grid codes in europe for low and medium voltage codes in europe for low and medium voltage roland...
TRANSCRIPT
Grid Codes in Europe
for Low and Medium Voltage
Roland Bründlinger
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
6th International Conference on Integration of Renewable and Distributed
Energy Resources
Kyoto November 18, 2014
Contents
Overview of current Grid Codes and
requirements for DER in Europe
Advanced functional requirements for DER in
European codes and the ENTSO-E RfG
network code
Summary & recommendations
2 2
Contents
Overview of current Grid Codes and
requirements for DER in Europe
Advanced functional requirements for DER in
European codes and the ENTSO-E RfG
network code
Summary & recommendations
3 3
Framework for DER interconnection in Europe
Country specific grid codes and standards
As of 2014 there is still no formal EU wide directive on DER grid interconnection
Country specific grid codes, standards, guidelines, laws
Different legal and administrative levels
Fundamental differences between the countries
Issues for manufacturers and project developers
Specific product settings for each country/market
Interpretation of the requirements and application in practice
Complex and time consuming certification schemes
Increased costs and reduced competiveness
Critical issues for power system operation
Lack of coordination and compatibility
Risk of losing system security during critical events due to undefined behaviour of DER (50.2 Hz issue)
4 11/25/2014
Development of requirements for advanced grid support
DER connected to MV distribution grids
5 11/25/2014
2008: DE
P/Q, P(f), remote
P, LVRT, FRR… 2008: FR
P/Q, LVRT
>5MW 2009/13: AT
P/Q, P(f),
LVRT…
2011/13: IT
P/Q, P(f), Q(U),
remote P L/HVRT…
2010/14: ES
P/Q, P(f),
LVRT
>2/10MW
2007/13: DK
P/Q, P(f),
LVRT…
Development of requirements for advanced grid support
DER connected to LV distribution grids
6 11/25/2014
2011/12: DE
P/Q, P(f), remote P,
…
2013: FR
Var. over-f trip
2013: AT
P/Q, P(f),…
2012: IT
P/Q, P(f), Q(U),
remote P, LVRT…
2012/14: DK
P/Q, P(f), …
Country
Europe
(≤16 A)
Germany Italy Austria France Spain Europe
(≤16 A)
Europe
(>16 A)
Function 2007 2011 2012 2013 2013 11/14 2013 2014
P at low f No Yes (all) Yes (all) Yes No No Yes Yes
P(f) No Yes (all) Yes (all) Yes Yes* No Yes Yes
Q/cosφ No >3.68kVA >3 kVA >3.68kVA No No Yes Yes
Q(U) No No >6 kVA optional No No Yes Yes
Remote P No >100kW >3 kVA >100kW No No No Yes
Rem. trip No No Yes No No No No Yes
LVRT No No >6 kVA No No No No Yes
HVRT No N/A No No No No No Yes
Reference EN 50438
2007
VDE AR N
4105:
2011
CEI 0-
21:2012
TOR
D4:2013
* ERDF-
NOI-
RES_13E
Version 5 -
30/06/2013
RD
1699/2011
206007-1
IN:2013
EN 50438
2013
FprTS
50549-
1:2014
DRAFT!
8 11/25/2014
Selected European Country Requirements
LV Connection
Country Germany Italy Austria France Spain Europe ENTSO-E
Function 2008 2012 2013 2013 2010 2014 2013
P at low f yes yes yes >5MW No yes Yes ABCD
P(f) yes yes yes No >2/10MW yes Yes ABCD
Q/cosφ yes yes yes Yes >2/10MW yes Yes BCD
Q(U) optional yes optional No No yes yes BCD
Remote P >100kW yes >100kW No >2/10MW yes yes BCD
Rem. trip optional yes No No No yes yes ABCD
LVRT Yes yes Yes >5MW >2MW yes yes BCD
HVRT No yes No No No yes No
BDEW MV
Guideline
(2008)
CEI 0-
16:2012
TOR
D4:2013
Arrêté du
23 avril
2008
P.O.12.3:20
06
P.O.12.2:
RD1565:20
10
UNE
206007-2
IN:2014
FprTS
50549-2
Final
Version RfG
2013
9 25.11.2014
Selected European Country Requirements
MV Connection
European wide Standards and Technical Specifications
The EN 50438:2013 for “Micro Generators” ≤16 A
1st edition published in 2007 had no real impact
due to overruling national codes
Protection requirements
Power Quality specifications
Normative Annex with National Deviations for
a large number of European countries
Fundamentally revised edition published in
December 2013
Advanced grid support functions: P(f), Q, etc.
