greenhouse gas emissions and concentrations t.j. blasing … … with a lot of help from many data...

Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Concentrations

T.J. Blasing …

… with a lot of help from many data contributors.

September 27, 2010

Presented to the CDIAC User Working Group

Part 1: Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Evolving user data base

CO2, CH4, Isotopes, Other Gases, Aerosols, Historical Records

Suggestions

Part 2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

CO2, CH4, Isotopes, Historical Records, Applications

THEN (Early Years of CDIAC)

• Vaguely defined user base, mostly researchers• We were “only game in town” for many data storage/retrieval

applications and documentation.

• Less spatial/temporal coverage and less gases to worry about

NOW:• More sophisticated researcher user base

• More user base in the general public• Data providers have sophisticated data storage/retrieval applications

and documentation.

• Extended spatial/temporal coverage and more gases to worry about

RESULT IS THAT DATA WILL BE SUMMARIZED DIFFERENTLY.

Evolving user base CO2 CH4 Isotopes Other Gases Aerosols Historical Records Suggestions

Less Presentation on CDIAC Site; More Linking• More current• More complete coverage of variables (e.g., isotopes)• Archiving

Data storage, retrieval, and documentation

More sophisticated researcher user base,

More user base in the general public

Different kinds of value-added products• Shorter, more general summaries


Global Change Data and Information Products - By Subject

Once you've selected the subject category of interest, you may choose to view the abstract or online product, as applicable. Select the product number to access the data directly.

AmeriFlux - Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Balance Measurements Atmospheric Trace Gases, Carbon Isotopes, Radionuclides, and Aerosols Carbon Cycle CDIAC Publications Climate Coastal Sensitivity to Sea Level Energy and Socioeconomic Systems Land-Use and Ecosystems Oceanic Trace Gases Solar and Atmospheric Radiation Trace Gas Emissions Vegetation Response to CO2 and Climate

Terrestrial Carbon Management


FTP directory /ccg/co2/flask at ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov

To view this FTP site in Windows Explorer, click Page, and then click Open FTP Site in Windows Explorer.

Up to higher level directory 09/08/2010 04:51PM Directory . 01/05/2010 12:00AM Directory .. 09/08/2010 04:49PM 23,156 README_surface_flask_co2.html 12/07/1992 12:00AM 398,066 co2_flask_system.ps 09/08/2010 04:50PM Directory event 09/08/2010 04:51PM 2,831,387 event.tar.gz 09/08/2010 04:50PM 2,848,039 event.zip 09/08/2010 04:50PM Directory month 09/08/2010 04:51PM 101,284 month.tar.gz 09/08/2010 04:50PM 220,639 month.zip


Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide

Atmospheric CO2 record from continuous measurements at Jubany Station, Antarctica

Atmospheric carbon dioxide record from Mauna Loa Atmospheric CO2 records from 11 sites in the SIO air sampling network Atmospheric carbon dioxide records from sites in the NOAA/CMDL continuous

monitoring network Monthly atmospheric CO2 mixing ratios from the NOAA/CMDL flask network

FTP directory /ccg/co2/flask/month/ at ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov

To view this FTP site in Windows Explorer, click Page, and then click Open FTP Site in Windows Explorer.

Up to higher level directory 07/15/2009 12:00AM Directory . 03/29/2010 05:07PM Directory .. 07/15/2009 12:00AM 7,658 alt_01D0_mm.co2 07/15/2009 12:00AM 4,025 ams_01D0_mm.co2 07/15/2009 12:00AM 5,999 wlg_01D0_mm.co2 07/15/2009 12:00AM 5,579 zep_01D0_mm.co2

2009 1 392.60ZEP 2009 2 393.55ZEP 2009 3 393.67ZEP2009 4 393.45ZEP 2009 5 393.22ZEP 2009 6 390.56ZEP 2009 7 382.77ZEP 2009 8 376.98ZEP 2009 9 377.95ZEP 200910 383.48ZEP 200911 389.15ZEP 200912 392.51ZEP

Zeppelin (Stockholm University) 78°54' N, 11°53’ E


Atmospheric Methane

The ALE/GAGE/AGAGE Network (updated July 2010) DB1001 | Abstract Atmospheric CH4 Concentrations from the CSIRO GASLAB Flask Sampling Network, (2003) Methane, Nonmethane Hydrocarbons, Alkyl Nitrates, and Chlorinated Carbon Compounds including 3

