Training 1

Pagoda Training Grammar Reference Manual

This manual will look at the main structures associated with the SLE course books you will be using here at Pagoda. It should not be considered a course in grammar, we

recommend that if you feel you need some help polishing up your grammar, you can go to a book shop and find a good grammar textbook there.

As the lowest level students you will possibly have (1A) are at a pre-intermediate level, you can assume a certain amount of language knowledge from them. Your job as a

teacher is to be able to explain why certain structures are used and how they are used, every lesson you teach will contain a certain amount of grammar (whether you have

planned to teach it or not) that you must be prepared to explain.

Before you begin to teach, we suggest that you read through and familiarize yourself with these structures, remember though that simply knowing what the grammar is is not

enough, you have to be able to communicate it in the following way;

Meaning –

What does the sentence communicate, past, present , future, real/unreal etc

Structure –

How do we construct the sentence? (subject + verb + object etc)

Use –

What topics is this grammar linked to? (Talking about hobbies, routines etc)

Training 2

Contents

Page Topic

3 The Verb Tenses (referring to time)

4 Used to and Would

4 Passive Voice

4 The Conditionals

5 Modal Verbs

5 Infinitives & Gerunds

6 Relative Clauses

6 Time Clauses

8 Comparatives & Superlatives

9 Reported Speech

10 Adjectives & Adverbs

14 Quantifiers / Articles

17 Prepositions

18 Phrasal Verbs & Idioms

19 References & Resources

Training 3

Verb Tenses Tense Use (active) Form

Simple ContinuousPresent I speak

Base verb + s (3rd Person) Facts, measurement,

routines, hobbies, future plans

I am speaking(to be + present participle)

situations currently happening

changing situations Future Plans

Present Participle: speak + ing (main verb)

Passive: I am told / I am being told

Present Perfect I have spoken(Have/has + past participle)

Change over time A recent event Duration from past

until now Experience Accomplishment

I have been speaking(have/has been + present

participle)

Duration from past until now.

Change over time.

Past Participlesgo / went / goneSee / saw / seen

Passive:I have been spoken toHaving been spoken to

Past Simple I spoke(regular; verb + ed, irregular

different forms) A completed action. Polite Requests

(Would you like etc) Past habits (used to)

I was speaking(was/were + present

participle)

Actions with duration in the past.

To set the scene in a story

Passive: I was spoken to I was being spoken to

Past Perfect I had spoken(had + past participle)

One action before another in the past.

I had been speaking(had been + present

participle) One action before

another in the past with duration

Passive: I had been spoken to

Future I will speak(will + base infinitive) Future plans/events Certainties

I will be speaking(will be + present participle)

Future event with duration.

To express main activity in the future.

Passive: I will be spoken to

Future Perfect I will have spoken(will have + past participle)

An action that will be completed in the future)

I will have been speaking(will have been + present

participle) An action that will be

completed in the future expressing duration.

Passive:I will have been spoken to

To be going to I am going to Speak( to be going to + base

infinitive)

A future action that expresses more certainty than 'will'.

Can also express a certainty in the past (hypothetical)

Passive:I am going to be spoken to

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Used to and WouldBoth refer to past hobbies / actions no longer true

I used to be very good at playing the Oboe. (used to + infinitive) I would go to the river and swim with my friends in summer. (would + infinitive)

'Used to' can also refer to present actions that were not true in the past. I didn't use to smoke or drink. (didn't + use to + infinitive)

Do not confuse it with the phrasal verb / adjective 'to be used to' I am used to eating spicy food (I am accustomed to in the present)

Passive Voice

The passive voice in English is composed of the structure: to be + past participle It changes the normal active voice where the subject of the action is emphasised. (I took the cake) In passive voice the object of the action is emphasised. (the cake was taken) An agent can be added to the end of the sentence using 'by'.

a) Subject Unknown My car was stolen during the night. b) Subject too numerous

20,000 cars were sold during 1998. (by probably hundreds of people)

c) Subject known but less important than object. The movie was released in 1981 ( by a movie company) agent There are also several other ways to make the passive using 'get' and 'have'

I had my hair cut last weekend (by a hairdresser) I am going to get my car fixed. (by a mechanic)

The Conditionals

In English we have 3 main conditional forms, they are created by forming two clauses, a condition and a result.

If I teach English well, my students will improve more quickly. (with comma) Condition result

These clauses can be reversed without changing the meaning.

