grammar review
DESCRIPTION
Grammar Review. Clause vs. Phrase. Clause: A group of related words with both a subject and a verb. May or may not be able to stand on its own. Phrase: A group of related words without both a subject or a verb. Acts as a noun, verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition. Cannot stand on its own. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Grammar Review
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Clause vs. Phrase
• Clause: A group of related words with both a subject and a verb. May or may not be able to stand on its own.
• Phrase: A group of related words without both a subject or a verb. Acts as a noun, verb, adverb, adjective, or preposition. Cannot stand on its own.
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Clause Types
• Independent Clause: She is older than her brother.
• Dependent Clause: Because she is older than her brother, she has to watch him sometimes.– A word called a “subordinating conjunction”
introduces a dependent clause.
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Phrase vs. Dependent Clause
• Both phrases and dependent clauses cannot stand alone.
• However, dependent clauses must have a subject and a verb, while phrases can only have one.
• Also, dependent clauses start with subordinating conjunctions, while phrases do not.
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Common subordinating conjunctions
• after• although• as• as if• as long as• as though• because• before• even if• even though• if
• if only• in order that• now that• once• rather than• since• so that• than• that• though• till
• unless• until• when• whenever• where• whereas• wherever• while
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Phrases that act like nous
• Simple noun phrases– Noun + modifiers– (Can be a subject, object of a verb, or object of a preposition).
• Examples: A very tired Thomas looked for his blue shirt. The substitute teacher taught all of the kindergarteners today.
• Gerund phrases– Gerund (verb + -ing) + modifiers
• Example: She began thinking about her life.
• Infinitive phrases (sometimes)– Infinitive (to + verb) + modifiers
• Example: He likes to play soccer.
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Write three sentences. Use each kind of noun phrase and underline it.
• Simple noun phrase• Gerund phrase• Infinitive phrase
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Phrases that act like adjectives• Simple adjective phrases
– Adjective + modifiers• Example: He was wearing his nice red shirt.
• Participial phrases– Participle + modifiers
• Example: The children, needing guidance, asked for help.
• Prepositional phrases (sometimes)– Preposition + object of the preposition + modifiers
• Example: The man on the roof tried not to fall.
• Infinitive phrases (sometimes)– Infinitive (to + verb) + modifiers
• Example: Her plan to win student council president was a good one.
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Write 4 sentences, include each type of adjective phrase, and underline it.
• Simple adjective phrases• Participial phrases• Prepositional phrases (sometimes)• Infinitive phrases (sometimes)
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Phrases that act like adverbs
• Prepositional phrases (sometimes)– Preposition + object of the preposition + modifiers• Example: The babysitter shouted in a loud voice.
• Infinitive phrases (sometimes)– Infinitive (to + verb) + modifiers• Example: He yelled to warn everyone about the broken
glass.
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Write two sentences with adverb phrases, underline each
• Prepositional phrase (sometimes)• Infinitive phrase (sometimes)
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Phrases that act like verbs
• Verb phrase– Verb (+helping verb, sometimes) + all modifiers – (It’s the predicate of the sentence.)• Examples: She has been studying for three hours.
Thomas wrote an excellent essay.
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Write one sentence with a verb phrase. Underline it.
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Absolute Phrases
• Modify (give information about) the entire sentence.– Noun or pronoun + participle + modifiers– Resembles a clause, but its verb can’t stand alone
(it is not a “finite” verb)• Examples: Her eyes on the clock, Lisa waited for her
shift to end. He looked different, his face expressing worry.
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Write one sentence with an absolute phrase. Underline it.
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Sentence Types
• Simple: Subject + Verb (Independent Clause)• Compound: Two Independent Clauses joined by
a Coordinating Conjunction• Complex: Independent Clause with one or more
Dependent Clauses. Always has a Subordinating Conjunction or Relative Pronoun.
• Compound-Complex: Two Independent Clauses and one or more Dependent Clauses.
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Sentence Types
• Simple: Some students prefer to do their homework in the morning.
• Compound: Tina had to work tonight, but Alex took the night off.
• Complex: When he finished his work, he forgot to put his name on it.
• Compound-complex: The animal was scared, but it was also angry, since it had been cornered.
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Break it down!
• Some students prefer to do their homework in the morning.– This is an independent clause. It has a subject
(students) and a verb (prefer), and it can stand alone.– It is made up of many phrases!
• noun phrases (some students) (their homework)• verb phrase (prefer to do their homework in the morning)• infinitive phrase that acts like a noun because it is the
object of a verb (to do their homework)• prepositional phrase (in the morning)
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Simple sentence
• Write your own simple sentence. Circle the subject and underline the verb.
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Break it down!
• Tina had to work tonight, but Alex took the night off.– This sentence has two independent clauses. Each
has a subject (Tina/Alex) and a verb (had/took).– It is made of many phrases!• Verb phrases (had to work tonight/took the night off)• Infinitive phrase acting as a noun because it is the
object of the verb “had” (to work tonight)• Noun phrase because it is the object of the verb “took”
(the night off)
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Compound sentence
• Write your own compound sentence• Circle the subjects and underline the verbs
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Break it down!
• When he finished his work, he forgot to put his name on it.– This sentence has a dependent clause (subject: he. verb:
handed. subordinating conjunction: when).– It also has an independent clause (subject: he. verb: forgot)– It is made up of phrases!
• Verb phrases (finished his work/forgot to put his name on it)• Infinitive phrase acting as a noun because it is the object of the
verb “forgot” (to put his name on it)• Prepositional phrase acting as an adverb because it answers the
question “what” (on it)
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Complex sentence
• Write your own complex sentence• Circle the subjects and underline the verbs
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Break it down!
• The animal was scared, but it was also angry, since it had been cornered.– This sentence has two independent clauses and
one dependent clause. Subjects: animal/it/it. Verbs: was/was/had been.
– It is made up of verb phrases: was scared/was also angry/had been cornered.
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Compound-complex sentence
• Write your own compound-complex sentence.• Circle the subjects and underline the verbs.