basin east of the study area, determined a possible range of annual recharge to the glacial drift of 0.2 to 5.2 inches.
Recharge to bedrock probably occurs by infiltration of precipitation and vertical flow from overlying alluvium and glacial drift. The rate of recharge is unknown, but probably is small.
Recharge to spoil is from precipitation, lateral flow from glacial drift, and lateral and vertical flow from bedrock. Precipitation probably is the major source of recharge, both directly by infiltration and indirectly as leakage from lakes. The potential rate of infiltration into spoil ranges from 0.2 to 0.6 inch per hour (Dennis K. Potter, U.S. Soil Conservation Service, oral commun., April 1984). The annual recharge to the spoil is unknown.
Reclamation of spoil areas, as is currently (1984) practiced in newer surface mines, may have a significant effect on recharge. Smoothing of the reclaimed surface eliminates many small ponds and puddles conducive to infiltration, although high-wall lakes and sediment ponds are retained. In
' Use of trade names in this report is for identification purposes only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Geological Survey.
19.
addition, topsoil is replaced and planted with grasses and legumes. Topsoil would most likely be less permeable than the unreclaimed spoil surface, and thick vegetative cover would result in an increased evapotranspiration loss. Recharge in reclaimed spoil, although less than in unreclaimed spoil, would still be greater than in nonmined parts of the study area.
Ground-water discharge from glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil is to the alluvium. The alluvium generally discharges to streams.
Potentiometric Surface
The potentiometric surface in the shallow aquifers (alluvium, glacial drift, and spoil) in parts of Macon, Randolph, and Chariton Counties generally conformed to the topography (fig. 9) . The larger streams and some of the smaller streams gain from ground-water inflow during wet weather. However, during extended periods of dry weather, ground-water contribution decreases and may be entirely consumed by evapotranspiration.
In and near the 1940 spoil, the potentiometric surface sloped away from high-wall lake 101 on the east, west, and south sides (fig. 10). Ground-water flow on the east side was to tributaries of the East Fork Little Chariton River; ground-water flow on the west side was toward the South Fork Claybank Creek; and ground-water flow to the south probably contributes to both surface-water systems. Ground-water flow immediately north of lake 101 was toward the lake. The hydraulic gradient in the spoil area ranged from about 110 to 210 feet per mile outside the spoil and from 40 to 120 feet per mile inside the spoil.
In and near 1952 spoil, the potentiometric surface generally sloped from west to east toward the East Fork Little Chariton River (fig. 11) . The hydraulic gradient outside the spoil was not determined, but inside the spoil the hydraulic gradient ranged from 120 to 400 feet per mile.
In and near 1968 spoil, the potentiometric surface sloped from north and west to the east toward the East Fork Little Chariton River (see fig. 11). The hydraulic gradient was about 240 feet per mile outside the spoil on the north and west and ranged from 20 to 80 feet per mile inside the spoil.
Because precipitation in the study areas was considerably greater than normal during 1981-82, the altitudes of the potentiometric surfaces during 1981-83 also may have been greater than normal. The response time between precipitation and changes in the potentiometric surfaces is not known, although it probably is days or months because altitudes of water in observation wells in or near spoil have considerable seasonal variability. Changes of as much as 13.5 feet were measured during 1981-83 (figs. 12-14).
20
92
° 45
'
EX
PLA
NA
TIO
N 8
00-P
OT
EN
TIO
ME
TR
IC
CO
NT
OU
R -
Sho
ws
alti
tud
e
abov
e se
a le
vel
at
whi
ch
wat
er
wou
ld
have
st
ood
in
tigh
tly
case
d w
ells
, su
mm
ers
1981
an
d 19
82.
Das
hed
whe
re
appr
oxim
atel
y lo
cate
d.
Con
tour
in
terv
al
50
feet
-!
RA
ND
OLP
H
CO
UN
TY
acks
onvi
lle
.AR
RO
W
IND
ICA
TES
DIR
ECTI
ON
O
F W
ATE
R
MO
VE
ME
NT
DA
TA
PO
INT
inV
80
0^
85
0
"u*"
'Mo
ber
ly
01 2
34
5K
ILO
MET
ERS
Figure 9. Potentiometric
surf
ace
in s
hall
ow a
quifers
in parts
of M
acon,
Rand
olph
, and
Chariton
Counties,
summers
1981 an
d 1982.
92°32'30"
39°37'30"
EXPLANATION
SPOIL
NON-MINED AREA
800-POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOUR- Shows altitude above sea level at which water would have stood in tightly cased wells. Contour interval 10 feet.
DATA POINT
Figure 10.--Potentiometric surface of shallow aquifers in 1940 spoil, summer 1983.
22
92° 32'30'
39°42'30"
39"40
01 '0 05
0.5 1 MILE
1 KILOMETER -
EXPLANATION
SPOIL
NON-MINED AREA
LAKE
-770- POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOUR-Shows altitude above sea level at which water would hove stood in tightly cased wells. Dashed where inferred. Contour interval 10 feet.
DATA POINT ^-""'
Figure 11.--Potentiometric surface of shallow aquifers in 1952 and 1968 spoil, summer 1983.
23
in
voCO
-sCD
ro i
ALTITUDE ABOVE SEA LEVEL, IN FEET
O. CD
CU
CD-s
-s-h Q) O fD
OJZ3 O.
7TfD
vo-p>O
-a o
voCO
\
T o
o
afDofDa~fD-s
770
ro
en
760
750
740
730
E,
ESTI
MA
TED
Wel
l and
lake
lo
catio
ns
are
sh
own
in
fig
ure
3
20
0
300
1981
100
200
1982
D
AY
AN
D
YE
AR30
010
0 20
019
8330
0
Figu
re 13.--Altitude
of water s
urfaces
in w
ells a
nd l
akes in 19
52 s
poil
, Ma
y 1981 through
Dece
mber
198
3.
ro
cr>
770
LU
LU > LU <
760
LU
CO O :D
750
E, E
STI
MA
TED
Lake
301
Wel
l 6
We
ll an
d la
ke
loca
tions
are
show
n in
fi
gu
re
4
______I_
_______.
, .
Wel
l 6
«=
:W
ell
12W
ell
12
-
200
300
10
019
812
00
1982
300
100
200
1983
300
DAY
A
ND
YE
AR
Figure 14.--Altitude
of w
ater
sur
face
s in
wells and
lakes
in 1
968
spoil, Ma
y 1981 through
Dece
mber
198
3.
GENERAL GEOCHEMICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING GROUND-WATER QUALITY
The general geochemical processes that affect the ground-water quality in the study area usually begin with the dissolution of carbonate minerals or the oxidation of pyrite, or both. In a near-surface environment, carbon dioxide gas (CO2) from organic decay or the atmosphere reacts with water (H 2O):
the resulting carbonic acid (H2 CO3 ) dissociates
HCC^" and (2)
2_ HCO^ ^ ^H + COg . (3)
The effect of reactions 1, 2, and 3 is to produce a slightly acidic environment conducive to the dissolution of calcite (CaCCg) and dolomite [CaMg (CCL )2 ]:
CaCC^+H :^=z±± Ca2 + HCO3 ~ and (4)
(5)
Reactions 4 and 5 result in an increase in the concentrations of calcium (Ca2+ ) and magnesium (Mg2+) / and an increase in bicarbonate (HCO3~ ) concentration.
If pyrite (FeS 2 ) is present in an oxidizing environment, the acidity (H concentration) of the water can be increased:
4FeS2 + 1502 + 14H2 0 ^=±4Fe (OH) 3 + 8SC^ 2 - + 16H+ . (6)
The iron compounds formed by reaction 6 can be iron hydroxide [Fe(OH) 3 ] as shown or iron oxyhydroxide [FeO(OH)] (goethite) . The sulfate (SO^ 2 ~) produced either remains in solution or precipitates, probably as calcium sulfate (CaSO^) . The H produced increases the acidity and promotes the dissolution of carbonate minerals, if present, as in reactions 4 and 5. The carbonate dissolution results in a decrease in H concentration.
The adsorption of Ca2+ and Mg2+ and the release of sodium (Na ) by exchange reactions with clay minerals and organic materials results in decreased Ca2+and Mg 2+ concentrations and an increased Na concentration. This process also results in additional carbonate-mineral dissolution, resulting in a decrease in H concentration and an increase in HCO 3 ~ concentration.
The geochemical processes that predominate in an area are dependent on the hydrologic and mineralogic conditions. Therefore, depending on local conditions, the ground water can be of a calcium magnesium bicarbonate, calcium magnesium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, or sodium sulfate type. Although the initial reactions result in an increase in acidity, much of the acidity is buffered by dissolution of carbonate materials.
27
EFFECTS OF STRIP MINING ON WATER QUALITY OF HIGH-WALL LAKES AND AQUIFERS
Water from high-wall lakes and aquifers in the study area had dissolved-solids concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than precipitation. Precipitation at Ashland (45 miles south of the study area) had a dissolved-solids concentration of about 7 milligrams per liter. Concentrations of specific constituents in precipitation also were determined (table 5).
Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from three high-wall lakes ranged from 1,090 to 2,410 milligrams per liter, and had a median value of 2,059 milligrams per liter (table 6) . The water generally was a calcium magnesium sulfate type (fig. 15).
Concentrations of dissolved-solids in water from the glacial drift ranged from 239 to 1,280 milligrams per liter, and had a median value of 559 milligrams per liter (table 7). The water generally was either a calcium magnesium bicarbonate or calcium magnesium sulfate type (fig. 16).
Dissolved-solids concentrations in water from bedrock ranged from 580 to 883 milligrams per liter and had a median value of 775.5 milligrams per liter (table 8) . The water generally was either a sodium bicarbonate or calcium bicarbonate type (see fig. 16).
Concentrations of dissolved-solids in water from wells in or near spoil ranged from 1,890 to 4,660 milligrams per liter, and had a median value of 2,860 milligrams per liter (table 9) . The water generally was a calcium magnesium sulfate type (see fig. 15), which was similar to water from high-wall lakes and similar to some of the water in the glacial drift. Water from wells completed in or near spoil was more uniform in composition than water from wells completed in glacial drift or bedrock, as shown by the closer grouping of ion-percentage values of water from spoil (see figs. 15 and 16).
Water from wells completed in or near spoil had greater median concentrations of many ions than water from other wells completed in the glacial drift or bedrock (table 10.) In water from wells completed in or near spoil, the median concentration of calcium was 5 times greater, magnesium 6 times greater, sulfate 24 times greater, iron 19 times greater, and manganese 15 times greater than in water from wells completed in glacial drift. The median concentrations of potassium and chloride were smaller in water from wells completed in or near spoil than in water from wells completed in glacial drift.
Water from wells completed in or near spoil also had greater median concentrations of many ions than water from wells completed in the bedrock. In water from wells completed in or near spoil, the median concentration of calcium was 45 times greater, magnesium 22 times greater, sulfate 16 times greater, iron 242 times greater, and manganese 47 times greater than in water from wells completed in bedrock. In contrast, the median concentrations of sodium, potassium, and chloride were smaller in water from wells completed in or near spoil than in water from wells completed in bedrock.
28
Table 5.--Average chemical composition of precipitation at Ashland,December 1981 to April 1982
Property or,constituent Quantity or concentration
pH, in units 4.5
Calcium 0.30
Magnesium 0.06
Sodium 0.11
Potassium 0.05
Bicarbonate2 2.0
Sulfate 2.44
Chloride 0.22
Ammonia 0.27
Nitrate 1.30
Phosphate Less than 0.003
In milligrams per liter, unless otherwise noted. Averages are weighted by volume for 20 weeks, except pH which is for 7 months, beginning during November 1981. From G. S. Henderson (Columbia, University of Missouri, written commun., 1983).
p Estimated from data compiled by Freeze and Cherry (1979, p. 239).
29
Table
6. S
umma
ry o
f se
lect
ed p
roperties
and
conc
entr
atio
ns of
che
mica
l constituents in
water
from t
hree hi
gh -w
all
lake
s
[Con
cent
rati
ons
in m
illigrams
per
lite
r unless ot
herw
ise
indicated; j
jS/c
m, mi
cros
ieme
ns pe
r ce
ntim
eter
at
25°
Cels
ius;
°C,
degrees
Cels
ius;
jug
/L,
micr
ogra
ms pe
r li
ter;
--
, not
calc
ulat
ed]
Prop
erty
or
constituent
Specific conductance, in
jjS/cm
pH,
in un
its
Wate
r te
mper
atur
e, in
°C
Hardness,
as CaC0
3
oo N
oncarbonate
hard
ness
, as CaC0
0O
J
Dissolved
calc
ium
Dissolved ma
gnes
ium
Dissolved
sodi
um
Dissolved
pota
ssiu
m
Bicarbonate
Alka
lini
ty,
as C
aC03
Number
of
samp
les
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
Mean
2,460
25.2
1,19
1
1,076
297
109 47 8 82 116
Medi
an
2,46
0 7.4
27.5
1,265
1,265
350 95 40 8.
3
96 125
Minimum
1,420 2.
3
18
690
570
140 83 33 6.
4
0 0
Maximum
3,30
0 8.2
30
1,620
1,390
400
150 68 10 150
224
Stan
dard
de
viat
ion
1,040
--
6.3
468
443
137 36 19 1.
8
76 112
Tabl
e 6.
--Su
mmar
y of
selected
prop
erti
es an
d co
ncen
trat
ions
of
chem
ical
co
nsti
tuen
ts in w
ater
from
three high-wall
lake
s Co
ntinued
Property
or
cons
titu
ent
Dissolved
sulfate
Dissolved
chloride
Dissolved
fluo
ride
Dissolved
sili
ca,
as S
i02
Dissolved
soli
ds,
calc
ulat
ed s
um
Dissolved
aluminum,
in
jug/L
Dissolved
iron
, in pg/
L
Dissolved
manganese, in jug/L
Numb
er
of
samples
3 3 2 2 3 3 3 3
Mean
1,337 3.
9
0.35
9.3
1,854
5,300
30,0
00
1,700
Median
1,40
0 4.0
0.35
9.3
2,05
9 10 40 340
Minimum
710 3.6
0.3
3.6
1,090 0 19 8
Maxi
mum
1,90
0 4.1
0.4
15
2,41
0
16,000
90,0
00
4,700
Standard
devi
atio
n
596 0.
3
0.07
8.1
685
9,23
0
51 ,900
2,62
0
Tabl
e 7.--Summary
of s
elected
properties and
concentrations of
chemical constituents in
wat
er f
rom
00 ro
nons
trip
-min
eaf
fect
ed g
laci
al dr
ift
[Con
cent
rati
ons
in m
illigr
ams
per
liter
unless otherwise
indi
cate
d;
juS/
cm,
micr
siem
ens
per
centimeter
at 2
5° Ce
lsiu
s; °C,
degr
ees
Celsius;
jug/L, micrograms pe
r li
ter;
,
not
calc
ulat
ed]
Prop
erty
orconstituent
Spec
ific
co
nduc
tanc
e, in ju
S/cm
pH,
in units
Water
temperature, in °C
Hard
ness
, as CaCO-
Noncarbona
te ha
rdne
ss,
as CaCO-
Dissolve
d ca
lciu
m
Dissolved
magn
esiu
m
Dissolve
d so
dium
Dissolved
potassium
Bicarbonate
Number
ofsa
mple
s
4 18 6 1 1 18 18 17 15 18
Mean
778 -- 15.3
670
240
102 31 46 20 354
Median
679 7.
4
14.85
670
240 85.5
28.5
48 10
363
Minimum
405 6.
8
11 670
240 42 4.
6
1.0
0.22
124
Maximum
1,340 8.3
21 670
240
210 84 120 69 618
Standard
deviation
405 -- 3.
