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in a Blue World SYNTHESIS REPORT

UNDESA


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UNEP, FAO, IMO, UNDP, IUCN, World Fish Center, GRID-

Arendal, 2012, Green Economy in a Blue Worldwww.unep.org/greeneconomy and www.unep.org/

regionalseas

ISBN: 978-82-7701-097-7

Layout by UNEP/GRID-Arendal, www.grida.no

UNEP promote

environmentally sound practices

globally and in our own activities. This

publication is printed on ully recycled paper,

FSC certifed, post-consumer waste and chlorine-

ree. Inks are vegetable-based and coatings are water-

based. Our distribution policy aims to reduce

our carbon ootprint.

United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP)

UNEP coordinates United Nations environmental

activities, assisting developing countries in implementing

environmentally sound policies and practices. It was ounded

as a result o the United Nations Conerence on the HumanEnvironment in June 1972. Its mission is to provide leadership

and encourage partnership in caring or the environment by

inspiring, inorming and enabling nations and peoples to

improve their quality o lie without compromising that o

uture generations.

Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO)

Achieving ood security or all - to make sure people have regular

access to enough high-quality ood to lead active, healthy lives

is at the core o all FAO activities, including or fsheries and

aquaculture. FAOs mandate is to raise levels o nutrition, improve

agricultural productivity, better the lives o rural populations and

contribute to the growth o the world economy. Fisheries and

aquaculture have the capacity i supported and developed

responsibly to contribute signifcantly to improving the well-being o poor and disadvantaged communities. The vision

o FAO or these sectors is a world in which responsible and

sustainable use o fsheries and aquaculture resources makes

an appreciable contribution to human well-being, ood security

and poverty alleviation. The FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture

Department, in particular, aims to strengthen global governance

and the managerial and technical capacities o members and to

lead consensus-building towards improved conservation and

utilisation o aquatic resources.

International Maritime Organisation (IMO)

IMO is the United Nations (UN) specialised agency with

responsibility or the saety and security o shipping and the

prevention o marine pollution by ships. International shipping is

the carrier o world trade, transporting around ninety percent oglobal commerce. Being an international industry shipping needs a

global regulatory ramework in which to operate. IMO,

with its 170 Member States, provides this ramework

and has adopted 52 treaties regulating virtually every

technical aspect o ship design and operation, the most

important o which concerning the saety o lie at

sea and the protection o the environment today apply on

ninety-nine percent o the worlds merchant eet. IMO adopts

international shipping regulations but it is the responsibility

o Governments to implement those regulations. IMO has

developed an Integrated Technical Co-operation Programme

(ITCP) designed to assist Governments which lack the technical

knowledge and resources needed to operate a shipping industry

saely and eciently.

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)

UNDP is the United Nations global development network, an

organisation advocating or change and connecting countries

to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build

a better lie. UNDP is on the ground in 177 countries, working

with them on their own solutions to global and national

development challenges. As they develop local capacity, they

draw on the people o UNDP and its wide range o partners.

Through its Ocean and Coastal Governance Programme, UNDPis working in cooperation with many other UN agencies, the

Global Environment Facility, international fnancial institutions,

regional fsheries organisations and others to improve oceans

management and sustain livelihoods at the local, national,

regional and global scales through eective oceans governance.

The United Nations Department o Economic and Social

Afairs (DESA)

DESA and its predecessors have helped countries around the

world meet their economic, social and environmental challenges

or more than 50 years.

DESAs mission - to promote development or all - reects a

undamental concern or equity and equality in countries large

and small, developed and developing.

IUCN Global Marine Programme

Founded in 1948, The World Conservation Union brings together

States, government agencies and a diverse range o non-

governmental organizations in a unique world partnership:

over 1000 members in all, spread across some 140 countries. As

a Union, IUCN seeks to inuence, encourage and assist societies

throughout the world to conserve the integrity and diversity o

nature and to ensure that any use o natural resources is equitable

and ecologically sustainable.

WorldFish Center

The WorldFish Center an organization dedicated to reducing

poverty and hunger by improving fsheries and aquaculture. It is

an international, non-proft research organization that ocuses on

the opportunities provided by fsheries and aquaculture to reducepoverty, hunger and vulnerability in developing countries. The

WorldFish Center is one o the 15 members o the Consortium o

International Agricultural Research Centers supported by the

Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR),

a global partnership that unites the organizations engaged in

research or sustainable development with the unders o this

work. The unders include developing and industrialized country

governments, oundations, international and regional organizations.

GRID-Arendal

GRID-Arendal is a collaborating centre o the United Nations

Environment Programme (UNEP). Established in 1989 by the

Government o Norway as a Norwegian Foundation, its mission

is to communicate environmental inormation to policy-makers

and acilitate environmental decision-making or change. This isachieved by organizing and transorming available environmental

data into credible, science-based inormation products, delivered

through innovative communication tools and capacity-building

services targeting relevant stakeholders.


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FOREWORD

The marine environment provides humanity

with a myriad o services ranging rom ood

security and climate regulation to nutrient

cycling and storm protection. These in turn

underpin lives and livelihoods in sectors rom

tourism to fsheries.

Yet despite this importance, the last three to

our decades have seen increasing degradation

o oceans as a result o, or example, pollution

rom land-based sources, overfshing and

increasingly, climate change.

This in turn, is threatening the livelihoods

o millions o people around the world who

depend on these critical ecosystems or their

primary source o protein and or job security

both directly and indirectly.

With a growing population, set to rise rom seven

billion today to over nine billion by 2050, these

pressures and impacts are likely to intensiy

unless the world becomes more intelligent

about managing these essential resources.

The Green Economy in a Blue World report

analyzes how key sectors that are interlinked

with the marine and coastal environment the

blue world can make the transition towards a

Green Economy.

The report covers the impacts and opportunities

linked with shipping and fsheries to tourism,

marine-based renewable energies and

agriculture.

The fndings underline that a shit to

sustainability in terms o improved human well-

being and social equity can lead to healthier

and more economically productive oceans that

can simultaneously beneft coastal communities

and ocean-linked industries.

Many countries are already acting to chart

a resh uture or their seas and oceans andadopting the kinds o smart public policies

needed to unlock the investments and creative

strategies necessary.

The upcoming Rio+20 Summit is an opportunity

to scale-up and accelerate these transitions

under the twin themes o a Green Economy

in the context o sustainable development

and poverty eradication and an institutional

ramework or sustainable development.

