grammar section

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Grammar Section

Adjective


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Describing Adjective

Adjectives is used to describe.Adjective describes a noun or pronoun.

Adjectives modify nouns and pronouns. The purpose of an adjective is to answer questions aboutthe noun.

What kind of noun is it?Which noun is it?

How many are there?

Adjectives may include words such as pretty, short, thin, quirky, zany, happy, intelligent, round,red, and shiny.

It is common for adjectives to be confused with adverbs by people who are unfamiliar withEnglish grammar. However, this error can be avoided if you remember that many adverbs are formed by

adding -ly to an adjective. For example, sad and happy are adjectives, but sadly and happily are adverbs.

Using Two Word Adjective

Let us read what the two boys are saying:

Where did Fred spend his weekend? How about Mario? What words describe Matabungkay

Beach?What words describe the resort in Dolores, Quezon?

What words describe Marios ride from the city?

We, too, Fred. Last Sunday, we

visited a nice resort in Dolores,

Quezon. It is more than a hundred-

kilometer ride from the city. The

waterfalls are man-made. The water

is cool and refreshing.

We spent the weekend at

Matabungkay Beach in

Batangas. It is a three-hour ride

from city. Its sands are clean

and white. The water is also

clear.


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What do the following words have in common: hundred-kilometer, three-hour, man-made?

What name can we give to these group of words?How are they formed?

Examine the following sentences. Notice the italicized words found in each sentence.

1. It is three-hourride from the city.2. Lunetta is a French word meaning a crescent-shapedfortification.3. There areman-made lagoons.

How do we call these words? What words do they describe or modify? How are they formed?You will notice that each word is made up of two different words joined by a hyphen. These are what we

call two-word adjective.

What words make up a two-word adjective? Look at the following examples:

a. three-hour ride from the cityWhat does the hyphenated word three-hour tell?

- that the ride takes three hours

b. 58-hectare Rizal National Park

How many hectares is Rizal National Park?- the park us 58 hectares

What is followed by the number word?- Then, we can say that two-word adjectives can be formed by a number word

followed by a noun.Examples: 150-page book

four-step stairs

- Note that the two-word adjective comes before the word it modifies.

In this type of two-word adjectives, the first word is an adverb, and the second word is the pastparticiple form of the verb. A hyphen joins them.

Examples: most-wanted criminal

well-liked teacher

- Another way to form a two-word adjective is through a noun followed by averb. The verb is in the past participle.

Adjective are not always single words. An adjective can be

formed by joining two words. These are called two-word adjectives.

Two-word adjectives are formed in three ways:

1. Number word followed by a noun as in a three-kilo rice

2. Adverb followed by a verb as in well-built church

3. Noun followed by a verb (past participle) as in stone-built

monument

*Two-word adjectives come before the word it modifies

REMEMBER


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Adverb


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Describing Adverb

An adverb is used to describe.An adverb describes the action or verb.

The part of speech (or word class) that is primarily used to modify a verb, adjective, or otheradverb. Adverbs can also modify prepositional phrases, subordinate clauses, and complete sentences.

Functions of an Adverb:

Adverbs typically add information about time (rarely, frequently, tomorrow), manner(slowly, quickly, willingly), or place (here, there, everywhere).

Forms of an Adverb:

Many adverbs--especially adverbs of manner--are formed from adjectives by the additionof the ending -ly (easily, dependably). But many common adverbs (just, still, almost, not) do not end in -

ly, and not all words that end in -ly (friendly, neighborly) are adverbs.

Comparing with Adverb

Let us go over the conversation of two men watching a swimming competition. Find out how

they compare the participants.

Who swims faster, Rico or Dexter?Who swims fastest?

For whom is the crowd cheering more excitedly? Not excitedly?

For example:(verb) swims fast

(adjective) very excited

The crowd cheers more excitedly

for Rico than for Dexter,

But they cheer the most excitedly

for Revel

Rico swims fast, but Dexter

swims faster. Revel swims the

fastest in the race.


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(adverb) too fast

Most adverbs are formed by addingly to an adjective.

Excited excitedlySkillful skillfully

Recent recentlyEasy easily

Like adjectives, adverbs have positive, comparative and superlative forms when used incomparing actions and description. Examine the examples from the mens conversation and note thechanges in the form of the adverb fast.

A. 1. Rico swims fast. (positive)

2. Dexter swims faster. (comparative)3. Revel swims the fastest. (superlative)

B. 1. The crowd cheers excitedly for Dexter. (positive)

2. The crowd cheers more excitedly for Rico. (comparative)3. The crowd cheers the most excitedly for Rico. (superlative)

A few adverbs show comparison by means ofer andest endings, as in:

Fast faster fastest

Hard harder hardest

Soon sooner soonest

Most adverbs form their comparative degree by adding more or less, and most or least for thesuperlative form, as in:

Excitedly more excitedly most excitedly

Recently less recently least recently

Other adverbs compare irregularly, as in:

Well better best

Much more most

An adverb describes an action or verb, intensifies a descriptive

word or adjective, or modifies another adverb.