My students will improve more quickly if I teach English well. (without comma) Result condition

First Conditional (Type 1) can be used with 'if' (uncertain) or 'when' (certain) 'as long as '

If/When + subject + present, subject + modal (will/may/might/can) + base infinitive

Expresses future plans When I go to University, I will study hard. I will go for dinner with you if I finish my homework.

Facts, advice & Warnings If you park here, your car will be towed. If you want to lose weight, stop stuffing your face. Sea levels will rise if the icecaps continue to melt.

Possibilities I can improve my French if I move to France. We can stop at the supermarket if you like.

Training 5

Second Conditional (Type 2) Can be used with 'if' or 'unless' (to indicate a predetermined condition).

If + subject + past, subject + would/could/should/might + base infinitive

Unclear or unlikely situations If I bought 20 tickets, I would win the lottery. We could increase productivity if we had shorter lunches.

Hypothetical situations If I stopped smoking, would you be happier?Would the government react if we protested the new tax.

Unreal or fantastic ideas If I were a superhero, I would be Storm from the X-men.If I could be a famous person, I might be the President

To give very personal advice I would stop drinking so much If I were you.If I were him, I would treat her like a princess.

Third Conditional (Type 3) Only used with 'If' / 'If only'

If + Subject + past perfect, subject + would/could/should/might + have + past participle (past)OR

subject + would/could/should/might + be (+ present participle) present

Refers always to a past event, real or unreal. (hypothetical)

To refer to a regret If only I had studied harder, I would have gone to Harvard. To reminisce I wouldn't have met your mother If I hadn't gone to that dance. To refer to a hypothetical present If I hadn't come to Korea, I would still be in Spain.

Modal Verbs

Pronoun Modal Verb

IYouHeSheWeTheyIt

willwouldought tomaymightcancouldmustshallshould

move

Training 6

Modal verbs are the closest English gets to a subjunctive tense. They are always auxiliary verbs and modify a main verb. They can have multiple meanings depending on how they are used.

Ability - (present) I can speak French. Can you read Korean? (past) He could speak French as a child. Could you dance when you had legs?

Certainty I will go to the party this Friday. Will you be finished before six? I shall see you after school.

Obligation I have to be at work by 9. Must I clean my room mommy? Suggestion You should talk to her? Shall we take the subway? Offer / Invitation Shall I clean up for you? Would you join me? Requests / Permission Can I use the bathroom? May I leave early today? Possibilities I could go to Paris this year. I might see her later. Assumptions He must have taken the money You must be the new teacher. Speculations I might have left it on the subway You may be right about Ian.

Etc.

Infinitives (to…) and Gerunds (ing)

A verb being used as a subject or an object in a sentence.

As subject (gerund) Walking is good for your health Talking things though helps a lot. ('is' is the verb here) ('helps' is the verb here)

Modern English does not use the infinitive as a subject, but it exists in literature and proverbsTo sleep perchance to dream To want is to lose

As object (gerund and infinitive)I like shopping. She began to lose control.

('like' is the verb) ('began' is the verb)

Some verbs only take a gerund as objectShe suggested postponing the meeting I avoid eating spicy food

Some verbs only take an infinitive as object (infinitive of purpose)He agreed to buy the presents. I drove to save time.

Some verbs can take both an infinitive or gerund and keep the same meaning.I hate to drive / driving I started working/to work when I was 18.

Some verbs can take both an infinitive or gerund and the meaning changes.I stopped smoking/to smoke I paused to watch / watching the game.

After a preposition, the gerund is always used.He left without saying goodbye I exercise by running I am against allowing the new tax

Native speakers learn these rules by ear, therefore you should allow for a lot of practice and correction in the classroom.

Training 7

Relative Clauses

Relative Clauses – A relative clause is part of a sentence that tells us more about the subject. A relative clause uses a relative pronoun to join the ideas together.

Relative PronounsWho, When, Where, Whose, Whom, That,

Which.

Stephen is a lion tamer. Stephen is from Narnia. Stephen, who is from Narnia, is a lion tamer. Ian works at YumYum chicken. He works at the branch in Bulgaria.

This is Ian who works at YumYum in Bulgaria. There are two types of relative clause; DEFINING This gives essential information about the subject and cannot be removed

Jeju is an island where you can eat great seafood.◦ The house that is on the cor ner is for sale. ◦ Christmas is a holiday when we give gifts.

NON-DEFINING This gives non-essential information about the subject and can be removed. Jeju, which is warmer than Seoul, is the biggest island in Korea.