Both the marine and the terrestrial environmentsare more than just an economythey are part

o humanitys cultural and spiritual dimensions.

However, through a better understanding o the

enormous economic losses being sustained and

the enormous opportunities rom investing and

re-investing in marine ecosystems, perhaps the

balance can be tipped away rom degradation

and destruction to sustainable management or

this generation and the ones to come.

A worldwide transition to a low-carbon, resource-efcient Green

Economy will not be possible unless the seas and oceans are a key

part o these urgently needed transormations.

Achim Steiner

UN Under-Secretary General

and UNEP Executive Director


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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Partner organizations This report is an inter-agency collaboration o

the ollowing organizations:

United Nations Environment Programme

United Nations Department o Economic and

Social Aairs

Food and Agriculture Organization o the

United Nations

International Maritime Organization

United Nations Development Programme

International Union or Conservation o

Nature

WorldFish Center

GRID-Arendal

The chapter coordinating authors with their

contributors are:

Eddie Allison (WorldFish Center), and Nicole

Franz, Carlos Fuentevilla, Lena Westlund and

Rol Willmann (FAO). The contribution o

statistical materials rom Steania Vannucci

and o valuable comments on an earlier

drat by John Ryder and Doris Soto are

grateully acknowledged. Reviewers o this

chapter were Rashid Sumaila (University

o British Columbia), Serge Garcia, James

Muir (FAO) and Meryl Williams (GEF STAP).

International Maritime Organization

(IMO), Marine Environment Protection

Division. With contributions o the

International Chamber o Shipping

and Andrew Hudson (UNDP).

Nadine McCormick and Varun Vats (both

IUCN). With contributions and specifc

inputs and advice rom Carl Gusta Lundin,

Franois Simard and James Oliver (IUCN).Reviewed by Dan Wilhelmson (IUCN) and

Jochen Bard (Fraunhoer Institute or Wind

Energy and Energy Systems Technology).

Andrew Hudson and Peter Whalley (UNDP).

Reviewed by Meryl Williams (GEF STAP).

Stean Gssling (University o Lund),

Daniel Scott (University o Waterloo) and

Michael Hall (University o Canterbury).

Reviewed by Monica Borobia (Roteiros do

Charme), Zeljka Skaricic (Priority ActionsProgramme Regional Activity Centre),

Alasdair Harris (Blue Ventures), Arianne

Reis (Southern Cross University) and Tom

Selanniemi (Tour Operators Initiative

or Sustainable Tourism Development).

Elaine Baker and Yannick Beaudoin,

Anne Solgaard (GRID-Arendal), Linwood

Pendleton (Duke University), Daniel Dumas

(Commonwealth Secretariat), Michael

Lodge (ISA), Porter Hoagland (Woods Hole

Oceanographic Institution) and Hannah Lily

(SOPAC). With contributions and reviews

rom Sabine Christiansen (WWF), Jrgen

Andersen (BI Norwegian Business School),

Steve Scott (University o Toronto) and Gary

Greene (Moss Landing Marine Laboratories).

Linwood Pendelton (Duke University) has

written the introduction o the report.

Haris Kokkosis and David Simmons have

produced the SIDS synthesis chapter.

Christian Neumann (GRID-Arendal) has

served as the lead editor, has handled most

o the peer review process and has written

the conclusions; Christina Cavaliere, also

GRID-Arendal, has been the editor o the

tourism chapter.

Project team at the United Nations Environment

Programme

Head o Branch: Jacqueline Alder

Project Manager: Alberto Pacheco Capella

Special thanksWe acknowledge the valuable contributions o:

Rossana Silva Repetto, Jyotsna Puri, Steven Stone,

Yannick Beaudoin, Anjan Datta, Fulai Sheng,

Takehiro Nakamura, Hiroko Morita-Lou, Heidi

Savelli, UNEP FMEB staff and our Regional Seascolleagues.

Photo credits(1) iStockphoto/Tore Johannesen (1) iStock-

photo (1) iStockphoto/36clicks (6-7) iStock-

photo/Devon Stephens (8) iStockphoto/

Panagiotis Milonas (10-11) iStockphoto/Ryan

Lindsay (14-15) iStockphoto/Torsten Stahlberg

(17) iStockphoto/luoman (17) iStockphoto/

Joe Michl (18) MARUM, University o Bremen/

Germany (19) Iremer (19) Iremer (19) Iremer

(20-21) iStockphoto/Adrian Beesley (24)

iStockphoto/Alexander Wilson (24) iStock-

photo/Michael Hieber (24) MARUM, University

o Bremen/Germany


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Foreword

Introduction

Fisheries and Aquaculture

Maritime Transport

Marine-Based Renewable Energy

Ocean Nutrient Pollution

Coastal Tourism

Deep-Sea Minerals

Small Island Developing States (SIDS)

Conclusions

3

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

CONTENTS


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The worlds oceans and coasts the Blue

World are the cornucopia or humanity. They

provide us with ood, oxygen and livelihoods.

Most o the worlds international trade travels

by sea. Sea oors yield important minerals, sand

and gravel. Technology is beginning to tap new

sources o energy rom ocean tides, waves and

wind. Coastal habitats provide frewood, fbres

and other resources, are natural carbon sinks andprotect rom storms and surges. Ocean views

have been shown to improve peoples wellbeing

and are an important reason homes near the

sea have higher value. Tourism that relies on

clean beaches, sae water and abundant marine

wildlie provides many ocean communities

with jobs, income and oreign exchange. Ocean

recreation oers both market and non-market

benefts to residents and visitors o the coasts.

Throughout the course o history, humans have

been drawn to coastal areas to enjoy the bountyo the sea. Oceans and coasts are the oundation

o much o the worlds economy and the cultures

o many peoples. As much as 40 per cent o the

worlds population now lives within 100 km o

the shore line. Many o the worlds great cities,

markets and industries have risen along the

coast because o access to trade and resources.

Next to marine fsheries, traditional economic

sectors like shipping, power generation and

manuacturing are oten concentrated in coastal

areas. Only recently, however, have we started

to understand the economic importance o the

ecological health o our seas. Ocean and coastalhabitats, species, and ecosystems support

natural capital and economic ows, together

reerred to as ecosystem services, which may

rival global market output in terms o sheer

economic value.