3
-- -- 47 19 38 24 154
Tabl
e 7. Summary o
f selected properties an
d concentrations of
che
mica
l co
nsti
tuen
ts in
wat
er from
nonst
rip-m
ine
affecte
d g
lacia
l drift C
ontinued
Pro
pert
y o
r co
nstitu
en
t
Alk
alinity,
as
CaC
03
Dis
solv
ed su
lfa
te
Dis
solv
ed
ch
lorid
e
Dis
solv
ed fluoride
Dis
solv
ed
silic
a,
as
SiO
^
Dis
solv
ed
so
lids,
calc
ula
ted
sum
Dis
solv
ed
alum
inum
, in
ju
g/L
Dis
solv
ed
iro
n,
in
jjg/L
Dis
solv
ed
m
anga
nese
, in
jjg
/L
Num
ber
of
sam
ples
4 18 18 16 7 18
5
17 15
Mea
n
306
158 17.9
0.3
5
17
602 4
.0
944
919
Med
ian
32
6.5
77 10.5
0.3
05
16
559 0
260
300
Min
imum
136 10
4 0.0
0
7.4
239 0 0 0
Max
imum
435
756 62 0
.73
33
1,2
80 10
3,5
00
5,0
00
Sta
ndard
d
evia
tio
n
126
184 17 0
.19
8.4
289 5
1,2
07
1,3
50
Tabl
e 8.--Summary
of s
elec
ted
prop
erti
es an
d co
ncen
trat
ions
of
che
mica
l constituents in
wat
er f
rom
bedr
ock
[Con
cent
rati
ons
in m
illi
gram
s pe
r li
ter,
unless otherwise
indi
cate
d;
juS/
cm a
t 25
°C,
micr
osie
mens
per
centimeter a
t 25°
Cels
ius;
°C,
degrees
Cels
ius;
jug
/L,
micrograms pe
r liter; --
, not
calculated]
CO
Pro
pert
y o
r constitu
ent
Sp
ecific
co
nduct
ance
, in
jjS
/cm
pH,
in
un
its
Wat
er te
mp
era
ture
, in
°C
Har
dnes
s,
as
CaCO
o
Non
carb
onat
e h
ard
ne
ss,
as
CaCC
L
Dis
solv
ed
ca
lciu
m
Dis
solv
ed
mag
nesi
um
Dis
solv
ed
so
dium
Dis
solv
ed
pota
ssiu
m
Bic
arb
on
ate
Num
ber
of
sam
ples
2 4 4 2 2 4 4 4 4 4
Mea
n
1,4
10
14.4
38 0 25 8.4
187 38 414
Med
ian
1,4
10 8
.95
14.1
37.5
0 10.9
8.3
5
190 15
418
Min
imum
1,3
70 7
.8
14.0
13 0 3.7
0.8
49
1.8
269
Max
imum
1,4
50 10.3
15.3
62 0 76 16
320
120
550
Sta
nd
ard
devia
tion
57 0.6
35 0 34 6.3
143 55 133
Tabl
e 8. Summary o
f se
lect
ed properties an
d co
ncen
trat
ions
of
che
mical
cons
titu
ents
in
wa
ter
from
oo
en
bedr
ock C
on
tinu
ed
Pro
pe
rty
or
co
nstitu
en
t
Alk
alinity,
as
CaCO
~
Dis
solv
ed su
lfa
te
Dis
solv
ed
chlo
ride
Dis
solv
ed
fluoride
Dis
solv
ed silic
a,
as
SiO
^
Dis
solv
ed solid
s,
calc
ula
ted
sum
Dis
solv
ed
al
umin
um,
in
jug/
L
Dis
solv
ed iro
n,
in
jug/L
Dis
solv
ed
m
anga
nese
, in
jjg
/L
Num
ber
of
sam
ples
2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
Mea
n 710
124 10 0
.8
18
754 10 28
2,5
50
Med
ian
710.5
113.5
7.3
5
0.3
17.5
77
5.5
5
21 100
Min
imum
461 0 6
.6
0 9.4
580 0
20
7
Max
imum
960
270 19 2 28
883 30 50
10,0
00
Sta
ndard
d
evia
tio
n
353
111 6
.0
1.0
8.8
134 14 15 4
,97
0
Table 9.
Sum
mary
of
selected properties and
conc
entr
atio
ns of
che
mical
cons
titu
ents
in
wa
ter
GO cn
from i
n or
near
spoil
[Concentrations
in m
illigrams
per
lite
r, un
less
otherwise
indicated;
juS/
cm a
t 25°C,
micr
osie
mens
pe
r centimeter a
t 25
° Celsius; °C
, de
gree
s Celsius; j
ug/L,
micrograms per
lite
r; --
, no
t ca
lcul
ated
]
Property
orco
nsti
tuen
t
Spec
ific
co
nduc
tanc
e, in
juS
/cm
pH,
in un
its
Wate
r temperature, in °C
Hard
ness
, as CaCCU
Noncarbonate ha
rdne
ss,
as CaCCL
Dissolved
calc
ium
Diss
olve
d magnesium
Dissolved
sodium
Diss
olve
d po
tassium
Bicarbonate
Number
ofsamples
55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55 55
Mean
3,18
0
14.5
2,010
1,590
484
194
104 7.
7
504
Medi
an
3,060 6.
6
15.5
2,00
0
1,60
0
500
190 75 6.
1
510
Minimum
2,210 4.
2
9.5
910
590
220 86 9.
8
2.2
0
Maximum
4,680 7.
4
18.5
3,400
2,90
0
650
420
410 19 910
Standard
deviation
534 -- 2.
4
513
506 99 75 101 4.
3
241
Tabl
e 9. Summary o
f se
lect
ed pr
oper
ties
an
d co
ncen
trat
ions
of
che
mica
l co
nsti
tuen
ts in
wat
erfr
om
in
or
near
sp
oil
--C
on
tinu
ed
Pro
pe
rty
or
co
nstitu
en
t
Alk
alin
ity,
as
CaC0
3
Dis
solv
ed sulfate
Dis
solv
ed chlo
ride
Dis
solv
ed
fluoride
Dis
solv
ed silic
a,
as
SiO
^
Dis
solv
ed
solid
s,
calc
ula
ted
su
mG
O
Dis
solv
ed nitra
te,
as
N
Dis
solv
ed
al
umin
um,
in
;ug/
L
Dis
solv
ed iron,
in
yg/L
Dis
solv
ed
m
anga
nese
, in
jug
/L
Num
ber
of
sam
ples
55 55 55 55 55 55
18 55 55 55
Mea
n 413
1,86
0 4.7
0.7
14
2,90
0 0.0
3
1,51
0
14,9
00
5,88
0
Med
ian
418
1,90
0 3.6
0.4
15
2,86
0 0.0
0
40
5,10
0
4,70
0
Min
imum 0
1,10
0 1.1
0.2 1.3
1,89
0 0.0
0
0
250
1,00
0
Max
imum
746
3,00
0 18 2.8
21
4,66
0 0.1
6
25,0
00
96,0
00
18,0
00
Sta
ndar
d d
evia
tio
n
198
445 3
.7
0.5
7
4.2
610 0.
04
5,11
0
19,0
00
3,86
0
Table 10.--Comparison of medians of properties and selected chemicalconstituents in precipitation, high-wall lake water, and well
water from glacial drift, bedrock, and in or near spoil
[Results reported in milligrams per liter unless otherwise indicated; AJg/L, micrograms per liter , no data]
Property or
constituent
pH, in units
Dissolved calcium
Dissolved magnesium
Dissolved sodium
Dissolved potassium
Bicarbonate
Dissolved sulfate
Dissolved chloride
Dissolved silica, as Si^
Dissolved solids
Dissolved iron, in jug/L
Dissolved manganese, in /jg/L
Precipij tation
4.5
0.30
0.06
0.11
0.05
2.0
2.44
0.22
--
7
--
--
High -wall lakes
7.4
350
95
40
8.3
95
1,400
4.0
9.3
2,059
40
340
Glacial drift
7.4
85.5
28.5
48
10
363
77
10.5
16
559
260
300
Wells
Bedrock
8.95
10.9
8.35
190
15
418
113.5
7.35
17.5
775.5
21
100
In or near spoil
6.6
500
190
75
6.1
510
1,900
3.6
15
2,860
5,100
4,700
Values for precipitation are volume-weighted means (see table 5).
38
EXPLANATION
SINGLE WELLTWO OR MORE WELLS HIGH -WALL LAKE
80 60 40
Co Iciu m
20 40 60 Chloride
80
PERCENT OF TOTAL MILLIEQUIVALENTS PER LITER
Figure 15.--Major ions in water from 14 wells (55 analyses) completed in or near spoil and 3 high-wall lakes in or near spoil.
39
EXPLANATION
+ BEDROCK WELL
GLACIAL-DRIFT WELL
* GLACIAL-DRIFT WELL UPGRADIENT FROM STUDY AREA
* LAKE 300H IN STUDY AREA
60 40 Calcium
40 60 Chloride
80
PERCENT OF TOTAL MILLIEQUIVALENTS PER LITER
Figure 16.--Major ions in water from 4 wells completed in bedrock,18 wells completed in glacial drift, and 1 lake in glacial drift, not affected by strip mining.
40
The median pH of water from in or near spoil was 6.6, which was smaller than the median pH of water from glacial drift (7.4) and the median pH of water from bedrock (8.95). The smaller pH in water from in or near spoil probably was caused by sulfuric acid produced from pyrite oxidation, although carbonate reactions probably neutralize most of the acidity that is produced. The pH of water from the bedrock was somewhat alkaline and probably results from carbonate reactions in a hydrologic system closed to the atmosphere (G. G. Seifert, University of Missouri, written commun., 1981; Freeze and Cherry, 1979, p. 108-112 and 256-257).
Changes in pH and selected chemical constituents along flow paths were examined in each spoil area. In 1940 spoil, wells 2 and 3 are downgradient from well 4 (see fig. 10) and water from wells 2 and 3 generally had larger concentrations of magnesium, sulfate, and dissolved solids (fig. 17) . In 1952 spoil, the concentration of manganese increased downgradient, but pH and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and dissolved solids decreased downgradient (see figs. 11 and 18). Concentrations in water from well 8 generally did not conform to these trends, possibly due to different solute sources or mixing with water from the underlying bedrock. In 1968 spoil, well 12 was downgradient from wells 11 and 13 (see fig. 11) , and water from well 12 generally had larger concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, sulfate, and dissolved solids and had a smaller pH value (fig. 19).
The downgradient trends in water quality were similar for the 1940 and 1968 spoil areas, but different for the 1952 spoil. The lack of a similar trend in water-quality changes for all three spoil areas indicates different solute sources or different sources of recharge to the spoils. Because mineralogical changes were not discerned, the source of recharge probably was the main contributing factor.
Statistical comparisons were used to determine if the general water quality differed between the 1940-, 1952- and 1968-spoil areas. Because the data generally were not normally distributed, the nonparametric Duncan multiple-range test on the means of the ranks of the data was used. Statistical summaries of data by spoil area are given in the "Supplemental Data" section at the back of the report.
Comparisons of mean rank values of pH, and concentrations of calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids are shown in table 11. For each property or constituent shown in the table, spoil-area mean designated by the same arbitrary letter are not different at the 95-percent level of confidence. For example, the mean-rank pH values of the 1940 and 1952 spoil were not significantly different, as indicated by the letter designation of B. However, they were significantly different from the mean-rank pH of 1968 spoil, indicated by A. If the letter designation for a mean includes both A and B, as for manganese from the 1940 spoil, then that mean was not significantly different from the means of either the A or B classification.
The 1940 and 1952 spoil mean-rank values were not significantly different for pH, calcium, iron, manganese, and dissolved solids and were significantly different for magnesium, sulfate, and chloride. The 1952 and 1968 spoil values were not significantly different for iron, but were significantly different for
41
pH, calcium, magnesium, manganese, sulfate, chloride, and dissolved solids. However, the 1940- and 1968-spoil values were not significantly different for the listed constituents, except calcium and pH. Therefore, although differences in general water quality existed among the spoil areas, these differences cannot be attributed to age of the spoil. For the spoil areas studied, the major changes in water quality occurred within 12 years or less and have persisted for more than 40 years.
Chemical-equilibrium relationships were determined using the computer program WATEQF (Plummer and others, 1976). WATEQF calculates the degree of saturation of the water from a water-quality analysis with respect to given minerals. The degree of saturation is expressed by the saturation index, which is the logarithm of the ratio of the ion-activity product to the temperature-corrected equilibrium constant (see "Supplemental Data" section at the back of report). Positive values of the saturation index indicate supersaturation, negative values indicate undersaturation, and values of about zero indicate saturation or equilibrium.
To evaluate the saturation index for minerals involved in oxidation or reduction reactions, the oxidation potential (Eh) needs to be determined. For water from wells N, P, Q, and R (see fig. 1) , which were completed in either glacial drift or bedrock, the Eh was determined by calomel electrode. These measured values range from 0.075 to 0.222 volt, which represent oxidizing conditions (table 12) . The Eh of water from most other wells completed in either glacial drift or bedrock was assumed to be 0.222 volt, based on the measured value from well N.
For water from wells completed in or near spoil (wells 1-15) , the Eh was determined in WATEQF from the ratio of the concentrations of sulfate to sulfide. The odor of hydrogen sulfide gas was detected in water from all wells in or near spoil and, because the odor is detectable in water containing small concentrations, the sulfide concentration was estimated to be 0.1 milligram per liter. The calculated Eh values ranged from -0.197 to 0.014 volt (see table 12), which generally indicates reducing conditions.
For water from wells T, U, and V, which were completed in glacial drift, and water from high-wall lakes, Eh was not determined or estimated. The value of 0.000 volt was used for these calculations in WATEQF.
Because most Eh values used for equilibrium calculations were estimated, the results of calculations for all minerals involved in oxidation or reduction reactions need to be considered with caution. However, the results can be useful to discern general equilibrium conditions and trends. The minerals of interest that are involved in oxidation or reduction reactions are amorphous ferric hydroxide, goethite, pyrite, and siderite.
The saturation indices for water from precipitation, high-wall lakes, and wells in the study area are included in the "Supplemental Data" section at the back of this report. A summary of the saturation indices is given in table 13. Water from all sources, except precipitation, generally was near equilibrium with respect to calcite, dolomite, and quartz; water from all sources, except wells completed in or near spoil, was undersaturated with respect to gypsum.
42
Table 11. Comparison of means of property or constituent concentration
Property or
constituent
pH
Dissolved solids
Dissolved calcium
Dissolved magnesium
Dissolved iron
Dissolved manganese
Dissolved sulfate
Dissolved chloride
in water from
1940 spoil (18 samples)
B
A,B
A
B
A
A,B
B
A
spoil of different ages
Mean-rank comparison letter1952 spoil
(25 samples)
B
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
1968 spoil (12 samples)
A
B
B
B
A
B
B
A
1significantly different at the 95 percent level of confidence as determined by the Duncan multiple-range test on ranks.
43
Propertyor
constituent Well 2 Well 3 Well 4
Number of samples 455
800
Water level, in feet 795 above sea level
790
6.8
6.6
pH, in units
6.4
6.2
600
Dissolved calcium, in milligrams per ,-nn liter 5UU
400
220
200
Dissolved magnesium, in milligrams per liter JQQ
160
140
EXPLANATION
-
. r i-
; i " i-
--
'- - :. i-
r- -T-
1
-
^ i
-
I MAXIMUM
MEDIAN Well locotioes qr^ shown in figure 2
MINIMUM
^ - ./
Figure 17.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1940 spoil.
44
Propertyor
constituent 7000r We" 2 We" 3 We" 4
5000
Dissolved iron, in, microgroms per liter
3000
1000
9000
Dissolved manganese, 7000 in micrograms per liter
5000
3000
2000
Dissolved sulfate, in 180° milligrams per liter
1600
1400
12
Dissolved chloride, in 8 milligrams per liter
4
0
3500
Dissolved solids 3000 (calculated sum), in milligrams per liter
2500
2000
-
_ _
-
r
-
-
: -1-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
-
[ J I^
I1
1 1
- X j-
-
-
1
--
Figure 17.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1940 spoil--Continued.
45
Property or
constituent Well 7 -Well 8 Well 14 Well 15
Number of samples 55 44
760
Water level, in feet above sea level 750
740
730
7
6pH, in units
5
4
600
Dissolved calcium, in milligrams per liter 500
400
300
Dissolved magnesium, 2QO in milligrams per liter
100
100,000
Dissolved iron, in micrograms per liter 50,000
EXPLANATION 0
1 I
x
31
r i
: I; I-
-I -. " i-^
i
X _LI
-
: I . -- i-r- MAXIMUM
t MEDIAN ^e " 'oca*'0 ar* shown in figure 3-J- MINIMUM
Figure 18.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected^chemical constituents in water from four wells completed in 1952 spoil.
