grammar appendix grammar review - amazon web services · grammar appendix grammar review present...

Grammar appendix

Grammar reviewpresent simpLe

FOrm

affirmative negative interrogative

I / You work I / You do not (don’t) work Do I / you work?He / She / It works He / She / It does not (doesn’t) work Does he / she / it work?We / You / They work We / You / They do not (don’t) work Do we / you / they work?

Uses examples adverbs of frequency / time expressions

A regular habit or routine Do you work on Sundays? (Traballas os domingos?) always, usually, generally, regularly, occasionally,

frequently, often, sometimes, rarely, seldom, never

at 1 o’clock, at night, in the morning, on Fridays, every week, once a month, how often ...?

A general truth or scientific fact Water boils at 100º Celsius. (A auga ferve aos cen graos.)

Stative verbsMary doesn’t think my boyfriend is attractive. (Mary non cre que o meu noivo é atractivo.)

present COntinUOUs

FOrm


I am reading I am (I’m) not reading Am I reading?You are reading You are not (aren’t) reading Are you reading?He / She / It is reading He / She / It is not (isn’t) reading Is he / she / it reading?We / You / They are reading We / You / They are not (aren’t) reading Are we / you / they reading?

Uses examples time expressions

An action which is happening now He is reading a magazine now. (Está a ler unha revista agora.) now, right now, at the moment

A temporary action I am studying photography this year. (Estou a estudar fotografía este ano.) this year, at present

A definite plan for the near future My friends are leaving for India tomorrow. (Os meus amigos marchan mañá á India.)

this evening, tonight, tomorrow, next Friday / week / year

➡ Stative VerbsComo indican un estado, máis ca unha acción, adoitan empregarse en Present Simple. Están relacionados con:

● as emocións e os sentimentos (dislike, enjoy, hate, hope, like, love, prefer, want)

● o pensamento e a opinión (believe, forget, guess, know, remember, think, understand)

● a percepción e os sentidos (feel, hear, see, smell, sound, taste, touch)

● os prezos e as medidas (cost, weigh, measure)

● a posesión (belong, have, own).

Algúns indican tanto estado como actividade e poden empregarse na forma simple e mais na continua. Sarah thinks the film is boring. (Sarahcrequeapelículaéaborrecida.)[estado] Sarah is thinking of selling her house. (Sarahestáapensarenvenderasúacasa.)[actividade]

Mentres que o verbo see en Present Continuous indica unha acción futura fixada de antemán. We’re seeing Ann tonight. (VeremosaAnnestanoite.)[Xa quedamos.]

�Bridges 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

past simpLe

FOrm


I / You visited I / You did not (didn’t) visit Did I / you visit?He / She / It visited He / She / It did not (didn’t) visit Did he / she / it visit?We / You / They visited We / You / They did not (didn’t) visit Did we / you / they visit?


A completed action in the pastWe visited the museum last week. (Visitou o museo a pasada semana.) yesterday, last week / year, two days ago,

in 2007, in the 1980s, in the 18th century, when, thenA series of completed actions in the past

When I opened the door, the dog barked at the postman. (Cando abrín a porta, o can ladrou ao carteiro.)

past COntinUOUs

FOrm

affirmative negative interrogativeI was watching I was not (wasn’t) watching Was I watching?You were watching You were not (weren’t) watching Were you watching?He / She / It was watching He / She / It was not (wasn’t) watching Was he / she / it watching?We / You / They were watching We / You / They were not (weren’t) watching Were we / you / they watching?


An incomplete action in progress at a specific time in the past

At 9 o’clock last night, they were watching the tennis match. (Ás nove en punto da pasada noite, estaban a ver o partido de tenis.)

last night / week / year, at 4 o’clock, when, while, as

An incomplete action interrupted by another action

She was doing her homework when her friends arrived. (Estaba a facer os seus deberes cando os seus amigos chegaron.)

Two incomplete actions in progress at the same time in the past

I was cooking dinner while he was setting the table. (Eu estaba a preparar a cea mentres el estaba a poñer a mesa.)

FUtUre simpLe

FOrm


I / You will start I / You will not (won’t) start Will I / you start?He / She / It will start He / She / It will not (won’t) start Will he / she / it start?We / You / They will start We / You / They will not (won’t) start Will we / you / they start?


A prediction I’m sure Peter won’t be at the party this evening. (Estou certo de que Peter non estará na festa esta noite.) this evening, in an hour, at 3 o’clock,

later, tomorrow, next month / year, soon, in a few weeks, in the future, on 1st May

A timetable My parents will arrive on the 5 o’clock train. (Meus pais chegarán no tren das cinco.)

A spontaneous decision I’ll have a sandwich, please. (Tomarei un sándwich, por favor.)

Grammar appendix


Be GOinG tO

FOrm

affirmative negative interrogativeI am going to buy I am (I’m) not going to buy Am I going to buy?You are going to buy You are not (aren’t) going to buy Are you going to buy?He / She / It is going to buy He / She / It is not (isn’t) going to buy Is he / she / it going to buy?We / You / They are going to buy We / You / They are not (aren’t) going to buy Are we / you / they going to buy?


A planned action for the future We are going to buy a new computer next month. (Imos mercar un novo ordenador o mes que vén.)

this evening, later, in an hour, at 4 o’clock, tomorrow, soon, next month / year, in a few weeks, on 8th MayAn action that is about to happen Look at those clouds. It’s going to rain soon.

(Repara nesas nubes. Vai chover axiña.)

➡ O Present Continuous con valor de futuro

Anuncia accións fixadas de antemán que ocorrerán no futuro próximo. Adóitase reservar para plans persoais xa concertados. They’re coming home tonight. (Veñen/Viránácasaestanoite.)

Non expresa unha intención, como be going to, senón algo que foi programado con antelación e que vai pasar con seguridade. Distínguese do Present Continuous normal pois a expresión temporal que vai na frase sinala un tempo futuro e non presente. The train is arriving in twenty minutes.

(Otrenchega/chegaráenvinteminutos.)

FUtUre COntinUOUs

FOrm


I / You will be shopping I / You will not (won’t) be shopping Will I / you be shopping?He / She / It will be shopping He / She / It will not (won’t) be shopping Will he / she / it be shopping?We / You / They will be shopping We / You / They will not (won’t) be shopping Will we / you / they be shopping?


An action in progress at a certain time in the future

At this time tomorrow, I will be shopping in town. (Mañá a estas horas, estarei de compras na cidade.)

at this time, at this time next ..., on Thursday, in the next decade

Unit 1 Health

present perFeCt simpLe

FOrm


I / You have talked I / You have not (haven’t) talked Have I / you talked?He / She / It has talked He / She / It has not (hasn’t) talked Has he / she / it talked?We / You / They have talked We / You / They have not (haven’t) talked Have we / you / they talked?


An action that began in the past and continues until the future

I haven’t talked to Jim for a week. (Non falei con Jim desde hai unha semana.) ever, never, yet, just, already,

recently, lately, how long ...?, for, since, in recent yearsAn action that took place at an undetermined

time in the past, but is connected to the presentJack has stopped smoking. (Jack deixou de fumar.)

Grammar appendix


Forma

Afirmativa: úsase have / has + o participio do verbo principal. Negativa: ponse have / has + not (n’t) + o participio.Interrogativa: poñemos have / has + o suxeito + o participio.

Usos

● Falarmos de accións que comezaron no pasado e aínda continúan (por iso, ás veces tradúcese o verbo en presente).

● Con accións pasadas cuxos efectos son visíbeis arestora.● Expresarmos que unha acción vén de ocorrer. Daquela ponse

just entre have e o participio. They have just arrived. (Acabandechegar.)

Con how long ...? preguntamos canto tempo pasou desde que a acción, que aínda continúa, comezou. How long have you lived in London?

(CantotempohaiquevivesenLondres?)

For sinala canto durou a acción e since cando comezou. I haven’t seen Beth for two years.

(NonvinaBethdurantedousanos.) Jim has played tennis since he was 13 years old.

(Timxogaaotenisdesdequetiñatreceanos.)

➡ Contraste entre o Past Simple e o Present Perfect Simple

A principal diferenza é que o Past Simple indica o que ocorreu nun intre concreto, mentres que o Present Perfect Simple sitúa a acción nun período de tempo. We put an advert in the newspaper to sell our car and

so far, six people have phoned. (Puxemosunanuncionoxornalparavenderococheeatéagorachamaronseispersoas.)

present perFeCt COntinUOUs

FOrm


I / You have been working I / You have not (haven’t) been working Have I / you been working?He / She / It has been working He / She / It has not (hasn’t) been working Has he / she / it been working?We / You / They have been working We / You / They have not (haven’t) been working Have we / you / they been working?


An action that started in the past and which still continues in the present

Dave has been going to the gym for a year. (Dave leva indo ao ximnasio un ano.)How long has Steve been walking? (Cando tempo estivo Steve a camiñar?)

for a year, since 2002, how long ...?

An action whose results are still apparentI’m tired. I have been studying all night. (Estou canso. Levo estudando toda a noite.) all night / morning / day / week

Forma

Afirmativa: o Present Perfect Continuous fórmase con have / has + been + o verbo na forma ing.

Negativa: engádese not a have / has ou empregamos as formas contraídas haven’t / hasn’t + been + o verbo con ing.

Interrogativa: ponse have / has + o suxeito + been + o verbo na forma ing.

Usos ● Expresar accións que comezaron no pasado e que aínda

continúan. Como o Present Perfect Continuous resalta o tempo que está a durar a acción, adoitamos traducilo por “levar” en presente + un verbo en xerundio.