Harmonising traditional economic activity

and ecosystem-dependent economic values

is a challenge we must address. Because o

the uid nature o the ocean, coastal and

marine industries cannot be isolated rom the

watersheds and ocean ecosystems in whichthey operate. Economic activities near the sea

and even ar away have damaged the integrity

o oceans and coasts. Human impacts on coasts

and oceans have destroyed 20 per cent o

mangroves and now put more than 60 per cent

o tropical coral rees under immediate, direct

threat. Today, more than 30 per cent o the

worlds fsh stocks are overexploited, depleted

or recovering rom depletion, and over 400

oxygen-poor dead zones exist in the world.

The decline in the ecological health andeconomic productivity o the worlds oceans

can be reversed by shiting to a greener, more

sustainable economic paradigm in which human

well-being and social equity are improved, while

environmental risks and ecological scarcities are

reduced. Technological advances now permit

more proftable industrial output with ewer

environmental impacts. Research shows that

many ocean industries and businesses beneft

directly rom cleaner, more ecologically robust

marine ecosystems. Market mechanisms and

innovative agreements now exist to provide

fnancial incentives or people to protecteconomically valuable marine ecosystem

services that traditionally have allen outside the

market. Policies and collaborative solutions are

INTRODUCTION


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emerging that internalise the external costs o

environmentally damaging practices and rewardthose who create external benefts through

sound uses. Sustainable practices can improve

the current and uture economic, nutritional,

cultural and societal value o oceans to people

and guarantee these values ar into the uture.

This report highlights ways to reduce the

environmental impact and improve the

environmental, economic and social sustainability

o traditional and emerging ocean-oriented

economies. The chapters that ollow show where

fsheries, tourism and maritime transportation

can take steps to reduce their impact on themarine environment. In doing so, these industries

themselves can become more ecient and

proftable and sustainable and can contribute

directly to the sustainability and productivity o

other businesses and livelihoods that dependon healthy oceans and coasts. The authors also

explore what it will mean to green emerging

ocean economic activities including energy

generation, aquaculture and the mining o deep-

sea minerals. Lastly, the volume highlights how

greening the agriculture, wastewater and ertilizer

industries could transorm the nutrient economy

with substantial benefts to ocean sustainability.

Throughout, the report demonstrates that

creating a green economy in the blue world,

one that improves human well-being and

social equity, while signifcantly reducingenvironmental risks and ecological scarcities

means creating sustainable jobs, lasting

economic value and increased social equity.

O2

O2

CO2

O2

O2

O2

O2

O2

World oceans, a cornucopia of goods and services

N


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Fishers and fsh-armers should, given

the dependence o their businesses and

livelihoods on ecosystem services, be

stewards o the marine environment.

Greening the fsheries and aquaculture

sectors requires the overall recognition o

their wider societal roles in particular that

o small-scale operations or local economic

growth, poverty reduction and ood security

through a comprehensive governance

ramework managing externalities rom andon the sector, implementing an ecosystem

approach to fsheries and aquaculture with

air and responsible tenure systems that oster

stewardship and greater social inclusiveness,

and integrating fsheries and aquaculture into

watershed and coastal area management,

including through spatial planning.

The potential economic gain rom reducing

fshing capacity to an optimal level and

restoring fsh stocks is on the order o USD

50 billion per annum. Approximately 32 percent o the global stocks are estimated to be

overexploited, depleted or recovering rom

depletion and a urther 50 per cent to be ully

exploited. Severe overfshing, the loss o yield

due to over-exploitation, is worsening ood

security and poverty.

Aquaculture is the astest growing ood-

production sector and uture development

prospects appear promising. While playing

an important and not yet ully exploited role in

supplementing capture production and creating

new livelihood opportunities, aquaculture has in some instances caused socio-economic

conicts and added additional pressures on

already suering marine and coastal ecosystems.

Investment to reduce ossil energy use and

thus the carbon ootprint o fsheries and

aquaculture has potential gains in terms

o improved economic perormance and in

contributing to mitigating climate change.

The needed reductions in fshing capacity and

eort in capture fsheries along with the adoption

o green technologies can drastically lower uel

consumption and GHG emissions while greatly

enhancing the fsheries sectors contribution to

economic growth, ood and nutrition securityand poverty reduction. Well-managed coastal

aquaculture and mariculture oer signifcant

scope or green growth and employment

opportunities or coastal communities at low

levels o CO2 emissions when compared to other

protein production systems.

Supporting development and investment in

green technology and raising industry and

consumer awareness on the sustainability o

fsheries and aquaculture are key approachesto

behavioral change and transition to green growthin fsheries and aquaculture. Green technologies

include low impact, uel-ecient fshing methods;

innovative multi-trophic aquaculture production

systems using environmentally riendly eeds;

reduced energy use and greener rerigeration

technologies; and improved waste management

in fsh handling, processing and transportation.

The reduction o fshing eort and the

use o non-destructive fshing techniques

will reduce the negative impacts on

biodiversity, including on larger, longer-lived

marine organisms that are more vulnerable todepletion and structurally complex habitats

such as coral rees, which are easily damaged by

indiscriminate fshing methods.

FISHERIES ANDAQUACULTURE


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Strengthening regional fsheries bodies,

national fsheries management agencies,

fshing community and fshworkers

organisations and private sector associations

is critical to sustainable and equitable use

o marine resources. A strong internationallegislative and policy ramework or fsheries is

already in place with the FAO Code o Conduct

or Responsible Fisheries and its related

international agreements and plans o action. The

social, economic and cultural dimensions o this

ramework will be urther strengthened through

the development o international guidelines on

securing small-scale fsheries to complement

the Code as called or by FAOs Committee onFisheries. The challenge is to provide incentives

and adequate resources to implement this

ramework at the local, national and regional level.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Millions

Source: World Bank - FAO WorldFish Centre, The Hidden Harvests, 2010.

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

110

120

Million tons

Numbers of workers employed in fishing industry Total annual fish catches

Small-scale

Post-harvest worker

= 1 milion

Fishermen

Large-scale

Small- and large-scale fishery compared

= 1 milion

Small-scale

Fish discarded

Fish caught

Large-scale


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Shipping needs a global regulatory

ramework in which to operate: as an

inherently international industry it requires

the same rules to apply at both ends o a

voyage. International shipping is the carrier o

world trade, transporting around 90% o global

commerce. Without it, the bulk transportation

o raw materials and the import and export oaordable ood and goods would simply not

be possible. The global regulatory ramework

is provided by the International Maritime

Organization (IMO), which has adopted 52

treaties regulating ship design and operation.

The most important o them concerning the

saety o lie at sea and the protection o the

environment today applies on 99% o the

worlds merchant eet.