REMEMBER


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Noun


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Describing noun

What is Noun?

Noun is the name of person, a place, a thing or an idea. All that exists has names and

those names are called nouns.Examples can let you understand and illustrate fully the meaning of a nouns or nouns.

Below are the examples of nouns.

Grandfather London notebook

Mother river computerDoctor San Juanico lotion

Mary Jane Bridge ball penBaby keyboard CarlaJose Rico brother-in-law

Categories of nouns

Nouns can be classified into threecount nouns, mass nouns, and collective nouns.

Count nouns

it is the name of anything which can be countedmass nouns

name of something that cannot be countedcollective nouns

can be a singular form but they are composed of many persons or a

group.

Examples:

He is in trouble. The word trouble is a non-count noun. Therefore, it is a massnoun.

He has many troubles. The word troubles is a count noun. Therefore, it is a

count noun.

The team Azkals made the Filipinos proud. The word team is a collective

noun.

Forms of nouns

There are three forms of nouns:

Subjective[subject] The college administrator is tall.

Objective[object] He chose the college administrator.Possessive[possessive] The college administrator's car is red.


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Nouns that are plural in form but singular in meaning

Go over the italicized words in the paragraph you just read. The words men, women, children,

tuna, milkfish andsalmon are naming words. Naming words are called nouns. You learned that nouns are

used to name somethingpeople, places, events, animals and things.

Study the chart below

Fishing is fun.Men, women and children love it. It does not necessarily

mean catching different species of fish like tuna, milkfish, salmonor mackerel.It means catching all kinds of living animals in the water like lobster, shrimps,

oyster and clams.

Fish and other sea animals are the greatest food resources. All over the

world, people fish in rivers, lakes and oceans. Most people in fishing countries

of the world are fishers.

Singular Plural

Man men

Woman women

Child children

Animal animals

River rivers

Lake lakes

Ocean oceans

Fisherman fishermen

Country countries

Product products


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In column 1, how many of each kind are referred to? What about in Column 2?Singular nouns form their plural in different ways.For regular nouns, we add s or es to the singular to form the plural.

Can you give the plural form of these nouns?

For irregular nouns, they do not form their plurals by adding s or es.Example:

Child - Children

Ox - oxenMouse - miceOasis - oases

Goose - geeseTooth - teeth

Foot - feetMan - menWoman - women

Half - halves

Book watch potato square

Quiz toy glass ocean

Match tomato range box

Key mat carabao

Nouns Rules Examples

1. Nouns ending un s, Addes kissesSh, ch, x or z radishes

ChurchesFoxes

2. Nouns ending in y Change y to I and addes factoriesPartiesCities

Candies

3. Nouns ending in o a. generally, addes; Consult grottoesPreceded by a constant your dictionary to be sure. Mangoes

potatoes

b. Adds to some pianosphotos

c. Adds ores to some volcanosVolcanoes

4. Nouns ending in f or a. Change the f to v and addes wife - wives

Fe b. Adds beliefbeliefs

5. Nouns with irregular Check the dictionary to be sure goose - geese

Plural form mousemice

6. Nouns that do not change Spell the plural the same as the Japanese

in form singular. French


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Now, take a look at the explanation below:A noun that ends in n s looks plural, and it usually is. However, a few noun ending in s

are considered singular. When such nouns are used as subjects, they take singular verb forms.

Example:The news is bad.Measles is contagious.Politics takes much time.The Philippines is a beautiful country.

News, measles, politics and Philippines are plural in form but singular in meaning.

More words that are plural in form but singular in meaning:

Some nouns are plural in form but singular meaning

Aeronautics news

Acrobatics physics

Billiards series

Civics species

Mumps United States

Mathematics tonsillitis

The Netherlands tuberculosis

REMEMBER


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Pronoun


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Describing Pronoun

What is Pronoun?

Pronouns are small words that take the place of a noun. We can use a pronoun instead of a noun.

Pronouns are words like: he, you, ours, themselves, some, each. If we didn't have pronouns, we wouldhave to repeat a lot of nouns. We would have to say things like:

Do you like the president? I don't like the president. The president is too pompous.

With pronouns, we can say:

Do you like the president? I don't like him. He is too pompous.

Kinds of Pronouns

Personal Pronouns

I, me, you, he, him, she...

