Grammar notebook part five special structures

Infinitives, participles, gerunds and gerundives, rhetorical techniques

Infinitives• Present Active

– 2nd principal part of the verb– Usually ends with “re”– Translate as “to + verb”

• Present Passive– Begin with present active infinitive, remove “e” and add “i“

• E.g. Amare = amari• 3rd conjugation (ere) remove “ere” add “i”

– E.g. Ducere = duci

– Basic translation: to be _______ed

Possible confusion with “re”• “ere” can be substituted for “erunt” in the perfect

active tense– amaverunt = amavere– If the “ere” is attached to the third principal part of a verb,

it is not an infinitive. • Remember that many third principal parts end with “u” or “v” or

“s” or “x”; this will help you recognize this alternate form.

Perfect active Infinitives

• Start with the third principal part• Remove the “i”• Add “isse”– amavisse

• Translation : to have ________• most commonly used in indirect statements– Scivit se interfecisse suum amicum– He knew that he had killed his friend

Perfect active Infinitives

• Start with the third principal part• Remove the “i”• Add “isse”– amavisse

• Translation : to have ________• most commonly used in indirect statements– Scivit se interfecisse suum amicum– He knew that he had killed his friend

Perfect Passive Infinitives• Begin with the 4th principal part• Remove the “us” or “um” whichever is there.

– You will have to adjust this part to agree with whoever is receiving the action; most commonly it will be accusative because of the indirect statement

– UM/OS MASCULINE– AM/AS FEMININIE– UM/A NEUTER

• Add “esse” as a separate part– amatam esse to have been loved

• Most commonly used in indirect statement– Scivit suum amicum interfectum esse a se.– He knew that his friend had been killed by him.

Future Active Infinitive• Begin with the fourth principal part.• Remove the “us” and add”ur”; you will have to adjust

this part to agree with whoever is doing the action. It will usually be accusative because of the indirect statement.– UM/OS MASCULINE– AM/AS FEMININE– UM/A NEUTER

• Add “esse” as a separate part.– amaturam esse to be about to love

• Translation “to be about to_________”

Uses of the Infinitive

Historical, subjective, objective, complementary, and the indirect

statement

Historical infinitives

• usually used for a series of actions• translated as an imperfect tense verb to show a

continuous series• example– Femina ambulare de via, viri mirari, omnes viri cadere in

fossam.– The woman was walking down the street, the men were

amazed, all the men fell into the ditch.

Infinitive Usage

• Complementary Infinitives– Completes the meaning of an incomplete verb– Most commonly used with• Possum be able, can• Volo, nolo, malo wish, don’t wish, prefer• Cupio wish• Debeo ought, owe• Coepi begin• Necesse est it is necessary• Et al.

Subjective Infinitives

• functions as the subject of the sentence• grammatically treated as a neuter singular

noun• in English can be translated as a gerund or an

infinitive• Example– Errare est humanum.– To err is human.

Objective Infinitives

• functions like a direct object• most commonly used with iubeo, iubere, iussi,

iussus• treated like a neuter noun• example – Iubeo disciplinos studere.– I order the students to study.

Complementary Infinitives• complete the meaning of an incomplete verb• most commonly used with a form of possum,

debeo, paro, coepit, volo, nolo, cupio, incipio, necesse est, prohibeo and many other verbs that leave the reader hanging as to what is happening

• examplePlinius poterat videre Montem Vesusium de suam villam.Pliny was able to see Mount Vesuvius from his home.

ExampleNecesse est audire Roberto.It is necessary for Robert to listenPotest audire Robertus.Robert is able to listen.

The Indirect Statement• used to report a statement• follows a verb of mental action such as saying, thinking,

understanding, knowing, perceiving, et al.• subject of the indirect statement will used the accusative• verb of the indirect statement will be an infinitive• example

– Scio Caesarem mortuus esse. – I know that Caesar is dead.

The Infinitive of the Indirect Statement

• The choice of the tense of the infinitive is relative to the main verb– same time = present– before = perfect– after = future– The first part of the perfect passive and future

active infinitive will be in the accusative and will agree with the accusative subject.

Examples

• scio eum stare in via.– I know he is standing in the road.

• same time

• Scio eum stetisse in via.– I know that he was standing in the road.