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113) in Whole-air Samples, (2003) Historic CH 4 records from Antarctic and Greenland ice cores, Antarctic firn data, and archived air samples

from Cape Grim, Tasmania, (2002) Atmospheric Methane at Cape Meares, Oregon, U.S.A.: A High-Resolution Data Base for the Period 1979-

1992 (1994), DB1007 | Abstract Atmospheric Methane Mixing Ratios--The NOAA/CMDL Global Cooperative Air Sampling Network, 1983-

1993 (1994), DB1008 | Abstract Measurements of Atmospheric Methane and 13C/12C of Atmospheric Methane from Flask Air Samples

(1999), Abstract Carbon-13 Isotopic Abundance and Concentration of Atmospheric Methane for Background Air in the

Southern and Northern Hemispheres from 1978 to 1989 (1995), NDP-049 | Abstract | PDF


NOAA In Situ Methane (CH 4) Measurements Organization(s):

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), Earth System Research Laboratory (ESRL)

What does this program measure?

Atmospheric methane (CH4) is measured in nanomoles per mole or nmole (abbreviated ppb).

How does this program work?

Gas chromatography with flame ionization detection is used in this project with the instruments, location and frequency listed below.

Methane Instruments Frequency Site

HP6890GC continuous MLO

2.5-L glass flask AIRKIT pump unit 2 pair/week Kumukahi

2.5-L glass flasks,MAKS pump unit 1 pair/week MLO

2.5-L evacuated glass flasks 1 pair/week MLO

Why is this research important?

Methane is a greenhouse gas with a global warming potential.

Are there any trends in the data?

Methane was steadily increasing in the 1980's, it's growth rate slowed in the 1990's, and it has had a near-zero growth rate for the last few years.

ftp://ftp.cmdl.noaa.gov/ccg/ch4/flask/month/

XX


Isotopes in Greenhouse Gases

Monthly atmospheric 13C/12C mixing ratios from the NOAA/CMDL network through 2007 (2010)

Monthly atmospheric 13C/12C isotopic ratios for 11 SIO stations (2010) 14CO2 Observations from Barrow, Alaska and the South Pole (2009) Mixing ratios of CO, CO2, CH4 and isotope ratios of associated 13C, 18O, and 2H

in air samples from Niwot Ridge, Colorado, and Montaña de Oro, California, USA (2004), DB1022 | Abstract

Estimates of Monthly CO2 Emissions and Associated 13C/12C Values from Fossil-Fuel Consumption in the U.S.A., (2004)

δ13C in CO2 from the CSIRO GASLAB Flask Sampling Network In Situ δ13CO2 from Cape Grim, Tasmania, Australia: 1982-1993 (2001), In situ Carbon 13 and Oxygen 18 Ratios of Atmospheric CO2 from Cape Grim,

Tasmania, Australia: 1982-1993 (1998), DB1014 | Abstract Carbon-13 Isotopic Abundance and Concentration of Atmospheric Methane for

Background Air in the Southern and Northern Hemispheres from 1978 to 1989 (1995), NDP-049 | Abstract | PDF

Measurements of Atmospheric Methane and 13C/12C of Atmospheric Methane from Flask Air Samples (1999), Abstract

14CO2 Observations from Schauinsland, Germany, (1997) Carbon-14 Measurements in Atmospheric CO2 from Northern and Southern

Hemisphere Sites, 1962-1992 (1996), NDP-057 | PDF Carbon-14 Measurements in Surface Water CO2 from the Atlantic, Indian and

Pacific Oceans, 1965-1994 (1998), NDP-057A | PDF

NOAA

Up to higher level directory 11/22/2009 12:00AM Directory . 01/12/2010 12:00AM Directory .. 08/20/2007 12:00AM 2,066 README1 11/12/2008 12:00AM Directory aircraft 06/18/2009 12:00AM Directory ch4 04/18/2001 12:00AM Directory ch4c13 01/05/2010 12:00AM Directory co 01/05/2010 12:00AM Directory co2 08/17/2007 12:00AM Directory co2c13 10/22/2008 12:00AM Directory co2c14 03/29/1998 12:00AM Directory co2o18 06/09/2010 09:14PM Directory figures 09/10/1998 12:00AM Directory h2 07/30/2010 05:10PM Directory requests 06/04/2010 09:14PM Directory software 01/05/2010 12:00AM Directory towers 03/23/2007 12:00AM Directory vp

Problems with Isotope Data:• Limited Temporal Coverage (Thru 2007)• Error terms


July 2010

AGAGE data on ozone depleting substances and trace greenhouse gases have been updated through September 2009. Methyl bromide (CH3Br) files have been brought up to date, and one new hydrofluorocarbon (HFC) species and three perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have been added. The added species are:

HFC-23 (Trifluoromethane) (CHF3) is a radiatively active (greenhouse) gas with a 100-year global warming potential (GWP) of 14,800. It is a byproduct of the manufacture of HFC-22 which is used as a refrigerant, foam blowing agent, and as a chemical feedstock. HFC-22 is an ozone depleting species and is therefore being phased out of production.