● Expresar accións rematadas hai pouco cuxos efectos son visíbeis aínda.

As expresións temporais empregadas con este tempo verbal cómpre que indiquen un período, non un intre concreto.

past perFeCt simpLe

FOrm


I / You had started I / You had not (hadn’t) started Had I / you started?He / She / It had started He / She / It had not (hadn’t) started Had he / she / it started?We / You / They had started We / You / They had not (hadn’t) started Had we / you / they started?


A completed action which took place before another action in the past

By the time we arrived at the cinema, the film had already started. (Cando chegamos ao cinema, a película xa comezara.)

already, by the time, after, before, until, never, just

Grammar appendix


Forma

Afirmativa: o Past Perfect Simple fórmase con had + o participio do verbo principal. Negativa: engádese not ou n’t a had + o participio. Interrogativa: ponse had + o suxeito + o participio.

Usos

● Indica que unha acción ocorreu antes ca outra (que vai en Past Simple) ou antes dun intre concreto no pasado.

past perFeCt COntinUOUs

FOrm


I / You had been travelling I / You had not (hadn’t) been travelling Had I / you been travelling?He / She / It had been travelling He / She / It had not (hadn’t) been travelling Had he / she / it been travelling?We / You / They had been travelling We / You / They had not (hadn’t) been travelling Had we / you / they been travelling?


An action which continued up to another past action

We had been travelling for a few hours when it started snowing. (Levabamos a viaxar unhas poucas horas cando deu en nevar.)

for hours, since last April, all morning, when, until, before

Forma

Afirmativa: fórmase con had + been + o verbo na forma ing.Negativa: engadimos not a had (ou hadn’t) + been + o verbo rematado en ing.Interrogativa: ponse had + o suxeito + o verbo con ing.

Usos

● Falar dunha acción prolongada que ocorreu no pasado antes ca outra acción ou intre tamén pasado. É moi común traducilo como “levar” en pretérito imperfecto + xerundio (ou “a”+infinitivo).

She had been writing short stories for years until she decided to publish them. (Levabaanosaescribircontosatéquedecidiupublicalos.)

O habitual é que esas dúas accións vaian unidas por unha conxunción, que pode ser temporal como as do cadro (when, until, before), concesiva (although) ou causal (because). He put on weight because he hadn’t been getting

enough exercise. (Engordouporquenonestiveraafacerexercicioabondo.)

FUtUre perFeCt simpLe

FOrm


I / You will have finished I / You will not (won’t) have finished Will I / you have finished?He / She / It will have finished He / She / It will not (won’t) have finished Will he / she / it have finished?We / You / They will have finished We / You / They will not (won’t) have finished Will we / you / they have finished?


A completed action at a certain future time

By the end of June, we will have finished school. (Contra fins de xuño, teremos rematado o colexio.)

by this time next week, by 10 o’clock, by the end of ..., by then, by August, in three months

FormaAfirmativa: emprégase will have + o participio dun verbo.Negativa: poñemos will not (won’t) + have + o participio.Interrogativa: ponse will + o suxeito + have + o participio.

Usos

● Indicarmos que unha acción concluirá nun momento concreto do futuro.

➡ Os prefixos● Os prefixos un, im, il, in e dis engádense a algúns

adxectivos, substantivos e verbos para formaren os seus opostos.

pleasant (agradábel) unpleasant (desagradábel) patient (paciente) impatient (impaciente) legal (legal) illegal (ilegal) correct (correcto/a) incorrect (incorrecto/a) satisfied (satisfeito/a) dissatisfied (insatisfeito/a)● O prefixo mis engádese a algúns substantivos e verbos para

indicar que algo se fai mal ou incorrectamente. use (uso) misuse (maluso)● Con en fórmanse verbos que describen o paso ao estado

sinalado pola palabra á que se engade este prefixo. close (pechar) enclose (encerrar)

Grammar appendix


Verbos seguidos de xerundio e de infinitivo

Verbos como begin, propose, forbid, intend ou start poden ir con xerundio ou infinitivo e significan o mesmo. I’ve started to go / going to the gym.

(Comeceiairaoximnasio.)

Mais stop,remember,regreteforget non significan o mesmo se van seguidos dun xerundio ou dun infitivo.

● forget + xerundio emprégase en frases negativas para indicar a imposibilidade de esquecer algo ocorrido no pasado.

I’ll never forget seeing the Eiffel Tower for the first time. (NuncaesquecereicandovinaTorreEiffelporprimeiravez.)

forget + infinitivo significa “esquecer facer algo”. I forgot to buy the newspaper.

(Esquecínmercaroxornal.)

● regret + xerundio significa “arrepentirse de ter feito algo no pasado”.

He regrets staying at home. (Arrepíntesedeterquedadonacasa.)

regret + infinitivo significa “lamentar o que se vai dicir a continuación”.

I regret to tell you that we can’t do anything. (Lamentoquesaibasquenonpodemosfacernada.)

● remember + xerundio significa “lembrar algo que se fixo no pasado”.

I remember buying the tickets. (Lembrotercompradoasentradas.)

remember + infinitivo significa “lembrarse de facer algo”. Remember to take your passport.

(Lémbratecolleropasaporte.)

● stop + xerundio significa “deixar un hábito”. She stopped training for a few weeks.

(Deixoudeadestrarduranteunhassemanas.) stop + infinitivo significa “deixar de facer algo para facer

outra cousa”. We stopped to have lunch. (Paramosparaxantar)

● Os prefixos under, over e non son doados de entender, e no que se refire a co, re, inter, anti, bi, pre e multi, significan o mesmo que na nosa lingua:

underline (subliñar) international (internacional) overloaded (sobrecargado) anti-hero (antiheroe) non-smoker (nonfumador) bilingual (bilingüe) co-pilot (copiloto) prehistoric (prehistórico) rewrite (reescribir) multiracial (multirracial)

➡ O xerundio e o infinitivo

O xerundio

É a forma verbal rematada en ing que funciona como substantivo. Por iso podemos atopalo:

● Como suxeito, falando de feitos en xeral. Eating healthy food helps you keep fit.

(Comercomidasaaxúdacheamanterteenforma.)

● Como obxecto directo dalgúns verbos: continue, dislike, enjoy, finish, hate, like, love, miss, prefer, recommend, suggest, etc.

He likes running marathons. (Gústallecorrermaratóns.)

● Detrás das preposicións. She’s interested in doing Pilates.

(EstáinteresadaenfacerPilates.)

● Detrás dalgunhas formas verbais: be / get used to, can’t help, can’t stand, don’t mind / wouldn’t mind, feel like, it’s no use, look forward to, spend (time), etc.

I feel like going to the concert tonight. (Teñoganasdeiraoconcertoestanoite.)

O infinitivo É a forma verbal precedida de to e emprégase nestes casos:

● Como suxeito, falando dun feito concreto. To apply for that job would be a good idea.

(Solicitaresetraballoseríaunhaboaidea.)

● Detrás de verbos como: agree, appear, choose, decide, expect, hope, learn, manage, plan, promise, refuse, seem, want, wish, etc.

I promised to help him with his homework. (Prometínaxudarllecosdeberes.)

● Detrás dalgúns adxectivos (busy, happy, ready, tired, etc.) e adverbios (fast, high, low, slowly, etc.)

I am happy to be here. (Estouledadeestaraquí.)

● Detrás do obxecto indirecto de verbos como: advise, invite, persuade, teach, tell ou warn.

They told him to eat three meals a day. (Dixéronllequefixeratrescomidasaodía.)

Algúns verbos de percepción (feel, hear, see, etc.), make e let van seguidos de verbos na forma base (infinitivo sen to). His parents let him participate in the race.

(Seuspaisdeixáronoparticiparnacarreira.)

Grammar appendix


O estiLO indireCtO

tense direct speech reported speech

Present Simple “He works in a restaurant.” (“El traballa nun restaurante.“)

She said that he worked in a restaurant. (Ela dixo que el traballou nun restaurante.)

Past Simple “He worked in a restaurant.” (“El traballou nun restaurante.“)

She said that he had worked in a restaurant. (Ela dixo que el traballara nun restaurante.)

Future Simple “He will work in a restaurant.” (“El traballará nun restaurante.“)

She said that he would work in a restaurant. (Ela dixo que el traballaría nun restaurante.)

Present Continuous “He is working in a restaurant.” (“El está a traballar nun restaurante.”)

She said that he was working in a restaurant. (Ela dixo que el traballaba nun restaurante.)

Past Continuous “He was working in a restaurant.” (“El estaba a traballar nun restaurante.“)

She said that he had been working in a restaurant. (Ela dixo que el estivera a traballar nun restaurante.)

Present Perfect Simple “He has worked in a restaurant.” (“El ten traballado nun restaurante.“)

She said that he had worked in a restaurant. (Ela dixo que el tiña traballado nun restaurante.)

Present Perfect Continuous “He has been working in a restaurant.” (“El estivo traballando nun restaurante.”)


Past Perfect Simple “He had worked in a restaurant.” (“El traballara nun restaurante.“)

She said that he had worked in a restaurant. (Ela dixo que el traballara nun restaurante.)

Past Perfect Continuous “He had been working in a restaurant.” (“El estivera a traballar nun restaurante.“)


Unit 2 Jobs

CamBiOs nOs mOdais

direct speech reported speech

can could

may might

must / have to must / had to

will would

CamBiOs nOUtras paLaBras e expresiOns

direct speech reported speech

now then

today that day

tonight that night

yesterday the previous day / the day before

last week the previous week / the week before

a month ago the previous month / the month before

tomorrow the following day / the day after / the next day

next week the following week / the week after

here there

this / these that / those

O estilo indirecto emprégase para contarmos o que alguén dixo sen citar exactamente as súas palabras.

