grammar unit english 9. parts of speech definition: a way of categorizing words in isolation ...

Grammar Unit

English 9

Parts of Speech Definition: a way of categorizing words in

isolation Eight:

Noun Pronoun Verb Adverb Adjective Conjunction Preposition Interjection

Sentence Parts

Definition: a way of identifying words in sentences based on their function or relationship to other words in the same sentence

Every word is NOT a sentence part!

Step 1

Identify prepositional phrases

Prepositional Phrases

Preposition + Object of Preposition (noun or pronoun that follows the preposition)

Position word Shows the position (relationship) of one

object to another

Slot Test for Prepositions

The bird flew __________ the clouds.

Slot Test for Prepositions It must answer a question Example of a prepositional phrase:

I went by the store. By what? The store. Therefore, by the store is a prepositional

phrase

Non-example: I went by and bought some food.

By what? There is no answer. Therefore, there is no prepositional phrase!

Rules of Prepositions

Subject/verb pairs are NEVER found in a prepositional phrase.

The words of and with are ALWAYS prepositions (if used correctly)

To find subject/verb pairs, simplify sentences by identifying and eliminating all prepositional phrases

Generate Preposition List

Complete Prepositions Worksheet #1

Fill words into your preposition list in your Grammar Notes packet

Step 2

Identify the verb

Verbs

Three types helping verbs linking verbs action verbs

Linking Verbs

Do NOT show action Link the subject with a noun or

pronoun

Link the subject with an adjective (describing word)

OR

Linking Verbs

Example sentences His mother is an accountant.

links mother and accountant The winners of the game were they.

Links winners and they Mary became sick after the high jump.

links Mary and sick

Linking Verbs State of being verbs

Differing forms of “to be” is am are was were be being been

Linking Verbs

Verbs that are ALWAYS linking verbs To be (is, am, are, was, were, be, being,

been) To seem To become

Linking Verbs Verbs that are sometimes linking verbs

To feel To taste To look To smell To sound To grow To remain To appear To stay

Linking Verbs

Replacement Test To check if a verb is serving as a linking

verb, replace it with a form of “to be.” If the sentence makes sense and the

meaning is not changed, the verb is a linking verb!

Example: Joe seemed angry today. Joe was angry today.

Linking Verbs

Flip-Flop Test

Helping Verbs

Help with creating tense Examples of helping verbs:

is be had should must

am being do would can

are been does could shall

was has did may

were have will might

Helping Verbs

Example sentences: I may go to the store today.

She did not tell him about the test.

I shall wait until dark.

Action Verbs

expressing action - something that a person, animal, force of nature, or thing can do

Examples: I jumped over a toad and landed on a

frog. Our teacher gave us a huge test today. Jimmy thought about his project.

Step 3

Identifying the subject

Subject/Verb Pairs and Prepositional Phrases

Identify the subject and verb of the following sentence:

From the dark of the night came the screams of the young girl.

Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs Remember, you NEVER find a

subject/verb pair in a prepositional phrase!

First step: Cross off all prepositional phrases (PP)


Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs


What’s left? …came the screams…

Identifying Subject/Verb Pairs 2nd Step: Locate the verb

Remember verbs are action, linking or helping

Verbs indicate tense Past, present and future

Which word would change the tense of the sentence? came? the? screams?


3rd Step: Locate the verb

Example: From the dark of the night came the

screams of the young girl.

“came” is the verb!


Locate the subject Ask who/what + verb? Who/what “came”?


Verb


Who/what “came”? The screams came. Therefore, screams is the subject


Verb

Subject


Keep in mind: Subjects MUST indicate number

One or more than one

In our example: From the dark of the night came the

screams of the young girl. screams is plural

Imperative Sentences

Identify the subject/verb pair

Example: Take the roast from the oven.


Identifying the subject/verb pair Example:

Take the roast from the oven. Has anyone ever seen a roast take

something out of the oven? NO? So who/what is the subject?


It’s YOU!

Imperative sentences are commands. Therefore, the understood subject is

“you”


Is the following example an imperative sentence?

Example: Mark, leave the room immediately!


Yes, it is. “Mark” is a noun of address

Mark is not the subject

Notice the comma following the name This indicates that Mark is not the

subject, just a means of getting his attention

Subject/Verb Patterns

Complete Subject/Verb Pairs Worksheet #1 and #2

Sentence Patterns

English language has six basic patterns S-V S-(a)V-DO S-(a)V-IO-DO S-(l)V-PN S-(l)V-PA V-S (inverted sentence)

Sentence Patterns Legend

S=subject V=verb (a)V=action verb (l)V-linking verb DO=direct object IO=indirect object PN=predicate noun PA=predicate adjective

Sentence Patterns

Practice identifying sentence patterns using previous prepositional phrase exercises

Direct Objects

Always follow an action verb and receive the action of the verb.

Verb + who or what?

Direct Objects

Example: I throw the eraser.

Follow the steps (strategies): 1. Any prepositional phrases? 2. Verb? 3. Subject? 4. If action verb - Direct Object?

Direct Objects

Example: I throw the eraser.

Follow the steps (strategies): 1. Any prepositional phrases? none 2. Verb? throw 3. Subject? Who throws? I 4. Type of verb? action Direct Object? (If

there is an action verb) eraser

Direct Objects

Complete DO Practice #1 to find direct objects.

Also, identify sentence patterns for each sentence.

Indirect Objects

Always fall between an action verb and a direct object.