Demonstrative Pronounsthis, that, these, those

Possessive Pronounsmine, yours, his...

Interrogative Pronouns

who, what, which...

Reflexive Pronouns

myself, yourself, himself...

Reciprocal Pronounseach other, one another

Indefinite Pronounsanother, much, nobody, few, such...

Relative Pronouns

who, whom, which...

Pronoun Case

subjective, objective, possessive

Working with Indefinite Pronouns

Some pronouns take the place of nouns that are either masculine or feminine or both. These arecalled indefinite pronouns.


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If any of the singular indefinite pronoun acts as an antecedent for another pronoun, his or

her (both male or female) must be used.

How can we tell whether an indefinite pronoun takes a singular or a plural verb?

What pronoun is used when an indefinite pronoun is its antecedent?

Singular Plural Singular or Plural

Anybody neither both all

Anyone nobody few none

Each no one many some

Either one most

Everybody someone several

Somebody submitted an electronic microscope.

No one knows who did it.

Few have started on their Science project

Neither of the girls finished her project.

Neither of the boys submitted his project.

Everybody, however, is very busy working on his

or her project.

Use a singular verb with a singular indefinite pronoun; use

a plural verb with a plural indefinite pronoun.

Use their when the antecedent is a plural indefinite

pronoun; use his or her when the antecedent is a singular indefinite

pronoun.

REMEMBER


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Verb


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Describing Verb

What is a Verb?

A verb is a word that shows action or being. Whatever you are doing can be expressed bya verb.

A sentence can have only one word as long as that word is a verb.

Classification of verb

Verbs can be classified according to whether they are action verbs or linking verbs.

Action verbs

There are two types of action verbs: transitive and intransitive.

Transitive verbs

A transitive verb expresses an action and is followed by an object thatreceives the action of the verb.

In the following examples, transitive verbs are shown in colorand direct objectsof these verbs are underlined.

I washed(what?) the car yesterday.

I took(whom?) my sister to the movie.John studies(what?) English.

Intransitive verbsAn intransitive verb expresses an action but is not followed by an object.

Applying (what?) or (whom?) test to an intransitive verb shows immediately that an object cannot follow.

Toms gradesimproved(what? whom?) with the help of a tutor.The child cried(what? whom?)loudly.

The mother sang(what? whom?) to her children.

Many verbs can be both transitive and intransitive.

In the following examples, transitive verbs areshown in colorand direct objectsof transitive verbs are underlined. Intransitive verbs areshown in color and underlined.

Johnstudies(what?)English.Johnstudieshard.The mothersang(what?)the song to her children.

The mothersangto her children.

Linking Verbs


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Linking verbs do not show action.

A linking verb (also called copulative verb) links or establishes a relationship

between the subject and its complement. It describes or renames the subject.She isangry.

The wordis(a form of the verb to be) links the subjectsheto the subject

complementangry.

Linking Verb followed by predicate nouns:

My friendisa teacher.

Mikebecamethe president of the company.

Linking Verb followed by predicate adjectives:

Ifeelnervous.

That pietastesdelicious.

List of common linking verbs

appear become FeelGet go grow

Look prove remain

Seem smell sound

Taste turnandany form of the verb be.

Only becomeandseemare always linking verbs. Other verbs from the list abovesometimes can function as action verbs.

In the following examples, verbs feel and taste are functioning as action verbs.

Ifeelpain from the injury.

Tastethe pie and tell me if you like it.

To determine whether a verb is a linking verb substitute am, is, or arefor the verb. If it

fitsthe substituted verb is a linking verb.

In the following examples, verb feel is substituted with am.

Ifeelnervous.I amnervous.

Makes sense so feel is linking verb.

Ifeelpain from the injury.

I ampain from the injury.Does not make sense so feel is action verb.

The three principal parts of verbs:

Present, Past, and Past Participle.

The Present is used by itself for the present tense.I jump.I eat.
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And with helping verb will for the future tense

I will jump.I will eat.

The Past is used for the past tense

I jumped.I ate.

The Past participle is used with the verb have (has, had) to form perfect tenses. Present perfect

I have jumped.

I have eaten.

Past perfectI had jumped.

I had eaten.

Future perfectI will have jumped.I will have eaten.

Regular and irregular verbs

Regular VerbsMost English verbs are regular. Regular verbs just addd ored when they change

principal parts from the present to the past to the past participle.I learn English now. (present)I learned English last year. (past)

In a short time she has learned English well. (past participle)

Irregular VerbsIrregular Verbs form their past tenses and past participles in unpredictable ways. There

are some patterns among them (blow-blew, know-knew), (spring-sprang, drink-drank) but it is not always

easy to apply these patterns. The only way to learn irregular verbs is to memorize them.

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