➡ Reported statementsPodemos contar en presente o que alguén vén de dicir, para o cal abonda con suprimir as comiñas e cambiar o pronome suxeito e a persoa do verbo. “I have got a part-time job.” He says that he has got a part-time job.

(Diquetenuntraballoatempoparcial.)

Mais o normal é contalo en pasado (He said...). Daquela o verbo seguinte dá un salto atrás: o Present Simple pasa a Past Simple, will a would, etc. (só o Past Perfect permanece invariábel), e ademais dos pronomes persoais, cambian os demostrativos, os posesivos e as expresións de tempo e de lugar. “I graduated from university last year,” she said. She said that she had graduated from university the

year before. (Dixoqueselicenciaranauniversidadeoanoanterior.)

‘

Grammar appendix


Se a frase enuncia un feito que segue a ter vixencia no presente, non hai cambio nos tempos verbais. “London is the capital of Great Britain,” he said. He said that London is the capital of Great Britain.

(DixoqueLondreséacapitaldeGranBretaña.)

Como xa coñeces, os verbos máis comúns para introducilo son say e tell. Tell sempre leva un obxecto indirecto sen a preposición to. Say pode levar obxecto indirecto ou non, mais de levalo cómpre que vaia con esa preposición. “The film will start at 8 o’clock,” he said. He said / said to us / told us (that) the film would start

at 8 o’clock. (Dixoqueapelículacomezaríaás8.)

➡ Reported questions● As Yes / No questions (as que se poden contestar cun “si”

ou un “non”) pásanse a estilo indirecto empregando o verbo ask + if ou whether.

Daquela, como a pregunta deixa de selo e se converte nunha oración enunciativa, non hai inversión do suxeito e o verbo, sinal de interrogación nin comiñas. “Did you have an exam yesterday?” Mum asked. My mum asked me if I had had an exam the day before.

(Miñanaipreguntoumesetiveraunexameodíaanterior.)

● As Wh-questions (as que comezan con who, what, etc., e non se poden contestar cun “si” ou un “non” empregan a partícula interrogativa no canto de if ou whether, mais tampouco hai inversión suxeito-verbo, sinal de interrogación nin comiñas.

“What are the job requirements?” I asked. I asked what the job requirements were.

(Pregunteicaleseranosrequisitosparaotraballo.) “How many people work here?” he asked. He asked how many people worked there.

(Preguntoucantaspersoastraballabanalí.)

➡ Reported ordersPara pasarmos unha orde a estilo indirecto cómpre cambiar o imperativo polo infinitivo. Mais antes empregamos un verbo que exprese mandato, como order ou tell, seguido do obxecto indirecto. “Please be quiet.” The teacher told us to be quiet.

(Aprofesoradíxonosquecalaramos.)

Se a orde é negativa, poñemos not diante do infinitivo. “Don’t park your car here.” The policeman ordered me not to park my car there.

(Opolicíaordenoumequenonaparcaraomeucochealí.)

➡ Reported suggestionsPara expresarmos unha suxestión en estilo indirecto empregamos os verbos suggest ou recommend en pasado. Logo, contamos o que dixo esa persoa de dúas formas:

● Cun verbo en xerundio, indicando que quen fixo a suxestión se incluía nela.

“Let’s go to the cinema tomorrow,” Jim said. Jim suggested going to the cinema the following

day. (Jimsuxeriuirmosaocinemaodíaseguinte.)

● Ou empregando unha oración con that + suxeito + verbo na forma base, indicando que a suxestión se refería a outra ou outras persoas.

“Try the new restaurant,” Beth said. Beth suggested that I try the new restaurant.

(Bethsuxeriuqueeuprobaseonovorestaurante.)

➡ Reporting verbsSay, tell e ask só introducen a mensaxe sen engadir máis información, mentres que os seguintes verbos transmiten tamén a intención do falante ou o ton en que falou:

● en afirmacións: admit, agree, answer, apologise, boast, claim, complain, declare, deny, explain, inform, insist, mention, offer, promise, refuse, remind, reply

“I’ve had problems with my computer,” he said. He complained that he had had problems with his

computer. (Queixousedequetiveraproblemascoseuordenador.)

● en preguntas: enquire, request, want to know, wonder “Did you leave your previous job?” John asked. John wanted to know if I had left my previous job.

(Johnqueríasabersedeixaraomeutraballoanterior.)

● en ordes: demand, order, shout, warn “Stay here!” she said. She ordered me to stay there.

(Ordenoumequeficaraalí.)

● en súplicas e rogos: beg “Please wait for me,” he said. He begged me to wait for him.

(Rogoumequeagardaseporel.)

● en suxestións: advise, invite, suggest, recommend “You should apply for that job,” Lucy said. Lucy advised him to apply for that job.

(Lucyaconselloullequesolicitaseesetraballo.)

➡ Os sufixosSon terminacións que engadimos a algunhas palabras para formaren outras novas.

Sufixos para formaren substantivos

● Para formaren substantivos a partir de verbos empregamos os sufixos ment, tion / sion e er / or.

agree (acordar) agreement (acordo) invite (invitar) invitation (invitación) conclude (concluír) conclusion (conclusión) drive (conducir) driver (condutor) act (actuar) actor (actor)

● Tamén se forman substantivos engadindo os sufixos ity, ship, ness e ence / ance a algúns adxectivos, substantivos ou verbos.

personal (persoal) personality (personalidade) friend (amigo) friendship (amizade) happy (feliz) happiness (felicidade) obedient (obediente) obedience (obediencia) annoy (molestar) annoyance (molestia)

Grammar appendix


Sufixos para formaren adxectivos

● Os sufixos ful e less engádense a algúns substantivos e axudan a saber o significado dos adxectivos resultantes, pois ful significa “con” e less “sen”.

care (coidado) careful (coidadoso/a) careless (descoidado/a)

● Tamén se forman adxectivos engadindo os sufixos ous, al, able / ible e ive a algúns substantivos e verbos.

danger (perigo) dangerous (perigoso/a) nation (nación) national (nacional) predict (predicir) predictable (predicíbel) reverse (inverso) reversible (reversíbel) attract (atraer) attractive (atractivo/a)

● Outros sufixos que engadimos a verbos son ed e ing. bore (aborrecer) bored ([estar]aborrecido/a) boring ([ser]aborrecido/a)

Cando o adxectivo termina en ed significa que a persoa ou cousa á que se refire sofre o efecto do adxectivo e cando acaba en ing significa que a persoa ou cousa produce ese efecto.

➡ Verbos seguidos de preposiciónAlgúns verbos adoitan ir seguidos sempre da mesma preposición. apply for (solicitar) wait for (agardar) listen to (escoitar(a))Mais outros poden levar distintas preposicións: arrive at (“chegara”unlugar) arrive in (“chegara”unhacidadeouunpaís) hear about (“saberde”) hear of (“ouvirfalarde”) talk about (“falarde/sobre”algo) talk to / with (“falarcon”unhapersoa) think about (“opinar(sobre),parecer”;“coidaren”) think of (“coidaren”)

Repara na listaxe de verbos con preposición que hai nas páxinas finais.

a VOZ pasiVa

tense active passive

Present Simple Many people sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts are sold by many people.

Present Continuous Many people are selling unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts are being sold by many people.

Past Simple Many people sold unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts were sold by many people.

Future Simple Many people will sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts will be sold by many people.

Present Perfect Simple Many people have sold unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts have been sold by many people.

Modals Many people can sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts can be sold by many people.

Past Continuous Many people were selling unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts were being sold by many people.

Past Perfect Simple Many people had sold unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts had been sold by many people.

Modal Perfects Many people must have sold unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts must have been sold by many people.

have to Many people have to sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts have to be sold by many people.

be going to Many people are going to sell unwanted gifts. Unwanted gifts are going to be sold by many people.

Unit 3 Shopping

Forma

Afirmativa: fórmase co verbo to be + o participio do verbo principal.

Negativa: só cómpre engadir not ao auxiliar to be + o participio do verbo. In the end, the party wasn’t held last night.

(Aofinalnonsecelebrouafestaapasadanoite.)

Interrogativa: as preguntas comezan con to be, pois o suxeito colócase entre o auxiliar e o participio. Were you advised by your parents?

(Aconselláronteosteuspais?)

Grammar appendix


● Se na pregunta hai un modal, un verbo en futuro ou un tempo composto, a frase pasiva comeza co modal ou o verbo auxiliar, o mesmo ca na voz activa.

Can the dress be taken back to the shop? (Pódesevolverovestidoátenda?)

Have the windows been cleaned? (Limpáronseasfiestras?)

● As preguntas que levan partícula interrogativa tamén invirten a orde do verbo auxiliar e do suxeito, agás cando a partícula fai de suxeito.

What present have you been given? (Queagasallochefixeron?)

Who was chosen as president? (Quenfoielixidocomopresidente?)

Como pasarmos unha oración a pasiva

A pasiva é máis frecuente en inglés ca en galego; nós adoitamos empregar o verbo en activa ou na forma impersoal.

● Poñer o verbo to be no mesmo tempo que tiña o verbo principal na voz activa.

He sold his car last week. His car was sold last week. (Oseucochefoivendido/vendéronoasemana

pasada.)

● Ponse como suxeito o primeiro complemento que haxa logo do verbo en activa, sexa o directo ou indirecto.