An IO receives the DO. Look for a noun or pronoun in

between the actoin verb and the direct object. Make sure it RECEIVES the DO!

Indirect Objects Example:

I throw Ben the eraser. Follow the steps (strategies):

1. Any prepositional phrases? none 2. Verb? throw 3. Subject? Who throws? I 4. What type of verb? action

Direct Object? eraser 5. Indirect Object?

Indirect Objects Example:

I throw Ben the eraser. Follow the steps (strategies):

1. Any prepositional phrases? none 2. Verb? throw 3. Subject? Who throws? I 4. Type of verb? action

Direct Object? eraser 5. Indirect Object? Ben

Indirect Objects

Does the following sentence have an indirect object?

Example: I throw the eraser to Ben.

Indirect Objects

Does the following sentence have an indirect object? NO!

Example: DO

I throw the eraser to Ben.

Indirect Objects

Use IO Practice #1 to find indirect objects.

Identify sentence patterns. All sentences with IO’s should be:

S-V-IO-DO.

Direct Objects and Inidirect Objects

Use DO and IO Practice #1 to find direct objects and indirect objects.

Identify sentences patterns. You should NEVER find an IO following

a DO! Some sentences will not have DO’s.

Predicate Nouns

Always follow a linking verb and equal or rename the subject.

Predicate Nouns

Example: I am a teacher in this classroom.

Follow steps: 1. prepositional phrases? 2. verb? 3. subject? 4. Type of verb? linking predicate noun?

Notice we have changed to a LINKING VERB!

Predicate Nouns Example:

I am a teacher in this classroom.

Follow steps: 1. prepositional phrases? in this classroom 2. verb? am 3. subject? Who is? I 4. Type of verb? linking

predicate noun? Is the sentence saying that I = teacher? Yes! Therefore, teacher is the predicate noun.

Predicate Nouns

Example: PN

My dad is the track coach at school. dad = coach

PN Julie is the best volleyball player on the

team. Julie = player

Predicate Nouns

A sentence may contain a compound predicate noun

Example: PN PN

My best subjects are history and math.

Predicate Nouns

Complete Predicate Nouns Practice #1 and #2

Identify the sentence patterns.

Predicate Adjectives

Follows a linking verb and describes the subject

Predicate Adjectives Example:

I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team.

Follow the steps: Prepositional phrase? Verb? Subject? Type of verb? linking

Predicate Noun? none Predicate adjective?


I am unhappy about the loss of my favorite team.

Follow the steps: Prepositional phrase? about the loss, of my

favorite team Verb? am Subject? Who is? I Type of verb? linking

Predicate Noun? none Predicate adjective? unhappy


Remember, some linking verbs deal with the senses. If the verb can be replaced with is or are,

it is being used as a linking verb Example:

The peanuts taste salty. The peanuts are salty.


My dog is brown. Follow steps:

Prepositional phrase? Verb? Subject? Type of verb? linking

Predicate noun? none Predicate adjective?


Example: PA

My dog is brown.

PA The shorts in the closet are blue.


Complete Predicate Adjectives Practice #1 and #2

Identify sentence patterns

Noun Functions

How a noun is used in a sentence Five functions:

Object of a preposition A subject A direct object An indirect object As a predicate noun

Noun Functions

Complete Predicate Adjectives/Noun Functions Practice #1


Noun Functions

Complete Noun Functions Practice #1 and #2


Adjectives

Modifies nouns or pronouns a, an, and the are ALWAYS adjectives

Nouns must follow them Sometimes other adjectives or adverbs

may follow too

ALL possessive pronouns and possessive words function as adjectives

Adjectives Example:

The green bananas were hanging from the damaged apple tree.

Follow steps: Prepositional phrases? Verb? Subject? Type of verb? DO? Identify nouns and pronouns (OP, S, DO, IO, PN)

and find words modifying them.

Adjectives Example:

The green bananas were hanging from the damaged apple tree.

Follow steps: Prepositional phrases? from the damaged apple

tree Verb? were hanging Subject? What was hanging? bananas Type of verb? action DO? Were hanging what? Were hanging what?

No DO. Noun/pronoun modifiers? the green, the

damaged, apple

Adjectives

Example: adj adj HV AV

The green bananas were hanging from

adj adj adj PO

the damaged apple tree.

Adverbs Modify everything that is not a noun

or pronoun Modify adjectives, adverbs and verbs

Words ending in –ly are adverbs, but not all adverbs end in –ly The only way to be sure is to ID the word

being modified! Tell where, when, how much, and to

what extent

Adverbs Example:

I was very distraught about the loss of my friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.

Follow the steps: Prepositional phrases? Verb? Subject? Type of verb? DO? Or PN or PA? Adjectives? Adverbs?

Adverbs Example:

I was very distraught about the loss of my friendly brother in the extremely violent storm.

Follow the steps: Prepositional phrases? about the loss, of my

friendly brother, in the extremely violent storm Verb? was Subject? Who was? I Type of verb? linking DO? No, not an AV Or PN or

PA? PA – distraught (describes I) Adjectives? the, my, friendly, the, violent Adverbs? very, extremely

Adjectives and Adverbs

Complete Adjective and Adverbs Practice #1

Identify sentence patterns.

Conjunctions

Connect elements Two types:

Coordinate – connect like elements, two phrases, two clauses, two sentences, two sentence parts and, but, for, nor, yet, so, or

Subordinate – subordinate one element to another before, after, because, if, when (just a few)

grammar unit english 9. parts of speech definition: a way of categorizing words in isolation ...

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