• before

• Scio eum staturum esse in via.– I know that he will stand in the road.

• after

Indirect Statement issues• The subject cannot be left understood; the

accusative noun must be there.• If the subject of the indirect statement is the same as

the main clause, you will use the reflexive pronoun.– example

• Caesar scivit se debere non ferre Cleopatram Romam.• Caesar knew that he ought not to bring Cleopatra to Rome

– debere is the indirect statemnent; ferre in complmentary, se is the subject accusative reflexive.

Infinitives Issue #2

• A LATIN infinitive cannot ever be used to show purpose. To show purpose, you must use a subjunctive or a gerund/gerundive.– Example• I went to the store to buy shoes.• Ivi ad tabernam ut emerem soleas.

Participles

What they are, what they do, and how you make and use them

What is a participle?

• Verbal adjective– A hybrid-type adjective built from a verb– As an adjective, it describes a noun or pronoun

and must agree in gender, number, and case• The captured slaves were going to the arena for the

lions.• Captured tells you which slaves and must agree with

slaves in gender, number, and case. In this sentence it would be masculine, nominative plural.• Capti servi ad arenam leonibus ibant.

Participles Definition continued

• As a verb, a participle retains the idea of an action. – Capti servi ad arenam leonibus ibant.– Multi servi ad arenam leonibus ibant.– Captured is something you can do as opposed to

many. You cannot many.

Verbal qualities of Participles: Tense

• As a verb, a participle has tense.– Participles come in three tenses: Perfect, Present,

and Future

Perfect tense

• Perfect happens before the main verb– The lions ate the captured slaves.– Leones captos servos consumpserunt.

» The slaves had already been captured before the lions ate them.

Present tense

Present happens at the same time as the main verb.The lions were chasing the fleeing slaves.

Leones fugientes servos agitabant.The lions were chasing the slaves as they were

fleeing

Future Tense• Future happens after the main verb.

– Intending to escape, the slave pushed his friend toward the lion.

– Fugiturus servus amicum suum ad leonem propulit.» The slave pushed his friend to the lion as a distraction so

that he could escape while the lion was munching on his friend.

Verbal Qualities of Participles: Voice

• As a verb, a participle has voice (active or passive).

• As a verb, the participle ( present and future) can take an object.– Intending to eat the slave, the lion attacked.– Consumpturus servum, leo oppugnavit.

• Servum is the object of consumpturus.

Present active

– Present participles are active. The modified noun does the participle.• The screaming slave ran from the lion.• Clamans servus effugit e leone.

– The slave is being described by clamans and he is the one doing the clamans.

Perfect Passive participles

– Perfect participles are passive. The modified noun receives the participle and is frequently accompanied by an ablative of personal agent or an ablative of means.• The slave having been attacked by the lion screamed

loudly.• Servus oppugnatus a leone vehementer clamavit.

– The slave is being described by oppugnatus but the lion is actually doing the oppugnatus.

Future active

– Future participles are active. The modified noun does the participle.• The lion intending to eat the slave attacked ferociously.• Leo comsumpturus servum ferociter petivit.

– The lion is being described by consumpturus and in the near future will be doing consumpturus.

Perfect active participles

• Only exists for deponent verbs• Will look like a perfect passive but will

translate actively– Will not be used with ablative of personal agent or

means– Examples• Ingressus arenam, leo Christianum consumpsit.• Having entered the arena, the lion ate the Christian.

Voice practice

• Choose one of the verbs from the first list and write an English sentence for each participle:– Present active– Perfect passive– Future active

Verbal qualities of participles: objects

• As a verb, the participle ( present and future) can take an object.– Intending to eat the slave, the lion attacked.– Consumpturus servum, leo oppugnavit.

» Servum is the object of consumpturus.» Consumpturus modifies leo and agree with leo.