PFC-116 Hexafluoroethane (C2F6) is a greenhouse gas with an atmospheric lifetime of 10,000 years and a 100 year GWP of 12,200.

PFC-118 (perfluoropropane) (C3F8). is a greenhouse gas with an atmospheric lifetime of 2,600 years and a 100year GWP of 8830.

Perfluorocarbons (PFCs) are used mainly in the electronics sector in semiconductor manufacture, as they can be used for selective etching of silicon compounds. They are used primarily as refrigerants [mainly in blends with HFCs and hydrochlorofluorcarbons (HCFCs)]. They are also used as environmental tracer gases, in some fire extinguishing systems, and in certain cosmetics and medical applications.

CFC-11 and CFC-113 continue to decline at all stations, and CFC 12 continues to decline after peaking out in the early years of this decade. Methane concentrations, which had leveled off in the early years of this decade, appear toBe increasing again, at least for the last 2 years.

PFC-14 (tetrafluoromethane) (CF4) is a greenhouse gas with an atmospheric lifetime of 50,000 years and a 100 year GWP of 7,390.

What’s new


The ALE/GAGE/AGAGE Network (updated August 2010)

scale: --- --- --- SIO-2005 --- SIO-2005 SIO-2005 SIO-2005 SIO-2005 SIO-2005 SIO-2007 UB-98 SIO-2007 SIO-2007 SIO-2007 SIO-2005unit: --- --- --- SIO-2005 --- ppt ppt ppt ppt ppt ppt ppt ppt ppt ppt ppttime MM YYYY numb HFC-134a std. HCFC-22 H-1211 H-1301 CFC-113 SF6 SO2F2 HFC-125 HFC-23 PFC-116 PFC-218 PFC-142003.875 11 2003 131 32.689 0.621 171.599 4.538 3.08 79.969 5.491 0 3.251 0 3.604 0.428 02003.958 12 2003 233 32.882 0.562 171.721 4.552 3.102 79.949 5.51 0 3.265 0 3.612 0.424 02004.042 1 2004 215 32.769 0.565 171.475 4.536 3.115 79.907 5.51 0 3.282 0 3.624 0.42 0

2008.792 10 2008 294 55.118 0.458 207.308 4.349 3.243 76.259 6.67 1.617 7.196 22.764 4.033 0.523 77.8532008.875 11 2008 170 55.962 0.531 209.357 4.372 3.265 76.323 6.741 1.625 7.388 22.861 4.04 0.527 77.9572008.958 12 2008 184 55.679 0.693 209.11 4.377 3.278 76.362 6.775 1.624 7.418 22.915 4.039 0.528 77.992009.042 1 2009 229 55.91 0.675 208.906 4.377 3.28 76.393 6.791 1.623 7.561 22.869 4.051 0.529 77.9712009.125 2 2009 219 55.486 0.976 207.246 4.369 3.262 76.273 6.797 1.627 7.572 22.841 4.056 0.524 77.9072009.208 3 2009 256 55.698 0.745 207.362 4.373 3.274 76.336 6.827 1.615 7.573 22.934 4.068 0.525 77.9962009.292 4 2009 201 56.368 0.653 208.891 4.389 3.28 76.343 6.882 1.62 7.721 22.977 4.064 0.526 78.0652009.375 5 2009 209 57.081 0.659 210.15 4.388 3.285 76.38 6.918 1.643 7.821 22.97 4.057 0.525 78.0542009.458 6 2009 185 57.924 0.642 210.188 4.334 3.256 75.912 6.925 1.633 7.899 23.013 4.063 0.527 78.0412009.542 7 2009 198 58.537 0.701 212.198 4.327 3.259 75.841 6.926 1.658 7.987 23.095 4.068 0.527 78.0382009.625 8 2009 7 58.873 0.815 213.299 4.288 3.256 0 6.903 1.695 8.028 23.113 4.073 0.549 78.1282009.708 9 2009 144 59.432 0.508 213.688 4.278 3.27 75.768 6.946 1.663 8.169 23.166 4.083 0.54 78.156