They will send some books to Pam. Some books will be sent to Pam. (MandaranllealgúnslibrosaPam.) They will send Pam some books. Pam will be sent some books. (APammandaranllealgúnslibros.)

Se o obxecto indirecto é un pronome, cómpre cambialo á forma de suxeito.

She showed me her new house. I was shown her new house. (Amosoumeasúanovacasa.)

Esta pasiva adoita empregarse cos verbos ask, give, lend, pay, offer, promise, sell, send, show e tell, que levan o dobre complemento: directo e indirecto.

● Pasar o suxeito da oración activa ao final da pasiva precedido de by. E se é un pronome persoal, cambialo pola súa forma obxecto correspondente.

Shakespeare didn’t write that play. That play wasn’t written by Shakespeare. (EsaobranonaescribiuShakespeare.) The police arrested the thief. The thief was arrested by the police. (Oladrónfoiarrestadopolapolicía.)

● Como se ve no cadro da páxina anterior, os modais e be going to non cambian, é o verbo que os segue o que se pon en pasiva (be + participio).

You can open the window. The window can be opened. (Pódeseabriraventá.)

Usos

Os principais usos da voz pasiva son:

● Salientar a acción máis ca o suxeito que a realiza.

● Cando o suxeito que realiza a acción é obvio, ou descoñecido, ou non se quere nomealo.

All the money has been stolen. (Roubarontodoodiñeiro.)

● E relacionado co anterior, para evitar unha frase activa cuxo suxeito sexa they, somebody, nobody, etc.

Someone left this hat here. This hat was left here. (Deixaronaquíestechapeu.)

➡ Os verbos causativos: have / get + something + done

Os verbos have e get + un substantivo + un participio expresan accións que encargamos a alguén. I had / got my bedroom painted.

(Pintei/Pintáronmeodormitorio.)Esta estrutura ten un sentido pasivo, pois o susbstantivo que vai no medio recibe a acción do verbo que vai en participio. Mais adóitase traducir na voz activa. I’m going to have / get my hair cut next week.

(Voucortaropeloasemanaquevén.)[faraooutrapersoa,noneu]

Aínda que have e get se empregan indistintamente, get é máis informal e, polo tanto, máis común no inglés falado. I must get my watch repaired.

(Teñoquearranxaromeureloxo.)

➡ Phrasal VerbsChámanse así porque van seguidos dunha partícula (que pode ser unha preposición, un adverbio ou as dúas cousas), formando con ela unha palabra nova. Pick out the shoes you like the most.

(Elixeoszapatosquemáischegusten.)

Hai phrasal verbs transitivos (que deben levar complemento directo) e intransitivos (que non o poden levar). Dentro dos transitivos, hainos que permiten poñer o complemento entre o verbo e a partícula ou ben despois da partícula: I picked my brother up. I picked up my brother. (Recollínameuirmán.)

Porén, se o complemento directo é un pronome, debe ir sempre entre o verbo e a partícula: I picked him up. (Recollino.)

Outros phrasal verbs transitivos son inseparábeis, polo que o complemento debe ir sempre despois da partícula: I’ll pay for the dinner. (Pagareieuacea.) I’ll pay for it. (Pagareinaeu.)

Repara na listaxe de phrasal verbs que se inclúe en páxinas máis adiante para ver máis casos.

Grammar appendix

�0Bridges 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

as OraCiOns COndiCiOnais

First COnditiOnaL

Conditional clause result clause examples

if+ Present Simple

unless

Future Simple If I feel better later, we will go shopping together. (Se me sinto mellor máis tarde, iremos xuntos de compras.)

modal + base form We might / may visit our relatives if we have got some time. (Podemos visitar os nosos parentes se temos tempo.)

Present Simple If I am late, my parents worry. (Se chego tarde, meus pais preocúpanse.)

imperative Search on the Internet if you want to learn more about the Amish. (Procura en Internet se queres aprender máis sobre os Amish.)

seCOnd COnditiOnaL

if would

+ base formcould / might

I would read more books if I had spare time. (Lería máis libros se tivese tempo libre.)

+ Past SimpleJane could / might help us if she were here. (Jane podería axudarnos se estivese aquí.)unless

tHird COnditiOnaL

if + Past Perfect

would have+ past participle

could / might have

If Mark and Jim had visited us, we would have been delighted. (Se Mark e Jim nos tivesen visitado, nos estariamos encantados.)If you hadn’t been so busy, we could / might have met. (Se non tiveses estado tan ocupado, poderiamos ternos coñecido.”)

Unit 4 Relat ionships

Son oracións compostas por unha proposición subordinada que expresa a condición (conditional clause) e unha principal que indica o resultado (result clause). Hainas de tres tipos:

O primeiro condicional

Empregamos if + Present Simple na condición e Future Simple no resultado. Expresa o que ocorrerá de cumprirse a condición sinalada.

Non importa a orde en que se coloquen as proposicións, mais se a condición vai primeiro adóitase pór unha vírgula entre ambas as dúas. If we are honest with each other, our relationship will

work. (Desermossincerosouncooutro,anosarelaciónfuncionará.)

Ademais do Future Simple, no resultado tamén se poden empregar os verbos modais, o Present Simple ou o imperativo. If it rains, we can’t go to the beach.

(Sechove,nonpodemosirápraia.)

Para expresar que algo non ocorrerá se non se cumpre a condición, a proposición introdúcese pola conxunción unless, que equivale a if not (“a non ser que”, “non sendo que”), ou négase o verbo en Present Simple. Unless Anne moves to another city, she won’t leave

her job. (AnonserqueAnnsemudeaoutracidade,elanondeixaráoseutraballo.)

Repara en que unless se emprega con moita frecuencia no primeiro condicional, mais é menos frecuente no segundo condicional e nunca se emprega no terceiro.

O segundo condicional

Emprégase if + Past Simple na condición, e would + verbo na forma base no resultado. Expresa condicións hipotéticas referidas ao presente, é dicir, que é pouco probábel que ocorran, por iso traducímolo como un pretérito imperfecto de subxuntivo. If Tom liked Mary, he would invite her to have dinner

with him. (SeaTomllegustaseMary,convidaríaaacearconel.)

Se o verbo da condición é to be, adóitase empregar were en todas as persoas. If he weren’t so upset, he would phone you.

(Seelnonestivesetandesgustado,chamaríate.)

Para dar consellos emprégase a fórmula If I were. If I were you, I would ask my parents for permission.

(Eudeti,pediríapermisoaosmeuspais.)

No canto de would podense empregar could e might, mais ambos os dous sinalan que a probabilidade é menor. Equivalen a “podería” ou “talvez / quizais”. I could go to the party if my parents lent me the car.

(Poderíairáfestasemeuspaismedeixasenocoche.)

‘

Grammar appendix

��Bridges 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

Unless I were certain, I wouldn’t say anything to him. (Anonserqueestivesesegura,nonllediríanada.)

O terceiro condicional

Fórmase con if + Past Perfect na condición e would have + participio no resultado. Neste caso a condición é imposíbel, pois refírese ao pasado e xa non pode realizarse. You wouldn’t have fallen in love with her if you had

known her intentions. (Nonteteríasnamoradodelasecoñecesesassúasintencións.)

As variantes para formaren o terceiro condicional son could have e might have + participio na proposición principal. If you hadn’t gone out last night, you could / might

have finished the project. (Senontivesessaídoestanoite,poderíasterrematadooproxecto.)

➡ As oracións temporaisAs referidas ao futuro fórmanse como as do primeiro condicional: Present Simple na proposición subordinada e futuro con will na principal. O que cambian son as conxuncións, que neste caso son when, as soon as, as long as, by the time, etc. I will phone you as soon as I arrive home.

(Chamareitetanaxiñacomochegueácasa.)

as OraCiÓns desideratiVas

Form Uses examples

wish / if only + Past Simple

Refers to a present situation that the speaker is unhappy about

He wishes his house were bigger. (Oxalá a súa casa fose meirande.)If only I lived near the school. (Oxalá vivise preto da escola.)

wish / if only + Past Perfect

Expresses regret about a past action or situation

Pam wishes she and Tom hadn’t broken up. (Pam desexaría que ela e Tom non tivesen roto.)If only Sarah had arrived earlier. (Oxalá Sarah tivese chegado máis cedo.)

wish / if only + could / would + base form

Expresses a desire for something to happen in the future

I wish I could improve my marks. (Oxalá poida mellorar as miñas cualificacións.)If only he would call me. (Oxalá me chame / chamase!)

As oracións desiderativas expresan un desexo e poden formarse de dúas maneiras: co verbo wish ou coa expresión if only.

O verbo wish adoita levar como obxecto directo unha oración subordinada introducida pola conxunción that (que adoita omitirse). Equivale ao hipotético “desexaría” ou “gustaría”, agás na 1ª persoa que se traduce por “oxalá”.

A expresión if only ten o mesmo significado: “Oxalá”, “Se polo / cando menos...”. I wish / If only he had been here last night.

(Oxaláeltiveseestadoaquíapasadanoite.)

Tanto whish como if only poden empregarse con varios tempos verbais, como se ve no cadro:

● Co Past Simple referímonos a situacións presentes que quixeramos mudar ou mellorar.

Rick wishes Mary had more patience. (RickdesexaríaqueMarytivesemáispaciencia.)

Se o verbo que vai en Past Simple é to be cómpre empregar were en todas as persoas, incluídas a 1ª e a 3ª (é un resto do subxuntivo).