46
Propertyor
constituent Well 7 Well 8 Well 14 Well 15
20,000
Dissolved manganese, \Q 000 in micrograms per liter
0
2500
Dissolved sulfate, in milligrams per liter 2000
1500
15
10Dissolved chloride, inmilligrams per liter
5
0
3500
Dissolved solids (calculated sum), in 3000 milligrams per liter
2500
-j-
; I '- J
i-
11 j I
1 I
i- -r-
__
|
-
I IL"~
r- '
[' i ' '
Figure 18.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selectedchemical constituents in water from four wells completed in 1952 spoil--Continued.
47
Property or
constituent
Number of samples
Water level, in feet above sea level
760
750
Well 11 Wel'l 12 Well 13
pH, in units
7.4
7.0
6.6
400
Dissolved calcium,in milligrams 'per liter 300
200
I
200
Dissolved magnesium, in milligrams per liter
I
Dissolved iron, in micrograms per liter
6000
4000
2000
0
4000
Dissolved manganese,in micrograms per liter 2000
EXPLANATION""MAXIMUM
" MEDIAN
__ MINIMUM o SINGLE VALUE
I
Well locations are shown in figure 4
Figure 19.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1968 spoil.
48
Propertyor
constituents Well 11 Well 12 Wel I 13
Dissolved sulfate, in milligrams per liter
2000
1000
Dissolved chloride, in milligrams per liter
10.0
6.0
2.0
rv i A \-A 300° Dissolved solids(calculated sum), in milligrams per liter 2000
I
Figure 19.--Ranges and medians of water levels, pH, and selected chemical constituents in water from three wells completed in 1968 spoil--Continued.
49
Table 12. Oxidation-potential (Eh) values used
Sample source
12346
789
1011
12131415
A BCDE
FGHIH
IJKLM
N 0 P QR
in chemical -equil[--, not
Eh value, in volts
WELLS
-0.155 to -0.133-.146 to -.131-.153 to -.118-.145 to -.132-.168 to -.158
-.149 to -.122-.173 to -.144-.177 to -.123-.167 to -.136-.174
-.197 to -.154-.191 to -.168-.138 to -.068-.348 to .025
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.222
.142
.075
.109
ibrium calculationsapplicable]
Method of determining Eh
(figs. 1-4)
Sulfate-to-sulfide-ion ratio 1Do.Do.Do.Do.
Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.
Do.Do.Do.Do.
Assigned 2 Do.Do.Do.Do.
Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.
Do.Do.Do.Do.Do.
Measured by calomel electrode 3 Assigned 2
Measured by calomel electrode 3 Do.Do.
50
Table 12.--Oxidation-potential (Eh) values used in chemical-equilibrium calculations Continued
Sample source
Eh value, in volts Method of determining Eh
WELLS (figs. 1-4)--continued
101 201 301 300H
Ashland
0.222 AssignedOxidation or reduction ignored
Do. Do.
LAKES (figs. 2-4)
Oxidation or reduction ignored Do. Do. Do.
PRECIPITATION (table 5)
Oxidation or reduction ignored
1 Sulfide-ion concentration assumed to be 0.1 milligram per liter.2 Assigned the same value as measured for well N.3 From Seifert, 1982.
51
Table 13.--Summary of saturation states in water from precipitation, high-wall lakes, and wells completed in glacial drift, bedrock, and
in or near spoil
[U, undersaturated; E, equilibrium; S, supersaturation; --, not calculated]
Mineral
General saturation state for water from indicated source
PrecipitationHigh -wall lakes
Glacial drift
Wells
BedrockIn or near
spoil
Calcite (CaC03 )
Dolomite[CaMg(C03 ) 2 ]
Gypsum(CaS04 '2H 20)
Amorphous
E to S
E to S
U to E
U to S
E E to S E(except wells 14 and 15)
Near E to S E E (except wells
14 and 15)
U
E to Sferric hydroxide [Fe(OH) 3 ]
Goethite [FeO(OH)]
Siderite (FeC03 )
Pyrite (FeS 2 )
Quartz (Si0 2 )
S S S E to S (except well 15)
U U U U to S
s
E E E E
Saturation indices for individual water samples are in "Supplemental Data" section at back of report.
52
Precipitation infiltrating through glacial drift, bedrock, or spoil would dissolve quartz and carbonate minerals, such as calcite and dolomite, until chemical equilibrium is attained. Precipitation infiltrating spoil also would dissolve gypsum or oxidize pyrite until equilibrium is attained or limiting reactants, such as oxygen, are consumed.
Water flowing from high-wall lakes, glacial drift, or bedrock through spoil would dissolve gypsum or oxidize pyrite until equilibrium is attained. Carbonate minerals also probably would be dissolved because they are more soluble at the lesser pH values in water from spoil.
Water from glacial drift and bedrock generally was undersaturated with respect to gypsum, whereas water in or near spoil generally was saturated with respect to gypsum. The difference in spoil could be attributed either to dissolution of freshly exposed gypsum or to oxidation of freshly exposed pyrite, or both. The exposure of the minerals probably resulted from disturbance of the glacial drift and bedrock overburden during mining because, during a long period, any exposed gypsum would have been dissolved in the chemically undersaturated environment and any exposed pyrite would have been oxidized in the generally oxidizing environment.
Mass-balance calculations using the computer program BALANCE (Parkhurst and others, 1982) determined the quantities of the principal minerals or other reactants that hypothetically would have dissolved or precipitated in the spoil (tables 14 and 15) . The calculations are based on the change in concentration of the principal constituents in water moving into spoil from an outside source: namely, precipitation, high-wall lakes, glacial drift, or bedrock. The computer program BALANCE requires that the number of constituents equals the number of minerals or other reactants and that each constituent be present in at least one mineral or reactant.
For this study, the principal constituents are calcium, magnesium, carbon (present in water as carbonate, bicarbonate, carbon dioxide gas, and carbonic acid), sulfur (present in water mainly as sulfate), iron, and sodium. Two different sets of minerals and other reactants were used for all calculations, the difference being the mineral assumed to be the source of sulfate in water in spoil.
For the calculations in table 14, the source of sulfate was assumed to be pyrite. Considering all initial-water and spoil-water sources shown, the determined changes in water quality generally resulted from dissolution of calcite and dolomite, consumption of oxygen gas, release of carbon dioxide gas, dissolution of pyrite, and precipitation of goethite (or iron hydroxide). Ion exchange, which is the adsorption of calcium ions and subsequent release of sodium ions, occurred in all examples except for bedrock water flowing into spoil at wells 3 and 8. At wells 3 and 8, ion exchange probably was not occurring; more likely, the smaller sodium concentrations are caused by adsorption of sodium ions by organic materials in the spoil.
For the calculations in table 15, the source of sulfate was assumed to be gypsum. Considering all initial-water and spoil-water sources shown, the determined changes in water quality generally resulted from precipitation of calcite, dissolution of dolomite and gypsum, consumption of carbon dioxide gas, and the same ion-exchange reactions as described for the data in table 14.
53
Table
14.
Resu
lts
of m
ass-balance
calc
ulat
ions
for
chemical ch
ange
s re
sult
ing
from s
elected
init
ial
sources
to
spoil
usi
ng
p
yrite
as
th
e
pa
ren
t-m
ate
ria
l so
urc
e
of
su
lfa
te
Initia
l w
ate
r S
po
il -w
ate
r so
urc
e
and
sourc
e
and
date
date
(f
ig.
1)
(fig
s.
2,
3,
and
4)
Pre
cip
ita
tio
n
(see
ta
ble
5,
footn
ote
s
1 an
d
01 L
ake
101
* (
9-2
2-8
3)
Lake
20
1 (7
-26
-83
)
Lake
30
1 (7
-25
-83
)
Gla
cia
l-d
rift
w
ell
V (8
-25
-83
)
Wel
l 3
(12-9
-81)
2)
Wel
l 8
(12-9
-81)
Wel
l 12
(3
-25
-82
)
Wel
l 3
(7-2
6-8
3)
Wel
l 8
(7-2
6-8
3)
Wel
l 12
(7
-25-8
3)
Wel
l 3
(7-2
6-8
3)
Wel
l 8
(7-2
6-8
3)
Mill
imo
les
per
lite
r of
ind
ica
ted
re
acta
nt
adde
d to
solu
tion
(po
sitiv
e)
or
rele
ase
d
from
solu
tion
(negative)
lC
alc
ite
7.2
9
8.7
3
9.61
8.6
2
3.9
6
5.3
4
7.3
4
7.3
3
Do
lom
ite
8.2
3
6.1
9
7.8
4
14.3
0
-.4
1
1.9
3
8.2
7
4.9
8
Oxy
gen
(ga
s)
39.0
0
33.3
7
39.0
7
4.11
12
.92
20.8
1
69
.99
29.2
1
Car
bon
di
oxi
de
(g
as)
-6.0
4
-9.5
9
-16
.38
-17
.42
9.4
0
-2.5
8
-10
.26
-12
.87
Pyrite
10.3
9
8.8
9
10
.44
1.0
0
.50
3.0
6
10.3
4
7.7
4
Go
eth
ite
-10.3
1
-8.8
7
-10.3
4
-2.5
5
-.39
-3.0
4
-10.2
9
-7.6
4
Ion
ex
chan
ge
2.8
3
3.9
2
8.9
5
2.7
6
2.3
2
3.5
2
2.8
3
2.8
3
Table
14.
Resu
lts
of m
ass-balanc
e ca
lcul
atio
ns for
chem
ical
changes
resu
ltin
g from s
elected
initial
sources
tospoil
using
pyrite as
the
pare
nt-m
ater
ial
source of
sul
fat
e Co
ntin
ued
Initial
water
sour
ce a
nd
date
(fig.
i) (figs
Glacial-drift
well
T
(8-24-83)
Glacial-drift
well Q
(9-1
5-81
)
Bedrock
well
R
(9-1
5-84
)
Spoil -w
ater
source a
nd
Mill
imol
es per
liter
of indicated
reactant a
dded
to so
luti
on (p
osit
ive)
or
date
released from s
olut
ion
(neg
ativ
e)1
. 2,
3,
and
4) Calcite
Well
12
6.12
(7-2
5-83
)
Well
3
3.72
(12-9-81)
Well
8
5.15
(12-9-81)
Well
12
6.04
(3-25-82)
Well
3 .71
(12-9-81)
Well
8
2.15
(12-9-81)
Well
12
3.03
(3-25-82)
Dolomite
Oxyg
en (ga
s)
Carb
on d
i-
Pyri
te
oxide
(gas)
4.89
43.99
-9.98
6.48
6.05
33.0
0 -6.22
8.78
4.01
27.3
7 -9.77
7.28
5.66
33.0
7 -1
6.59
8.84
7.94
33.77
-5.68
9.00
5.90
28
.14
-9.2
3 7.50
7.55
33.8
4 -16.02
9.04
Goethite
Ion
exch
ange
-6.4
7 4.82
-8.73
1.56
-7.29
2.66
-8.75
7.68
-8.92
-3.7
2
-7.48
-2.62
-8.94
2.40
Table
14.--R
esults of
mas
s-ba
lanc
e ca
lcul
atio
ns for
chem
ical
changes
resu
ltin
g from s
elec
ted
initial
sources
to spoil
using
pyrite as
th
e pa
rent
-mat
eria
l source of
su1fate--Continued
Init
ial
wate
r Sp
oil-
wate
rsource and
sour
ce a
nd
Millimoles pe
r liter
of in
dica
ted
reac
tant
added to solution (positive) or
date
date
released from s
olution
(neg
ativ
e)^
(fig
. i)
Bed
rock
w
ell
(9-1
5-8
1)
(fig
s.
2,
3,
and
4)
S W
ell
3 (1
2-9
-81
)
Wel
l 8
(12-9
-81)
Wel
l 12
(3
-25
-82
)
Ca
lcite
0.29
1.73
2.61
Dol
omite
8.2
0
6.16
7.81
Oxy
gen(
gas)
38.9
4
33.3
1
39.0
1
Car
bon
di
oxi
de
(gas
)
-1.7
2
-5.2
8
-12.0
6
Pyrite
10.3
7
8.87
10.4
2
Go
eth
ite
-10
.30
-8.8
6
-10.3
2
Ion
exch
ange
-4.1
2
3.0
2
2.00
1 Result
s from c
ompu
ter
progra
m BA
LANC
E (Parkhurst a
nd ot
hers
, 1982).
A po
siti
ve m
illimole-per-liter
value
for
ion
exchange indicates
binding
of t
hat
quan
tity
of
calc
ium
ion
and
rele
ase
of twice
that q
uant
ity
of s
odium
ion.
Conversely,
a ne
gati
ve value
indicates
bind
ing
of t
wice the
mill
imol
e-pe
r-li
ter
quan
tity
of
sodi
um io
n an
d re
leas
e of t
hat
quan
tity
of
calc
ium
ion.
Tabl
e 15
.--R
esul
ts of
mass-balance
calc
ulat
ions
fo
r ch
emic
al changes
resu
ltin
g from s
elec
ted
initial
sources
en
-J
to s
poil using
gypsum a
s the
pare
nt-m
ater
ial
sour
ce o
f su
lfat
e
Init
ial
wate
r source an
d date
(fig.
i) (figs
Precipitation
(see ta
ble
5,
footnotes
1 an
d 2)
Lake 10
1 (9-22-83)
Lake 201
(7-26-83)
Lake 30
1 (7
-25-
83)
Glacial-drift
well
V
(8-25-83)
Spoil -w
ater
source and
date
.
2, 3,
and
4)
Well
3
(12-
9-81
)
Well
8
(12-
9-81
)
Well
12
(3-2
5-82
)
Well
3
(7-26-83)
Well
8
(7-26-83)
Well
12
(7-25-83)
Well
3
(7-26-83)
Well
8
(7-26-83)
Mill
imol
es pe
r li
ter
of indicated
reactant a
dded
to s
olut
ion
rele
ased
from s
olution
(neg
ativ
e)1
Calcite
-13.
48
-9.05
-11.
26
6.62
2.96
-.77
-13.34
-8.1
5
Dolomite
8.23
6.19
7.84
14.3
0
-.41
1.93
8.27
4.98
Gypsum
20.7
7
17.7
7
20.8
7
2.00
1.00
6.11
20.68
15.4
8
Carb
on di
ox
ide
(gas)
14.7
4
8.18
4.50
-15.
42
10.4
0
3.53
10.4
2
2.62
(positive) or
Ion
exch
ange
2.83
3.92
8.95
2.76
2.32
3.52
2.83
2.83
Table
15.
Resu
lts
of m
ass-balanc
e ca
lcul
atio
ns for
chem
ical
changes
resu
ltin
g from s
elected
init
ial
sources
00
Init
ial
wate
r source and
date
(fig.
i)
Glac
ial-
drif
t we
ll T
(8-24-83)
Glacial -drift
well
Q
(9-1
5-81
)
Bedrock
well
R
(9-1
5-84
)
to sp
oil
using
gypsum
Spoil -water
source and
Mi
date
(figs. 2,
3, an
d 4)
Well
12
(7-25-83)
Well
3
(12-9-81)
Well
8
(12-
9-81
)
Well
12
(3
-25-
82)
Well
3
(12-9-81)
Well 8
(12-9-81)
Well 12
(3-2
5-82
)
as the
parent-material
source of
sul fate Continued
llim
oles
pe
r li
ter
of indicated
reactant a
dded to s
olution
released from s
olution
(neg
ativ
e)1
Calc
ite
-6.85
-13.
86
-9.42
-11.64
-17.
28
-12.
84
-15.
06
Dolomite
4.89
6.05
4.01
5.66
7.94
5.90
7.55
Gyps
um
12.97
17.57
14.57
17.67
17.99
14.99
18.09
Carbon d
i
oxide
(gas
)
2.99
11.36
4.80
1.12
12.31
5.76
2.07
(positive) or
Ion
exchange
4.82
1.56
2.66
7.68
-3.7
2
-2.6
2
2.40
Table
15.-
-Res
ults
of
mass-balance
calc
ulat
ions
for
chem
ical
ch
ange
s re
sult
ing
from s
elec
ted
init
ial
sour
ces
to s
poil
using
gypsum
as
the
parent-material
sour
ce of
su1fate
--Continued
Initial
wate
r Spoil-water
source and
sour
ce a
nd
Millimoles pe
r li
ter
of in
dica
ted
reactant a
dded
to s
olution
(positive) or
date
date
rele
ased
fr
om solution (n
egat
ive)
1(f
ig.
i)
Bed
rock
w
ell
(9-1
5-8
1)
(fig
s.