Shipping is the saest, most secure, most

ecient and most environmentally soundmeans o bulk transportation with declining

rates o accidents, zero terrorist incidents,

improving turnaround o ships and signifcant

reductions in discharges to sea or emissions to

air. Much o these advances have been made

possible as a result o IMOs regulations, industry

initiatives and technological developments; by

helping to build technical maritime capacity in

developing countries, where some 70%-75% o

the worlds merchant eet is now registered.

Shipping is subject to the frst ever global and

legally binding CO2 regulations or an entireeconomic or industrial sector. Annex VI to the

MARPOL Convention was adopted to regulate

the emission o air pollutants rom ships, and

amended in July 2011 to include regulations

on energy eciency or ships. It is one o 13

treaty instruments IMO has adopted since the

Earth Summit o 1992, dealing exclusively with

the protection o the marine and atmospheric

environment rom adverse impacts deriving

rom shipping.

International shipping contributes to the

three pillars o sustainable development. It

acilitates global commerce and, the creation

o wealth and prosperity among nations and

peoples, creating a wide variety o jobs on

board ships and ashore, with direct and indirect

benefcial impacts on the livelihoods o others. It

helps to moderate prices on exported goods (and

thereore reduce ination and its negative impact

on real incomes) by providing a dependable,

ecient and low cost means o transporting

goods globally. In comparison to other transportmodes, it provides the most environmentally

sound and energy-ecient means o moving

huge quantities o cargoes and people.

Further greening o the sector is

nevertheless desirable and achievable. The

challenges or IMO and the shipping industry

include promoting entry into orce o all o

IMOs environmental treaties; reducing even

urther the pollution caused by ships through

discharges to sea and air emissions, by helping

countries to ensure global, uniorm and eective

implementation and enorcement o IMOstandards; developing standards to ensure that

the operation o ships using alternative sources

o uel is both sae and environmentally sound;

MARITIMETRANSPORT


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urther improving the energy eciency o ships;

developing additional means such as market-

based measures to urther reduce emissions

o greenhouse gases rom ships; preventing

and controlling the transer o invasive aquatic

species through ships ballast water and ships

hull ouling, which are estimated to cost around

USD 100 billion per year; and addressing the

technical, operational and environmental

aspects o the ever-increasing size o ships.

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

2 500

3 000

Milion tonnes

Notes:Reduction potential rom IMO MARPOL Annex VImeasures

SCENARIO A1-B4: high growth, least stringentSEEMP uptake, reerence uel price, high waiveruptake

SCENARIO B2-1: low growth, low SEEMP uptake,reerence uel price and low waiver uptake

A1-B4

B2-1

Emission reduction byEnergy Efciency Operational IndicatorEmission reduction byShip Energy Efciency Management PlanNew emissions ater the reduction plans

Projected annual CO2 emissions from the shipping sector


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Marine-based renewable energy potential

is high, though little is currently utilised.

Marine-based renewable energy such as wind,

wave and tidal range and currents ofers a

signicant potential to contribute to low-carbon

energy supplies or regions with appropriate

coastal eatures. The IPCC highlights that the

technically exploitable potential or marine-

based renewables excluding ofshore wind

ranges rom 7 EJ per annum to 7,400 EJ per

annum; the latter gure would exceed current

global energy needs. However, marine-based

renewable energy represented less than 1 per

cent o all renewable energy production in

2008. Installed capacity is unlikely to become

signicant until ater 2020 due to the early stage

o development o most technologies aside rom

ofshore wind energy.

Greater investments in research and

development are needed to support

technical advances and enable rapid

progression in the sector. Current nancial

initiatives and investments are not sucient to

develop this potential. Investments in research

and development are needed now to ensure

that marine-based renewable energy delivers

on its potential contribution to low-carbon

energy security.

Designs of marine-based renewable energy

technologies vary greatly, being adapted to

MARINE-BASEDRENEWABLE ENERGY

Main ofshore wind arm area

Selling or ready or selling energy

Test operational plants

Projected or in construction

Tidal and wave energy plants

Wind energy

Note: Energy production costs are averages estimates in the

EuropeanUnion and reers to the cost o traditional and

enewable energy technologies projected to 2020 assuming

technology improvement or newer energy sources.

Sources: Owen, A., D., Renewable energy: Externality costs as market

barriers, Energy Policy, Elsevier, 2006; EEA online database,

International Energy Agency-OES, Annual report, 2008; ISSC,

Specialist Committee V.4 Ocean, Wind And Wave Energy

Utilization, 2009; IPCC, Wind Energy. In IPCC Special Report on

Renewable Energy Sources and Climate Change Mitigation, in press.

Producing energy from the oceans


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local conditions. Only ofshore wind and to a

lesser extent tidal range technologies have been

developed to commercial scale, primarily in

Europe where policy and investment rameworks

are avourable. Many technologies that harness

energy rom waves, currents and temperature

diferentials have been developed at pilot stage,

but without convergence on a single designtype, and very ew have been developed to a

commercial scale.

Marine-based renewable energy can provide

alternative employment opportunities

particularly or maritime communities who

were ormerly reliant on sheries or oil and

gas production. Compared with thermal

power generation, renewable energy has a

higher labour intensity. The types and scale

o opportunities will vary by national context

and energy source. Lack o skilled labour is

one o the potential barriers to deployment o

renewable energy.

Marine-based renewable energy can provide

an alternative electricity supply or oil-

importing countries. Developing countries

that spend large amounts o their export

revenues on oil imports can benet rom

an alternative electricity supply to improve

national and regional energy security, as well as

water and ood security when used directly or

desalination.

Without accounting or negative

externalities, marine-based renewable

energy is not yet cost competitive; only

ofshore wind is close to being cost competitive

with ossil uel and nuclear sources. There

are many challenges to be overcome beore

marine-based renewable energy technologies

can reach large-scale commercialisation; these

include high capital costs and the logistics

around storage and transmission.

Global environment benefts o reduced

greenhouse gas emissions need to be

balanced against local environmental risks

and opportunities. For most marine-based

renewable energy types, the greatest negative

impacts on biodiversity occur most likely

during construction and decommissioning

due to noise and habitat disturbance. During

operation, moving parts can afect birds, sh

and sea mammals. However, i ecologically

sensitive sites are avoided and best practice

employed, there could be positive benets or

the marine environment, such as through the

creation o appropriate articial habitat andthe reduction o other adverse activities in the

area. As relatively little is known about more

recent technologies, new developments need

to be accompanied by appropriate monitoring

and evaluation as part o environmental impact

assessment procedures.