Based on German and Italian requirements
and principles of upcoming ENTSO-E RfG
Time period for implementation: 2016
National deviations remain however
10 11/25/2014
European wide Standards and Technical Specifications
Upcoming FprTS 50549-1/2
For LV/MV connections >16 A
Comprehensive definition of advanced
functions for generators (including
static converters and rotating
generators)
Based on the principles of the ENTSO-
E RfG network code
Technical Specification
provide technical guidance for the
connection of generating plants which
can be operated in parallel with a
public distribution network.
technical reference in connection
agreements between DNOs and
electricity producers.
11 11/25/2014
Contents
Overview of current Grid Codes and
requirements for DER in Europe
Advanced functional requirements for DER
in European codes and the ENTSO-E RfG
network code
Summary & recommendations
12 12
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional) Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequency Frequency support
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator Grid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional) Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequency Frequency support
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator Grid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power requirements
15 25.11.2014
FprTS 50549-1:2014 Requirements for the connection of generators above 16 A per phase
Connection to LV grids
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power: Operational requirements
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Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power control modes
Autonomous reactive power control modes
Q / cos = constant
Q / cos = f(U)
Q / cos = f(P)
Q priority
Coordinated control (with communication)
cos = remote setpoint
Selection criteria
Characteristics of the electric grid (impedance, angle...)
Grid losses
Available control and communications infrastructure
Page 17
Advanced grid support features of DER
Reactive power control strategies: Q(U)
Page 18
Example characteristics for Q respectively cosφ control
mode according to CLC/FprTS 50549-1:2014 for
Connection to the LV distribution system
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional) Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequency Frequency support
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator Grid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Active power control/frequency control: Standard functions
Reduction of active power at over-frequency
Limited Frequency Sensitive Mode – Overfrequency (LFSM-O)
Source: ENTSO-E RfG 2013
Advanced grid support features of DER
Additional requirements for frequency support
Behaviour at under-frequency
Some national codes (e.g. DE, IT, AT…)
already require continued operation down to
underfrequency limit (typ. 47.5 Hz)
ENTSO-E RfG will provide extensive
requirements for all generator types
Operating ranges (Hz/time)
Rate of change of frequency (ROCOF)
immunity
FprTS 50549-1/2 also specifies Rate Of Change
Of Frequency (ROCOF) immunity requirement
>2.5 Hz/s
21 11/25/2014
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional) Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequency
Active power control
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator Grid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Grid management
Possibility for DSO to send setpoint values to generators
Reduce the active power output or change the cos(phi).
Guarantee grid stability in case of emergency situations or congestion
~
=
DSO
Control Centre
Control signals
(e.g. Power Limitation)
Grid State
Distribution Grid
TSO
Control Centre
Transmission Grid
Demand for
power limitation
Advanced grid support features of DER
Requirements in European codes
• On demand, schedule or characteristics
• cos(phi) = f(P)
• cos(phi) = f(U) (optional) Voltage support
• Reduction of active power at over frequency
• Active power feed-in at under frequency Frequency support
• Temporary limitation of active power output at congestion in the grid
• Controlled on demand by grid operator Grid management
• LVRT (Low Voltage Ride Through)
• HVRT (High Voltage Ride Through)
• Contribution to short-circuit current
Dynamic grid support
Advanced grid support features of DER
Dynamic grid support: Low/High Voltage Ride Through
Page 25
Requirement 1 (LV+MV): Remain connected to grid
• FprTS 50549-1/2 HVRT requirements
• up to 120 % Un for 100 ms and
• up to 115 % Un for up to 1 s.
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Advanced grid support features of DER
Dynamic grid support: Low/High Voltage Ride Through
Requirement 2 (MV only): Provide reactive current
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Contents
Overview of current Grid Codes and
requirements for DER in Europe
Advanced functional requirements for DER
in European codes and the ENTSO-E RfG
network code
Summary & recommendations
27 27
Advanced Grid Codes provide the base for
safe and reliable grid integration of high shares of DER
► Using their advanced functionalities DER can be very powerful tools in
managing the grids for reliability and efficiency by providing
Steady state and dynamic voltage support
Frequency control capabilities
On-demand response via remote control and communication
► Coordinated requirements needed for safe and reliable grid integration of high
shares of DER
► Harmonisation of European national grid codes in-line with ENTSO-E RfG
► Led by CENELEC, standardised procedures for DER certification and
testing currently under development.
► Providing access to these capabilities will be the key to improve system
reliability and efficiency and enable further deployment of DER.
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Thank you!
Questions are welcome:
Roland Bründlinger
AIT Austrian Institute of Technology
Giefinggasse 2, 1210 Wien, Austria