GWP 3,500 1,810 7,140 7,310 6,130 22,800 4,800 3,500 14,800 12,200 8,830 7,390

GC-MS Medusa, Mace Head Ireland 53.33 N 9.9 W 5 m asl

GC-MD, Mace Head, Ireland: 53.33N, 9.9 W. 5 m above msl

scale: --- --- --- SIO-2005 --- --- SIO-2005 --- --- SIO-1998 --- --- Tohoku-Uni---unit: --- --- --- ppt --- --- ppt --- --- ppb --- --- ppb ---time MM YYYY numb CFC-11 std. numb CFC-12 std. numb N2O std. numb CH4 std.1994.208 3 1994 616 268.402 0.597 651 528.428 1.134 645 311.658 0.195 727 1817.033 13.504

2008.792 10 2008 899 243.989 0.29 896 537.857 0.5 880 322.225 0.223 570 1867.507 9.1372008.875 11 2008 798 244.139 0.277 869 537.961 0.522 786 322.47 0.241 778 1870.506 12.6472008.958 12 2008 706 244.185 0.309 772 538.045 0.582 661 322.734 0.315 570 1873.281 13.1172009.042 1 2009 784 243.852 0.359 865 537.822 0.541 764 322.814 0.272 731 1875.688 11.3232009.125 2 2009 656 243.423 0.313 771 537.485 0.544 686 322.766 0.266 672 1869.2 13.3892009.208 3 2009 849 243.044 0.273 913 537.019 0.559 869 322.75 0.274 866 1870.196 12.0792009.292 4 2009 785 242.821 0.269 885 536.675 0.565 746 322.836 0.357 704 1876.724 9.8792009.375 5 2009 768 242.648 0.265 882 536.31 0.486 785 322.762 0.263 768 1867.597 10.7922009.458 6 2009 614 242.64 0.212 768 535.78 0.488 527 322.587 0.267 466 1858.34 13.2022009.542 7 2009 960 242.232 0.203 956 535.178 0.45 845 322.47 0.263 917 1852.924 10.7952009.625 8 2009 973 242.022 0.203 991 534.942 0.424 953 322.475 0.215 989 1852.547 13.4912009.708 9 2009 854 242.035 0.223 583 534.854 0.478 763 322.557 0.259 740 1859.578 10.913

GWP 4,750 10,900 298 25


IPCC, 2007 – Radiative forcing increases since 1750


Global Change Data and Information Products - By Subject

Once you've selected the subject category of interest, you may choose to view the abstract or online product, as applicable. Select the product number to access the data directly.

AmeriFlux - Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Balance Measurements Atmospheric Trace Gases, Carbon Isotopes, Radionuclides, and Aerosols Carbon Cycle CDIAC Publications Climate Coastal Sensitivity to Sea Level Energy and Socioeconomic Systems Land-Use and Ecosystems Oceanic Trace Gases Solar and Atmospheric Radiation Trace Gas Emissions Vegetation Response to CO2 and Climate Terrestrial Carbon Management

Aerosols

Rattlesnake Mountain Observatory (46.4° N, 119.6° W) Multispectral Optical Depth Measurements: 1979-1994 (1996), NDP-053 | Abstract | PDF

Volcanic Loading: The Dust Veil Index (1985), NDP-013 | Abstract | PDF


Historic CH4 Records from Antarctic and Greenland Ice Cores, Antarctic Firn Data, and Archived Air Samples from Cape Grim, Tasmania

Graphics Digital Data

Investigators

D.M. Etheridge, L.P. Steele, R.J. Francey, and R.L. Langenfelds Division of Atmospheric Research, CSIRO, Aspendale, Victoria, Australia

Period of Record

1008 A.D.-1995 A.D.


Recent Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

T.J. Blasing

DOI: 10.3334/CDIAC/atg.032

Updated September 2010

Gases typically measured in parts per million (ppm), parts per billion (ppb) or parts per trillion (ppt) by volume are presented separately to facilitate comparison of numbers. Global Warming Potentials (GWPs) and atmospheric lifetimes are from the Intergovermental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC, 2007, Table 2.14), except for the atmospheric lifetime of carbon dioxide (CO2) which is explained in footnote 4. Additional material on greenhouse gases can be found in CDIAC's Reference Tools. To find out how CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, and halons are named, see Name that compound: The numbers game for CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, and Halons.