2,
3,
and
4)
S W
ell
3 (1
2-9
-81
)
Wel
l 8
(12
-9-8
1)
Wel
l 12
(3
-25
-82
)
Calc
ite
-20
.46
-16
.02
-18.2
4
Dolo
mite
8.2
0
6.1
6
7.81
Gyp
sum
20
.75
17
.75
20
.85
Car
bon
di
oxi
de
(g
as)
19
.02
12.4
9
8.7
8
Ion
exch
ange
-4.1
2
-3.0
2
2.0
0
en UD
Results
from
computer
progra
m BALANCE
(Parkhurst a
nd o
ther
s, 1982).
A positive m
illi
mole
-per
-lit
er
value
for
ion
exch
ange
indicates
bind
ing
of th
at q
uantity
of c
alcium io
n and
release
of tw
ice
that q
uant
ity
of s
odium
ion.
Conversely,
a ne
gati
ve value
indi
cate
s binding
of t
wice the millimole-per-liter
quantity o
f so
dium
ion
and
release
of t
hat
quantity of
cal
cium
ion.
The chemical processes that occur as water moves into spoil probably are a combination of the two sets of processes shown in tables 14 and 15. Generally, these processes are dissolution and precipitation of calcite, dissolution of dolomite, dissolution of pyrite and gypsum, precipitation of goethite (or iron hydroxide), and release of sodium ions by ion exchange.
SUMMARY
The near-surface geology of northern Missouri consists of Quaternary loess, alluvium, and glacial drift overlying Pennsylvanian bedrock. The loess is composed of fine-grained, wind-blown material and occurs on the higher ridges. The alluvium and glacial drift are composed of sand, silt, and clay. The bedrock is composed of shale, limestone, sandstone, and coal. Coal deposits of interest are the Mulky and Bevier-Wheeler seams that generally are within 100 feet of land surface. Spoil, which consists of a heterogeneous mixture of glacial drift and broken bedrock, is present where the coal seams have been strip mined. Most older mines were abandoned without reclamation.
Alluvium, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil are aquifers in the study area. Transmissivities generally are greatest for spoil and decrease in the following order: alluvium, glacial drift, and bedrock.
Recharge to alluvium is by infiltration of precipitation and by lateral and probably vertical flow from adjacent aquifers. Recharge to glacial drift is by infiltration of precipitation and lateral flow from adjacent aquifers. Recharge to bedrock is by infiltration of precipitation and vertical flow from glacial drift. Recharge to spoil is from precipitation, lateral flow from glacial drift, and lateral and vertical flow from bedrock. Precipitation probably is the major source of recharge, both directly by infiltration and indirectly as leakage from high-wall lakes. The rate of recharge to the aquifers is unknown, but probably is small. Ground-water discharge from glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil is to alluvium, which generally discharges to streams.
The potentiometric surface in the shallow aquifers generally conformed to the topography. The direction of flow generally was from high-wall lakes in the spoil toward the East Fork Little Chariton River or South Fork Claybank Creek.
Water from high-wall lakes had a median dissolved-solids concentration of 2,059 milligrams per liter and was a calcium magnesium sulfate type. Water from glacial drift had a median dissolved-solids concentration of 559 milligrams per liter and was either a calcium magnesium bicarbonate or calcium magnesium sulfate type. Water from bedrock had a median dissolved-solids concentration of 775.5 milligrams per liter and was either a sodium bicarbonate or calcium bicarbonate type. Water from spoil had a median dissolved-solids concentration of 2,860 milligrams per liter and was a calcium magnesium sulfate type. Water from spoil had a median pH value of 6.6, which was less than the median pH value of water from drift (7.4) and the median pH value of water from bedrock (9.0).
Dissolved-solids concentration increased downgradient in two of three spoil areas. Although differences in water quality existed between the three spoil areas, the differences cannot be attributed to the age of the spoil. The changes occurred in fewer than 12 years and have persisted for more than 40 years.
60
Water from high-wall lakes, glacial drift, bedrock, and spoil was saturated with respect to calcite, dolomite, and quartz, but only water from spoil was saturated with respect to gypsum. The difference can be attributed either to dissolution of freshly exposed gypsum or to oxidation of freshly exposed pyrite, or both, in spoil. The exposure of the minerals probably results from disturbance of the glacial drift and bedrock overburden during mining.
The general chemical processes that occur as water moves into spoil are dissolution and precipitation of calcite, dissolution of dolomite, consumption of oxygen gas, consumption and release of carbon dioxide gas, dissolution of pyrite and gypsum, precipitation of goethite (or iron hydroxide), and release of sodium ions by ion exchange.
61
REFERENCES
Anderson, K. H., coordinator, 1979, Geologic map of Missouri: Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey, scale 1:500,000.
Draney, D. E., 1982, Physical properties of coal mine spoil piles of variousages in Macon County, Missouri: Columbia, University of Missouri, unpublished M.S. thesis, 109 p.
Fenneman, N. M., 1938, Physiography of eastern United States: New York, McGraw Hill, 714 p.
Freeze, R. A., and Cherry, J. A., 1979, Groundwater: Englewood Cliffs, N. J., Prentice-Hall, 604 p.
Gann, E. E., Harvey, E. J., Jeffery, H. G., and Fuller, D. L., 1971, Waterresources of northeastern Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Hydrologic Investigations Atlas HA-372, 4 sheets.
Gentile, R. J., 1967, Mineral commodities of Macon and Randolph Counties:Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 40, 106 p.
Haliburton Associates, 1981, Prairie Hills controlled industrial waste treatment and disposal facility: Wichita, Kans., Missouri Industrial Environmental Services, Inc., 1981, 402 p., 11 appendices (permit application to Missouri Department of Natural Resources).
Horner and Shifrin, Inc., 1981, Groundwater study for the general area of thePrairie Hill Mine (near Moberly Missouri): St. Louis, prepared for Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc., 45 p., 19 exhibits, 6 appendices.
Lewis, J. C., 1982, Surficial hydrogeology of a small drainage basin nearExcello, Macon County, Missouri: Columbia, University of Missouri, unpublished M.S. thesis, 81 p.
National Weather Service, 1981-83, Climatological data, Missouri: Asheville,N.C., U.S. Department of Commerce, v. 85, nos. 5-13; v. 86, nos. 1-13; v. 87, nos. 1-13.
Older, Kathleen, 1982, A mineralogic study of coal mine spoil in north centralMissouri: Columbia, University of Missouri, unpublished M.S. thesis, 86 p.
Parkhurst, D. L., Plummer, L. N., and Thorstenson, D. C., 1982, BALANCE Acomputer program for calculating mass transfer for geochemical reations in ground water: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 82-060, 29 p.
Plummer, L. N., Jones, B. F., and Truesdell, A. H., 1976 (revised 1978),WATEQF A FORTRAN IV version of WATEQF, a computer program for calculating chemical equilibrium of natural waters: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 76-13, 63 p.
62
Robertson, C. E., 1971, Evaluation of Missouri's coal resources: Rolla,Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 48, 100 p.
____1973, Mineable coal reserves of Missouri: Rolla, Missouri Division ofGeology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 55, 71 p.
Robertson, C. E., and Smith, D. C., 1981, Coal resources and reserves ofMissouri: Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 66, 49 p.
Searight, W. V., 1967, Mineral fuel resources, coal, in Mineral and waterresources of Missouri: Washington, D.C., U.S. Government Printing Office, U.S. 90th Congress, 1st session, Senate Document 19, p. 235-243 and 251-252.
Seifert, G. G., 1982, Hydrogeochemistry of coal mine spoil piles of various ages in Macon County, Missouri: Columbia, University of Missouri, unpublished M.S thesis, 101 p.
Shell Engineering Associates, 1981 Engineering study and report for solid waste disposal permit Thomas Hill operation: Columbia, Mo., prepared for Associated Electric Cooperative, Inc., 62 p., 6 appendices.
Skelton, John, 1971, Carryover storage requirements for reservoir design inMissouri: Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Water Resources Report 25, 43 p.
U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining Reclamation andEnforcement, 1979, Surface coal mining and reclamation operation: Federal Register, v. 44, no. 50, Tuesday, March 13, 1979, part II, p. 15311-15463.
Vaill, J. E., and Barks, J. H., 1980, Physical environment and hydrologiccharacteristics of coal-mining areas in Missouri: U.S. Geological Survey Water-Resources Investigations 80-67, 33 p.
Wedge, W. K., Bhatia, D. M. S., and Rueff, A. W., 1976, Chemical analyses ofselected Missouri coals and some statistical implications: Rolla, Missouri Division of Geology and Land Survey Report of Investigations 60, 36 p.
63
SUPPLEMENTAL DATA
64
Tabl
e 16.--Selected
data
pe
rtai
ning
to w
ells fo
r wh
ich
quailty-of-wat
er d
ata
were o
btained
Depth
of p
erforated
inte
rval
: 0, op
en ho
le.
Type o
f se
al:
B, be
nton
ite;
C,
concrete.
Method o
f development:
A, compressed a
ir su
rgin
g;
D, flushe
d with w
ater
fro
m nearby lake.
Drilling f
luid:
E, Re
vert
(J
ohns
on Screens);
F,
Petr
o SH-1200
L and
Stafoam
202
(Pet
ro-C
hem,
Inc.).
Prod
ucin
g aq
uife
r:
H, glacial
drif
t;
I, consolidated
rock
above
coa
l; J
, coal and
15 to
20
feet b
enea
th
coal
; K,
sp
oil;
L,
gl
acia
l dr
ift
adjacent t
o spoil.
Addi
tion
al co
mmen
ts:
M, dr
illi
ng losses substantial
during drilling;
N, obstruction
afte
r construction-
wate
r sa
mple
s ca
nnot
be
obtained w
ith
avai
labl
e equipment; P,
obstruction water
samp
les
can
no
long
er be ob
tain
ed w
ith
pres
ent
equi
pmen
t;
Q, ob
serv
atio
n we
ll of
the U
.S.
Geological Su
rvey
; R,
ob
serv
atio
n we
ll of A
ssoc
iate
d Electric
Coop
erat
ive,
Inc.;
S, dug
well,
rock o
r brick
lined
U, in
form
ation
not
available.
Wells
1-15
are
located
in sp
oil
areas,
outs
ide
of s
poil
areas.
--,
No da
ta or
comments.
Wells
A-V
are
Wel
l nu
mbe
r en
an
d01
id
en
tify
ing
lett
er
(fig
s.
1-4
)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Altitude
of
land
sufa
ce(f
eet
abov
ese
a le
vel)
85
0.3
8818.9
9798.7
08
17
.79
806.2
5
791.
4178
2.43
752.
7577
9.91
765.
96
Dep
thof
we
ll(f
ee
t)
86.2
51.2
35.0
50.6
37.2
56.1
27.2
39.5
31.2
13.8
Dep
th
of
perf
ora
ted
inte
rva
l(f
ee
t)
77.0
-83.0
41.2
-49.2
26.0
-34.0
40.6
-48.6
27.2
-35.2
46.1
-54.1
17.2
-25.2
29.5
-37.5
21.2
-29.2
3.8
-11
.8
Dep
thof
sea
l(f
eet)
10.0
1.0
6.5
3.2
8.0
9.0
9.0
17.0
4.0
3.5
Typ
eof
sea
l
B B B B B B B B B B
Drillin
gfluid E F E F F E E E F F
Dat
eco
mp
lete
d
5-1
9-8
110-8
-81
5-1
3-8
110
-29-
8110
-28-
81
5-21
-81
6-3
-81
6-2
-81
10-2
9-81
10-3
0-81
Met
hod
of
de
velo
p
men
t
AA
, D
A,
D DA
, D A A A
A,
DA
, D
Pro
duci
ng
aquifer
L K K K K K L L K K
Addi
tio
na
lco
mm
ents
M -- -- N -- M M -- -- --
Table
1
6.
Se
lecte
d
data
p
ert
ain
ing
to
we
lls fo
r w
hic
h q
ua
lity-o
f-w
ate
r data
w
ere
ob
tain
ed
Co
ntin
ue
d
Wel
l nu
mbe
r an
d id
entify
ing
letter
(fig
s.
1-4
)
11 12 13 14 15 A B C D E »
F G H I J K L M N 0
Altitude
of
land
sufa
ce
(fe
et
abov
e se
a le
ve
l )
801.3
9770.6
37
83
.64
770.4
2764.9
9
849
844
838
848
823
822
810
828
780
834
845
768
863
771
771
Dep
th
of
we
ll (f
ee
t)
10
1.5
59.7
47.0
25.2
22.2
22 22 30 24 31 27 23 77 32 35 45 60 98 10
5.0
13
7.5
Dep
th
of
perf
ora
ted
inte
rval
(fe
et)
91.5
-99.5
49
.7-5
7.5
37.0
-45.0
15.2
-23.2
12.2
-20.2
__ -- -- -- _ _ -- U -- U U U U84.2
5-8
9.2
51
09
.0-1
37
.5,
0
Dep
th
of
sea
l (f
ee
t)
16.0
20.0
4.0
4.5
3.0 __ -- -- -- -- __ -- U -- U U U U
4.0
109.5
Typ
e of
sea
l
B B B B B __ _- -- -- -- __ -- U -- U U U U C C
Drillin
g
fluid E E F F F __ _
- _- -- _.. U -- U U U U U U
Dat
e co
mp
lete
d
6-9
-81
6-1
1-8
111-2
-81
10-3
0-81
11-2
-81
U U U U U U U U U U U U U5-5
-80
4-3
1-8
0
Met
hod
of
deve
lop
men
t
A AA
, D
A,
DA
, D U U U U U U U U U U U U U U U
Pro
du
cin
g
aq
uife
r
K K K L L L L L L L L L L L L L L L H I
Ad
di
tional
com
men
ts
M,
PM -- M -- 0 S 0 0 S S S
-- S -- _ _ --
--
-- --
Tab
le
16.-
-Sele
cted
data
pert
ain
ing
to w
ells
fo
r w
hich
qu
al it
y-o
f-w
ate
r da
ta
wer
e o
bta
ine
d C
on
tinu
ed
Wel
l nu
mbe
r an
did
en
tify
ing
letter
(fig
s.
1-4
)
P Q R S T U V
Altitude
of
land
su
face
(feet
abov
ese
a le
ve
l)
771
775.
0677
5.83
775.
0883
2
824
860
Dep
thof
well
(feet)
160.
56
4.5
125.