Consistent long-term policies and targeted

fnancial support rom governments

are needed i technical barriers and cost

reductions are to be overcome. Governments

need to lead the way by establishing consistentrenewable energy policies, including specic

targets or marine-based renewable energy

where possible. To implement this, incentives

such as grants, subsidies and tax credits are

required to encourage private investments in the

large, expensive inrastructure that is required to

move rom small prototypes to pilot plants.

Governments need to proactively guide

developments to reduce potential or social,

environmental and legal conicts and promote

synergies with other sectors. Governments

may play a key role in proactive strategic marineplanning to ofer concessions in areas with

lower risk to ecosystems and biodiversity and to

promote synergies with other marine users.

300

80 000

18 000

37 00010 000

2 000

800

4 000

Ocean energy potentialTerawatt-hour per year

Thermal

gradient

Salinity Gradient

Marine current

Tidal

Wave

Ofshore wind(max)

Ofshorewind (min)Present global

electric

production

0

3

2

1

4

5

6

9

12

11

10

8

7

eothermal,

heat

Wind,

onshore

Biomass,

heat

Ethanol

Gas

Wind,

ofshore

Nuclear

Coal

Geothermal,

electric

Hydroelectric, large

Wave

Hydro small

Biomass, electric

Solar, thermic

Solar

Tidal, stream

Tidal, barrage

Energy production costsEuro cent per Kilowatt-hour


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Industrially produced nutrient fertilizers

(nitrogen, phosphorus) are essential to global

food security and have been the main driver

of dramatically improved agricultural yields

over the last sixty years to feed a growing

population. At the same time, excess nutrients

rom inefcient use in arming and insufcient

treatment o nutrients in wastewater, have

made their way into rivers, aquiers, coastal areas

and oceans, leading to degradation o marine

ecosystems and groundwater at a global scale.

Nutrient loads from continents to oceans and

the coastal zone have increased roughly three

fold from pre-industrial levels, primarily rom

OCEAN NUTRIENTPOLLUTION

agricultural run-o and poorly or untreated sewage.

Mainly due to the addition o manuactured

nitrogen (rom atmospheric nitrogen and natural

gas), the amount o reactive nitrogen entering

the earths biogeochemical system has increased

by about 150% compared to pre-industrial times.

A 2009 Nature Report1, A Sae Operating Space

or Humanity, determined that excess nitrogen in

the environment was one o 3 o the 9 planetary

boundaries that had already been exceeded.

In eect, mankind is mining the atmosphereor nitrogen; with a practically limitless supply,

this process could proceed or hundreds i not

thousands o years leading to continually worsening

conditions or coastal areas and groundwater.

South Pacifc

Ocean

South Atlantic

Ocean

North Atlantic

Ocean

North Pacifc

Ocean

Indian

Ocean

Source: World Bank, World Development Indicatorsdatabase, accessed in October 2011; NASA EarthObservatory, data acquired in 2008.

Note: Low-oxygen zones appear as aconsequence o nutrient input to theoceans. Low levels o oxygen make itdifcult or marine creatures to survive.

Less than 10

Fertilizer use, 2005Kilograms per hectaro arable land

10 to 50

50 to 100

100 to 160

More than 160

Dead zones

Dead zones and fertilizers


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The environmental and socioeconomic

impacts o nutrient pollution are massive

and occurring over wide areas globally. The

occurrence o coastal hypoxic zones caused by

eutrophication has increased exponentially in

recent years, and nitrate pollution is one o the main

groundwater contaminants in the developed and

also increasingly in the developing world. Coastal

hypoxia impacts fsheries, tourism and various

ecosystem services provided by healthy coastal

ecosystems. For the EU alone, the economic costso damage to the aquatic environment rom

excess reactive nitrogen are estimated at up to

320 billion per year. Initial evidence rom the

EU and US suggests that the overall benefts rom

improved nutrient management exceed costs

and that this cost/beneft calculus occurs in other

parts o the world.

A paradigm shit is needed in the way we

produce, use and treat nutrients, rom a

dominantly linear approach to a much more

cyclic approach with substantial recovery owaste nutrients.Without this change our oceans

will continue to degrade through increased

hypoxic zones with disastrous consequences

to coastal communities dependent on marine

resources or ood and livelihoods. The business

as usual approach where we use sizeable ossil

uel energy resources to convert atmospheric

nitrogen to ertiliser or production o ood, and

then use signifcant energy and inrastructure

through conventional wastewater treatment to

convert a portion o this reactive nitrogen back

to atmospheric nitrogen, is highly wasteul. A

move to a ar more ecient and closed recyclingapproach to nutrients will not only protect

the reshwater and ocean environment rom

pollution but will improve livelihoods through

creation o new business and job opportunities

and reduce ossil uel energy consumption and

associated greenhouse gas emissions.

As part o the transition to a green

economy, the massive global environmental

externality rom nutrient pollution needs

to be internalized through use o a range o

policy and regulatory tools and economic

instruments at all geographic scales. Policy and

regulatory instruments could include more strictregulation o nutrient removal rom wastewater,

mandatory nutrient management plans in

agriculture, and enhanced regulation o manure.

Economic instruments could include taxes on

ertilizer and/or agriculture and wastewater

emissions, cap and trade rameworks on nutrient

emissions and/or ertilizer production, and

subsidies that encourage nutrient recycling and

ecient use o ertilizer.

Technology innovation, public-private

partnerships, job creation and other beneftso a paradigm shit to a much more cyclic

nutrient economy would be catalysed by

such actions. Furthermore, in the long run it

will help to saeguard global ood security by

diversiying sources o nutrient raw materials to

meet continued demand or ertilizer to eed a

still growing world population. Many developing

countries, or which wastewater collection and

treatment and the green revolution are still

works in progress, present special opportunities

to pilot and scale up new nutrient recovery

and eciency paradigms. Enhanced nutrient

recovery and reuse would also help to ensure thatphosphorus, with fnite reserves, is increasingly

recycled to maintain sucient supplies to meet

the long-term needs o human society.


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Globally, coastal tourism is the largest market

segment and is growing rapidly.

The tourism economy represents 5 per cent o

world GDP and contributes to 6-7 per cent o total

employment. In 150 countries, it is one o fve top

export earners and in 60 it is the frst. It is the main

source o oreign exchange or one-hal o Least

Developed Countries (LDCs). No comprehensive

assessment o the share o coastal and marine

tourism exists, yet the sectors are considered the

largest segment and trends suggest continued

growth over the next 20 years.