Sources of the current atmospheric concentrations are given in the footnotes. The concentrations given are mostly derived from data available via the CDIAC Web pages; many corresponding links are given in the footnotes below. These data are contributed to CDIAC by various investigators, and represent considerable effort on their part. We ask as a basic professional courtesy that you acknowledge the primary sources when you refer to data from any of these sites. Guidelines for proper acknowledgment are found at each link, except for the ALE/GAGE/AGAGE database where acknowledgment guidelines are given in the "readme" files; links to those "readme" files are given in footnote 9, below.


GAS Pre-1750

tropospheric concentration1

Recent tropospheric

concentration2

GWP3(100-yr time horizon)

Atmospheric lifetime4

(years)

Increased radiative forcing 5 (W/m2)

Concentrations in parts per million (ppm) Carbon dioxide (CO2) 2806 386.37 1 ~ 1004 1.66

Concentrations in parts per billion (ppb) Methane (CH4) 7008 18669/17429 25 124 0.48

Nitrous oxide (N2O) 27010 3239/3219 298 1144 0.16

Tropospheric ozone (O3) 251 344,1 n.a.4 hours-days 0.354

Concentrations in parts per trillion (ppt) CFC-11 (trichlorofluoromethane) (CCl3F)

zero 2439/2419 4,750 45 0.063

CFC-12 (CCl2F2) zero 5379/5359 10,900 100 0.17

CF-113(CCl2FFClF2) zero 769/769 6,130 85 0.024

HCFC-22(CHClF2) zero 2109/1869 1,810 12 0.033

HCFC-141b(CH3CCl2F) zero 219/199 725 9.3 0.0025

HCFC-142b(CH3CClF2) zero 219/199 2,310 17.9 0.0031

Halon 1211 (CBrCIF2) zero 4.49/4.29 1,890 16 0.001

Halon 1301 (CBrCIF3) zero 3.39/3.29 7,140 65 0.001

HFC-134a(CH2FCF3) zero 579/479 1,430 14 0.0055

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)

zero 889/879 1,400 26 0.012

Methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3)

zero 9.79/9.39 146 5 0.0011

Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) zero 6.849,11/6.449,11 22,800 3200 0.0029

Other Halocarbons zero Varies by substance

collectively

0.021

.


7 Recent CO2 concentration (386.3 ppm) is the 2009 average taken from

globally averaged marine surface data given by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Earth System Research Laboratory, web site: http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/index.html#global. Please read the material on that web page and reference Dr. Pieter Tans when citing this average(Dr. Pieter Tans, NOAA/ESRL http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends). The 2009 average derived from in-situ data at the four "baseline" stations (Point Barrow, Alaska, Mauna Loa, Hawaii, American Samoa, and the South Pole) is also 386.3 rounded to the first decimal digit. The oft-cited Mauna Loa average for 2009 is 387.4, which is a good approximation although 1.1 ppm higher than the spatial averages given above. Refer to http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends for records back to the late 1950s.


Suggested tabulation for Atmospheric CO2 Records from 11 Sites in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Air Sampling Network Sampling at remote locations provides information on background concentrations of CO2 after it has become well mixed in the atmosphere. Such data are free of local contaminations from urban areas, large fossil-fuel-fired power plants, etc. However, some hemispheric-scale information about source regions is still contained in these data. Concentrations tend to be higher in the northern hemisphere, indicating where sources of global increase are most prominent. Photosynthetic drawdown of CO2 in each hemisphere’s summer is also evident. Some geographic information and the beginning of record at each station is given below. Locations of Sampling Stations in the Scripps Institution of Oceanography Network Station Listing, Baseline Stations are in Bold Italic Altitude Station Latitude Longitude (meters above msl) Beginning of record Alert 82° 28’ N 62° 30’ W 210 6/85 - current Point Barrow 71° 32’ N 156° 36’ W 11 2/74- current La Jolla Pier 32° 52’ N 117° 15’ W 10 2/69- current Baja California Sur 23° 18’ N 110° 09’ W 4 2/97- current Mauna Loa 19° 32’ N 155° 35’ W 3397 3/58- current Cape Kumukahi 19° 31’ N 154° 49’ W 3 3/79- current Christmas Island 2° 00’ N 157° 18’ W 3 1/75- current American Samoa 14° 15’ S 170° 34’ W 30 8/81- current Kermadec Islands 29° 02’ S 177° 09’ W 2 1/83- current Baring Head 41° 24’ S 174° 54’ W 85 8/77- current South Pole 89° 59’ S 24° 48’ W 2810 7/57- current

