greening north america’s trade corridors “how to green nafta trucks” april 22, 2008 improving...
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GREENING NORTH AMERICA’S TRADE CORRIDORS
“HOW TO GREEN NAFTA TRUCKS”
April 22, 2008
Improving Profits + Reducing Environmental Impact
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Diesel EmissionsDiesel Emissions
Emission
Car Equivalents Health Effects
Particulate Matter (PM) 112 Toxic, Carcinogenic
Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx)
131 Toxic (NO2), Ozone-forming
Hydrocarbons (HC) 9 Toxic, Carcinogenic, Ozone-forming
Carbon Monoxide (CO) 2 Respiratory Irritant, Potentially Fatal
What emissions are produced by diesel engines?– The annual emissions from a “Fleet Average” heavy-duty diesel truck
relative to the annual emissions from a catalyzed “Fleet Average” gasoline car1
1. California emissions data from EMFAC comparing a “fleet average” catalyzed car with a “fleet average” heavy-duty diesel truck (over 33,000# GVWR)
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Controlling PMControlling PM
Minor Control (5% - 10%) Crankcase recirculation
Modest Control (15% - 25%) Diesel Oxidation Catalyst (DOC)
Intermediate Control (25% - 70%) Partial FilterTurbulent Flow DOCDiesel Particulate ReactorCombustion Catalyst System
Maximum Control (85% - 95%) Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF)
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Pre-Combustion Solution – Pre-Combustion Solution – Combustion Catalyst SystemCombustion Catalyst System
Reduces HC, PM, CO, and NOx Introduces catalysts to combustion as an
aerosol to complete combustion PM reductions generally 40% - 80% NOx reductions generally 13% - 27% Reduces fuel consumption 8% - 15% or more Bottle change (5 minutes) every 400 hours Lower initial investment and cost of operation
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Reduces HC, CO and some PM
Flow through that “converts” PM rather than “trap” PM
PM reductions can be on the order of 15% to 25%
No periodic cleaning necessary
Exhaust Aftertreatment – Exhaust Aftertreatment – Oxidation CatalystOxidation Catalyst
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Exhaust Aftertreatment – Exhaust Aftertreatment – Turbulent FlowTurbulent Flow
Typically catalyzed to reduce HC, CO and lower PM regeneration temperature
Flow through “turbulent” path– Wire mesh or metal foil
PM reductions can be on the order of 50% to 70%
No periodic cleaning necessary
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Exhaust Aftertreatment – Filter (DPF)Exhaust Aftertreatment – Filter (DPF) Non-catalyzed filter – Reduces
PM– Traps PM
Catalyzed filter – Reduces PM, HC & CO– Traps PM– Catalyzes HC and CO
Requires high heat to burn off PM (like a self-cleaning oven)
– Exhaust heat from engines under high load
– Electric elements or fuel burners
Non combustible materials stay in filter and must be removed periodically
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Filter MaintenanceFilter MaintenanceCaptured in tail pipe . . . Collected in filter bags . . .
Stored onsite . . .
May need to be handled as a hazardous material
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Current ParadigmCurrent Paradigm
EPA Verification is too restrictiveSmartWay relies too much on EPA
verification.Verified technologies are regulatory
solutions, not business minded.
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PerspectivePerspective
Many of the larger trucking companies in Mexico – Are at least as well run or better than their US
counterparts– Drive only new trucks and trade them in before
they go out of warranty– Would be willing to upgrade trucks to current EPA
standards to drive into the US if they were able to cross the border
This would also help emissions in Mexico
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AlternativesAlternatives
Viable new technologies arriving on the scene – Reducing emissions in non-conventional ways– Reducing fuel consumption
EPA: 1 gallon of diesel = CO2 by 22.2 lbs
Create standards that permit companies to take advantage of innovative, validated technologies that are not EPA verified.
Encourage creation of “carrot based” rules rather than just “regulatory sticks.”