Appendix A - 1

GREEK 3

“GRAMMAR IN THE HEAD” (GIH)

For Greek reading, translation, and exegesis, communicators of the Word need to be able to recall the various ways grammatical forms may function in

a NT Greek sentence. These “Grammar in the Head” charts reduce to grid form

the various categories of function of Greek grammatical forms. By the end of Greek 3, you will be able to Î explain

all the grammatical function categories on these charts, and ã describe the functions the different forms fulfill,.

At that point you will have it all “in your head.”

CONJUNCTIONS

Coordinate Conjunctions

Continuative

“and”

Adversative

“but,

however”

Disjunctive

“or”

Inferential

“therefore,

so, then”

Explanatory

“that is, for”

Transitional

“now, then”

Emphatic

“indeed”

Ascensive

“even”

Correlative

6"4 •88" ´ @Û< ("D *g ("D *g :,< . . . *g

Adverbial Subordinate Conjunctions

Comparative

“as”

Temporal

“when”

Causal

“because”

Conditional

“if”

Concessive

“although”

Purpose

“in order

that”

Result

“so that”

Local

“where”

ñH ÒJg ÒJ4("D

Cl.1 gÆ + indic. . . . any

Cl.2 gÆ + past . . . •< +

past

Cl.3 ¦"< + subj. . . . any

Cl.4 gÆ + opt. . . . •< + opt.

gÆ 6"4 Ê<" ñFJ, @â

Adjectival and Substantival Subordinate Clause Connectors

Adjectival

“who, which”

Substantval

“that”

Definite Indefinite(Generic/Qualitative)

ÓJ4Ë<"

ÓH, », Ð ÓFJ4H, »J4H, Ó J4

Appendix A - 2

TENSE

Progressive Aspect Tenses

Present Imperfect

Basic Use Common Uses Basic Use Common Uses

Progressive“is ing”

Instantaneous“completed at

speaking”

Iterative“repeated at

intervals”

Customary“habitually

occurring”

Gnomic“general truth”

Progressive“was ing”

Ingressive“accents action’s

beginning”

Iterative“repeated at

intervals”

Customary“habitually

occurring”

Summary Aspect Tenses

Aorist Future

Basic Use Common Uses Basic Use Special Use

Constative“views action in entirety”

Ingressive“accents action’s beginning”

Consummative“accents action’s conclusion”

Predictive Imperatival

Completed-Stative Aspect Tenses

Perfect Pluperfect Tense

Basic Use Common Use Special Use Basic Use Common Use Special Use

Intensive“accents present state

resulting from completed

action”

Extensive“accents completed

action”

Perfect with Present

Force

Intensive“accents past state

resulting from completed

action in past time”

Extensive“accents completed action

in past time”

Pluperfect with

Simple Past Force

Appendix A - 3

VOICE

Active

Normal Use Other Uses

Simple

“subject does the action”

Stative

“subject exist in state described

by verb”

Causative

“subject is ultimate source of

action,” -izw, -ow

Reflexive

“Subject acts on self + reflexive

pronoun object”

Middle

Common Uses Other Uses

Indirect

“accents subject’s role in

producing action”

Deponent

“middle form with active

meaning since verb lacks active

form”

Direct

“Subject acts on

self”

Permissive

“accents subject’s

interest in results of

verb’s action”

Reciprocal

“interchange of

action among plural

subjects”

Passive

w/Agency Expressed w/o Agent Expressed

Ultimate (Direct) Agent Intermediate Agent Impersonal Means obvious from context

focus on subject

rhetorical effectßBo/ + genitive *4a/ + genitive ¦< + dative or simple dative

Appendix A - 4

MOOD

Indicative

Basic Use Other Uses

Declarative

“makes a statement”

Interrogative

“asks a question” (;)

Cohortative

“gives a command in Future 2nd

person”

Conditional

“ei) + indic.”

Subjunctive

Independent Clause Dependent (Subordinate) Clause

Hortatory Deliberative Emph. Negat. Prohibitive Conditional Purpose/Result Indefinite (•<)

1st Pl. Subj.

“Let us . . .”

question @Û :0 + A S :0 + A S ¦"< + Subj. Ê<" + Subj. Relative Temporal

ÓH •< + Subj. ÒJ"< + Subj.

Optative

Rare (70x in GNT)

Most common is :0 (g<@4J@ (15x in GNT)

Imperative

Basic Use Other Uses

Command Prohibition Request“from subordinate

to superior”

Permission“consent from

superior to action

desired by

subordinate”

Progressive Summary Progressive Summary

Pres. Imv.

“Do continually or repeatedly”

Aor. Imv.

“Do at once”

:0 + Pres. Imv.

“Stop doing” or

“Don’t be doing”

:0 + Aor. Subj.