Station Notes Longest Records; South Pole and Mauna Loa: South Pole: Air samples are collected biweekly at the South Pole in 5-L evacuated glass flasks exposed as triplets. From 1957 until October 1963, 5-L glass flasks were exposed as singlets or pairs biweekly. Between 1960 and 1963, continuous in situ measurements of atmospheric CO2 concentrations were made. The data presented here are derived from both the flask sampling program and the continuous sampling program. Greater details about the sampling methods used at the South Pole are described in Keeling et al. (1976) and in Bacastow and Keeling (1981). Air samples collected at the South Pole are analyzed for CO2 concentration at SIO through the use of an Applied Physics Corporation nondispersive infrared gas analyzer with a water vapor freeze trap. In March 1983, CO2-in-air mixtures prepared by SIO replaced CO2-in-N2 as the calibration gases used to ascertain instrument sensitivity, detect possible contamination, and determine CO2 concentrations (Keeling et al. 2002). Mauna Loa: Air samples at Mauna Loa are collected continuously from air intakes at the top of four 7-m towers and one 27-m tower. Four air samples are collected each hour for the purpose of determining the CO2 concentration. Determinations of CO2 are made by using a Siemens Ultramat 3 nondispersive infrared gas analyzer with a water vapor freeze trap. This analyzer registers the concentration of CO2 in a stream of air flowing at ~0.5 L/min. Every 30 minutes, the flow is replaced by a stream of calibrating gas or "working reference gas". In December 1983, CO2-in-N2 calibration gases were replaced with the currently used CO2-in-air calibration gases. These calibration gases and other reference gases are compared periodically to determine the instrument sensitivity and to check for possible contamination in the air-handling system. These reference gases are themselves calibrated against specific standard gases whose CO2 concentrations are determined manometrically. Greater details about the sampling methods at Mauna Loa are given in Keeling et al. (1982) and Keeling et al. (2002). Hourly averages of atmospheric CO2 concentration, wind speed, and wind direction are plotted as a basis for selecting data for further processing. Data are selected for periods of steady hourly data to within ~0.5 parts per million by volume (ppmv); at least six consecutive hours of steady data are required to form a daily average. Greater details about the data selection criteria used at Mauna Loa are given in Bacastow et al. (1985). Data are in terms of the Scripps "03A" calibration scale.

Other Baseline Stations

Barrow: Carbon dioxide was first measured at Barrow, Alaska, by Kelley and co-workers from the University of Washington during the 1960s through the use of a continuously operating analyzer. From January 1974 through February 1982, air samples were collected biweekly in triplicate 2-L evacuated glass flasks. Since March 1982, weekly air samples have been collected in 5-L evacuated glass flask pairs. Flasks are returned to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO) for CO2 determinations, which are made using an Applied Physics Corporation nondispersive infrared gas analyzer. In May 1983, the CO2-in-N2 calibration gases were replaced with the CO2-in-air calibration gases, which are currently used (Keeling et al. 2002). Data are in terms of the Scripps "03A" calibration scale.


Atmospheric CO2 Concentrations at Mauna Loa and the South Pole

300

310

320

330

340

350

360

370

380

390

400

1957 1961 1965 1969 1973 1977 1981 1985 1989 1993 1997 2001 2005 2009

Con

cen

trati

on

(ppm

v)

Mauna Loa

South Pole

Annual Increases Atmospheric CO2 Concentration at Mauna Loa and the South Pole

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

3.5

1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009

Con

cen

trati

on

In

crease

(part

s per

mil

lion

)

Mauna Loa

South Pole

CITE AS: Keeling, R.F., S.C. Piper, A.F. Bollenbacher and J.S. Walker. 2010. Atmospheric CO2 records from sites in the SIO air sampling network. In Trends: A Compendium of Data on Global Change. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Oak Ridge, Tenn., U.S.A.

Samoa: Weekly air samples are collected in 5-L evacuated glass flasks exposed in triplicate. Flasks are returned to the SIO for CO2 determinations, which are made using an Applied Physics Corporation nondispersive infrared gas analyzer. In May 1983, the CO2-in-air calibration gases were replaced with CO2-in-air calibration gases, which are currently used (Keeling et al. 2002). Data are in terms of the Scripps "03A" calibration scale.

For air samples collected at Barrow, Samoa, and the South Pole to be considered indicative of uncontaminated background air, the replicate flask samples must agree within 0.40 parts per million by volume (ppmv). Data are in terms of the Scripps "03A" calibration scale.

Remaining Stations:

Weekly air samples are collected in 5-L evacuated glass flasks exposed in triplicate. Flasks are returned to the SIO for CO2 determinations, which are made using an Applied Physics Corporation nondispersive infrared gas analyzer. In May 1983, the CO2-in-air calibration gases were replaced with CO2-in-air calibration gases, which are currently used (Keeling et al. 2002). Data are in terms of the Scripps "03A" calibration scale.