Forming participles

Present activePerfect passivePerfect activeFuture active

Present Active Participles

• Begin with the infinitive– Remove RE for most verbs– Add NS, NTIS for the nominative singular and

genitive singular– Decline as 3rd declension adjective except ablative

singular can be I or E– Base =genitive singular minus is

• Translation : ----ing, while ----ling

Present active participle sample

• Masculine and feminine– NS NTES– NTIS NTIUM– NTI NTIBUS– NTEMNTES– NTI NTIBUS• NTE

• Loving, while loving

• Neuter– NS NTIA– NTIS NTIUM– NTI NTIBUS– NS NTIA– NTI NTIBUS• NTE

• Loving, while loving

PERFECT PASSIVE PARTICIPLE• Already made for you• Fourth principal part of the verb– Amo, amare, amavi, amatus

• Base = fourth principal part minus us• Decline using first and second declension endings

• Masculine second declension• Feminine first declension• Neuter second declension neuter

• TRANSLATION: HAVING BEEN ___ED, _____ED, AFTER BEING _____ED

Perfect passive participle sample singular

• Masculine feminine neuter• Amatus amata amatum• Amati amatae amati• Amato amatae amato• Amatum amatam amatum• Amato amata amato– Having been loved, loved, after being loved

Perfect passive participle sample plural

• Masculine feminine neuter• Amati amatae amata• Amatorum amatarum amatorum• Amatis amatis amatis• Amatos amatas amatis• Amatis amatis amatis

Perfect active participle Formation• Already made for you• Only for deponent verbs • Third principal part of the deponent verbs• Base = third principal part minus us– Sequor, sequi, secutus sum = secut– Decline like perfect passive, just translate actively

• Having followed secutus

• TRANSLATION: HAVING -----ED, AFTER _____ING

Future active participle formation

• Begin with the perfect passive participle or 4th principal part ( Use the third principal part for a deponent)

• Remove us• Add ur• Add first declension for feminine, 2nd

masculine for masculine, 2nd neuter for neuter

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE

• TRANSLATION: ABOUT TO _____, INTENDING TO ______, GOING TO _____

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE MASCULINE

• SINGULAR• AMATURUS• AMATURI• AMATURO• AMATURUM• AMATURO

• PLURAL• AMATURI• AMATURORUM• AMATURIS• AMATUROS• AMATURIS

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE FEMININE

• SINGULAR• AMATURA• AMATURAE• AMATURAE• AMATURAM• AMATURA

• PLURAL• AMATURAE• AMATURARUM• AMATURIS• AMATURAS• AMATURIS

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE NEUTER

• SINGULAR• AMATURUM• AMATURI• AMATURO• AMATURUM• AMATURO

• PLURAL• AMATURA• AMATURORUM• AMATURIS• AMATURA• AMATURIS

Using participles: tenses

• The tense of the participle is relative to the main verb:

• Same time present• After future• Before perfect• Examples

– Milites perdentes urbem vincerunt proelium.– Milites reliquerunt urbem perditam a militibus.– Milites oppugnaverunt perdituri urbem.

Using participles

• Participles work like any adjective, just a little bit fancier. However, under all circumstances, they like any adjective must agree with the modified noun in gender, number, and case

• The endings will not always match because of declensional differences, but the agreement must always be gender, number, and case

GERUNDS

VERBAL NOUNSI LOVE TEACHINGAMO DOCENDUM

• BASE– INFINITIVE MINUS RE FOR ARE, *ERE, ERE VERBS– INFINITIVE MINUS ERE/IRE PLUS IE FOR IO/ERE AND

IRE VERBS– SAMPLES• AMARE = AMA• DOCERE = DOCE• DUCERE = DUCE• CAPIO, CAPERE = CAPIE• SCIRE = SCIE

FORMATIONS OF GERUNDS

• Add ND plus Second Declension Neuter endings– No nominative form• Use a subjective infinitive

– Always singular, always neuter– Recognize a gerund by the nd

FORMATION

• Nominative docere• Genitive docendi• Dative docendo• Accusative docendum• Ablative docendo

Example of gerund

• Most case usages except nominative are the same as an other noun but there are special uses as well

• With CAUSA or GRATIA (Ablative) and a GENITIVE GERUND to show FOR THE SAKE OF– I come to school for the sake of teaching.– Venio ad ludum causa* docendi.

Usage of gerunds

• Genitive with special adjectives– Mrs. Eagle was desirous of teaching.– Matrona Aquila erat cupida docendi

• With dative for indirect objects– Mrs. Eagle gives much time to teaching– Matrona Aquila dat multum tempus docendo.

Usage of gerunds

• With dative and special adjectives– Mrs. Eagle is suitable for teaching– Matrona Aquila est idonea docendo.