Global tourism is increasingly becoming less

sustainable.

Rapid growth in travel (over 4% annually through

2020) and preerences or urther distances,

shorter time-periods and energy-intensive

activities are resulting in the sectors contribution

o 12.5 per cent o radiative orcing and 5 per cent

o anthropogenic emissions o CO2. Emissions

cause coral bleaching, ocean acidifcation, and sea

level rise. Other coastal tourism pressures include

water pollution and consumption, waste, landconversion, pressure on biodiversity, survival o

local and indigenous cultures and built heritage.

Marine and coastal environments are

threatened assets o global tourism.

Coastal and marine environments are threatened

by unsustainable development including

urbanisation, waste, habitat destruction, coastal

modifcation, and the loss o socio-cultural

identity. Threats rom climate change include

coastal erosion, ecosystem loss, altered habitat

productivity, and changes in the availability andquality o resh water resources.

Climate change is demanding a greening o

marine and coastal tourism.

Climate change is a key risk actor or tourism.

Challenges rom sea level rise, rising ocean

temperatures, ocean acidifcation, and the

loss o biodiversity need to be addressed.

The inormation base or eective adaptation

remains inadequate or developing nations,

particularly SIDS.

Sustainable tourism can create new jobs andreduce poverty.

Tourism is human-resource intensive. One

job in the core industry creates one and a hal

additional jobs in the tourism-related economy.

Eciency improvements, local hiring, sourcing

local products and saeguarding local culture

and environment can reinorce employment

potential. The development o local ood systems

or tourism can generate jobs in sustainable

arming and fshing. On the demand side, more

than a third o travellers avour environmentally

riendly experiences.

Tourism development can support local

economy and reduce poverty.

The share o spending in the local economy

determines local economic eects o tourism.

Increasing involvement o local communities

in the value chain can contribute to the

development o local economies and poverty

reduction. Positive impacts can stem rom

engaging local supply chains and increasing

green services in energy, water and waste

management eciency. Tourisms impacts on

local communities are complex and demand

careul planning.

Investing in greening tourism can reduce

costs and enhance the value o ecosystems

and cultural heritage.

Investment in energy eciency generates

signifcant returns within short payback

periods. Improving waste management can

save money or businesses, create jobs and

enhance destination aesthetics. Investment

requirements in conservation and restoration

are small relative to the high value o ecosystem

services (ES). Provision o ES is essential or

continued economic activities and humansurvival. Cultural heritage investment is usually

the most signifcant and proftable investments

the tourism sector can make.

The private sector must be mobilised to

support sustainable tourism and needs

access to fnancing or investing in greening

practices.

The majority o tourism businesses are small and

medium sized enterprises (SMEs) and contribute

most to local livelihoods. Tools are required

to educate SMEs. The use o internationally

recognised standards can assist businessesto understand aspects o sustainable tourism

and mobilise investment. Innovative multi-

sector partnerships and fnancing strategies

COASTAL TOURISM


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are required and can spread the costs and risks

o green investments. Micro-enterprises are

especially important in LDCs but lack access to

capital. Reduction o ees and avourable interest

rates, along with in-kind technical, marketing or

administration assistance can help.

Cross-sectoral consultation and Integrated

Coastal Zone Management (ICZM) are

required or good sustainable tourism,

destination planning and development

strategies.

When developing tourism strategies,

governments, communities and businesses need

to establish mechanisms or coordinating with

multiple ministries. Cross-sectoral consultation is

required in areas such as zoning, protected areas

and agricultural standards. Tourism planning

has to include capacity building, government

commitment, enorcement and climate change

considerations. ICZM, a multi-sectoral approach

or balanced development, use and protection,

helps implement strategic planning.

Government investments and policies

can leverage private sector actions on

sustainable tourism.

Government spending on public goods such

as protected areas, cultural assets, transport,

and renewable energies can reduce the cost

o green investments. Governments can use

tax concessions and subsidies to encourage

investment. Energy use and waste generation

need to be correctly priced to reect the true

cost. An ecient instrument to deal with

greenhouse gas emissions is to introduce

carbon taxes on production and consumption

but can be challenging in developing nations.

South Pacifc

Ocean

South Atlantic

Ocean

North Atlantic

Ocean

North Pacifc

Ocean

Indian

Ocean

Source: Blue Flag International Coordination.

0500

1987 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010

1 000

1 5002 0002 5003 0003 500

Number of Blue Flags Countries with Blue Flags

0

10

20

30

40

50

CroatiaMontenegro

Denmark

LithuaniaLatvia

PolandGermany

Turkey

Cyprus

JordanGreece

Romania

Italy

NetherlandsSweden

Slovenia

Norway

Morocco

New Zealand

South Arica

Canada

UAE

Ukraine

Bahamas

US Virgin IslandsPuerto Rico

Brazil

Jamaica

Russian Federation

FrenchPolinesia

Tunisia

Portugal

Spain

France

Ireland

Iceland UK

Dominican Republic

Number o blue Flagcertifcations by country

Total beaches and marinas

600

300130

15

The Blue Flag is a certifcation assigned

towards sustainable development o

beaches and marinas through strict

criteria dealing with Water Quality,

Environmental Education and Inormation,

Environmental Management, and Saetyand Other Services.

Blue Flag up!


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18

Deep-sea minerals are a possible new

revenue stream that could support national

development goals. There has not been anyproft generated to date, but in the near uturedeep-sea minerals could provide income tostates rom multiple sources, including oreigninvestment, export earnings and government

revenues. Managed correctly this natural capitalcould be converted into jobs, inrastructure,public service improvements and growth inthe domestic private sector. But the imperativeis on society to decide whether to ocus onmaximizing short term fnancial return or onlonger term economic objectives, which balancesocial goals, including developing sustainablelivelihoods, and the preservation o ecologicalparameters against inequitable, unocused andunsustainable growth.

Deep-sea minerals constitute only one

component o a societys natural capital. The determination o the economic value oresource development needs to include thecost to society rom any associated social and

environmental impacts, including the lossor damage to other components o naturalcapital, otherwise over the longer term thedevelopment may constitute uneconomicgrowth as opposed to true economicgrowth. Determining the true value odeep-sea minerals, when additional actors

such as possible impacts on ecosystemservices are taken into account, is at presentchallenging. The deep-sea environment isone o the least understood regions o theplanet and we still have a airly rudimentaryunderstanding o the ecosystem servicesthese environments support. To avoid anyunintended consequences that may aectsociety through the loss o unaccountedor ecosystem services, we need to rapidlyincrease our knowledge o these services andmanagement decisions need to be inormedby sound scientifc inormation and guided by

the Precautionary Principle. The value o non-renewable resources can no longer be simplymeasured in terms o their ability to generatemonetary returns.

