graphic standards
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GRAPHIC STANDARDS
KEVIN PEREIRACIM05
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∗ Need of graphic standards∗ Types of graphic standards∗ GKS∗ Primitives in GKS∗ CORE∗ Exchange of modeling data∗ IGES∗ IGES part file case study
contents
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∗ The need for portability of the geometric model among different hardware platforms.
∗ For the exchange of drawing database among software packages.
∗ Need for exchanging graphic data between different computer systems.
Need of graphic standards.
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∗ GKS (Graphical Kernel System)
∗ PHIGS (Programmer's Hierarchical Interface for Graphics)
∗ CORE (ACM-SIGGRAPH)
∗ GKS-3D
∗ IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification)
Types of graphic standards
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∗ GKS stands for Graphical Kernel System
∗ The Graphical Kernel System (GKS) is accepted as an international standard for two-dimensional graphics.
∗ Designed to be portable across different programming languages, graphics devices and hardware.
GKS
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∗ In GKS, pictures are considered to be constructed from a number of basic building blocks called primitives.
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∗ polyline:. The GKS function for drawing line segments is called polyline.
POLYLINE(N, XPTS, YPTS)∗ The polyline function takes an array of X-Y coordinates
and draws line segments connecting them
Primitives in GKS
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∗ POLY MARKER: which marks a sequence of points with the same symbol.
POLYMARKER(N, XPTS, YPTS)
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∗ FILL AREA: which displays a specified area.FILL AREA(N, XPTS, YPTS)
∗ TEXT: which draws a string of characters.TEXT(X, Y, STRING)
An example of the text primitive is:TEXT(6, 3, 'A Character String')
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Drawing duck using gks primitives
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∗ the three-dimensional extension of GKS.
∗ allows the production of 3-D objects.
∗ handle 3D primitives, 3D input, and 3D viewing.
GKS 3D
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∗ Polyline 3DCALL GPL3(N, PXA, PYA, PZA)
∗ Polymarker 3DCALL GPM3(N, PXA, PYA, PZA)
∗ Fill Area 3DCALL GFA3(N, PXA, PYA, PZA)
The Drawing Primitives
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∗ The Graphics Standards Planning Committee (GSPC) proposed the CORE system in 1977.
∗ Core graphics had a number of problems at the level of program portability.
∗ From a technological point of view, the GSPC CORE has been eclipsed by the development in GKS.
CORE
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Evolution of graphics
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∗ Necessity to translate drawings created in one drafting package to another often arises.
∗ One method is to write direct translators from one software to another, which has to be produced by system developer.
EXCHANGE OF MODELING DATA
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EXCHANGE OF MODELING DATA
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∗ If we have three software packages we may require six translators among them.
∗ This will necessitate a large number of translators
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∗ IGES - INITIAL GRAPHICS EXCHANGE SPECIFICATION
∗ IGES version 1.0 was released in 1980
∗ IGES converts the CAD model into neutral file.
∗ Conversion is done by preprocessors inbuilt in the software.
IGES
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IGES
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∗ START SECTION: Contains man readable prologue file.
∗ GLOBAL SECTION: Contains details about the product, organization, software, date etc.
∗ DIRECTORY ENTRY SECTION: Contains attribute information such as color , line type, etc.
SUBSECTIONS OF IGES FILE
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∗ PARAMETER DATA SECTION: Contains data associated with entities.
∗ TERMINATE SECTION: This contains sub-totals of records present in each of the earlier sections.
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Entities
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IGES FILE
Contains only two POINT (Type 116), two CIRCULAR ARC (Type 100), and two LINE (Type 110) entities.
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IGES part file case study
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IGES OUTPUT OF WIRE FRAME MODEL
ENTITIESPOINTS-8LINES-12CIRCLES-2
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1. CAD/CAM/CIM by P. Radhakrishnan, S. Subramanian and V. Raju.
2. CAD/CAM principles and application by P.N.RAO
3. GKS/GKS 3D at CERN http://wwwasdoc.web.cern.ch/wwwasdoc/WWW/gks/gksguide.html
4. Graphical Kernel System http://www.chiltoncomputing.org.uk/acd/literature/books/gks/p002.htm
references
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