• With AD and the accusative to show purpose– Matrona Aquila was hired to teach.– Matrona Aquila conducta est ad docendum.

• With the ablative in prepositional phrases with DE, E, EX, and IN– Can be used with other prepositions– Mrs. Eagle made plans concerning teaching– Matrona Aquila consilia fecit de docendo.

Usage of Gerunds

• Avidus, -a,-um greedy for• Conscius. –a, -um conscious of• Cupidus, -a, -um desirous of• Expers, expertis without, lacking• Memor, memoris mindful of• Immemor, immemoris forgetful of• Nescius, -a, -um not knowing, ignorant of• Peritus, -a, -um expert in, experienced in• Plenus, -a, -um full of• Studious, -a,-umeager for• Similis, simile like, similar• Dissimilis, dissimile unlike, dissimilar

Special Adjectives with genitive

• Idoneus, -a, -um suitable for• Similis, simile simlar to• Dissimilis, disimile unlike• Dignus, -a, -um worthy• Fidelis, fidele faithful to• Amicus, -a,-um friendly to• Carus, -a, -um dear to • Iucundus, -a, -um pleasing to• Par, paris equal to• Proximus, -,a, -um closest to

Special adjectives of with dative

• Without a preposition and in the ablative to shows ablative of means– Mrs. Eagle will make much money by teaching.– Matrona Aquila comparabit multas pecunias

docendo.• For the most part, anything you can do with a

normal noun, you can do with a gerund except use it as a subject or predicate nominative.

Usage of gerunds

• A GERUNDIVE is an ADJECTIVE; it has the full adjective declension

• Use first and second declension endings• The gerundive does have NOMINATIVE forms• The base is the same as a gerund– For are, *ere, ere verbs = infinitive minus re plus nd– For io,ere and ire verbs, infinitive minus ere/ire plus

iend

Gerundives

• Singular• Masculine feminine neuter• docendus docenda docendum• docendi docendae docendi• docendo docendae docendo• docendum docendam docendum• docendo docenda* docendo

example

• Masculine feminine neuter• Docendi docendae docenda• Docendorum docendarum docendorum• Docendis docendis docendis• Docendos docendas docenda• Docendis docendis docendis

Example plural

• Basically a gerundive is simply a gerund with an object. Put both the gerundive and the object in the case required for the gerund, then use the gender and number of the object to choose the correct gerundive. (This is easier than it sounds)

Usage

• Genitive– Mrs. Eagle comes to school for the sake of

teaching students.– Matrona Aquila venit ad ludum discipilorum

docendorum causa.• Dative– Mrs. Eagle gives much time to teaching students,– Matrona Aquilaa dat multum tempus discipulis

docendis

Examples

• Accusative– Mrs. Eagle was hired to teach Latin.– Matrona Aquila conducta est ad docendam Latinam

• Ablative– Mrs. Eagle is pleased by teaching students.– Matrona Aquila delectatur docendis discipulis.

• Anything you can do with a gerund can also be done with a gerundive; you just have to make it agree with its object

More examples

• Gerundives also are used in a special construction called the passive periphrastic.

• The Passive Periphrastic shows obligation or necessity.It is translate with the English word must.The person obligated goes in the dative.The gerundive goes in the nominative.The verb is some form of sum.It can also be used in an indirect statement in theaccusative with esse.

Passive Periphrastic

• The students must be taught by Mrs. Eagle• Discipuli docendi sunt Matronae Aquilae• Claudia said that the students must be taught

by Mrs. Eagle• Claudia dixit discipulos docendos esse

Matronae Aquilae.

Examples

Rhetorical Techniques• Alliteration: repetition of the initial sound of a word for

emphasis– Porcum parvulum portat.– He ports a petite pig.

• Anaphora: repetition of a word for rhetorical effect– Tenet rectum cursum recta gubernaculo

Asyndeton: omission of conjunctions in a list to emphasis the size of the list concursabant servi milites viri pueri mulieresSlaves, soldiers, men, boys, women were running around.

• Polysyndeton: inclusion of extra conjunctions to emphasize a list– Emi vinum et porcum et mala et piros.– I bought wine and pork and apples and pears.

• Historical present: switch from past tense to present tense to make the reader feel like the action is more immediate and compelling