I wish he weren’t angry with me. (Oxaláelnonestiveseenfadadocomigo.)

● Co Past Perfect referímonos a feitos pasados, lamentando o que ocorreu.

I wish the exam hadn’t been so difficult. (Oxaláqueoexamenontivesesidotandifícil.)

● Con could ou would + un verbo na forma base expresamos os nosos desexos sobre situacións futuras, indicando que é pouco probábel que ocorran.

I wish / If only I could go to the party tomorrow. (Oxalápuideseiráfestamañá.)

Se o suxeito de wish e o do verbo na forma base son diferentes, empregamos would.

I wish Peter would stop behaving so badly. (OxaláPeterdeixasedeseportartanmal.)

➡ Adxectivos seguidos de preposiciónAlgúns adxectivos adoitan ir seguidos dunha preposición + un substantivo, pronome ou xerundio. Sophie is very fond of her grandmother.

(Sophietenmoitoagarimoásúaavoa.) His parents were proud of him.

(Seuspaisestabanorgullososdel.) I’m afraid of flying. (Dámemedovoar.)

Repara na listaxe de adxectivos con preposición que hai na páxina 29.

Grammar appendix


as OraCiÓns de reLatiVO

deFininG reLatiVe CLaUses

Uses examples

who and that refer to people There are many holidaymakers who / that prefer travelling in their own country. (Hai moitos veraneantes que prefiren viaxar no seu propio país.)

which and that refer to objects / things Dark tourism is a phenomenon which / that is attracting many people. (O turismo escuro é un fenómeno que está a atraer a moita xente.)

when and that refer to a moment in time It was in 1986 when / that the Chernobyl disaster took place. (Foi en 1986 cando ocorreu o desastre de Chernobil.)

where refers to a particular place Many people visit places where tragedies have happened. (Moitas persoas visitan lugares onde ocorreron traxedias.)

whose refers to possession Dr Barrett is a researcher whose study of dark tourism has just been completed. (O dr. Barrett é un investigador cuxo estudo sobre o turismo escuro vén de se rematar.)

nOn-deFininG reLatiVe CLaUses

Uses examples

who, which, when, where, whose can all be used, but that cannot be used

In the past some people, who were rich, used to visit battlefields. (No pasado algunha xente, que era rica, adoitaba visitar campos de batalla.)This site, where a disaster occurred, has become popular with tourists. (Este lugar, onde ocorreu un desastre, fíxose popular polos turistas.)

Unit 5 Tourism

Son oracións subordinadas adxectivas introducidas por un pronome ou un adverbio relativo. Poden ser de dous tipos: definning (especificativas) e non-defining (explicativas).

Defining Relative Clauses

As especificativas achegan información tan esencial sobre o seu antecedente que sen elas a frase ficaría incompleta. ● ��As máis comúns comezan cos pronomes who, which e

that, que se poden omitir sempre e cando non sexan o suxeito da oración subordinada.

The man who lives next door is an actor. (Ohomequeviveaoladoéactor.)

Who refírese a persoas e which a cousas, pero that pode referirse a persoas e a cousas.

That is the girl (who / that) I met yesterday. (Elaéarapazaquecoñecínonte.)

We went to see the film (which / that) you recommended. (Fomosverapelículaquerecomendaches.)

● Whose xamais se pode omitir nin substituír por that. This is the painter whose pictures are in the museum.

(Esteéopintorcuxoscadrosestánnomuseo.)

The book whose author died last year has become a bestseller. (Olibrocuxoautormorreuoanopasadoconverteusenunéxitodevendas.)

● Whom emprégase logo das preposicións, pero adoita omitirse e pasar a preposición logo do verbo.

Mrs Smith is the person to whom you have to talk. Mrs Smith is the person you have to talk to.

(ASra.Smithéapersoaconquentesquefalar.)

● What só se emprega cando o antecedente está omitido.

I forgot what I wanted to tell you. (Esquecínoquequeríadicirche.)

Os adverbios relativos son whene where.

● When pódese omitir ou substituír por that. I don’t remember the year when / that you were born.

(Nonlembrooanoenquenaciches.)● Where non se pode substituír por that e nalgúns casos

omítese. That’s the room where I slept last time.

(Eseéocuartoondedurmínaúltimavez.)

➡ Adxectivos compostosSon dúas palabras unidas cun guión ou sen el e que modifican a un substantivo. Algunhas combinacións son:● adxectivoounúmero+substantivo+ed broken-hearted (esnaquizado/a,desconsolado/a)● adxectivo,adverbioousubstantivo+verboconing hard-working (traballador/a)

● adxectivoouadverbio+participio well-known (coñecido/a,famoso/a)● adxectivo+substantivo last-minute (deúltimahora)● substantivo+adxectivo world-famous (desonanomundoenteiro)● substantivo+participio air-conditioned (conaracondicionado)

Grammar appendix


Os mOdais

modal Uses examples

can Ability You can swim very well. (Sabes nadar moi ben.)

Request Can you help me wash the car? (Podes axudarme a lavar o coche?)

Possibility I can lend you my car. (Podo prestarche o meu coche.)

Suggestion You can bring something for my birthday party. (Podes traer algo para a miña festa de aniversario.)

be able to Ability Don’t worry. I will be able to find the street. (Non te preocupes. Serei quen de atopar a rúa.)

can’t Inability He is very nervous. He can’t sleep. (Está moi nervioso. Non pode durmir.)

Prohibition You can’t eat sweets before dinner. (Non podes comer caramelos antes da cea.)

Disbelief That can’t be your father. He looks very young. (Ese non pode ser teu pai. Parece moi novo.)

Unit 6 Celebrat ions

Non-defining Relative Clauses

As explicativas engaden información extra sobre o seu antecedente. Adoitan ir entre vírgulas. Fórmanse con who, which, when, where e whose mais nunca con that, e ademais non se pode omitir o relativo. Mary, who is my neighbour, has got two cats.

(Mary,queéamiñaveciña,tendousgatos.) He sent me flowers, which was very nice of him.

(Envioumeflores,ocalfoimoiamábelpolasúaparte.)

Son moi formais, así que non se empregan no inglés falado.

Estruturas formal e informal

Cando o relativo vai acompañado dunha preposición segue a empregarse which se o antecedente é unha cousa; mais se é unha persoa, no canto de who emprégase whom, este é un emprego moi formal. O máis común en ambos os dous casos é pór a preposición ao final da oración de relativo e omitir o pronome. This is the hotel in which we stayed. [Formal] This is the hotel (which) we stayed in. [Informal]

(Esteéohotelnoquenosaloxamos.)

➡ too / enoughToo precede un adxectivo ou adverbio para indicar que a calidade destes é excesiva. Significa “de máis”, “demasiado”. These shoes are too small for me.

(Esteszapatossonpequenosdemáisparamin.)

Enough, en troques, vai logo do adxectivo ou adverbio e expresa a idea de “abondo / bastante”. She is good enough for that job.

(Elaéboaabondoparaesetraballo.)Para expresarmos o contrario, só cómpre pór o verbo to be en negativa. De feito, not + adxectivo ou adverbio + enough adoita empregarse bastante máis que a afirmativa. My coffee is not hot enough.

(Omeucafénonestáquenteabondo.)Un caso desemellante é cando empregamos enough + un susbtantivo, pois daquela funciona como un determinante e ponse diante del. I had enough reasons to be suspicious of him.

(Tiñamotivosabondoparasospeitardel.)

➡ Adxectivos seguidos de infinitivoMoitos adxectivos en posición predicativa van seguidos dun infinitivo para expresaren sentimentos, actitudes ou reaccións diante de algo. I’m pleased to see you. (Estouencantadadeverte.) It’s not easy to understand. (Nonédoadode

entender.)

➡ A comparación dos adxectivos: as ... as

Para compararmos dúas persoas ou cousas e dicirmos que son iguais en algo emprégase o comparativo de igualdade: as ... as “tan ... como/a”, “igual de ... ca/que” e en negativa, not as ... as. He is as tall as his father. (Étanaltocomaseupai.) My marks are not as high as yours. (Asmiñas

cualificaciónsnonsontanboascomoastúas.)

Grammar appendix


could Past ability My mother could dance when she was a child. (Miña nai sabía bailar cando era unha nena.)

Polite request Could you pass me that book, please? (Poderías pasarme ese libro, por favor?)

Polite suggestion We could visit him next week. (Poderiamos visitalo a vindeira semana.)

Possibility My sister could come to the party. (Miña irmá podería vir á festa.)

may / might Possibility It may / might be a sunny weekend. (Poida que sexa unha fin de semana soleada.)

mayPolite request May I borrow your dictionary, please?

(Podo coller emprestado o teu dicionario, por favor?)

would Formal request Would you come with me to the wedding? (Virías comigo á voda?)

Offer Would you like some coffee? (Gustaríache tomar café?)

must Obligation, strong necessity She must wear a uniform at her school. (Debe levar uniforme na súa escola.)

Certainty that something is true My cousin has broken his leg. It must hurt him very much. (O meu curmán rompeu a perna. Debeu de doerlle moito.)

have to Obligation, necessity You have to study hard if you want to get good marks. (Tes que estudar arreo se queres obter boas cualificacións.)

need to Obligation, necessity I need to buy some meat for dinner. (Teño que mercar carne para a cea.)

needn’t Lack of obligation / necessity You needn’t take me home today. (Non cómpre que me leves á casa hoxe.)

don’t have to Lack of obligation / necessity We don’t have to attend the conference. (Non temos que asistir á conferencia.)

mustn’t Prohibition You mustn’t step on the grass. (Non deben pisar a herba.)

should / ought to Advice, opinion She should / ought to tell them the truth. (Debería dicirlles a verdade.)

