Etruscans and Romans

2014-11-04

Etruscans – last kings of Rome Greeks were established in the south Tomb furniture Celli Cella plural Raised podium and was approached from the front to go inside to worship Ornaments on the front of the building

Etruscan Gateway

Megalithic architecture: big stones Romans conquered and added shields to the gateway Loge – “Loggia” renaissance porch

Tombulus: beehive-shape tomb made of stone, held chieftains Cineary Urn: held the ashes of (sometimes) burnt bodies

Tomb of a husband and wife

Sarcophagus “flesh-eater” Close relationship Was seen as peculiar by the Romans and Italians – they thought famillia

was most important Long nose, high cheekbones

Man and death (woman)[NOT THE PIC HE SHOWED IN CLASS, THEY WERE YOUNGER AND PRETTIER THAN THIS]

Idealizing of torso and face influenced by Greek Classic Period, not like the elongated figures from beforehand

Realistic Man and Wife

No idealism – very realistic Ancestor worship: took wax masks of dead to make statues Theory: They preserved portraits of exactly what they look like

Apollo Statue

Baked terracotta hollow clay Support b/w legs to hold up Clothed koros figure Functional drapery (around groin)

Appropriated Greek gods Interested in action, not human musculature Cire Perdue: bronze production – famous for

Fresco

Figures moving through landscape Wanted to preserve the happier things in life There IS a landscape Outlined with dark lines like Egyptians – maybe influenced

Sacrifice of Trojans

Play of light and shadow Contrapostal poses

Naturalistic Greek key motif in third dimension to signify death

Lucius Junus Brutus: Roman republican Republican is up until Ceasar the first emperor In bronze, made by Etruscan Naturalism – function as ancestor worship

Old Republican

Very realistic, for both the living and dead

Senator Because he wore a toga: fashion for men Symbolized you were a citizen and fell gracefully and hid nudity Showed you were rich – servants draped it

ROME

Julius Caesar: was able to make decisions for everyone because the senate in place could not make the difficult choices

Murdered in 1st c. B.C.E – didn’t want REX or king No leader and civil wars begin Nephew of Julius Caesar Octavian emerges from the civil war as the

most powerful military leader and elected by senate as the first emperor Imperator – Emperor: Augustus Caesar

Augustus

Wanted to reestablish morality Pontefix maximus: high priest and head of religion Functional drapery: knee and thigh emerge When he dies – he becomes a GOD: soul of emperor lived on

Old Augustus - Propaganda

Romans practiced ancestor worship – believed spirits of dead lived in cemeteries and places of worship

Augustus of Prima Porta

All subsequent generals and emperors were in this pose Breastplate: images of victorious battle Holding baton – power Cupid on back of dolphin beside him Combo of historical and allegorical to “make truth” which was Greek and

is seen here too The Caesars traced their heritage back to Aeneas (founded the Latin race)

was a prince of Troy and his mother was Venus therefore he is technically a God

Cupid represents Venus’ son as he is too – riding dolphin because Venus was born from sea foam

Marcus Aerelius

All bronze – rare Orator pose Holding a baton Christians, when they found this, thought it was Constantine – Roman

Empire now

Ara Pacis

Alter of Peace, established in Rome

Senate was to appear AND the Imperial family in a wooden enclosure with bull skulls and garlands – this enclosure of stone is recreated in stone – like Greek: garlands and wood painted on the inside

Relief carvings, Imperials: family of Augustus Roman senate on other side 4 allegorical scenes: 2 at front and 2 behind

Romulus and Reamus: sons of Mars (god of war) and Romulus founded Rome all Romans are gods = manifest destiny

Rinceaux: Campus leaf garlands – symbolizes fertility, what the Imperials and emperors promised their people

Realism – middle and high relief: propaganda of Imperial family: wife Livya and infamous daughter Julia

Woman dressed in armour on one side - Roma Lyvia depicted as the mother of Italy

Titus

Destroyed Jerusalem Emperor Made architectural features into monuments Yoke: made the vanquished bow down turned into the monument arch 2 relief carvings:

1. Recreated the victory parade, coming back to Rome – stolen Menora as booty

Illusionism, arc disappears See the weight with the struggle

2. Setting sun: triumphant progression Lady Victory, Lady Courage – he is dead and so is being escorted by gods

Flat, frontal, 2D – will be copied in centuries to come Apotheosis: carried up to Heaven

Column of Tragent

Who is an emperor Used columns usually used as support for a monument Relief carving on the defeat of the Dacians (Romanians) Bottom: erected a trophy – assemblage of the arms of the vanquished,

wreaths, loot

Roman: marriage of Etruscan and Greek architecture Nimes: most perfectly preserved temple turned church – temple originally

for Augustus Pro-style: Etruscan steps to go inside Engaged columns – don’t hold anything up, for decoration and

repeating the style

Roman style was engineered Highway, aqueduct and bridge system: fresh water brought Aqueduct in Nimes “Gard” Roman exploited the arch conquered space through the use of the arch Roughened up the surface: Rustication – made it appear stronger than it

was

Flavian – later called the Coliseum Poured concrete: invention of Romans Dependence on the arch, pier and vault 3 orders: doric, ionic, Corinthian Pilaster: flat column that doesn’t hold anything Pier: major (maybe decorated) holding the columns up