Additional note for La Jolla: Air sampling was continuous from 1973 to 1975.

Additional note for Christmas Island: The 1972-1976 portion of this record is based on air samples collected at Fanning Island. The 1977-1983 portion of this record is based on air samples collected at both Christmas Island and Fanning Island. From 1983 to present the record is based solely on air samples collected at Christmas Island.

Trends Atmospheric CO2 concentrations are increasing an increasing rate. From the beginning of the record in the late 1950’s through 1970, measurements at Mauna Loa, HI, and at the South Pole, indicate that annual concentration increases were usually less than 1 ppmv/year. From 2000 onward the annual increases have been over 1.5 ppmv/year in all but 2 cases (2000 and, at the South Pole, in 2001).


Average annual increment (ppmv) for Baseline StationsDecade 1981-1990 1991-2000 2001 ------- Point Barrow 1.60 1.52 1.92 Mauna Loa 1.55 1.53 1.99 American Samoa 1.47 1.56 1.91 South Pole 1.46 1.53 1.91


Suggestions welcome ! (Please prioritize)

Cleaning up web site; less old data files, more links to current data sites

Other gases, (Methane, Halocarbons)

Isotopes

Aerosols

Historical databases

Oxygen, O2/N2 ratios

Display of HIPPO data

Pointer to Vulcan, Subnational section with links to EPA annual state data

Part 2. Greenhouse Gas Emissions

CO2, CH4, Isotopes, Historical Records, Applications

Part 1: Greenhouse Gas Concentrations

Evolving user data base

CO2, CH4, Isotopes, Other Gases, Aerosols, Historical Records

Suggestions

Trace Gas Emissions

Carbon Dioxide

Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions

Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Consumption and Cement Manufacture, (2010) Kyoto-Related Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emission Totals, (2010) Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Mass of Emissions Gridded by One Degree Latitude by One Degree

Longitude (2010), NDP-058B Estimates of Monthly CO2 Emissions and Associated 13C/12C Values from Fossil-Fuel Consumption in the

U.S.A., (2004) Estimates of Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emitted for Each State in the U.S.A. and the District of Columbia for

Each Year from 1960 through 2001 Carbon Dioxide Emission Estimates from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Hydraulic Cement Production, and Gas

Flaring for 1995 on a One Degree Grid Cell Basis (1998), NDP-058A Geographic Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Hydraulic Cement Production,

and Gas Flaring on a One Degree by One Degree Grid Cell Basis: 1950 to 1990 (revised 1994), NDP-058 | Abstract | PDF

Production of CO2 from Fossil Fuel Burning by Fuel Type, 1860-1982 (1984), NDP-006 | Abstract | PDF Estimates of Global, Regional, and National Annual CO2 Emissions from Fossil-Fuel Burning, Hydraulic

Cement Production, and Gas Flaring: 1950-1992 | NDP-030

Land-Use CO2 Emissions

Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-Use Changes (1850-2005) REVISED, (2008) Carbon Flux to the Atmosphere from Land-use Changes: 1850 to 1990 (2001), NDP-050/R1 | PDF

Soil CO2 Emissions

Global Patterns of Carbon Dioxide Emissions from Soils on a 0.5 Degree Grid Cell Basis (1996), DB1015

Methane

Annual Estimates of Global Anthropogenic Methane Emissions: 1860-1994, (1998)

δ13C

Annual Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions: Global and Gridded δ13C Estimates (2009) | DB1013 v2009 | Abstract Global and Latitudinal Estimates of δ13C from Fossil-Fuel Consumption and Cement Manufacture (1996),

DB1013 | Abstract

Emissions CO2 CH4 Isotopes Historical records Applications

AmeriFlux - Terrestrial Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapor, and Energy Balance Measurements

Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions

Global, Regional, and National Annual Time Series (1751-2007)

Latest Published Global Estimates Preliminary 2007-08 Global & National Estimates by Extrapolation Top 20 Emitting Nations Based on Latest (2007) Estimates

o Total Emissions o Per Capita Emissions

Kyoto Protocol Summaries (1990-2007)

Historical Global Estimates

Gridded Annual Estimates (1o x 1o; 1751-2007)

Independent National Time Series for Select Countries (coming soon)

Fine-Resolution CO2 Estimates

USA State-Level USA Monthly

Isotopic (13C/12C) Estimates

Global and Gridded (1° x 1°) USA Monthly

CDIAC provided monthly and annual long-term (1751-2006), gridded (1 x 1) fossil-fuel CO2 emission estimates to the AR5 modeling teams worldwide.


Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions » Global, Regional, and National Annual Time Series

Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2 Emissions

Global Regional National Top 20

Contributors

T.A. Boden, G. Marland, and R.J. Andres

Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center, Environmental Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831-6335, U.S.A.

DOI

10.3334/CDIAC/00001_V2010

Period of Record

1751-2007


Per Capita Emissions for Top 5 Carbon Emitters

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Em

iss

ion

s (

Mg

-C/p

ers

on

)

PRC USA IND RUS JPN

Top 5 Carbon Emitters

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1900 1910 1920 1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010

Em

issi

on

s (T

g-C

)

PRC USA IND RUS JPN


1

2

3

4

5

1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006 2008 2010

Ann

ual E

mis

sion

s (b

illio

n t

ons

of c

arbo

n)

Developing CountriesNon Annex B

Developed CountriesAnnex B

Kyoto ProtocolAdopted

Kyoto ProtocolEnters into Force

Regional Shift in Emissions Share

FCCC

62%

38%

57%

43%


Monthly Fuel Sales

0

50000

100000

150000

200000

250000

300000

350000

Jan

-71

Jan

-74

Jan

-77

Jan

-80

Jan

-83

Jan

-86

Jan

-89

Jan

-92

Jan

-95

Jan

-98

Jan

-01

Jan

-04

Jan

-07

Jan

-10

Th

ou

san

ds

of

Bar

rels

MoGas Distillate (Total) Jet Fuel

Electricity Sales

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

160000

Jan-02 Jan-03 Jan-04 Jan-05 Jan-06 Jan-07 Jan-08 Jan-09 Jan-10

Ele

ctr

icit

y D

eli

vere

d (

GW

-h)

Industrial Sector

Residential Sector

Commercial Sector


18 -wheelers

production

1

2

3 Figure 6. Monthly and annual mean centroid of fossil-fuel CO2 emissions for North America 4

90W

Tota l Annual Em issions

M onth ly Em issions 25 Tg C /m o

M onth ly Em issions 70 Tg C /m o

N orth Am erican Popula tion C entro id

KS

OK

MO

IL

AR

JanFeb

Mar

Apr

May

JunJul

Aug

Sep

Oct

Nov

Dec

Jan

FebMarAprMayJun

JulAug

Sep OctNovDec

Jan

FebMar

Apr

May

JunJulAug

SepOct

NovDec

19902007

1990

2007

Natural Gas

Coal

Petroleum

Total AnnualEmissions

Population Centroid


8.2

8.4 10.7

7.310.5

6.6

8.1

10.8

15.314.4

17.7

13.2 11.6

19.0

15.2

16.1

20.7

14.1

12.8

13.59.2 13.6

8.5

16.4

9.4

19.6

13.8

11.8

7.6

13.9

8.6

16.1

10.2

9.1

11.610.9

8.1

11.4

18.711.2

12.5 MD

8.7

8.2

http://www.climate.weatheroffice.ec.gc.ca/climate_normals/stnselect_e.html

November – January Temperature Differences

Average for Ottawa,Montreal, and Quebec City

4.9 for Vancouver

21.2

Canadian data from:

< 10

15-20

10-15

> 20

http://www.climate.weath/

1.501.27

1.28

1.27 1.18

1.15

1.21

1.08

1.15

1.48

1.13

1.32 RI

1.19

1.29

1.19

1.16

1.39

1.15

1.18

1.22

1.13 NJ

1.24 NH

1.16 1.25

1.50

1.21

1.12

1.22

1.15

1.15 MA

1.16 MD

1.31

1.18

1.171.17

1.26

1.141.20

1.31

1.08 HI

1.05

1.01

1.12 DC1.36 DE

1.18 CT

1.151.15

1.141.02

1.40 AK

1.14

Ratio of Driving Miles: (June-August)/(December-February)

This graphic adapted from:http://www.eldoradocountyweather.com/climate/mexico/Mexico%20City.html

For another record that some people prefer:http://weather.uk.msn.com/monthly_averages.aspx?wealocations=wc:MXDF0132

Mexico City Mexico Average Annual Temperatures

Mexico City Mexico Average Yearly PrecipitationMexico City Mexico Average Annual Temperatures

Mexico City Mexico Average Yearly Precipitation

867768595041

86420

°F

l l l l l l l l l l l l

in.

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