➡ Os modaisOs modais son verbos especiais que teñen estas características: son invariábeis, isto é, iguais en todas as persoas; non precisan do para formaren a negativa nin a interrogativa; sempre van seguidos dun verbo na forma base; e non teñen infinitivo, participio nin futuro, formas en ing, nin tempos compostos.Be able to e have to to son semimodais, pois poden conxugarse, e need to non é un modal, mais os tres se incluíron no cadro pois comparten algúns usos dos modais: habelencia, obriga e necesidade.

can / be able to / can’t

Can ten os seguintes usos:● Expresar habelencia ou capacidade (“saber” / “poder”).● Facer peticións, dar e pedir permiso.● Indicar posibilidade.● Tamén se emprega para facer suxestións.

Be able to expresa habelencia, como can, e emprégase en todos os tempos verbais que can non ten.

Can’t, ademais de significar imposibilidade no presente, emprégase para expresar:

● Falta de habelencia (non saber) ou de capacidade (non poder).● Prohibición.● Dedución negativa ou certeza de que algo é imposíbel.

could

É o pasado de can e emprégase para expresar:● �Habelencia ou capacidade no pasado.● Peticións máis educadas ca con can.● Suxestións menos directas ca con can.● Posibilidade máis remota ca con can.

may / might

Os dous expresan posibilidade, aínda que máis remota con might. En interrogativa, may é unha maneira educada de pedir algo; os pedimentos que comezan por May I have poden se traducir por “Dásme?” ou “Dáme vostede?”.

would

En interrogativa é unha maneira normal de pedirlle a alguén que faga algo; co verbo like emprégase para facer ofrecementos ou invitacións.

Grammar appendix


must / have to

Os dous expresan obriga, pero must só se emprega en presente e have to nos demais tempos. As persoas de autoridade empregan must, mentres que have to o emprega todo o mundo para dicir o que ten que facer.Must tamén se emprega para expresar unha dedución lóxica sobre un feito presente (“deber de”, “ter que”).

need to / needn’t

Need to non é un modal, pero emprégase en afirmativa, o mesmo que have to, para expresar obriga e necesidade.

Os mOdais perFeCtOs

modal perfect Uses examples

must have Certainty that something was true It must have been very hard for her to hear the truth. (Debe ter sido moi duro para ela escoitar a verdade.)

may / might have A guess about a past action She may have forgotten about our meeting. (Poida que teña esquecido a nosa cita.)

could have Ability to do something in the past which in the end was not done

I could have gone with him, but I decided to stay home. (Puiden ter ido con el, pero decidín ficar na casa.)

couldn’t have Certainty that something did not happen

They were really in love with each other. She couldn’t have broken up with him. (Realmente estaban namorados o un do outro. Ela non puido ter roto con el.)

would haveDesire to do something in the past which in fact could not be done

We would have travelled to the USA, but we didn’t have enough money. (Quixemos ter viaxado aos EUA, pero non tiñamos cartos abondo.)

should / ought to have Criticism or regret after an eventYou should / ought to have told them we aren’t friends any more. (Deberías terlles dito que xa non somos amigos.)

shouldn’t have Criticism or regret after an eventWe shouldn’t have left before the concert ended. (Non deberiamos ter marchado antes de que o concerto rematase.)

needn’t have An unnecessary past action I was going to make dinner. You needn’t have made it. (Eu ía preparar a cea. Non precisabas facelo ti.)

must have + participio

Expresa unha conclusión lóxica sobre un feito pasado.

may / might have + participio

Emprégase para facer unha suposición sobre algo pasado.

could have + participio

Sinala que se puido ter feito algo no pasado mais que finalmente non se fixo.

couldn’t have + participio

Expresa a certeza de que algo non ocorreu.

would have + participio

Sinala que se quixo ter feito algo no pasado mais que non se puido debido a factores ou causas externas.

should / ought to have + participio

Con ambos os dous podémonos laiar do que ocorreu e de que non acontecera o que queriamos.

Needn’t en troques, si é un modal e sinala ausencia de obriga e necesidade, o mesmo que don’t have to.

mustn’t / don’t have to

Mustn’t indica prohibición. En troques, don’t have to significa “non ter que” ou “non ter por que”, isto é, ausencia de obriga e necesidade, como needn’t.

should / ought to

Os dous expresan consello ou opinión, mais should emprégase moito máis (ought to é moi raro en negativa e interrogativa).

shouldn’t have + participio

Expresa unha opinión crítica arredor dun feito pasado, sinalando que non debería ter ocorrido.

needn’t have + participio

Sinala que non había necesidade de facer o que se fixo.

➡ Verbos seguidos de adxectivosMoitos verbos van acompañados de adverbios de modo que describen a acción. Paul mustn’t sing at the party. He sings badly.

(Paulnondebecantarnafesta.Cantamal.)

Porén, os verbos que se refiren a estados ou percepcións van seguidos de adxectivos. Neste caso o adxectivo describe ao suxeito da frase, non se refire á acción do verbo. smell + good / bad (adx.) taste + salty (adx.) seem + tired (adx.) feel + emotional (adx.) Jane’s perfume smells nice.

(OperfumedeJaneoleben.)

Grammar appendix


Repara en que algúns verbos poden sinalar tanto accións como estados, e por iso poden ir seguidos dun adverbio e dun adxectivo. You have to look quickly at the questions.

(Tesquemirarrapidamenteaspreguntas.) She looks happy. (Semellaleda.)

➡ should / had betterXa viches que should se emprega para dicir o que cremos que se debería facer, dar un consello ou unha opinión. Pois had better (ou a contracción ’d better) é outra forma moi coloquial de expresar o mesmo.

Afirmativa: logo do suxeito poñemos had better + un verbo na forma base. Significa “É mellor que” + un verbo en presente de subxuntivo. You had better (You’d better) see the doctor.

(Émellorquevexasomédico.)

Negativa: só precisa not, é dicir, had better + not + verbo na forma base. You’d better not go out in the rain.

(Émellorquenonsaiascoachoiva.)Nota: Non se adoita empregar had better en interrogativa.Por outra parte, ten un uso distinto de should pois tamén se emprega para expresarmos unha advertencia, como avisando ao ouvinte de que algo malo ou desagradábel lle pode ocorrer se non fai o que lle dicimos. Daquela vén significar algo como “Será mellor que…”, “Máis vale que…”. You’d better tidy your room now!

(Serámellorquearranxesoteucuartoxa!) You’d better not take my car!

(Máisvalequenoncollasomeucoche!)

Grammar appendix


UNIT 1achievement /L'WiAdlLmW/ logro, éxitoappetite /'DUBWOW/ apetitoapple /'DUo/ mazáattempt /L'WClUW/ intentoaverage /'ædLpBb/ medio/a balanced diet /VDoLmgW 'XOLW/ dieta equilibradabalanced meal /VDoLmgW 'lAo/ comida equilibradabecome aware of /VBYJl L'rCL Ld/ decatarse debooked /VHYW/ reservado/abreath /VpCe/ alento, respiracióncabbage /'YDVBXj/ repolo, coia, colcalcium /'YDogiLl/calciocatch a cold /YDa L 'YNoX/ arrefriarse, coller un arrefriadochallenge /'WiDoLmb/ reto, desafíochips /aBUg/ patacas fritidaschocolate /'aFYoLW/ chocolatecomfort /'YJlcLW/ consoloconsist /YLm'gBgW/ constarconsume /YLm'gqIl/ consumircooked /YHYW/ cociñado/acrisps /YpBgUg/ patacas fritidas (de bolsa)daily exercise /XMoi 'CYgLgOh/ exercicio diariodeal /XAo/ contratodiet /'XOLW/ dietadiscomfort /XB'gYJlcLW/ inquedanza, desasosego, desacougoedible /'CXLVo/ comestíbelessential /B'gCmWio/ fundamental, esencialexhaust (v) /BZ'hGgW/ esgotarexhausted /BZ'hGgWBX/ esgotado/aexhausting /BZ'hGgWBn/ esgotador/aface /cMg/ enfrontarse afast-food (adx.) /cEgW'cIX/ de comida rápidafat (sb) /cæW/ graxa fat (adx.) /cæW/ gordo/afish /cBi/ peixefigure out /'cBZL PW/ comprender, entenderflavour /'coMdL/ saborgain weight /ZMm 'rMW/ engordar, gañar peso getting enough sleep /ZCWBn BmJc 'goAU/ durmir o precisogo on /ZLH 'Fm/ seguir, continuarhamburger /'kDlVKZL/ hamburguesahealthy /'kCoei/ san/sa, saudábelhealthy eating /kCoei 'AWBn/ alimentación sa

ice cream /Og 'YpAl/ xeadoimpersonal /Bl'UKgLmo/ impersoalimprove /Bl'UpId/ mellorarinedible /Bm'CXLVo/ non comestíbelinvolved /Bm'dFodX/ involucrado/airon /'OLm/ ferrolight meal /oOW 'lAo/ comida lixeira lose (your) appetite /oIh (qG) 'DUBWOW/ perder o apetitolose weight /oIh 'rMW/ adelgazar, enfraquecer, perder pesomeat /lAW/ carnemeditation /lCXB'WMim/ meditaciónmild /lOoX/ suave; non moi picantemilkshake /'lBoYiMY/ batidomulti-vitamin /lJoWi'dBWLlBm/ multivitanímiconutritious /mqI'WpBiLg/ nutritivo/aomelette /'FloLW/ tortillaorder (sb) /'GXL/ pedimentoordinary /'GXmpi/ normaloverbooked /NdL'VHYW/ con exceso de reservasovercooked /NdL'YHYW/ moi feito/a, cociñado/a de máisoverweight /NdL'rMW/ gordo/a, obeso/a; (con) sobrepesopackaged /'UDYBbX/ embalado/a, empaquetado/apeanut /'UAmJW/ cacahuetepersonal /'UKgLmo/ persoalpizza /'UAWgL/ pizzapoor appetite /UG 'DUBWOW/ pouco apetitopoor health /UG 'kCoe/ saúde delicadapopulation /UFUqH'oMim/ poboaciónpositive thinking /'UFhLWBd eBnYBn/ pensamentos optimistasprearranged /UpAL'pMmXjX/convido/a, fixado/apre-packaged /UpA'UDYBbX/ (pre)empaquetadoprotein /'UpLHWAm/ proteínaquick meal /YrBY 'lAo/ comida rápidaquick recovery /YrBY pB'YJdLpi/ recuperación rápidareach /pAa/ chegar arecommend /pCYL'lCmX/ recomendarrecover /pB'YJdL/ recuperarse, reporsesalad /'gDoLX/ ensaladasandwich /'gDmrBa/ sándwichsausage /'gFgBb/ salchichasource /gGg/ fontespice /gUOg/ especiaspicy /'gUOgi/ picante