015
1.0
14.6
13.5
14.5
Dep
th of
pe
rfo
rate
d
140
inte
rva
l(f
ee
t)
.0-1
60.5
,5
9.5
-64
.571 12
5.0
-12
5.0
,.0
-151.0
,-- __ --
Dep
thof
seal
(fe
et)
0 14
0.0
4.0
0 7
1.0
0 12
5.0
__ _-
Type of
seal C C C C _ _ --
Drillin
gflu
id U U U U __ --
Dat
eco
mpl
eted
4-1
5-8
05
-7-8
05
-12
-80
5-6
-80
U U U
Met
hod
of
deve
lop
men
t
U U U U U U U
Pro
duci
nga
qu
ife
r
J H I J L L L
Addi
tional
com
men
ts
.. -- -- -- S S S
cr»
Tab
le
17.-
-Wate
r-qualit
y a
na
lysi
s da
ta fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes
tUM
HOS,
m
icro
mho
s pe
r ce
ntim
ete
r a
t 25
°C
els
ius
now
re
po
rte
d
as m
icro
siem
ens
per
cen
time
ter
at
25 °C
els
ius;
DE
G C
, de
gree
s C
els
ius;
M
G/L
, m
illig
ram
s pe
r lite
r;
UG
/L,
mic
rogr
ams
per
lite
r;
num
bers
in
pa
rent
hese
s in
co
lum
n he
adin
gs
are
WAT
STOR
E co
des;
,
no d
ata
; <
, le
ss
tha
n]
cr>
CO
WELL OR
LAKE IDEN
TIFYING
NUMBER OR
LETTER
(FIGS. 1-4)
1
2 3
4 6 7
DATE
OF
SAMPLE
31-07-21
61-12-08
32-03-24
32-06-07
82-09-01
31-1
2-08
32-0
3-24
82-06-07
32-0
9-01
31-07-20
31-12-09
32-0
3-26
32-0
6-07
32-08-31
83-07-26
33-0
9-23
61-12-09
32-0
3-24
82-06-07
82-09-01
31-0
7-21
32-03-25
32-0
6-03
32-0
9-02
31-07-21
31-12-09
82-0
3-25
52-0
6-03
32-0
9-02
SPE
CIFI
CCON
DUCT
ANCE
(UMHOS)
(000
95)
2670
2650
2530
2670
2730
2590
3350
3330
3130
3090
3370
3630
3700
3660
3630
3530
3150
3320
3025
3020
3540
4550
4630
4320
3*50
3460
3150
3340
3130
PH
(STAND
ARD
UNITS)
(00400)
6.7
6.6
6.7
6.4
6.6
6.5
6.6
6.4
6.6
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.2
6.3
6.3
6.6
6.6
6.5
6.4
6.6
6.8
7.0
6.8
6.9
6.6
6.5
6.6
6.0
6.6
TEMPER
ATURE
(OEG C)
(000
10)
16.5
12.5
15.0
16.0
16.0
12.0
12.0
15.0
15.5
16.5
11.0 9.5
16.0
16.0
16.0
16.0
10.5
11.5
15.5
15.0
13.5
13.0
16.0
16.5
17.5
10.0
11.5
1o.O
15.0
COLOR
(PLAT-
INJM-
C03ALT
UNITS)
(00080)
.. 10 ~ 5
-- -
5 5
--
..
0 -- 10 -- 105
-- --
OXYGEN,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L)
(00300)
0.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .8 .0 .4 .0 .4 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .C
OXYGEN,
DIS
SOLVED
(PER
CENT
SATUR
ATION)
(00301) 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0
__ --
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0
HARD
NESS
(MG/L
AS
CAC03)
(00900)
1637
1479
1603
1653
1678
1676
2165
2174
2174
1901
2100
2266
2457
2432
2357 --
1363
2076
2013
1943
2095
26^1
2755
2600
2305
2296
2364
2405
2256
HARD
NESS/
NONCAR-
8CNATE
(MG/L
CAC03)
(009
02) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 C
ACIDITY
(MG/
LAS
CAC03)
(00435)
79--
114
94 __
79
293--
149--
209
596--
__ _
25129--
149
174
253--
154.0
65 74 50
Tab
le 17,-
-Wate
r-qualit
y a
na
lysi
s da
ta fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes-
-Co
ntin
ue
d
LAKE OR
WELL IO
EN-
TIFflNG
NUMBER OR
LETTER
(FIGS. 1-4)
1 2 3
en l£»
<* 6 7
DATE
OFSAMPLE
81-07-21
31-12-08
82-03-24
82-06-07
32-09-01
81-12-08
82-03-2*
32-06-07
32-09-01
81-07-20
81-12-09
82-03-26
82-06-07
32-08-31
83-07-26
33-09-2a
81-12-09
32-03-24
82-06-07
82-09-01
81-07-21
32-03-25
82-06-08
82-09-02
81-07-21
31-12-09
32-03-25
82-06-38
32-09-02
CALCIUM
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS CA
>(0
0915
)
490
410
460
480
490
390
520
540
540
480
513
560
620
010
583--
503
553
563
533
493
580
573
530
513
493
553
550
543
MAGNE
SIUM*
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS MG)
(00925)
100
110
110
110
110
170
210
200
200
170
200
210
220
220
220
150
170
150
150
210
300
320
310
250
260
240
250
220
SOQIUM/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS NA
)(00930)
75 90 84 75 77 76 64 56 69 11130
140
150
150
140
95110 98 90 18
300
343
360 11 49 41 33 26
POTA
SSIUM/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS K)
(00935)
6.8
8.0
7.9
7.6
7.6
5.1
2.9
2.9
2.7
6.2
8.0
6.1
6.2
5.7
6.1 --
5.2
4.0
4.7
3.3
14 17 19 15 10 13 11 129.
5
BICAR
BONATE
(MG/L
ASHC
03)
(00440)
550
440
370
450
440
560
720
740
740
560
860
860
860
x 82
0
870
900
750
740
720
720
910
860
330
730
510
430
380
390
340
CAR
BONATE
(MG/
LAS
C03)
(OQ4
45) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALKA
LINITY
FIELD
(MG/L
ASCAC03)
(00410)
451
361
303
369
361
459
591
607
607
459
705
705
705
673
-- --
615
607
591
. 591
746
705
681
640
418
353
312
320
279
CARBON
DIOXIDE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS C0
2)(00405-)
167
176
132
285
176
281
287
468
295
316
432
273
562
653
693
359
299
372
455
237
246
137
209
156
194
216
152
156
136
SULFATE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS S0
4)(30945)
1403
1400
1500
1500
1500
1400
1700
1700
1600
1500
2000
2300
2000
2000
2000
1900
1700
1700
1503
1500
1700
2900
3000
2700
2100
2200
2100
2200
2000
CHLO
RIDE/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS CD
(00940)
13 158.5
3.2
3.2
4.6
3.6
3.4
3.4
115.
85.1
4.9
5.2
4.0 --
123.7
4.0
3.4
4.5
6.2
6.4
6.1
3.4
2.9
1.8
1.3
1.4
FLUO-
RIOE,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS F)
(00950)
0.6 .7 .6 .7 .6 .5 .4 .4 .4 .3 .4 .4 .4 .3 .4 -- .4 .4 .4 .4 .3 .4 .3 .3 .6 .7 .7 .8 .7
SILICA/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
ASSI
02)
(00955)
16 14 16 16 16 19 20 21 21 12 17 15 18 16 17--
17 17 19 13 16 14 12 12 14 11 11 10 10
Tabl
e 1
7.-
-Wa
ter-
qu
alit
y an
alys
is d
ata
for
well
and
lake
s C
ontin
ued
UcLL OR
LAKE IOEN-
TIFTING
NUM3ER OR
DATE
LETTER
OFSAMPLE
(FIGS. 1-
4)
1 81
-07-21
81-12-03
82-03-24
82-06-07
82-0
9-01
2 31-12-08
82-03-24
82-06-07
82-09-
01
°
3 81-07-20
81-12-09
32-03-26
82-06-07
82-08-
31
83-07-26
33-09-23
4 81-12-09
82-03-24
82-06-37
82-09-
01
6 81
-07-
2132-03-25
82-06-08
82-09-02
7 81-07-21
81-12-09
32-0
3-25
82-06-38
82-09-02
SOLIDS/
RESI
DUE
AT 130
DcG. C
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/
L)(70330)
2340
2460
2o30
2520
2510
2630
3260
3090
2390
2720
3560
3020
3620
3530
3540 --
3050
3200
2960
2340
3520
4710
4030
4360
3<>C
O35
303110
3330
3200
SOLIOSs
SUM
OFCONSTI
TUENTS*
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/
L)(7
0301
)
2398
2238
239*
2442
2*49
2353
2385
2893
2313
2480
3309
3372
3456
3424
3*09
--
2857
2931
2700
2059
2969
' 46
1647
354354
3193
3286
317*
3282
2986
NIT30-
NITRATE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS N)
(00618)
0.05 -- -- ~
-- -- -- -- .23 -- _. .. -- -- -- .04
--
-- --
.07
--
-- - »
--
NITRO-
GENs
NITRITE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS N)
(00613)
0.000
<.02
0 ~ --
<.020 --
.000
<.02
0 -- --
-- --
<.020 -- -- --
.010 -- -- __
.000
<.G2
0 -- --
NITRO
GEN/
AMMONIA
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS N)
(00609)
0.720
.330
3.70
.440
.670 --
.310 ~ --
1.oO-- --
.530
.900 -- --
PHOS
PHORUS^
ORTMOx
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS P)
(00671)
0.000
<.01
0 -- --
<.01
0 --
.010
<.010 -- ----
-_
<.010 -- -- --
.000 -- -- --
.000
<.010 -- -- --
ALUM-
INUM,
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS AL)
(01106) 0
<10 10 90
<10 30 20 10
<10
1000 10 70
<10 10 10 --
160 80 80 10 0 20 20 10
1000 90 40 40 10
ARSENIC
DIS-.
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS AS
)(01000) 2<t -- --
1-- ~ --
3 4------
--
--
2 -- --
2 --
2 2-- --
CADM
IUM
DIS
SOLV
ED(U
G/L
AS CO)
(01025) 0<1 -- --
1-- -- --
1 1-- "
__ -- <! -- -- 0 -- --
0<1 -- -- --
CrtSO-
MlUMx
DIS
SOLVED
(US/L
AS CR
)(01030) 10 10
- -
<10 -- ~ -- 10 10 -- --
.. -- <10 -- - 10 -- -- -- 10 10 -- -- --
CHR3-
MlUMx
HEXA-
VALENTx
DIS.
(UG/
LAS
CR
)(01032) -- ~ -- -- -- -- -- -
..
-- -- ~
__ -- -- -- -- -- -
-- -- -- -- -- .- --
COPP
ERx
DIS
SOLV
ED(U
G/L
AS CU)
(01040) 0 2-- -- -- <t -- -- - 1 2-- -- ~~ -- --
2 -- -- 0-- -- --
0<1 -- -» --
Tab
le
17.-
-Wate
r-qualit
y a
na
lysi
s da
ta fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes
Co
ntin
ue
d
WELL AND
LAKE IDEN
TIFYING
NUMBER OR
LETTER
(FIGS. 1-4)
1 2 3 4 6 7
DATE
OFSAMPLE
81-07-21
81-12-08
82-03-24
82-06-07
82-09-01
81-12-08
82-03-24
82-06-07
82-09-01
81-07-20
31-12-39
82-03-26
82-00-37
82-08-31
83-07-26
83-09-28
81-12-39
82-03-24
82-06-37
82-09-01
81-07-21
32-03-25
32-06-33
82-09-02
81-07-21
81-12-39
82-03-25
82-06-38
82-09-02
IRON/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS FE)
(01046)
15000
17000
19000
18000
18000
1200
4100
4500
6200
3300
4200
2000
3100
3600
3300
3000
1100
5100
3600
3300
49000
61000
42000
32000
35000
A2000
23000
24000
7700
LEAO/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS PS)
(01049) 0<1 --
<1 -- -- - 0
<1 -- -- -
-- -
2-- --
0-- -- - 0 <1 -- -- --
MANGA
NESE/
DIS
SOLVED
(JG/L
AS MN)
(013
56)
3500
4000
*300
3900
3900
4400
3900
4200
4700
5900
7900
3500
3100
3200
7900 --
4500
5000
3300
3900
12000
7600
5200
<»30
0
3500
2500
1600
13QO
1000
MERCURY
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS HG)
(71390)
0.1
<.1 -- -
<.1 -- -- .0
<.1 -- -- -- -
<.1 -- .1 -- -- -- .1
<.1 -- -- --
NICKEL/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS NI)
(01065) 0 2 2<1 <1 14 16 157
33 24 30 27 37 39 -- 12 12 118 5
217 9
*70
25C
300
260
330
SELE
NIUM/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS SE)
(01145) 0<1 -- -- <1 -- -
0<1 -- «
-_ -- <1 -- -- 0
-- -- -- 0 <1 --
-- --
STRON
TIUM/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS SR)
(01080)
1500
1500
1500
1400
1500
1600
1300
1600
1300
1700
2100
2130
2220
2100
2300 --
1SOO
1900
1?00
1500
5600
5600
12COO
400
2000
1700
1600
220C
1300
ZINC/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS IN)
(01090) 20 60 30 30 30
590 20 20 20
110
140 50 20 70 20 --
100 30
100 40 20 50 50 50
470
430
530
490
590
Tab
le 17.-
-Wate
r-qualit
y a
na
lysi
s da
ta fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes
Co
ntin
ue
d
HELL OR
LAKE IOEN-
TIFriNG
DATE
NIMBER OR
OF
LETTER
SAMPLE
(FIG
S. 1-4)
8 31-07-21
81-12-09
32-0
3-25
32-06-08
82-09-02
83-07-26
33-09-29
9 81-12-09
32-0
3-25
82-06-03
32-0
9-01
10
32-0
3-25
82-06-03
32-0
9-01
11
81-07-21
12
81-07-21
32-03-25
82-0
6-03
32-09-01
83-0
7-25
83-09-28
13
32-0
3-25
32-06-03
32-0
9-01
33-09-23
14
31-12-0*
82-0
3-25
32-0
6-08
82-09-02
15
31-1
2-09
32-0
3-25
32-0
6-03
32-0
9-02
SPE
CIFIC
CON
DUCT
ANCE
(UMHOS)
(00095)
2330
3100
2650
3000
2950
2750
2940
2860
3920
4000
4040
3130
3040
3030
2440
3630
3630
3030
2920 271
2660
2210
2370
2260
2150
2330
2930
3025
3010
3063
2910
2923
2930
PH
(STAND
ARD
UNITS)
(00400)
6.7
6.8
7.0
6.7
6.8
6.6
6.9
7.2
7.1
6.3
6.4
7.0
6.5
6.4
7.0
6.8
7.2
6.9
6.7
6.9
7.0
7.4
7.1
6.9
7.6
6.5
5.6
5.8
6.0
5.0
4.4
4.2
4.0
TEMPER
ATURE
(OEG C)
(00010)
16.5
10.0
15.0
18.0
14.5
16.5
16.5
12.0
14.5
15.5
16.5
12.0
15.0
18.0
15.5
17.0
11.5
15.5
16.5
17.0
16.0
10.0
15.5
16.0
16.5
15.0
11.0
15.5
16.0
13.5
13.0
15.5
17.5
COLOR
(PLA
TIN
UM-
COBA
LTUNITS)
(00030) 0 0-- -- --
80 -
-- 5
-- 0 30 -- -- --
0 -- 25 -- -- - 5 --
OXYGEN/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L)
(303
00) .2 .2 .2
2.1
2.2 .4 .4 -- .0 .0
1.6 .1 .2 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0 -- .0 .0 .0 .0 .2 .0
OXYG
EN,
DIS
SOLVED
(PER
CENT
SATUR
ATION)
(003
01) 2 2 222 21 ._ --
4-- 0 0 151 2 0 0 0 0 0
-- 0 0 0"
0--0 0 0 0 2 0
HARD
NE
SS(MG/L
AS
CAC03)
(009
30)
1562
1719
1728
1844
1844
1703 --
1357
3354
3058
3146
2454
2322
2239 907
1539
1637
1239
1239
1264
1115
1107
1016 --
1907
2141
2173
2067
1957
2221
19*0
2032
hARD
- NE
SSr
NONCAR-
dONA
TE(M
G/L
CAC0
3)(00902) 0 0 0 0 0 C 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ACIDITY
(MG/L
AS
CAC03)
(00435)
74.0
129
149-- _» -- _. --
442
104
_-89 65
--
55--
154-- -- __ -- -- -- .0
55 74 25
__377
223
114
Tab
le 17.-
-Wate
r-qualit
y a
na
lysi
s da
ta fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes
Contin
ued
*ELL OR
LAKE IDEN
TIFYING
DATE
NiHdER OR
OFLETTER
SAMPLE
(FISS. 1-4)
8 81-07-21
81-12-39
32-03-25
82-06-08
82-09-02
83-07-26
33-09-29
9 81-12-09
82-03-25
32-06-08
82-09-01
10
82-03-25
oj
82-06-08
82-09-31
11
81-07-21
12
81-07-21
32-03-25
82-06-08
32-09-01
83-07-25
83-09-28
13
82-03-25
82-06-03
32-09-01
83-09-28
14
31-12-39
82-03-25
82-06-08
32-09-02
15
31-12-J9
82-03-25
32-00-38
82-09-32
CALCIUM
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS CA
)(00915)
413
443
463
493
493
450--
433
050
533
603
573
553
573
223
373
340
233
283
293
233
233
253-
453
560
543
533
473
513
433
5C3
MAGNE
SIUM,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS MG
)(00925)
130
150
140
150
150
140
190
420
3?0
400
250
230
210 86
160
190
130
130
130
100 98
?4--
190
133
230
180
190
230
130
1 ?0
SODIUM,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS NA)
(00930)
160
180
140
130
140
140
31 31 26 27 1d 13 14
260 38
410
300
230
230
180
180
130
27 18 20 22 11 129.