“Don’t start to do”

or “Don’t do”

Appendix A - 5

PARTICIPLES

Adjectival (DBW = “Dependent Adjectival”)

Attributive Predicate

Substantival (DBW = “Independent Adjectival”)

Subject Pred. Nom. Direct Object Indirect Object Obj. of Preposition Appositive“explains or describes

another noun more

fully”

Adverbial (DBW = “Dependent Verbal”)

Dependent Absolute

Manner

“. . . ing”present

sometimes aorist

Means

“By . . .”present

sometimes aorist

Time“After, While,

Before”all tenses

Cause“Because”

aorist, perfect

Condition“If”

aorist, perfect

Concession“Although”

aorist, perfect

Purpose“in order that”

future sometimes

present

Attendant

Circumstance

“And”

aorist

Gen./Acc.“Different

subject than

verb

modified”

Verbal (DBW = “Independent Verbal”)

Imperatival Complementary

(DBW = “Dependent Verbal”)“completes thought of verbs of cognition, perception,

beginning, continuing, or ceasing”

Periphrastic

(DBW = “Dependent Verbal”)

“accents duration”

Appendix A - 6

INFINITIVES

Adjectival (DBW = “Epexegetical”)

Modifies a Noun Modifies an Adjective

Substantival

Subject Object Appositive“explains or describes another

noun more fully”

Indirect

Discourse“reported speech”

“that”Direct Complementary

(with verbs of beginning,

volition, ability, obligation)

Adverbial

Purpose Result Time Cause Means

,ÆH J@BD@H J@J@L

ñFJ, BD4<, BD@ (Subseq.)

¦< Jå (Contemp.)

:,J" J@ (Anteced.)

*4" J@ ¦< Jå

Verbal

Imperatival

(No article; clearly unrelated to a verb or a noun)

Appendix A - 7

CASES

Nominative

Designation (Nominative) Address (Vocative)

Subject

“does verb’s action”

Predicate Nominative

“defines or describes subject; after verb ‘to be’”

Appositive

“explains or describes

another noun more fully”

Direct Address

“person or thing to whom statement is

spoken”

Genitive

Description (Genitive) Separation (Ablative)

w/ Action Nouns w/ Non-Action Nouns w/ Verbs Comparison

(after

adjective)

Source“that from

which modified

noun arises”Subjective

“does modified

noun’s action”

Objective“receives

modified

noun’s action”

Descriptive Possessive“owns modified

noun”

Partitive“whole of

which modified

noun is a part”

Attributive“specific

quality of

modified noun”

Apposition“particular

instance of

modified noun”

Quality of

Time“–time”

Dative

Personal Interest (Pure Dative) Position (Local Dative) Means (Instrumental Dative)

Indirect Object“to or for whom verb’s action occurs”

Interest“person favorably or

unfavorably affected by

verb’s action”

Reference“thing with respect to

which verb’s action

occurs”

Sphere“location within

spatial or

logical limits”

Point in

Time

“at, on”

Association“in association

with”

Means“by, with”

Cause“because of”

Accusative

Substantival Adverbial

Direct Object

“receives verb’s action”

Double Accusative Direct Object Subject of Infinitive Measure Reference“thing with

respect to which

verb’s action

occurs”Person + Thing Object +

Complement

Extent of

Time“for the

duration of”

Extent of

Space

Appendix A - 8

DEFINITE ARTICLE

With Nouns (DBW = “Dependent/Modifying”)

Individualizing Generic

Simple

Identification

Relation to Context Reputation Quality “as a class”

(last resort) Anaphoric

“points to

previous

mention”

Deictic

“present at time

of speaking”

Well Known Par Excellence

“best in its class”

Abstract Monadic

“unique”

With Other Parts of Speech (DBW = “Substantiver”)

Adverb Adjective Participle Infinitive Genitive Phrase Prep. Phrase Particle Clause

As a Function Marker

Adjectival Position Indeclinable Nouns Participles Demonstratives Subject

Granville-Sharp Rule

w/ Singular, Personal, Non-proper Nouns w/ Plural Impersonal and/or Proper Nouns

Both persons identical Distinct groups,

though united

Overlapping

groups

First group

subset of second

Second group

subset of first

Both groups

identical

As a Pronoun (DBW = “Independent”)

Personal Alternative Possessive Mild Relative

Absence

Indefinite Qualitative Definite

Appendix A - 9

PARTICLES

Emphasis Negation General Sense

•:0<, (g, <"4 @Û :0 @Û :0 •<(and compounds)

w/ indicative mood;

expects a “yes” answer

w/ other mood and modes;

expects a “no” answer

w/ subjunctive

emphatic negation

PRONOUNS

Substantival Use

Emphasis Reference Relation Question General Sense

Subject Focus Identity Previous Conceptual Possession Participation Mutuality J\H, J\B@4@H, B@F@H

J4H, J4ÓFJ4H, »J4H, Ó J4

¦(T, FL@ßJ@H, ¦6,4<@H

"ÛJ@H ¦(T, FL,"ÛJ@H

@ßJ@H, ¦6,4<@H

J@LJ@J"LJ"

¦(TFL

"ÛJ@L

¦:"LJ@LF,"LJ@L©"LJ@L

•8808T<

Adjectival Use

Description Quality Quantity Proximity Identity General Sense

ÓH, », Ó @Ë@H, B@4@H ÓF@H, B@F@H @ßJ@H, ¦6,4<@H "ÛJ@H J4H, J4

Appendix A - 10

PREPOSITIONS

Direction Position Relation Agency Means Cause Association Purpose

*4" “through”

(G)

“because of”

(A)

gÆH “into”

(A)

“in”

(A)

“for”

(A)

¦6 “out of”

(G)

“by”

(G)

“from”

(G)

¦< “in”

(D)

“with”

(D)

6"J"“down from”

(A)

“down”

(G)

“according to”

(A)

:gJ"“after”

(A)

“with”

(G)

BgD4 “around”

(A)

“about”

(G)

BD@H“toward”

(A)

“at”

(D)

“for”

(A)

ßBgD“over”

(A)

“on behalf of”

(G)

ßB@ “under”

(A)

“by”

(G)