DEEP-SEAMINERALS


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Deep-sea minerals, as any other mineral

resources, are not endless. Planning acrossgenerations becomes a moral obligation ordecision makers today, as access to adequateresources or wealth (note that wealth is notpurely defned as fnancial capital) linked toresources is an inherent right o an entire society

regardless o time. Mining is a fnite economicactivity, oten with a short lie span, but poordevelopment without the consideration oenvironmental and social impacts may leave alegacy o problems and lost opportunity longater the gains rom development have beenconsumed. Past practices related to resourcedevelopment have obviously damaged thenatural capital inherited by todays children, andunortunately this is especially evident in someresource rich developing countries. Naturalresources underpin economic development,but in order to maintain natural capital or

uture generations, management needs toensure that mining ends up balancing thecapital account by generating net value.Marine mining has the potential to signifcantly

deteriorate benthic ecosystems. The eectiveconservation o these ecosystems requires theapplication o Best Environmental Practice aswell as spatial planning exercises including theestablishment o Protected Areas. Thereby wenot only ensure sustainability but also add thebonus o stimulating a dramatic increase in

understanding o these ecosystems includingthe unctions and services they provide.

All stakeholders need to be considered when

managing deep-sea mining activities in the

context o the sustainable use o the oceans. These include actors with non-commercial,subsistence and traditional interests, othercommercial interests (e.g. oil and gas exploitationand fsheries), and most importantly uturegenerations and their right to live in healthyand productive ecosystems. There is growingacknowledgment that human well-being is

linked to environmental condition. Managementpractices should thereore be holistic, based onan integrated overview o all present and uturehuman uses and ecosystems services.


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The biologically and culturally diverse

nations that constitute our worlds Small

Island Developing States (SIDS) share

several unique characteristics. Their small

economies, geographic location and size,

vulnerability to natural disasters, ragile

and limited ecosystems, and limited

human and inancial resources, make them

prone to sudden environmental, social or

economic changes.Given their reliance on their natural resourcesand the inextricable linkage o economicsectors, the continued use and reliance on theseresources pose certain challenges as they otenstruggle to align competing national prioritieswith sustainable practises, environmentalprotection and social equity. The thrust towardsa green economy provides a critical pathway tosocio-economic development and inclusion,

harmonising conicting demands, maintainingmacro-economic stability, acilitating jobcreation and protecting natural resources.

With most SIDS populations and economic

activities located in the narrow coastal belt,

one o the closest connections between

humanity and the blue world is ound among

those who harvest the seas or a living. This

connection to the oceans, primarily through

fsheries, is strongest in SIDS.

Fisheries account or 10% o GDP and over 50%o exports in some islands. Main mechanismsor a transition to green growth in fsheries, aswell as aquaculture, include air and responsibletenure systems to turn resource users intoresource stewards, an ecosystem approachaccounting or cross-sectoral linkages andintegrative with watershed and coastalzone management as well as wider (spatialmanagement) rameworks, development oand investment in green technology, andindustry and consumer awareness-building tosupport products rom sustainable fsheriesand aquaculture that provide air and equitablebenefts to fshers, fsh armers, fsh workersand their communities.

Tourism, another dominant economic activityin SIDS is the largest source o oreign exchange

or more than hal o all the countries.

It represents more than 30% o their totalexports and ocuses primarily on ragile bioticsystems like beaches and rees and othercoastal resources that are oten over-exploitedas tourism products. Continued reliance ontourism to drive economic growth will requirea discrete integration o all components o thetourism sector into upstream and downstreamrelated sectors and vice versa, to bolster the

creation o sustainable jobs, while conservingnatural resources, which in most cases are themain natural capital and attractiveness totourism that countries have. Public investmentshould conserve critical natural assets o tourismsuch as iconic species and ecosystems. Supportsuch as avorable loans, direct subsidies and taxexemption should be provided to enterpriseswilling to green, but lacking fnancial means.Partnerships with major tourism enterprises ingreening practices within the industry and itssuppliers can bring new expertise to SIDS andsupport the necessary capacity building or

greener technologies and approaches. Regionalalliances can provide level playing felds orStates and private sector actors, and can urtherbe used to share successul examples.

SMALL ISLANDDEVELOPINGSTATES (SIDS)


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Nutrient pollution is a growing impact on

marine ecosystems such as coral rees, which

are o vital importance or tourism and

fsheries.

SIDS should to set policies that stimulate thesustainable management o ertilizers in orderto obtain avourable agricultural yields while at

the same time not over-enriching the naturalenvironment with Nitrogen and Phosphorusthat lead to eutrophication o the waterwaysand ultimately marine and coastal ecosystems.Innovative approaches to the management anduse o ertilizers will create opportunities orprivate engagement while helping to secureSIDS essential natural assets. Further positiveeects include the quality o reshwater andcost-reductions in agriculture.

With only a ew exceptions, SIDS depend on

imported petroleum to supply their energy

needs.As o 2008, island states spent over $90 milliondaily or more than 900,000 barrels o oil atan average price o US$100 per barrel. More

than 90% o that energy is obtained rom oilimports, accounting or the largest claim ontheir oreign exchange earnings. The high costo imported energy causes a severe drain onlimited fnancial resources, while uctuatingoil prices have serious repercussions on theirnational economies. SIDS should pursue a

collective approach under the UNFCCC andRio+20 processes to secure fnancial resourcesto provide public support and inrastructureor the private sector to engage in thedevelopment o renewable energy production.Establishing technological expertise sharingmechanism would increase ecient utilizationo unique expertise. Such a mechanism could beimplemented through UN agencies ocused onscience or industrial development or throughthe relevant regional institutions. SIDS shouldtake a collective approach to sustainableenergy development particularly with regards

to aggregate purchasing, approaches totechnology developers, to seeking investmentfnancing, and in research, development, anddemonstration.