The house on the corner, which is red, is for sale. Christmas, which starts earlier and earlier, happens in December.

Time Clauses

A time clause is the part of a sentence related to 'when' something happens. They can begin, be in the middle, or end a sentence.

They can be joined together by adverbs, prepositions and conjunctions, some of the most common are;

While, during, when, whenever, as, before, after, having + past participle, as soon as, following, prior to etc

I decided to teach in Korea during my summer vacation (preposition) while looking at my bank statement. (adverb) As soon as I finished college. Having worked in Japan for 2 years.

Before traveling in South East Asia. When I saw the movie 'Old Boy'.

Training 8

Time clauses can be put into three main categories to help students learn them;

Sequence Same Time Each Time Before After Following Having

Done Prior to

etc

While During As When

Whenever

Comparatives and Superlatives

The function of the comparative is to compare two things, we form them from adjectives. The function of the superlative is to compare one thing to a group, it has the most or the least of the

original adjective.

Adjective Comparative Superlativetall Ian is taller than Stephen Ian is the tallest at Pagoda

1 syllable adjective + er + than 1 syllable adjective + est + the

nice Stephen is nicer than Ian Stephen is the nicest at Pagoda1 syllable adjective ending in 'e' + er + than 1 syllable adjective ending in 'e' + est + the

hot Stephen is hotter than Ian. Stephen is the hottest at Pagoda.1 syllable adjective ending in hard consonant

+ 1 extra consonant + er + than1 syllable adjective ending in hard consonant

+ 1 extra consonant + est + the

happy Ian is happier than Stephen. Ian is the happiest man on earth2 syllable adjective ending in 'y', drop the 'y',

add 'I' + er2 syllable adjective ending in 'y', drop the 'y',

add 'I' + est +the

beautiful Stephen is more/less beautiful than Ian.

Stephen is the most/least beautiful.

3 or more syllable adjective + more/less + than

3 or more syllable adjectives + most/least + the

We can also compare equalities by using as + adjective + as: The Mercedes is as nice as the Subaru

We can add 'not' to compare inequalities. Kimchi Jigae is not as spicy as Vindaloo. We can make a superlative possessive of someone: Madonna's greatest hit was Vogue

.Adjectives that have already been conjugated take more/less or most/least even if they are less than 3 syllables long.

He is more boring than my father Smoking cigarettes is less harmful than alcohol.

Training 9

Reported Speech

Reported speech allows us to pass on information heard from other sources. It is broken into two parts, the reporting clause and the report clause.

I heard from Mary (that) you are getting married next year. Reporting Clause Report Clause

The reporting clause is normally in past tense but the report clause can be in any appropriate tense.

Ian said that you have been studying Mongolian. (present perfect) Jason told me that you will be the next queen of the mole people. (Future Simple) I was informed by Stephen that you are going to shave your head. (to be going to future)

We usually change the pronoun in reported speech to differentiate from quoting someone.

Ian: “ I am meeting the Dalai Lama next week” Ian said he is meeting the Dalai Lama. Kevin & Jason: “ We were having fun at the T-Bar” They said they were having fun . Martin Luther King said “ I have a dream” (quote)

Questions also change in their reported form.

Stephen: Are you coming to the Christmas party next weekend? Sothea: Stephen wanted to know if/whether you are coming to the party.

We also sometimes change the verb to reflect the tone of what was said to us.

( a couple are driving around area 51 in Nevada when they get lost and drive up to a large gate, thehusband gets out of the car and goes to ask the nice gun toting man directions)

Man: I say excuse me, is this the way to Dollywood?Brett: You need to get out of here man or I'm gonna have to shootWoman: (shouting from car) what did he say?Man: He warned us to leave or he will shoot.Brett: You'd better go now sir ( cocks rifle)Man:(getting into car) He let me know we're not welcome here.

The type of verb used in the reporting clause is important, as it gives us much more information about thereport to follow.

Allege inform claim suggest declare say tell warn quote hear infer

refer maintain etc

He suggested that the president had had an affair. (an idea) He alleged that the president had had an affair. (claimed without proof) He declared that the president had had an affair. (for everyone to hear) He heard that the president had had an affair. (from someone else) He inferred that the president had had an affair. (not directly said)

Training 10

Adjectives and Adverbs.

Adjectives describe the attributes of a noun.

• It is a long way to Ullung-do.

• Our company is a good employer.

