Grammar Book

Tito Head

Table of Contents

1. Nationalities2. Stem Changers3. Para4. IOP5. Pronoun placement6. gustar7. Affirmatives and Negative words8. superlatives9. reflexives10. affirmative tu commands, irregulars, and pronoun placement11. negative tu commands12. sequencing events, irregulars and pronoun placement13. Preterit14. Trigger words15. -car, -gar, -zar16. Deber + Infinitive17. Modal Verbs18. Present Progressives19. Adverbs

Stem Changers

• Boot verbs change only inside the “boot”

• There are four kinds of boot verbs

• o-ue

• e-ie

• e-i

• e-ue Example: jugar

Para

When to use para: PRODDS

P- purpose

R- recipient

O- opinion

D- destination

D- deadline

S- standard

Purpose: Para is used with an infinitive to express the purpose of doing something. EX: Trabajamos para ganar dinero.

Recipient: the intended recipient of an object is indicated with the preposition para. EX: Yo trajela comida para mi abuela.

Opinion: para is used to express a personal opinion. EX: Para mi los derechos humanos son importantes.

Destination: para is used to tell the destination of something. EX: Las toallas son para el bano.

Deadline: Para is used to say a deadline or due date. EX: El proyectoespara el veinte de mayo.

Standard: Para is uesd to express something that strays from the normal in english. Like when saying she’s pretty cool for a teacher. EX: Su hijo sabe mucho para su edad.

Indirect Object Pronouns

Singular: Plural:

Me me Nos us

Te you Os you

Le you, him les you, them

her, it

The indirect Object is the person or thing for whom an action is being or has been performed, usually indicated in English by the words “to” or “for”

In spanish, the indirect object pronouns go directly before the verb. If the sentence is negative, the indirect object pronoun still goes directly before the verb.

Object Pronoun Placement

• Attach the pronoun to the infinitive

• Attach the pronoun to a progressive tense

1. Infinitive

2. Gerund

3. Before conjugated verb

4. Affirmative command

Gustar

Negative phrase:

“no ______ gusta…?”

Two infinitives or more, will still be gusta in singular.

Gusta _____

Gustan_____Gusta Singular: Me gusta el boligrafo.

Gusta antes de un infinitive: Me gusta hablar espanol.

Gustan antes de un sustantivo plural: Me gustan boligrafos.

A mi= me gusta

A ti= te gusta

A usted/ a el/ a ella= le gusta

A nosotros= nos gusta

A ustedes/ a ellas/ a ellos=les gusta

Affirmative and Negative Words

Affirmative Words: Negative Words:

Algo something Nada nothing

Alguien someone Nadie no one

Algun/alguno some Ningun/ninguno none

Siempre always Nunca never

Tambien also Tampoco neither/either

Superlativos

For superlatives we use mas or menos to make some thing say the most, biggest, or least. To get those expressions, we use the right definite article (el, la, los, or las) is used.

Esa revista es la mas interesante en la tienda.

That magazine is the most interesting in the store.

reflexives

• In the reflexive contraction, the subject is also the object.

Levantarse:

1.Conjugate the verb always.

2. Add the reflexive pronouns.

Yo me levanto a las ocho de la manana.

Position of the pronouns for relxives:

1.In front of a conjugated verb.

- Me aquesto a las diez de la noche.

2.Attach to a gerund.

-Estoy acuestandome ahora mismo.

3.Attch to an infinitive.

- Voy a acostarme ahora mismo.

Me

Te

Se

Nos

Os

Se

Affirmative tu commands

Positive: Drop the “s”

Negative:

1. Put into “yo” form

2. Change vowel

3. Add ”s”

Irregulars:

Decir- Di

Hace- Haz

Ir- Ve

Ser-Se

Poner- Pon

Venir- Ven

Tenir- Ten

Salir- Sal

Negative tu commands

Negative:

1. Drop the “s”

2. Put into “yo”,

change vowel

Ar-e and er, ir-a

3.Irregular commands:

T-tener, no tegas

V-venir, no vengas

D-dar/decir, no des

I-ir no vayas

S-ser, no seas

H- hacer, no hagas

E-estar, no estes

S-saber, no sepas

Sequencing events

Use primero when saying the first day of the month.

Primero= 1st

Entonces= then

Luego/despues=then/after

Porfin=finally

Antes de/despues de=before/after

Por la manana/tarde/noche=in/during the morning/afternoon/night (no specific time is given)

Los lunes, etc.= on monday

Preterite

AR:

-é -amos

Ex: Hablé ex:hablamos

-aste

Ex: hablaste

-ó -aron

Ex: hablò hablaron

ER/IR

-íEx:comí,escribi

-isteEx:Comiste,

escribiste

-ióEx: comió,

escribio

-imosEx: comimos,

escribimos

-ieron

Ex: comieron,

escribieron

Trigger words

Un día A day

Una vez Once

Ayer Ayer

A noche to night

Hace un año a year ago

Ya already

El mes pasado last month

Ante ayer before yesterday

Por una hora for an hour

Por fin finally

A las ocho at eight o’clock

El cinco de febrero on February 5

-car, -gar, -zar

• If a word ends in:

-car change to qué

-gar change to gué

-zar change to cé

Deber and infinitives

• Deber= should/ought to

debo debemos

debes debéis

debe deben

Examples: Don’t conjugate the second verb!

Debo el suelo.

Debes la cocina.

Debe la basura.

Modal verbs

• When modal verbs are used in modal verb combinations, the second verb is not conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form. You would never say “no puedo nado”

Deber- should; ought to

Desear- to desire

Necesitar- to need

Poder- can, could, might, be able to

Querer- want, would like to

Saber- know, know how to

Soler- usually, used to

Present progressives

Irregular present progressives:

• When the stem of an –er or –ir verb ends in a vowel, change the –eiendoto –yendo to form the present participle.

Ar ando

Er/ir iendo

3 vowels yendo

Present Progressives:

Estoy esperando estamos esperando

estás esperando estáis esperando

Está esperando están esperando

When you use pronouns with the present progressive, you can put them in one of two places.1. Put pronouns before the conjugated form of estar.2. Attach them to the end of the present participle.

Adverbs

• Change the adjective to feminine

• Add `-mente`

• Cuidadoso change to feminine= cuidadosathen add –mente= cuidadosamente.

Examples:

Lento Lenta Lentamente

Rápido Rápida Rápidamente