312
POTAS
SIUM,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS K)
(00935)
8.6
5.7
5.0
4.8
5.3
5.3
4.3
5.1
4.9
4.8
4.6
2.2
2.4
11 15 14 12 12 13
15 14 14
103.8
5.3
6.1
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.7
BICAR
BONATE
(MG/L
ASrtC03)
(00440)
430
630
610
590
580
580
600
480
560
560
610
360
330
340
390
530
610
513
470
440
430
340
360
340
320
290 48 120
200 160 0
12
CAR
BONATE
(MG/
LAS
C0
3)(00445) 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALKA
LINITY
FIELD
(MG/L
ASCAC03)
(00410)
353
517
500
484
476
--
394
450
459
500
295
271
279
320
476
500
413
385--
279
295
279
238 39 93
164 13.0 .0
10
CARBON
DIOXIDE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS C02>
(00405)
140
159 97
187
146
232
120 43 71
446
386 57
166
215 59
146 61
102
149 S3 63 22 45 63 13
146
192
302
318
254.3 .3
302
SULFATE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS S0
4)(00945)
1500
1700
1500
1600
1500
1500
1400
1900
2300
2600
2600
2100
2000
1900
1103
1700
2000
1303
1500
1309
1100
1200
120C
1200
1000
1900
2300
2103
2000
2400
2233
2103
2103
CHLO
RIDE
,DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS CD
(00940)
15 4.0
4.1
4.1
4.1
4.0
2.3
2.6
2.0
2.6
1.4
1.2
1.7
7.7
8.5
3.8
3.5
3.6
5.1
3.5
3.2
3.3 --
3.9
1.3
1.8
2.4
1.8
1.6
1.1
1.5
FLUO-
RIOE,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS F)
(00950) .2 .4 .4 .4 .4 .5
1.0 .8 .9 .8
1.2
1.5
1.3 .3 .2 .3 4 .3 .3 .4 .4 .3 _- .7
1.7
1.2
1.3
2.3
2.4
2.4
1.6
SILICA,
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
ASSI02)
(00955)
14 13 16 18 17 17
129.4
9.7
10 1.3
11 12
8.3
11 118.3
8.3
3.7 --
8.3
8.3
7.7 --
15 21 18 18 19 20 17 1o
Tab
le
17.
Wate
r-qualit
y a
na
lysi
s da
ta fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes
Contin
ued
WELL OR
LAKe IDEN
TIFYING
NUMBER OR
LETTER
(PIGS. 1-
4)
8 9
-j 5.
10 11 12 13 14 ^5
DATE
OFSAMPLE
81-07-21
81-12-09
82-03-25
82-06-08
82-09-02
33-07-26
83-09-29
81-12-09
82-03-25
82-06-08
82-09-01
82-03-25
82-06-08
82-09-01
31-07-21
81-07-21
82-03-25
82-06-08
32-09-31
83-07-25
33-09-28
82-03-25
82-C6-38
82-09-01
33-09-28
31-12-09
32-03-25
32-06-08
82-09-02
81-12-09
32-03-25
32-06-38
32-09-32
SCLI3S*
RESIDUE
AT 13
0DEG. C
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L)
(70330)
2700
2970
2330
2390
2310
2620 --
3230
4270
4170
4220
3310
3220
3170
2330
2970
3590
2410
2560
2310
1990
2300
1940 --
3140
3380
3140
3360
3350
3230
3360
3130
SOLI
DS*
SUM
OFCONSTI
TUENTS*
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L)
(70301)
2459
2816
2573
2700
2oOO
2554
2852
4207
3907
3964
3132
2980
2337
1897
2604
3234
2294
2454
2219
1'62
1?66
1"*2
2
2851
2835
2989
2921
3167
3051
2851
2aeG
NITRO
GEN*
NITRATE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/
LAS N)
(00618)
.00 -- _. --
-- --
0.22 -- -- .51
.00 -- -- -- .03 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- ...
-- .. --
NITRO
GEN*
NITRITE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS N)
(306
13)
.020
<.020 -- -- -- --
<.02
0 -- -- --
.020 -- --
.000
.000 -- -- -- --
.020 -- --
<.020 -- -- --
<.02
0
-- --
NITRO
GEN*
AMMONIA
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS N)
(006
08)
.280
.300 -- - -- --
2.90 -- --
.250 -- --
1.20
1.30-- -- -- --
1.40 ----
-
1.70 -- --
.710 -- -- --
PHOS
PHORUS*
ORTHO*
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS P)
(00671)
.030
.010 -- -- -- -- --
<.010 -- -- --
.020 --
.000
.000 -- -- -- -- -^
.010 -- -- --
<.01
0 -- -- --
<.010 -- -- --
ALUM
INUM*
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS AL)
(01106) 10 60 20 40 10 10 --
<10 40 30 10 40
120 10
1500
1000 30 40
<1 0 10 60 70 10 -- 50
620
460 90
12000
20030
25000
19000
ARSENIC
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS AS)
(010
00) 1 1-- -- -- -- 4-- -- <t -- -
4 3-- -- -- -- --
1-- -- --
3-. .. --
3-- -- --
CHRO-
CHSO-
MIUM*
CADMIUM
MUM*
HEXA
-OIS-
OIS-
VALENT*
SOLVED
SOLVED
DIS.
(UG/
L (UG/L
(UG/L
AS CO
) AS CR)
AS CR)
(01C
2S)
(01030)
(010
32)
<1
10<1
10
0.. ..
--
._--
--
--
.. --
--
--
<1
<10
0-- .-
..
..
-
--
--
7 10
--
..--
--
--
<1
10
0 10
..
..
--..
~-
--
-.
..
..--
--
--
.. <1
<10
..
..
..
--
--
--
<1
10
0_-
..
-.-
..
..
..
--
--
--
5 10
--
..-- ..
COPPER*
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS CU
)(01040) 0<1 -- --
--
<t -- -- --
1.. --
0 0-- -- -- -- 2.. .- --
7-- -- --
3-- -- --
Tab
le 1
7.-
-Wa
ter-
qu
alit
y a
na
lysi
s da
ta fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes
Contin
ued
en
WELL OR
LAKE IDEN-
FYING
NUMBER OR
LETTER
(FIGS. 1-4)
3 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
DATE
OF
SAMPLE
81-07-21
81-12-09
82-0
3-25
82-06-08
82-09-02
83-07-26
83-09-29
31-12-09
82-0
3-25
32-06-33
82-09-01
82-0
3-25
32-06-33
82-0
9-01
81-0
7-21
81-0
7-21
32-03-25
82-06-08
82-0
9-01
83-0
7-25
83-0
9-28
82-0
3-25
82-0
6-08
82-0
9-01
33-0
9-23
31-12-09
32-0
3-25
82-06-08
32-0
9-02
31-1
2-39
32-0
3-25
32-C
S-33
32-0
9-32
IRON/
LEAD
/DIS-
DIS
SOLVED
SOLVED
(UG/L
(UG/L
AS FE
> AS PB
)(01046)
(01049)
280
196
0 <1
1300
4700
3600
6000
2300
27000
<111
0061
008300 250
<1600
1100
1600
0
3900
0
5600
2700
2300
1000 530
440
1310
430
200
96000
<116
300
33000
52000
29300
<131300
13300
16300
MANGA
NESE/
MERCURY
OIS-
DIS
SOLVED
SOLVED
(JG/L
(UG/L
AS IN)
AS HG)
(01056)
(71890)
6300
.033
00
<.1
3000
6100
2400
3300
-
1300
0 <.1
10000
3600
9200
4900
<0.1
6300
5300
1500
.0
3400
.040
0023
0023
0017
00
1500
.1
1200
1300 --
12000
<.1
6000
3500
9000
16000
<.1
1300
013003
1200
0
NICKEL/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS NI
)(01065) 33 20 30 58 40 46 26 79 62 75
120
190
190 15 14 149
11 13 16 13 19 -- 130
460
290
220
610
300
580
550
SELE
- STRON-
NIUM/
TIUM/
DIS-
DI
SSOLVED
SOLVED
(UG/L
(UG/L
AS SE)
AS SR)
(011
45)
(010
80)
1 2500
<1
2300
2200
2000
2200
2400
<1
1100
1500
3000 840
2 950
330
890
0 31
00
0 5000
5000
3900
4000
4200
<1
3600
3900
3300
--
--
<1
81 C
850
930
1600
<1
56C
53C
530
58C
ZINC/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/
LAS
ZN
)(0
1090
) 30 90 100 30 60 200 -- 50
150
170
150
430
630
520 10 10 30 40 40 30 ~ 20 40 40 -- 300
1030 450
320
1530
1430 850
750
Tab
le
17.-
-Wate
r-qualit
y a
na
lysi
s da
ta fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes
Co
ntin
ue
d
WELL OR
LAKE IDEN
TIFYING
N-.M
3ER
ORLETTER
(FIGS. 1-4)
Q R S T U V
101
201
331
330M
DATE
OF
SAMPLE
31-09-15
81-09-15
31-09-15
83-08-24
83-03-24
83-03-25
33-09-22
83-07-26
53-07-25
83-08-12
SPE
CIFIC
CON
DUCT
ANCE
(UMHOS)
(00095)
1340
1370
1450
405
770
533
3 5 DO
2460
1420
130
PH(STAND
ARD
UNITS)
(00400)
7.1
3.1
10.3 7.3
7.1
7.6
2.3
7.4
3.2
8.2
TEMPER
ATURE
(D5G C)
(000
10)
14.0
14.0
14.0
16.0
15.0
21.0
18.0
27.5
30.0
27.5
COLOR
(PLAT
INUM-
COBALT
JNITS)
O0080) 5 0 5
-- -- --
OXYGEN/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L)
(003
00)
.1 .5 .0 --
OXYGEN/
DIS
SOLVED
(PER
CENT
SATUR
ATION)
(00301) 0 5 0
--
HARD
NESS
(MG/L
AS '
CAC03)
(00900)
669 62 13
150
416
251
1265
1613
693 66
HARD
NESS/
NONCAR-
BONATE
(MG/L
CAC03)
(00902) 0 6
330 0 0 0
0 0 0
ACIDITY
(MG/L AS
CAC03)
(00435)
--
--
695 15
--
--
Tab
le 17. W
ate
r-qualit
y a
na
lysi
s da
ta fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes
Contin
ued
WELL OR
LAKE IOEN-
TI^YING
UUM3ER OR
LETTER
(FIGS. 1-4)
Q R S T U V
^, 13
1 J
231
301
300H
DATE
OFSAMPLE
81-09-15
81-09-15
81-09-15
33-03-24
33-0
3-24
33-03-25
33-0
9-22
33-07-26
33-07-25
33-08-12
CALCIUM
DIS
SOLVED
(.MG
/LAS
CA)
(00915)
180 13
3.7
42 130 69 350
400
140 25
MAGNE
SIUM/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS HG)
(00925)
53
7.0 .8
11 22 19 95
150 83 5.
6
SODIUM/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS, NA)
(00930)
58
300
320 8.
5
15
9.8
40 33 68
4.9
POTAS
SIUM/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS K)
(00935)
4.1
10 20 26
1.7
20 10
8.3
6.4
2.3
BICAR
BONATE
(MG/L
AS
HC03)
(00440)
530
550
500
170
430
360 96 150 78
CAR
BONATE
(MG/L
AS C03)
(00445) 0 6
330 0 0 0 0 0 0
ALKA
LINITY
FIELD
(MG/L
ASCAC03)
(00410)
435
461
960
--
.0
CAR30S
DIOXIDE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS CO 2)
(00405)
70 6.9 .0
14 54 14
.0
6.1
1.5 .3
SULFATE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS S04)
(00945)
310
270 <5.0
51 53 11
1900
1400
710 25
CHLO-
RIQr/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS CD
(00940)
5.2
6.6
19 10 11 6.8
4.1
3.6
4.0
2.2
PLUO-
3IOE/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS F)
(00950) .5 .6
2.1 .3 .3 .3 .4 .3 .2
SILICA/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
ASSI02)
(00955)
22 12
9.4
7.4
17 16
15
3.6
2.7
Tab
le 17. W
ate
r-q
ua
lity
an
aly
sis
data
fo
r w
ells
an
d la
kes
Co
ntin
ue
d
WELL OR
LA<E IDEN
TIFYING
NUMBER OR
LETTER
(FIGS. 1-4)
Q R S T U V
S 101
231
301
309H
DATE
OF
SAMPLE
81-09-15
81-09-15
81-09-15
83-03-24
83-03-24
83-03-25
83-09-22
33-07-26
83-07-25
83-08-12
SOLIDS/
RESI
DUE
AT 180
DEG.
C
DIS
SOLV
ED(MG/L)
(703
JO)
909
383
831
243
459
313
2670
2430
1130 114
SOLIDS
/SUM OF
CONS
TI
TUENTS/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L)
(70301)
897
904
956
240
469
331
.
2059
1090
106
NITRO
GEN/
NITRATE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS N)
(00618)
.03
.14
.39
--
NITRO
GEN/
NITRITE
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS N)
(00613)
.000
.010
.020 --
NITRO
GEN/
AMMONIA
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS N)
(00608)
.310
1.10
3.10
PHOS
PHORUS/
ORTHO/
DIS
SOLVED
(MG/L
AS P)
(00671)
.010
.000
.010 --
ALUM
INUM/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS AL)
(01106) 10
10 30 10
<10
<10
1600
0 10
<10 10
ARSENIC
CADMIUM
DIS-
DIS
SOLVED
SOLVED
(UG/L
(UG/L
AS AS)
AS CD)
(01000)
(01025)
4 <1
1 <1
2 <1
CHRO-
CHRO-
MIUM/
MIUM/
HEXA-
OIS-
VALEMT/
SOLVED
DIS.
(UG/L
(UG/L
AS CR
) AS CR)
(01030)
(01032)
0 0 0 .. -.
COPPER/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS CU)
(01040) 1
16 16 --
37
Tabl
e 17
. Water-qua!itv a
nalysis
data f
or w
ells a
nd l
akes Continued
W?LL OR
LAKE IDEN-
FYING
NUMBER OR
LETTER
(FIGS. 1-4)
Q R S T U V
101
201
301
300N
DATE
OF
SAMPLE
81-09-15
81-09-15
81-09-15
33-03-24
33-03-24
83-03-25
33-09-22
83-07-2*
83-07-25
33-03-12
IRON/
DIS
SOLVED
(JG/
LAS FE
)(01046)
1100 20 22 21 2oO
180
9000
0 40 19 50
MANGA-
LEAD/
NESS/
MERCURY
DIS-
3IS-
DIS
SOLVED
SOLVED
SOLVED
(UG/L
(UG/L
(UG/L
AS P3)
AS MN
) AS
HG
)(01049)
(01056)
(71390)
2 87
0 .0
2 10
0 .1
4 7
.1
32
1300
1300
<1
4700
340 8
21
NICKEL/
DIS
SOLVED
(UG/L
AS NI)
(01065) 22
7
13
3 5 5
8 7 2
SELE-
STRON-
NIUM/
TIUM/
OIS-
DIS
SOLVED
SOLVED
(UG/L
(uG/L
AS S6)
AS SR
)(01145)
'(01080)
0 920
0 400
0 61
140
360
270
330
1200 95
ZINC
/DI
SSOLVED
(UG/L
AS ZN)
(01090) 33 29 24 130 22 7
14CO 20 24
5
Tabl
e 18.--Reported
chemical compositions of
water from w
ells no
t af
fect
ed by s
trip m
ining
[PBA
C, bedrock
above
Bevi
er coal se
am;
PBBC
, be
droc
k including
Bevi
er c
oal
and
below;
°C,
degr
ees
Cels
ius;
mg/L, m
illi
gram
s pe
r li
ter;
--
, no
dat
a; <
,
less
th
an]
Well
- identifying
letter
(fig.
i)
A1 B1 C1 D1 E1 F1 61 H1 I1 J2 K2 L3 M3 N5 O5 P5
Aquifer
Glac
ial
drif
t do
do
do
-do
do
do
-do-
do
do
do
do
do
-do
PBAC
PBBC
Date
of
samp
le
10-11-80
10-9
-80
10-2
0-80
10-2
-80
10-20-80
9-2-
80
9-23
-80
10-22-80
9-14-80
2-26-80
2-26
-80
3-16
-66
3-15-66
4-9-81
4-9-
81
4-9-81
Temp
er-
pH
ature
(units)
(°C)
7.4
7.3
7.4
7.3
7.4
7.2
6.8
7.0
8.0
8.0
8.3
11.0
7.4
7.6
7.4
14.7
7.8
14.2
9.8
15.3
Calc
ium,
di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L)
66.8
60.2
86.1
69.4
74.4
93.7
159
135.