• The map was very detailed.

• The new plan met the user’s requirements.

• It was a scorching hot day.

• Were you at Samsung launch yesterday? It was an impressive event.

• I didn’t meet the deadline because of the constant interruptions.

Adjectives can end with...ed or …ing

• He gave an entertaining speech.

• He was an entertaining speaker.

• I was very entertained by his speech.

• The meeting was very boring.

• It was a very boring meeting.

• They were bored by the meeting.

Be careful when using “Interesting” and “Interested” when referring to people.

• Ian thought that Stephen was an interesting person.

• Ian was interested in Stephen.

Incorrect CorrectHe was disappointing when his horse lost the race.

He was disappointed when his horse lost the race.

Adverbs

An adverb provides more details about a verb.

Training 11

• She pirouetted beautifully.

• The lack of planning will severely alter our objectives.

• He ran so fast, we could barely keep up with him.

• Stephen speaks clearly.

• The team from Busan plays well.

• I didn’t arrive on time because the traffic was moving slowly.

She skated beautifully.Verb Adverb

Incorrect CorrectShe skates very good.She dances beautiful.

She skates very well.She dances beautifully.

Not all words that appear to be adverbs are adverbs.

• Babies are bare when they are born. (They are born naked)

• He barely had time to finish. (He had little time to finish)

• She bared her innermost thoughts to the world. (She told everyone her most intimate thoughts)

• I try hard to be good. (I try with great effort to be good)

• He hardly had time to finish. (He had little time to finish)

Examples of standard adjectives and adverbs.

Adjectives AdverbsCheerfulSlowPositive

CheerfullySlowlyPositively

Examples of standard adjectives ending in “Y” and adverbs.

Adjectives AdverbsFunnyHappyHungry

FunnilyHappilyHungrily

Some exceptions.

Adjectives Adverbs

Training 12

GoodFineWith speed

WellFineSpeedily

Adverb + adjective to emphasise the adjective

It was painfully obvious that he hadn’t planned his lesson at all.

• That was and extremely boring movie.

• The sales literature was very outdated.

• The game was badly refereed.

• The service was just right.

The service was just right.Adverb Adjective

Incorrect CorrectWe need reasonable priced equipment.I’m poor dressed for the party.

We need reasonably priced equipment.I’m poorly dressed for the party.

Adverb emphasis usage.

High emphasis Completely, absolutely, entirely, fullyExtremelyVeryReallyQuite, ratherSlightly

Low emphasis Barely

Adverb + adverb to emphasise the second adverb

• Time seemed to be passing fairly quickly.

• The new business process works very efficiently.

• The speech was extremely well received.

• The price is really very good.

• The traffic was moving extremely slowly

The work was moving extremely slowly.Adverb Adverb

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Adverb placement

After “to be”

He is quick. He is very quick.

Between the subject and its verb (if “to be” is not used)

He travels on business. He frequently travels on business.

Between an auxiliary and its main verb

He should ask for a promotion. He should definitely ask for a promotion.

He has asked for a promotion. He has never asked for a promotion.

Before another adverb

The work was done badly. The work was done very badly.

Fre quency Adverbs

These tell us how often an action is done or how many times.

Stephen always arrives at the office before 8am. Jaime sometimes brings a bucket of coffee to work. Hana hardly ever dusts her computer screen. They all frequently go to cafe Huh for a caffeine infusion.

Done all the time Always, Every day

Nearly always, A lotUsuallyOften/frequentlySometimesOccasionallyRarely, hardly ever

Not done Never

Can be put at various places in the sentence depending on the adverb used. (better English) Before the verb I occasionally eat spicy bibimbap After “to be” I am never to be found in stockings. After a conjugated verb He drinks often after a meal. At the end of a sentence I only have more than 7 pints sometimes.

Other Frequency expressions

We regularly meet on Monday mornings to discuss the week's events. (according to schedule) I traditionally go to my parents house for Christmas. (common in the past) I normally take a shower after exercising (common now) Once in blue moon, from time to time, every now and then, on a regular basis etc

Training 14

Quantifiers, Determiners & Modifiers

The Articles (a/an/the)

Articles come before most nouns I would like a stapler, I need an egg Sandwich, the mayonnaise is off. There are often words between the article and the noun:

I would like a white shirt Cleaning his room is an extremely rare event The smaller one please.