The Wordlist includes vocabulary from the Student’s Book and the Vocabulary Builder (Workbook).

WORDLIST

18Bridges 2 Galician © B Burlington Books

strength /gWpCne/ forzastretch /gWpCa/ tramo, treitoturn into /WKm 'BmWL/ converter(se) enuncooked /Jm'YHYW/ crú/crúa, sen facerundercooked /JmXL'YHYW/ medio crú/crúa, pouco feito/aunderweight /JmXL'rMW/ de peso máis baixo do normalunfit /Jm'cBW/ en baixa forma (física)unhealthy /Jm'kCoei/ pouco san/sa / saudábelunimportant /JmBl'UGWmW/ sen importanciavitamin /'dBWLlBm/ vitaminawatch (your) weight /rFa (qG) 'rMW/ vixiar o pesoweigh /rM/ pesarweight /rMW/ pesoyoga /'qNZL/ ioga

Eating in a RestaurantWhat would you recommend? /rFW rHX qI pCYL'lCmX/

Que recomenda? / recomendaría?

Have you got a table for (four)? /kDd qI ZFW L 'WMVo cL (cG)/

Ten mesa para (catro)?

We haven’t made up our minds yet. /rA kDdmW lMX JU E 'lOmXh qCW/

Aínda non decidimos.

Would you like a (drink) with your meal? /rHX qI oOY L ('XpBnY) rBf qG lAo/

Queren (beber algo) coa comida?

We’d like to order (dessert), please. /rAX oOY WL GXL (XB'hKW) UoAh/

Queriamos pedir (a sobremesa), por favor.

No, it’s actually quite (mild). /mN BWg 'DYWiHLoi YrOW (lOoX)/

Non, en realidade está bastante (suave) / (non) é (moi picante).

Is the (sauce) very (spicy)? /Bh fL (gGg) dCpi ('gUOgi)/

(O prebe) está moi (picante)?

Try the (fillet steak), it’s excellent. /WpO fL (cBoBW gWMY) BWg 'CYgLoLmW/

Probe (o entrecot), está boísimo.

Expressing OpinionsIn my opinion, ... /Bm lO L'UBmqLm/

Ao meu entender, ...

If you ask me, ... /Bc qI 'EgY lA/

Para min (que) / Ao meu entender, ...

I think / believe that ... /O 'eBnY / VB'oAd fDW/

Coido que... / Teño para min...

As far as I’m concerned ... /Dh cE Dh 'Ol YLmgKmX/

Polo / No que a min se refire..., Polo / No que a min atinxe....

Personally, ... /'UKgLmLoi/

Persoalmente, ...

It seems to me that ... /BW gAlh WL 'lA fDW/

Paréceme que...

UNIT 2adventurous /LX'dCmWiLpLg/ atrevido/aagree with /L'ZpA rBf/ estar de acordo con

aim /Ml/ obxectivo, propósito ambitious /Dl'VBiLg/ ambicioso/aamused /L'lqIhX/ divertido/aamusement /L'lqIhlLmW/ divertimentoamusing /L'lqIhBn/ divertido/a, gracioso/aappearance /L'UBLpLmg/aspecto, aparenciaapply for /L'UoO cL/ solicitarassistance /L'gBgWLmg/ axudaattraction /L'WpæYim/ atracciónattractive /L'WpDYWBd/ atractivo/aattractive appearance /LWpDYWBd L'UBLpLmg/ aspecto atractivo/a(go) back to work /(ZN) VDY WL 'rKY/ volver ao traballobalanced /'VDoLmgW/ equilibrado/abasic salary /'VMgBY gDoLpi/ salario basebe aware of /VA L'rS Ld/ ser consciente debe fired /VA 'cOLX/ ser/ estar despedido/abe hired /VA 'kOLX/ ser / estar contratado/abe unemployed /VA JmBl'UoGX/ estar sen emprego / en parobelief /VB'oAc/ opiniónbelong to /VB'oFn WL/ pertencer acalm /YEl/ tranquilo/acause /YGh/ causar, provocarchallenging /'aDoBmbBn/ estimulante, que supón un desafíoclear /YoBL/ claro/a (make [something] ~: deixar algo claro)company /'YJlULmi/ compañía, empresaconcentrate on /'YFmgmWpMW Fm/ concentrarse enconservation /YFmdL'gCBim/ conservación, proteccióncontact information /'YFmWDYW BmcLlMim/ información de contactocourageous /YL'pMbLg/valentecreative /YpA'MWBd/ creativo/adegree /XB'ZpA/ títuloearn /Km/ gañaremployed /Bl'UoQX/ empregado/a, contratado/aemployee /Bl'UoQA/ empregado/aemployer /Bl'UoQL/ empresario/a, xefe/aemployment /Bl'UoQlLmW/ traballo, empregoexperienced (adx.) /BY'gUBLpiLmgW/ con experienciaflexible working hours /coCYgLVo 'rGYBn PLh/ horario de traballo flexíbelformer /'cGlL/ ex, anteriorfriendly /'cpCmXoi/ simpático/a, agradábelfulfil /cHo'cBo/ desempeñar, cumprirfull-time /cHo'WOl/ xornada completa / a tempo completogo-getter /'ZLHZCWL/ ambicioso/agood people skills /ZHX 'UAUo gYBoh/ boas habilidades sociaishard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ traballador/a

Wordlist


helpful /'kCoUco/ atento/a, servicialhelping /'kCoUBn/ que axudahours /'PLh/ horashumorous /'kqIlLpLg/ gracioso/a, divertido/aindependent /BmXB'UCmXLmW/ independenteintend /Bm'WCmX/ ter a intención de, pretenderissue /'BiI/ tema, cuestiónjob application /'bFV DUoBYMim/ solicitude de traballojob requirements /'bFV pBYrOLlLmWg/ requisitos para o traballojob satisfaction /bFV gDWBg'cDYim/ satisfacción no traballojob title /bFV 'WOWo/ cargo, postoknow /mN/ saber, coñecerknowledge /'mFoBb/ coñecementoknowledgeable /'mFoBbLVo/ entendido/aknowledge of languages /mFoBb Ld 'oDnZrBbBh/

coñecemento de idiomaslisten to /'oBgm WL/ escoitar (a)low-profile /oLH'UpNcOo/ discreto/amake sure /lCBY 'iT/ asegurarse demayor /lCL/ alcalde/sanarrow /'mDpN/ estreito/anutritious /mqI'WpBiLg/ nutritivo/aofficial /L'cBio/ funcionario/aorganise /'GZLmOh/ organizarorganised /'GZLmOhX/ organizado/aout of work /PW Ld 'rKY/ parado/a, sen traballoovertime /'NdLWOl/ horas extraspart-time job /'UEWWOl bFV/ traballo de media xornada / a tempo parcialpatient /'UMimW/ pacientepersonality characteristics /UKgL'mDoLWi YDpLYWLpBgWBYg/ trazos da personalidadephysical strength /cBhBYo 'gWpCne/ forza físicapolite /UL'oOW/ educado/apopulation /UFUqH'oMim/ poboaciónposition /UL'hBim/ posto, traballopredictable /UpB'XBYWLVo/ previsíbelprediction /UpB'XBYim/ prognóstico, prediciónprevious work experience /UpAdiLg 'rKY BYgURpiLmg/ experiencia laboral anteriorproduction /UpL'XJYim/ produciónproductive /UpL'XJYWBd/ produtivo/aprofessional /UpL'cCiLmo/ profesionalprofessional training /UpLcCiLmo 'WpMmBn/ preparación profesionalpromotion /UpL'lNim/ ascensoqualification /YrFoBcB'YCBim/ título, formaciónreliable /pB'oOLVo/ responsábel, de confianzarequirement /pB'YrOLlLmW/ requisitoresearch (v) /pB'gKa/ esculcar, investigar

responsible /pB'gUFmgLVo/ responsábelretire /pB'WOL/ xubilar(se)retirement /pB'WOLlLmW/ xubilaciónrun (v) /pJm/ organizar; gobernarsalary /'gDoLpi/ salarioscanner /'gYDmL/ escánersearch for /'gKa cL/ procurarsteady job /gWCXi 'bFV/ emprego fixostubborn /'gWJVLm/ testán/ana, teimudo/asucceed in /gLY'gAX Bm/ ter éxito / triunfar ensuccessful /gLY'gCgco/ de éxito (be ~: ter éxito)surprised /gL'UpOhX/ sorprendido/asuspend /gL'gUCmX/ expulsar temporalmente; suspendertalk about /'WGY LVPW/ falar de / sobretalk to /'WGY WL/ falar contask /WEgY/ tarefa, angueirathink about /'eBnY LVPW/ opinar (sobre), parecer; pensar entip /WBU/ propinatrain (v) /WpMm/ estudar; prepararsetraining /'WpMmBn/ formación; preparacióntown council /WPm 'YPmgo/ concellouniversity degree /qImB'dKgLWi XBZpA/ título universitariowarning /'rGmBn/ advertencia, avisowork experience /'rKY BYgURpiLmg/ experiencia laboralworking /'rKYBn/ traballador/a

Asking for InformationIs it a full-time / part-time position? /Bh BW L 'cHoWOl / 'UEWOl

ULhBim/

É un posto de xornada completa / media xornada?