8
46.8
213 78.9
108 85 130 76 8.
8
Magnesium,
dissolved
(mg/
L)
28.3
16.9
29.3
13.4
14.1
39.7
31.5
42.6 4.6
83.5
23.4
35 40 49 16 9.7
Sodium,
dissolved
(mg/L)
54 44.7
77.1
40.4 1.7
47.9
28.8 1.0
6.1
115.5
52.6
458 81 120 49 80
Pota
ssiu
m,
dissolved
(mg/L)
2.6
3.4 .8
6.9
6.9
4.4
26.9
10.3
12.2 __ __ __ 0.22
5.4
1.8
120
Bicar
bona
te
(mg/
L)
408.
7
317.2
305.0
173.
2
257.4
475.
1
366
433.
1
147.
6
124.
2
189.
6
496
581
618
269
336
Tab
le
18.-
-Report
ed
chem
ical
co
mp
osi
tion
s of
wate
r fr
om w
ells
not
aff
ect
ed
by
str
ip m
inin
g C
ontin
ued
Well
- id
enti
- fying
letter
(fig.
1)
A B C D E F G£2
H I J K L M N 0 P
Sulfate,
diss
olve
d (mg/L)
65 <10
206
129 60 25 246
226 18 756.
3
251.
2
89 16 310
125
102
Chlo
ride
, di
ssol
ved
(mg/L)
5.5
43.9 8 17 6 62 51 4 6 32.5
17.7 7.5
12 14 6.8
7.9
Fluo
ride
, dissolved
(mg/L)
0.65 .31
.73
.38
.37
.39
.21
.54
.15
-- 0.3 .1 <.l
<.l
<.l
Sili
ca,
dissolved
as silica
diox
ide
(mg/
L)
-- -- -- -- -- -- 15 10 33 28 23
Soli
ds,
dissolved
residue
(mg/
L)
427
388
641
461
378
659
803
776
239
1,142
570
594
548
1,276
580
720
Nitrogen,
nitr
ate
dissolved
(mg/
L)
0.40
4.1
40 36.4
0.22
1.1
3.8
9.2
106 60.4
18 12.4
91.
607.23
Alum
inum
, dissolved
(mg/L)
-_ -- -- -- __ 0.01 .01
.03
Arse
nic,
dissolved
(mg/L)
<0.0
05<.
005
<.00
5<.
005
<.00
5<.
005
<.00
5<.
005
<.00
5
<0.1 <.l
<.l
Bori
um,
dissolved
(mg/L)
-_ -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- --
0.03
6
.065
.021
Cadm
ium,
di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L)
<0.0025
<.0025
<.00
25<.0025
<.0025
<.0025
<.00
25
<.0025
<.0025
<0.0
1<.
01
<.01
Table
18.
Repo
rted
chemical
comp
osit
ions
of
water fr
om w
ells
no
t affected by
strip m
ining Continued
Well-
iden
tify
ing
lett
er
(fig.
1)
A B C D E F G HS
I J K L
Chro
mium
, di
ssol
ved
(mg/L)
<0.0
025
<.00
25<.0025
<.00
25<.
0025
<.00
25<.
0025
<.00
25<.
0025
-- __
Copp
er,
dissolved
(mg/L)
0.2 .09
.08
.14
.24
.01
.13
.08
.03 -- __
Iron
, di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L)
3.4
3.4 .11
.10
3.3 .62
2.7 .39
.10
.0
6.2
1.8
Lead,
Manganese,
dissolved
dissolved
(mg/L)
(mg/
L)
0.03
3 0.3
.024
.94
<.01
.02
<.01
<.
02
<.01
.73
<.01
5.
0
<.01
2.4
<.01
<.
02
<.01
.12
__
__ .00
Mecu
ry,
dissolved
(mg/L)
<0.0005
.0005
<.005
<.0005
<.0005
<.0005
<.00
05
<.0005
<.0005
-- __
Sele
nium
, St
ront
ium,
di
ssol
ved
dissolved
(mg/
L)
(mg/L)
0.00
55<.
0025
<.0025
<.0025
<.00
25
<.0025
<.0025
.0093
<.00
25__
__
__
__
Zinc,
dissolved
(mg/L)
-- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- __
Tabl
e 18
.--R
epor
ted
chemical co
mpos
itio
ns of
water f
rom
well
s not
affe
cted
by
str
ip m
ining--Continued
Well-
identifying
letter
(fig.
1)
M N 0 P
Chro
mium
, di
ssol
ved
(mg/
L)
__
<0.01
.02
<.01
Copp
er,
diss
olve
d (m
g/L) __
0.02 .02
.01
Iron
, dissolved
(mg/
L)
1.7
<0.0
2.02
.05
Lead,
dissolved
(mg/L)
__
<0.0
5<.
05
<.05
Mang
anes
e,
dissolved
(mg/
L)
0.22 .99
.10
.01
Mecury,
diss
olve
d (mg/L)
__ --
Sele
nium
, St
ront
ium,
dissolved
dissolved
(mg/
L)
(mg/L)
__
__
<0.1
0.
77
<.l
.28
<.l
.21
Zinc,
dissolved
(mg/L)
__
<0.01
.02
<.01
R. W.
Maley, (M
isso
uri
Division of
Health, w
ritten c
ommu
n.,
1983).
o Mali bur
ton
Associates (1981).
3Gann
and
othe
rs (1971).
OJ
4 Sodium
plus
potassium.
5Sei
fert
(1982).
Total
iron
.
Table 19.--Surface altitudes of and selected quality-of-waterdata for lakes in spoil areas
[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; juS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25°Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; --, no data; (E), estimated]
Lakenumber(figs.2-4)
101
102
103
201
202
203
301
302
Dateof
sample
3-24-826-7-829-1-82
6-16-836-16-836-16-83
3-24-826-7-829-1-82
3-26-826-7-829-1-821-16-836-16-83
3-25-826-8-829-2-82
7-26-83
3-25-826-8-829-1-82
3-25-826-8-829-2-82
3-25-826-8-829-1-827-25-83
3-25-826-8-829-1-82
Altitudeof surfaceabove sea
level(ft)
803.38804.78(E)805.28 ----
783.07782.92782.79
788.46788.61788.45
--
762.18761.59761.83762.78
762.82762.63762.69
756.42755.26756.40
766.79766.77767.20764.78
761.02760.93761.25
Temperature(°C)
10.027.024.524.023.019.0
10.526.025.0
9.028.027.024.520.0
10.515.023.027.5
9.523.027.5
11.025.024.0
8.523.024.530.0
8.523.024.0
Specific conductance^uS/cm)
1,8002,2802,7002,1003,3002,160
750878715
860950895
1,0701,600
1,1702,0401,1502,460
1,1201,3001,080
1,0751,7701,070
9051,3201,1801,420
1,0601,3201,360
pH(units)
3.22.73.02.82.92.8
7.87.97.8
7.98.08.46.46.4
7.07.47.37.4
8.28.18.6
7.63.84.2
8.18.28.18.2
7.87.67.7
Bicarbonate(mg/L)
000
-- --
14013072
12014074 --
82804079
12012053
1800
110130no120
no130130
Dissolvedoxygen(mg/L)
----4.64.7.9
__--
__----5.93.2
__ --
__----
__ --
__ --
__----
84
Table 19.--Surface altitudes of and selected quality-of-waterdata for lakes in spoil areas Continued
[ft, feet; °C, degrees Celsius; juS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25°Celsius; mg/L, milligrams per liter; --, no data; (E), estimated]
Lake number Date (figs. of2-4) sample
303 3-25-826-8-829-1-82
100 A 8-10-83B do C do D do--E do F do G do
200 A 8-9-83B do C --do
300 A 8-11-83B -do C do D -do E do F do G do H 8-12-83
Altitude of surface above sea
level(ft)
753.98753.36753.59
786.19791.12797.21778.69789.72810.64810.68
760.08751.22749.85
742.96759.92749.89769.81769.84787.40787.84791.88
Temper ature(°C)
9.022.024.5
26.031.032.032.031.532.032.5
35.036.030.0
25.530.029.030.030.531.029.527.5
Speci fic con ductance(jjS/cm)
1,2101,3201,280
2,560540775
2,4502,150
920320
3,1005,3001,545
3,7803,2804,3502,9803,480
5801,400
180
Bicar- pH bonate
(units) (mg/L)
8.2 958.5 678.2 77
7.18.37.88.13.23.48.5
7.62.87.6
7.98.17.88.38.08.68.08.2 64
Dissolved oxygen(mg/L)
_ ----
_ _------------
__--
__--------------
85
Tabl
e 20.--Summary o
f se
lect
ed p
rope
rtie
s and
concentrations of
che
mica
l co
nsti
tuen
ts in
wat
er f
rom
1940 s
poil
[Con
cent
rati
ons
in m
illigrams
per
liter
unless ot
herw
ise
indicated; j
uS/cm, mi
cros
ieme
ns per
centimeter
at 2
5° Celsius;
jug/L, m
icro
gram
s per
lite
r; °C
, de
gree
s Celsius; --,
not
calc
ulat
ed]
00
Prop
erty
or
constituent
Specific cond
uctance, j
uS/c
m
pH,
in u
nits
Wate
r te
mper
atur
e, in °C
Hard
ness
, as
CaCO^
Nonc
arbo
nate
hardness, as Ca
C03
Dissolved
calcium
Dissolved
magnesium
Dissolved
sodi
um
Dissolved
potassium
Bicarbonate
as HCO^
Alka
lini
ty,
as CaCO-
Numb
er
of
samp
les
18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
Mean
3,120
14.0
1,970
1,420
513
164 91 5.
6
660
542
Median
3,110 6.
55
15.0
1,950
1,400
515
170 87 5.
9
720
591
Mini
mum
2,680 6.
2
9.5
1,50
0
1,10
0
390
100 11 2.
7
370
303
Maxi
mum
3,87
0 6.7
16.5
2,50
0
1,80
0
620
220
150 8.
0
860
705
Standard
deviation
418 -- 2.
4
297
201 60 43 35 1.
8
161
132
Tabl
e 20. Summary
of s
elec
ted
prop
erti
es and
conc
entr
atio
ns of
chemical
constituents in
water
Pro
pert
y o
r co
nstitu
en
t
Dis
solv
ed
su
lfa
te
Dis
solv
ed cholrid
e
Dis
solo
ved
flu
orid
e
Dis
solv
ed
silic
a,
as
SiO
^
Dis
solv
ed
so
lids,
ca
lcu
late
d
sum
oo
Dis
solv
ed
n
itra
te,
as
N
Dis
solv
ed
alum
inum
, in
jug
/L
Dis
solv
ed iro
n,
in A
ig/L
Dis
solv
ed
m
anga
nese
, in
jug/L
fro
m
1940
Num
ber
of
sam
ples
18 18 18 18 18 6 18 18 18
sp
oil
--C
ontin
ued
Mea
n
1,6
40 7.
1
0.5
17
2,7
20 0
.06
0.0
88
7.3
5
5.1
4
Med
ian
1,55
0 5.1
5
0.4
17
2,7
00 0
.00
0.0
80
3.4
5
4.2
0
Min
imum
1,40
0 3.4
0.3
12
2,2
60 0
.00
0.0
0
1.1
0
3.5
0
Max
imum
2,0
00 18 0
.7
21
3,4
70 0
.55
1.0
0
19.0
8.5
0
Sta
nd
ard
d
evia
tio
n
220 4
.34
0.1
2.3
380 0.
11
2.2
32
6.5
7
1.7
5
Table
21.-
-Sum
mary
of
se
lect
ed pr
oper
ties
and
concentrations of
che
mica
l cons
titu
ents
in
wat
er f
rom
1952
spoil
[Concentrations
in m
illigrams
per
liter
unle
ss ot
herw
ise
indicated; j
uS/cm, mi
cros
ieme
ns per
cent
imet
erat 2
5° Celsius;
JUg/
L, m
icrograms
per
lite
r; °C,
degr
ees
Cels
ius;
--,
not
calc
ulat
ed]
Property o
r constituent
Specific c
onductance, pS
/cm
pH,
in un
its
Wate
r te
mper
atur
e, in
°C
Hard
ness
, as CaC0
3
Noncarbonate
ha
rdne
ss,
as CaCOo
00 00 D
issolved c
alci
um
Diss
olve
d magnesium
Dissolved
sodium
Dissolved
potassium
Bica
rbon
ate
as HC
Oo
Alka
lini
ty,
as CaCO-
Numb
er
of
samples
25 25 25 25 25
25 25 25 25 25 25
Mean
3,16
0
14.6
2,210
1,92
0
517
223 48 6.
1
353
289
Median
3,04
0 6.5
15.0
2,200
2,000
510
200 26 5.
0
380
312
Minimum
2,65
0 4.2
10.0
1,60
0
1,200
410
130 9.
8
2.2
0 0
Maximum
4,04
0 7.2
18.0
3,40
0
2,90
0
650
420
180 13 630
517
Standard
devi
atio
n
370 -- 2.
4
448
440 57.5
77.5
53.5 3.1
215
177
Tabl
e 21
.--S
umma
ry o
f selected p
rope
rtie
s and
concentrations of
che
mica
l constituents in
water
from 1952 spoil Co
ntin
ued
Prop
erty
or
constituent
Dissolved
sulfate
Dissolved
chol
ride
Diss
olve
d fluoride
Diss
olve
d si
lica
, as Si
Op
Dissolved
soli
ds,
calc
ulat
ed sum
oo D
issolved ni
trat
e, as N
Diss
olve
d al
umin
um,
in j
ug/L
Dissolved
iron,
in j
ug/L
Dissolved
manganese, in
/ig/
L
Number
of
samp
les
25 25 25 25 25 8 25 25 25
Mean
2,04
0 2.9
1.1
14
3,05
0 0.14
3.15
19.4 7.35
Median
2,100 2.
0
0.8
14
2,970 0.
035
0.04
0
16 6.3
Mini
mum
1,50
0 1.1
0.2
1.3
2,500 0.
00
0.0
0.25
1.0
Maxi
mum
2,80
0 15 2.8 .21
4,18
0 0.70
25.0 9.6
18
Standard
devi
atio
n
334 2.
7
0.68 .45
415 0.
24
7.31
22.0 4.7
Tabl
e 22
.--S
umma
ry o
f selected pr
oper
ties
an
d concentrations of
chemical
constituents in
wat
er f
rom
1968 s
poil
[Con
cent
rati
ons
in m
illi
gram
s pe
r li
ter
unle
ss ot
herw
ise
indi
cate
d; j
uS/c
m, mi
cros
ieme
ns pe
r ce
ntim
eter
at
25°
Ce
lsiu
s;
jug/L, m
icrograms
per
lite
r; °C
, de
gree
s Celsius; --
, no
t calculated]
Pro
pe
rty
or
constitu
ent
Specific
co
nduc
tanc
e, j
jS/c
m
pH,
in
un
its
Wat
er
tem
pe
ratu
re,
in
°C
Har
dnes
s,
as
CaCC
L
^0
Non
carb
onat
e ha
rdne
ss,
as
CaCC
L0
0
Dis
solv
ed
calc
ium
Dis
solv
ed
mag
nesi
um
Dis
solv
ed
sodi
um
Dis
solv
ed
po
tass
ium
Bic
arb
on
ate
as
H
CO
j
Alk
alin
ity,
as
CaCC
L
Num
ber
of
sam
ples
12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
Mea
n
3,29
0
15.1
1,65
0
1,18
0
372
177
237 14
582
477
Med
ian
3,27
0 6.9
15.8
1,40
0
960
310
145
270 14 545
477
Min
imum
2,21
0 6.7
10.0
910
590
220 86 18 11
340
279
Max
imum
4,68
0 7.4
18.5
2,70
0
2,00
0
580
320
410 19 910
746
Sta
ndar
d devi
atio
n
898 -- 2
.4
694
539
133 89 122 2.