The indefinite Article (a / an) 'a' is used before a consonant sound There is a thought that a university should be a place of learning. 'an' is used before a vowel sound It is exciting to only be an hour from an elephant's picnic. Both a/an refer to the singular and can be replaced with one. We are one/an hour away.

There is a/one cat staring at me.

The definite Article (The) Is generally used for something quite specific whereas a/an can be more general.

I have found the way out / I have found a way out.

Refers to something previously introduced There is a car outside What colour is the car. Can be used to refer to a particular example I need to go to the bank and ask about the loan. Can be used for both plural & singular I want the banana. I want the bananas. Can be used with a singular noun to refer to a group The gorilla is a social creature

The Mercedes is a luxury car.

The Zero Article Ofttimes we can leave the article out altogether before the noun both plural and uncountable.

Mahogany trees are declining in the wild. Money makes the world go round. I am going home I work at Samsung She is going to University. They are usually not used in front of proper nouns (people's names, countries, Months etc)

But they can sometimes be used for different emphasis There is an Ian Windsor to see you I go to the university next to the river.

'The' is used in the official title of countries The Republic of France The Dominion of Canada.

Training 15

Quantity There are many ways to refer to quantities in English and can be used with both countable and

uncountable nouns.

Quantity Countable Uncountable Other Uses

Some(unspecified amount)

There are some apples There is some money on the table Questions & Offers:Would you like some tea?I would love some.

Any(to question the existence/amount)

Are there any apples? Is there any money in the bank? Negative Answers:There isn't any/There aren't any.Positive AnswersI am happy to answer any questions.

A lot of /lots of(to express a large amount)

I have a lot of biscuits for you.I have lots of biscuits for you.

He has a lot of advice to give youHas lots of advice for you.

Future Actions (+ verb)I have a lot to do.

Many(to express a high number)

I have many apples in my bag. Negative (to express a small number)There aren't many students left at the school.

Much (to express a high number)

I have much gossip to tell you. Do you have much money?

Negative) to express a small amount) There isn't much we can do.

A few(to express a small number)

I have a few tasks left to do. Questions (positive)Do you have a few minutes spare to discuss this?

Few (to express a very small number)

I have few enemies in this world.

Used in proverbsFew fools in thy eyes see.

A little (to express a small number, positive)

There is a little wine left if you would like.

Do not confuse with the adjective There is a little egg on the table.

Little (to express a very small amount, negative.

There is little hope that the economy will improve

Used to give advice/suggestions It is little wonder you're so tired, you barely slept.

Training 16

Both, either, neither – used to refer to two items,

Both Refers to two items and takes a plural verb I like both sweaters. Both the green one and the blue one are nice.

2

Either (or) Refers to two itmes and takes a singular verb. Either Ian or Stephen will be chairing the meeting. (this one or this one) Either is good for me. (choice) Negative: I don't like either (this one or this one)

1

Neither (nor)

Refers to two items in the negative, not either. Neither Stephen nor Ian knows what they are doing. (not this one or

this) I will have neither sweater. (negative choice) Neither of you can come to my party!

0

Each and Every

Both refer to specific things. Each refers to the individual item Each employee is special to us. (you and you and you)

Each student has a different talent. I will give each student a different prize.

Every refers to the group as a whole. Every day I love you more and more (all days) Every company in Korea had a good year. (all companies) Our profits rise every year. (looking at all years)

They can be interchangeable but the meaning will change Each/every phone is on sale. Every phone is on sale but each is a different price.

Every must be followed by a noun but each can act as a noun.

So and Such

Both can be used to add emphasis to an idea (though not exclusively) So is followed by an adjectives and acts as an adverb

Ian is so professionalStephen is so nice to badgers

Such is followed by a noun or noun phrase.Ian is such a professional.Stephen is such a nice guy.

Training 17

Prepositions

A preposition is a word or phrase that links two parts of a sentence. A preposition of often follows a verb or comes before a noun phrase.

I decided to move to South Korea during the 2002 world cup. After I had finished my dinner I walked to the bank. I am completely against the destruction of badger's natural habitats.

Prepositions can be put into a number of categories.

Category Name Examples

Place, location The badger is on/under/next to/behind/in front of the marmoset.

Direction, movement The badger is walking up/across/under the hill.

Possession, support Without me the badger is nothing, I am against the badger's beliefs.

Reason, Cause I went there for the badger's party, due to the badgers anger we left early.

Time The badger will be here at six, in two hours, on Saturday.

Manner or Means Like the badgers I am a solitary creature, he went there without his wife.