Environmental vulnerability

Maldives today ... ...and with 1 metreseal level rise

0 100

Kilometres0

1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990

5

10

15

20

25

30

Trend of cyclone frequency in Vanuatu

Number of events per decade

Economic Impact of Hurricanes

Million US dollars, 2004

0

Bahamas

Grenada

DominicanRepublic

Jamaica

CaymanIslands

500

1 000

1 500

2 000

Aruba2

Bahamas Bahrain

Barbados

BelizeCapeVerde

Comoros

Cook Islands

Cuba

Dominica

Dominican Republic

Fiji

GrenadaGuinea-Bissau

Guyana

Haiti

Jamaica

Kiribati

Maldives

Marshall Iss

Mauritius

Micronesia

Nauru

Netherlands AntillesPalau

PapuaNew Guinea

Saint Kitts and Nevis

Saint Lucia

1.Saint Vincent and the Grenadines2. Antigua and Barbuda

Note:

1

Samoa

Sao Tomeand Principe

SeychellesSingapore

Solomon Iss.

Suriname

Tokelau

Tonga

Trinidad and Tobago

Tuvalu

Virgin Iss

Vanuatu

New Caledonia

Niue

Source: Environmental Vulnerability Index.2009; ISOCARP Congress, 2009;UNFCCC, Climate change, small islanddeveloping States, 2005.

ExtremeVulnerability

High

Vulnerable

SIDS

At risk

Resilient


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Healthy oceans are invaluable to human

development. Human activities in the marineenvironment, and on the landmasses thatdrain to it, have damaged ocean ecosystems,the services they provide and the economicvalues they generate. Economic costs arise rom

having to substitute ecosystem services such ascoastal protection, and lost revenues in sectorsdependent on ecosystems, such as the fsheriessunken USD 50 billion per year reported bythe World Bank and FAO. But beyond thesemeasurable eects, there are decreased valuessuch as beauty when walking a beach pollutedby waste, let alone oil. Lost potential values suchas pharmaceutically active substances are theconsequence o the loss o biodiversity. Accessto ree market and non-market ecosystemservices such as the provision o ood and

coastal protection, are o greatest importanceto those who can not pay here, greening theblue economy becomes a question o securityand equity. For these and many other reasons,greening our ocean economies is a matter oenlightened sel-interest.

Are we enlightened yet? While majorachievements have been made in both the

private economic and public governance

spheres, marine and coastal ecosystems

and biodiversity remain under imminent

pressure due to a general gap in integrated

ocean governance. The importance oecosystem services is not ully recognised andincorporated in policy planning and investmentdecisions. Many parts o the ocean, particularly

in the deep-sea, are virtually unknown. Themyriad o links and dependencies in themarine environment are still ar rom beingunderstood. Strengthening marine science andraising awareness are needed to increase ourcomprehension and maintenance o ecosystem

services. The Precautionary Principle must guideour decision-making in areas where we do notknow enough about the intricate complexity oour marine ecosystems.

Governance in the marine environment acesparticular challenges. The uid nature o theoceans makes the management o fsheries orpollution more dicult than on land. Further,ew property or tenure rights exist in the ocean,leading to what has been termed the Tragedyo the Commons. In truly global sectors such

as shipping, and also those two thirds o theoceans that are beyond the limits o national jurisdiction, single governments have limitedpower to protect the environment regionaland global rameworks are essential tools andneed to become more eective to fll this role.Globally, subsidies that perpetuate brownunsustainable economies must be shited togreening, and environmental externalities mustbe reected in the pricing o ocean-based goodsand services. The transer o new technologiesthat help us greening must not be hindered.

Shiting economys purpose away rom thepure GDP-measured production o market

values leads to new questions on broader

societal goals, such as equity, security and

CONCLUSIONS


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the maintanance o natural capital. This holdsparticularly true or emerging sectors such asdeep-sea mineral production, or which thedirection o development is largely open. Thiscan be a challenge to decision makers whohave grown used to simplistic ormulations

which look at economic growth as the sinequa non. At the same time, such a shit grantsmodern governance tools a greater role.Ecosystem based management, a relativelyrecent approach receiving growing attentionand application, recognises that human welareand ecosystem health are linked. It calls orintegrated management across sectors and aimsor harmonising all human activities with oneanother and with ecosystems. The involvemento relevant public and private actors and theapplication o marine spatial planning can help

to ensure optimal coexistence o uses, users andthe marine environment.

Valuation o ecosystem services, a tool beingincreasingly applied by decision makers, helpsus create new opportunities or reconcilinguse and protection o the coastal and marineenvironment. Payment or Ecosystem Servicesrepresents one o these opportunities, wherebythe protection o valuable services such as cleanwater is fnancially supported by the benefciarieso those services, oten at much lower cost thanmore technology-driven approaches to service

provision. Mobilising fnancial capital throughsustainable innovative unding mechanismscan be a prerequisite to enable enterprises tomake green investments. In coastal and marine

tourism or example, the majority o businessesare small and medium sized enterprises.Governments, investors as well as global privateand public donor organisations need to providenecessary unds to those actors who have a highpotential or greening, but are hampered by lack

o access to capital and capacity. Public privatepartnerships, tax exemptions and reducedinterest rates are fscal measures that canunleash that potential. On the other end o thespectrum, renewable energy production otenneeds support to take the eort o moving romprototypes to pilot plants. Public investment ingreen inrastructure, in education and capacitybuilding, but also in protected areas canreduce private costs o greening. Cap and trademechanisms are established tools to catalysetechnological innovations towards greener

productions; the application in new sectorssuch as ertilizer production should be explored.

Greening our ocean economies is a challenge

that needs commitment rom each o us as the

individual consumer, investor, entrepreneur

or politician. This report shows how investmentin a Green Economy in a Blue World pays o. Aless energy-intensive, more labour-intensive,less destructive, more sustainable, less exclusive,more integrative approach will lead to more jobs,strengthen intra-and inter-generational equityand empower people to economic participation

and greater sel-determination. For countries,greening their marine economies meansdiversifcation, stronger resilience to economic orenvironmental shocks and sustainable prosperity.


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www.unep.orgUnited Nations Environment Programme

P.O. Box 30552 - 0010 0 Nairobi, KenyaTel.: +254 20 762 1234Fax: +254 20 762 3927

e-mail: [email protected]

www.unep.org

For more information, contact:

UNEP DEPI

Freshwater and Marine Ecosystems Branch

Nairobi, Kenya P.O.Box 30552

Tel: +254 20 762 4591

Fax: +254 20 762 4618

www.unep.org/regionalseas

UNEP DTIE

Economics and Trade Branch

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CH-1219 Geneva, Switzerland

Tel: +41 22 917 82 43

Fax: +41 22 917 80 76

www.unep.org/greeneconomy

green economy in a blue world synthesis report

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