2
215
176
Tabl
e 22. Summary
of s
elected
properties and
concentrations of
chemical
cons
titu
ents
in
water
Pro
pert
y or
constitu
ent
Dis
solv
ed su
lfa
te
Dis
solv
ed cholrid
e
Dis
solv
ed
fluoride
Dis
solv
ed silic
a,
as
SiO
^
Dis
solv
ed so
lids,
calc
ula
ted
sum
10 D
isso
lved nitra
te,
as
N
Dis
solv
ed
alum
inum
, in
;jg
/L
Dis
solv
ed iro
n,
in j
ug/L
Dis
solv
ed
man
gane
se,
in j
ug/L
from
1
Num
ber
of
sam
ples
12 12 12 12 12 4 12 12 12
968
spoil C
on
tinu
ed
Mea
n
1,7
90 5
.0
0.3
11
2,8
50 0
.16
0.2
3
16.7
3.9
2
Med
ian
1,60
0 4.1
5
0.3
9.9
2,3
45 0
.06
0.0
25
3.3
2.8
5
Min
imum
1,1
00 3
.2
0.2
7.7
1,8
90 0
.00
0.0
0
0.31
1.2
Max
imum
3,0
00 8
.5
0.4
16
4,6
60 0.
51
1.5
61 12
Sta
nd
ard
devia
tion
703 1
.9
0.0
6
2.6
1,0
60 0
.24
0.4
9
22.6
3.2
Table 23.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in waterfrom selected lakes and precipitation
[--, not calculated]
Lake number and identi
fying letter (figs. 2-4)
101 201 301 300 H
Date of
sample
9-22-83 7-26-83 7-25-83 8-12-83
Calcite
0.190 .851 .119
Dolomite
0.280 1.81 -.105
PRECIPITATION (see
Gypsum
-0.282 -.0586 -.606 -2.30
table 5)
Amorphous ferric
hydroxide
-2.36 -1.22 1.83 2.21
Goethite
4.48 9.08 9.09 9.39
Ashland 12-81 to 4-82 -0.707 -14.6 -5.00
Lake number and identi fying letter (figs. 2-4)
101201301300 H
Date of
sample
9-22-837-26-837-25-838-12-83
Al unite
-7-2-9
-10
.21
.62
.09
.4
Albite
-2.43-4.40-5.38
Adularia Kaol
-.724-3.16-3.40
PRECIPITATION
1-2-1
Amorphous ferric
inite hydroxide Pyrite Siderite
.54
.14
.42
-8-1-2-2
.22
.42
.57
.14
-27-29-29
.7
.2
.0
(see table 5)
Ashland 12-81 to 4-82
92
Table 23.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from selected lakes and precipitation--Continued
Lake number and identi fying letter (figs. 2-4)
Date of
sample Quartz 111
Calcium montmo-
ite rillonite
101 201 301 300 H
9-22-83 7-26-837-25-838-12-83
0.368-.301-.390
0.535-3.66-3.46
0.990-3.95-3.35
PRECIPITATION (see table 5)
Ashland 12-81-4-82
93
Table 24.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wells completedin glacial drift and bedrock not affected by strip mines
[--, not calculated]
Well-identi Datefying letter of
(fig. 1)
ABCDE
FGHIJ
KLMNQ
TUV
sample
10-11-8010-9-80
10-20-8010-2-8010-20-80
9-2-809-23-80
10-22-809-14-802-26-80
2-26-803-16-663-15-664-9-81
9-15-81
8-24-838-24-838-25-83
Calcite
WELLS
0.160-.048.092
-.289.0407
.159-.192.0224.252.531
.688
.419
.599
.516
.817
-.428.174.456
Dolomite
COMPLETED IN
0.116-.485-.104
-1.11.471
.109-.907-.281-.337.358
.990
.5171.03.799.023
-1.24-.241.603
WELLS COMPLETED
0PRS
4-9-814-9-81
9-15-819-15-81
0.4281.20.177
1.05
0.3582.68.270
1.67
Gypsum
Amorphousf erri c
hydroxide Goethite
GLACIAL DRIFT
-1.65--
-1.11-1.31-1.59
-1.97-.840-.926-2.21-.394
-1.04-1.38-2.20-.871-.744
-1.84-1.46-2.37
IN BEDROCK
-1.31-2.44-1.83-4.31
3.533.462.031.923.52
2.622.912.262.22
2.353.253.34--
2.65
1.302.202.55
1.50.580
1.49-.313
10.210.18.718.6110.2
9.309.598.948.90
8.929.9310.0
--9.33
8.068.929.49
8.197.318.186.37
94
Table 24.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wells completed In glacial drift and bedrock not affected by strip mines--Continued
Well- identi fying Date letter of (fig. 1) sample Alunite Albite Adularia Kaolinite
Amphorousaluminumhydroxide Pyrite Siderite
WELLS COMPLETED IN GLACIAL DRIFT
ABCDE
FGHIJ
KLMNQ
TUV
10-11-8010-9-80
10-20-8010-2-80
10-20-80
9-2-829-23-80
10-22-809-14-802-26-80
2-26-803-16-663-15-664-9-81
9-15-81
8-24-838-24-838-25-83
--
--__
__
_ _
--
--
__
------
-1.62-2.92-5.71
3.18 -0.243 2.46 -0.921 2.26 -.738 2.79 -1.14 2.37 .327 2.07 -1.33
WELLS COMPLETED IN BEDROCK
4-9-814-9-81
9-15-819-15-81
-3.69-3.66-5.32-5.46-3.89
-4.14-3.16-4.14-6.63
-7.15-3.90-4.13
-1.09
-27.7-26.1-26.8
6.69 10.3 5.01 13.8
95
Table 24. Saturation indices of selected minerals In water from wells completedin glacial drift and bedrock not affected by strip mines Continued
Well -identify ing letter
(fig. i)
ABCDE
FGHIJ
KLMNQ
TUV
0PRS
Dateof
sample
WELLS
10-11-8010-9-8010-20-8010-2-8010-20-80
9-2-809-23-8010-22-809-14-802-26-80
2-26-803-16-663-15-664-9-819-15-81
8-24-838-24-838-25-83
WELLS
4-9-814-9-81
9-15-819-15-81
Quartz mite
COMPLETED IN GLACIAL DRIFT
__ ______
_ _ _ _______ -_--
_ _ _ _0.578.401.910.746
.238 1.19
.616 1.11
.492 1.47
COMPLETED IN BEDROCK
0.844.569.479
-.197
Calciummontmo-rillonite
--------
_ _--------
_ _--------
1.542.411.64
-----_
96
Table 25.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in or near spoil
[--, not calculated]
Well number
(figs. 2-4)
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
Date of
sample
7-21-8112-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82
12-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82
7-20-8112-9-813-26-826-7-82
8-31-827-26-83
12-9-813-24-826-7-829-1-82
7-21-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
7-26-83
Calcite
0.174-.151-.052-.236-.037
-0.183.112
-.018.198
-0.141.235.255
-.114-.040
.362
0.095.043.015.185
0.372.549.360.427
0.002-.397-.175-.110-.173
-0.122.153.453.197.247.044
Dolomite
-0.103-.684-.500-.877-.488
-0.546.013
-.245.190
-0.492.235.231
-.441-.287
.539
-0.172-.250-.317
.041
0.6361.02
.713
.869
-0.055-1.54-.529-.321-.506
-0.501.003.611.137.359
-.178
Gypsum
0.038-.009.044.053.060
-0.044.094.098.077
0.034.131.166.174.170.152
0.100.121.083.068
0.041.186.189.142
0.122.192.145.145.144
-0.012.056.025.052.022.013
Amorphous ferric
hydroxide
-4.14-4.87-4.64-8.72-4.84
-6.21-5.51-5.82-5.32
-5.94-5.35-5.67-6.36-6.11-5.44
-6.09-5.60-5.91-5.59
-4.24-2.68-3.20-3.12
-4.59-4.89-3.70-.870
-4.24
-6.65-5.79-5.13-5.25-5.20-1.29
Goethite
2.041.752.081.561.91
0.3991.09
.8981.42
0.8391.22
.835
.403
.6451.32
0.458.986.832
1.13
2.613.963.563.65
2.231.642.883.002.48
0.123.735
1.591.581.501.45
97
Table 25.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wells
Well number
(figs. 2-4)
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Date of
sample
12-9-81 3-25-82 6-8-82 9-1-82
3-25-82 6-8-82 9-1-82
7-21-81
7-21-81 3-25-82 6-8-82 9-1-82
7-25-83
3-25-82 6-8-82 9-1-82
12-9-81 3-25-82 6-8-82 9-2-82
12-9-81 3-25-82 6-8-82 9-2-82
completed
Calcite
-0.059 .533
-.279 -.115
0.220 -.278 -.298
0.002
0.145 .412 .090
-.154 .066
0.360 .162
-.103
-0.411 -2.05 -1.42 -.992
-3.21
-3.42
in or near
Dolomite
-0.282 1.11 -.492 -.157
0.275 -.705 -.769
-0.178
0.176 .758 .073
-.397 .029
0.425 .096
-.396
-0.965 -4.42 -3.03 -2.21
-6.59
-7.00
spoil Continued
Gypsum
0.070 .260 .201 .206
0.187 .157 .149
-0.306
-0.021 -.026 -.197 -.158 -.181
-0.174 -.191 -.231
0.073 .195 .171 .151
0.164 .158 .134 .137
Amorphous ferric
hydroxide
-4.52 -5.23 -5.91 -5.57
-6.03 -6.53 -6.43
-5.15
-5.16 -4.32 -5.12 -5.56 -5.58
-5.01 -5.69 -5.91
-4.32 -6.70 -6.03 -5.47
-7.51 -8.52 -9.09 -8.09
Goethite
2.08 1.47
.829 1.21
0.578 .190 .400
1.59
1.63 2.27 1.62 1.21 1.22
1.52 1.05
.852
2.40 -.131
.710 1.28
-0.845 -1.87 -2.35 -1.27
98
Table 25. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in or near spoil --Continued
Well number Date (figs. of 2-4) sample
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
7-21-8112-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82
12-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82
7-20-8112-9-813-26-826-7-82
8-31-827-26-83
12-9-813-24-826-7-829-1-82
7-21-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-827-26-83
Alunite
0.5431.112.96
2.142.00.513--
7.451.854.35
--.940
1.41
5.173.803.45.988
_ _2.913.011.75
7.623.292.852.72.930
1.634.131.892.861.26.900
Albite
-2.62-2.10-2.12
-1.89-1.69-2.58
-1.79-1.64-.886_-
2.69-1.70
-0.769-1.31-1.52-2.03
_ _-0.720-1.27-1.41
-1.28-2.88-2.60-2.83-3.55
-2.03-.384-.941
-1.10-1.46-2.00
Adualria
-1.18-.664-.669
-0.563-.536
-1.41
0.400-.339.284--
-1.67-.619
0.487-.247-.389-.942
_ _0.513-.078-.353
1.10-.934-.669-.888
-1.53
0.862.641.071
-.117-.413-.984
Kaolinite
1.892.593.24
3.173.432.11--
6.073.004.65--
1.712.84
5.204.203.912.66
_ _3.873.362.83
6.442.713.042.841.72
2.604.913.864.013.122.44
Amorphous ferric hydroxide
-1.58-1.22-.872
-1.08-.976
-1.58
0.680-1.15-.309--
-1.64-1.10
-0.059-.536-.628-1.24
_ _-0.581-.693-.945
0.820-1.13-.927-.870
-1.46
-1.12-.240-.591-.491-.999
-1.29
Pyrite
-3.6010.710.810.410.6
9.5110.19.8010.1
9.6010.210.09.349.539.91
9.6410.19.099.87
11.012.512.112.0
10.811.012.011.711.2
8.759.809.959.9810.110.1
Siderite
0.565.332.435.237.427
-0.333-.126-.202.156
-0.399.010
-.351-.508-.363.024
-0.712-.130-.279-.307
1.302.452.132.12
0.750.385
1.391.43.872
-1.38-.660-.062.098
-.002.075
99
Table 25. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in or near spoil --Continued
Well number(figs.2-4)
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Date of
sample
12-9-813-25-826-8-829-1-82
3-25-826-8-829-1-82
7-21-81
7-21-823-25-826-8-829-1-82
7-25-83
3-25-826-8-829-1-82
12-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
12-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
Al unite
0.1612.81
.613-.079
2.651.57
-2.03
7.78
7.823.023.27
__1.38
3.153.591.54
2.78.261
2.31.070
7.004.383.857.34
Albite
-3.191.90
-4.25-4.22
-4.90-3.51-4.76
0.350
-0.629-.417
-1.24__
-2.02
-0.604-1.05-2.24
-2.60-4.85-3.98-4.29
-4.19-6.09-6.97-4.63
Adualria
-1.55-.220
-2.52-2.53
-3.00-1.82-3.11
1.43
1.40.620
-.187__
-.831
0.843.296
-.901
-0.575-3.01-2.10-2.41
-2.21-4.21-5.03-2.71
Kaolinite
1.753.99
.994
.778
2.062.44-.058
7.03
6.684.213.83
__2.54
4.61--
2.51
3.08.131
1.68.567
3.27.488
-.3853.04
Amorphous ferric
hydroxide
-1.59-.308
-1.80-1.89
-0.476-1.14-2.35
1.30
1.03-.342
.331__
-.934
-0.185-.041-.920
-0.950-2.67-1.72-2.26
-1.00-2.42-2.73-.938
Pyri te
11.09.769.779.99
9.259.039.04
9.90
10.010.710.09.759.34
9.869.249.24
11.29.489.87
10.3
8.747.907.268.01
Siderite
0.604-.342-.357-.040
-1.27-1.35-1.10
-2.44
0.081.493
-.0812.334
-.489
-0.607-.902-.971
0.809-1.75-.741-.102
-2.54--__
-3.01
1QO
Table 25. Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in or near spoil Continued
Well number
(figs. 2-4)
1
2
3
4
6
7
8
Date of
sample
7-21-8112-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82
12-8-813-24-826-7-829-1-82
7-20-8112-9-813-26-826-7-82
8-31-827-26-83
12-9-813-24-826-7-829-1-82
7-21-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
7-21-8112-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-827-26-83
Quartz
0.571.578.595.579.579
0.720.743.715.707
0.446.690.662.633.582.608
0.698.681.663.647
0.540.577.461.452
0.499.517.493.378.393
0.513.731.596.599.631.598
Illite
-0.077.906
1.33
1.361.67-.037--
4.431.453.20--
-.5671.23
3.732.412.08.785
2.912.071.51
5.30.549
1.261.03-.337
0.7873.672.602.521.62.584
Calcium montmor- rillonite
1.152.072.73
2.773.161.58
5.862.604.46--.924
2.41
5.133.933.622.20
3.602.842.25
6.441.902.362.07.755
1.964.893.643.792.761.89
101
Table 25.--Saturation indices of selected minerals in water from wellscompleted in
Well Date number of
(figs. 2-4) sample
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
12-9-813-25-826-8-829-1-82
3-25-826-8-829-1-82
7-21-81
7-21-813-25-826-8-829-1-82
7-25-83
3-25-826-8-829-1-82
12-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
12-9-813-25-826-8-829-2-82
or near
Quartz
0.521.377.374.371
-0.444.434.423
0.300
0.400.493.327.311.297
0.392.300.260
0.568.781.640.631
0.696.727.614.556
spoil --Continued
nine
-0.3302.68
-1.64-1.76
-0.760.061
-2.85
6.08
5.733.302.38
__.914
3.803.19
.801
1.33-3.15-1.12-2.15
-0.273-4.11-5.44-.802
Calcium montmor- rillonite
0.9223.54-.205-.406
0.1071.62
-1.28
6.91
6.623.883.20--
1.68
4.253.841.57
2.53-.977
.785-.446
2.39-.999
-2.191.96
102