Concession Despite the heat, the badger was happy, I dug the new set in spite of the badger's protests.

Addition or exception

Apart from the new car, her was the same old badger.

Some prepositions are also adverbsI stood behind the tree (preposition) I waited behind after class. (adverb)She stepped off the pavement (preposition) She walked off . (adverb)

Some prepositions can also be conjunctionsThe badger left before midnight. (preposition) The badger left before she arrived. (conj)The badger stayed indoors until lunchtime. (preposition)The badgers stayed inside until the rain stopped. (conjunction)

The 'never ending a sentence rule' Although some pedants insist you must always use a prepositional phrase/compliment and not end on

a preposition, sometimes this is undesirable or impossible. He gave me some photographs to look at not He gave me at some photographs to look. I will not put up with this not This I will not up with put

Sometimes different prepositions can be used differently, depending on regional variations My taste in music is different from / to / than yours.

In America you might pay with a credit card whilst in the UK you pay by cheque. While I had a fight with my sister, there was a fight between my sister and me. While I might get to you in the car, you came to me on the bus. The lesson here is that prepositions can also have multiple uses depending on context and must be

taught that way.

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Phrasal Verbs and Idioms

In English we have many prepositions and adverbs that can be added to certain verbs and take on new meanings.

We have to be careful to always teach these in context as the meanings can be quite different. A few examples;

Combination Verb + Preposition Phrasal verb Simple Verb

Carry + Preposition She carried the child on her back.

The teacher told them to carry on with her work.

To continue

Fall + Preposition She was drunk when she fell out of the car.

Tom cruise fell out with Jack Black on the set.

To argue

Put + Preposition Ian put the cat out for the night. Stephen put out the fire before it spread.

To extinguish

Give + Preposition I gave in my homework. Ian gave in to the police To surrender

Get + Preposition She got on the boat They get on well together To be friends

Take +Preposition He took out his mother I took out some money To withdraw

Phrasal verbs should never be used lightly in the EFL classroom, if you use them, teach them.

Idiomatic Expressions

Idioms are expressions that mean something quite different than their individual words. e.g. to spin = to move in a circular motion BUT to spin a lie = to tell an elaborate tale. They are structures and as such must be taught as grammar not vocabulary as all idioms need to

conjugated according to tense; To be driven crazy He drove me crazy (past) Idioms, like phrasal verbs, must be taught in context and given a simple definition. Many idioms are regional or colloquial and won't be easily understood by all native speakers. Some examples;

Idiomatic Expression Definition

To be at the end of your rope/tether To feel stressed / under pressure

To paint the town red / pink To have a crazy night out.

To be on cloud nine / Top of the world. To be very happy with the situation

To be under the weather. To feel sick or sad at present.

To blow a gasket / your lid To be very angry at something

To be all fingers and thumbs To be clumsy or awkward

To be at the end of the line/ road To be finished with something

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Resources for Grammar

Coursebooks; There are three main types of grammar book

Reference – structures and examples for when needed. (for those with a good grammar base) Grammar for Teachers – example activities and guidance to use. Grammar for Students - Self study books to help with all aspects of learning grammar.

It is often best to go to a large bookstore in your own country (or Bandi & Luni / Kyobo) in Korea and browse through their large selection and find one that is best for you, however below are a few suggestions of know good grammar books.

English Grammar in Use - Raymond Murphy – - Cambridge University Press (Beg – Teacher) The Complete Guide to Grammar – Ferguson & Manser - Capella Understanding English Grammar – Carol Matchett – Literacy Workbooks Oxford A-Z of Grammar and Punctuation – John Seely – Oxford University Press Oxford Modern English Grammar – Bas Aerts – OUP English Grammar for Dummies – Geraldine Woods – John Wiley & Sons The Grammar of English Grammars - Goold Browne - Kindle Just Grammar 'American English' – Carol Lethaby – Marshall Cavendish Grammar for English Language Teachers – Martin Marriot CUP Teaching English Grammar; What to teach and how – Jim Scrivener - Macmillian

Some useful resources online http://www.eslflow.com www.world-english.org/grammar www.grammarbook.com www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/ www.grammarly.com home.comcast.net/.../grammar.ht. http://www.filestube.com/e/english+grammar+in+use+pdf www.ielts.co.kr www.usingenglish.com/handouts/ www.esltower.com/ http://www.azargrammar.com/materials/beg/BEG_PowerPoint.html