How much will I earn? /kP lJa rBo O 'Km/

Canto vou gañar?

Is there a chance of (promotion) in this job? /Bh fS L WiEmg Ld (UpL'lNim)

Bm fBg bFV/

Hai posibilidade de (ascenso) neste traballo?

I have got a degree in (marketing)./O kDd ZFW L XBZpA Bm

('lEYBWBn)/

Teño un título / Son licenciado en (Mercadotecnia).

The starting salary is (£6) per hour. /fL 'gWEWBn gDoLpi Bh (gBYg UPmXh)

UL PL/

O soldo inicial é de (6 libras) a hora.

A Job InterviewTell me a little about yourself. /WCo lA L 'oBWo LVPW qGgCoc/

Fáleme un pouco sobre vostede.

What do you do in your free time? /rFW XL qI XI Bm qG cpA 'WOl/

Que fai no seu tempo libre?

What work experience have you got? /rFW 'rKY BYgURpiLmg kDd qI

ZFW/

Cal é a súa experiencia laboral?

Wordlist


Sorry, I’m not sure what you mean. /gFpi Ol mFW iT rFW qI 'lAm/

Perdoe, non entendo ben o que quere dicir.

Could you repeat that, please? /YLX qI pB'UAW fDW UoAh/

Podería repetilo, por favor?

Bridge to Literaturecrawl /YpGo/ arrastrarsedare /XCL/ atreversefeel dizzy /cAo 'XBhi/ marearse, estar mareado/alock (sb) /oFY/ pechadura

UNIT 3accessories /LY'gCgLpih/ complementosafford /L'cGX/ permitirseappreciate /L'UpAiiCBW/ apreciar, valorar assistant /L'gBgWLmW/ axudanteattend /L'WCmX/ asistir aaverage /'ædLpBb/ medio/a (on ~: como media, por termo medio)bargain (sb) /'VEZLm/ ofertabargain (v) /'VEZLm/ relearbargain over the price /VEZLm NdL fL 'UpOg/ relear o prezobid /VBX/ ofertaboutique /VI'WAY/ boutique, tenda de roupabrand-name /'VpDmXmMl/ de marcabrand-new /'VpDmXmqI/ enteiramente novo/abudget /'VJbBW/ orzamentobuy second-hand items /VO gCYLmXkDmX 'OWLlh/

mercar artigos de segunda manbuyer /'VOL/ comprador/acar boot sale /YE 'VIW gMo/ feira onde se expoñen as mercadorías no maleteiro dun cochecareer /YL'pBL/ profesión, traxectoria profesionalchain store /'aMm gWG/ tenda dunha cadeacheck out /aCY 'PW/ ollar, botar unha ollada; pagar e marchar (hotel)commercial /YL'lKio/ anuncio (de TV)consumer /YLm'gqIlL/ consumidor/aconvenient /YLm'dAmBLmW/ cómodo/adebt /XCW/ débedadesign (v) /XB'hOm/ deseñardesigned /XB'hOmX/ deseñado/adesigner /XB'hOmL/ deseñador/adesigner brand /XB'hOmL VpDmX/ marca de deseñodiscount /'XBgYPmW/ descontodiscuss /XB'gYJg/ falar defabric /'cDVpBY/ tecido, material

find designer brands /cOmX XB'hOmL VpDmXh/ atopar marcas de deseñoget a discount /ZCW L 'XBgYPmW/ acadar un descontoget a refund /ZCW L 'pAcJmX/ cobrar unha devoluciónget rid of /ZCW 'pBX Fd/ desfacerse degift /ZBcW/ agasallo, galanogreengrocer /'ZpAmZpLHgL/ froteiro/aimitation (sb) /BlB'WMim/ imitaciónitem /'OWLl/ artigo, produtomanage /'lDmBb/ dirixirmarket /'lEYBW/ mercadomatter /'lDWL/ importaronline shopping /'FmoOm iFUBn/ mercar pola internetopposite /'FULhBW/ enfronte deowner /'NmL/ propietario/a, dono/apay /UM/ pagarpay back /UM 'VDY/ volver (cartos); (fig.) vingarsepay for /'UM cL/ pagar (por)pay in instalments /UM Bm Bm'gWGolLmWg/ pagar a prazospay off /UM 'Fc/ pagar a penapayment /'UMlLmW/ pago, pagamentopick out /UBY 'PW/ elixir, escollerpick up /UBY 'JU/ recoller, ir buscarpoint out /UQmW 'PW/ sinalarpurchase (sb) /'UKWiLg/ compra purchase (v) /'UKWiLg/ comprar, mercar receipt /pB'gAW/ tícket / resgardo de comprarecipient /pB'gBUiLmW/ destinatario/aresearch (sb) /pB'gKa/ estudo (de mercado)return purchases /pBWKm 'UKWiLgBh/ volver as comprasrip-off /'pBU Fc/ estafasecond-hand /gCYLmX'kDmX/ segunda manseller /'gCoL/ vendedor/ashop around /iFU L'pPmX/ comparar prezossite /gOW/ páxina websize /gOh/ tallaspecial offer /'gUCio FcL/ oferta especialspokesperson /'gUNsUKgm/ voceiro/atake advantage of /WMY LX'dEmWBb Ld/ aproveitar(se) detake after /WMY 'EcWL/ semellarse atake back /WMY 'VDY/ volver; retractarse, retirar (o dito)take down /WMY 'XPm/ baixar; apuntar, tomar notatake in /WMY 'Bm/ meter (a unha peza de vestir)terrific /WC'pBcBY/ genialtry on /WpO 'Fm/ probarse (roupa, calzado)use a credit card /qIh L 'YpCXBW YEX/ empregar unha tarxeta de crédito

Wordlist


Going Shopping

How much is this? /kP 'lJa Bh fBg/

Canto custa isto?

Have you got another size? /kDd qI ZFW LmJfL 'gOh/

Ten outra talla?

No, thank you. I’m just looking. /mN eDnY qI Ol bJgW 'oHYBn/

Non, grazas. Só estou a mirar.

Oh, that’s too expensive. /N fDWg WI BY'gUCmgBd/

Ah, iso é caro de máis.

Yes, I’m looking for (some jeans). /qCg Ol oHYBn cL (gLl 'bAmh)/

Si, estou a procurar (uns vaqueiros).

OK. I’ll take it. /NYM Oo 'WMY BW/

Vale / De acordo. Lévoo.

What size are you? /rFW 'gOh L qI/

Que talla ten / usa?

Agreeing and DisagreeingI agree / disagree because ... /O L'ZpA / 'XBgLZpA VBYFh/

Estou / Non estou de acordo porque…

I’m in favour of ... /Ol Bm 'cMdL Ld/

Estou a prol de…

I’m against ... /Ol L'ZCmgW/

Estou en contra de…

I think it’s a good idea, but ... /O eBnY BWg L ZHX 'OXR VLW/

Coido que é (unha) boa idea, mais…

I think it would be better to ... /O eBnY BW rHX Vi 'VCWL WL/

Coido que sería mellor…

UNIT 4afraid of /L'cpCBX Fd/ amedrentado/a de (be ~: ter medo de)annoyed /L'mQX/ amolado/a, molesto/aarrogant /'DpLZLmW/ soberbio/a, fachendoso/aattractive /L'WpDYWBd/ atractivo/abreak away from /VpCBY L'rCB cpLl/ separarse de; romper conbreak up /VpMY 'JU/ separarse, romperbroken-hearted /VpNYLm'kEWBX/ esnaquizado/a, desacougado/acalm /YEl/ tranquilo/acarriage /'YDpBb/ carruaxe, cochecheerful /'aRco/ ledo/a, alegrecommon interests /'YFlLm BmWpLgWg/ intereses comúnsconfused /YLm'cqIhX/ confundido/a, desconcertado/aconsiderate /YLm'gBXLpLW/ atento/a, considerado/acouple /'YJUo/ parelladate /XMW/ citación, citadelight /XB'oOW/ engaiolar, encantardelighted /XB'oOWBX/ engaiolado/a, encantado/a disappointed /XBgL'UQmWBX/ decepcionado/adisappointing /XBgL'UQmWBn/ decepcionantedisappointment /XBgL'UQmWlLmW/decepción

easy-going /Ahi'ZNBn/ pouco esixenteegotistic /CZL'WBgWBY/ egoístaembarrassed /Bl'VDpLgW/ avergoñado/aexcited /BY'gOWBX/ emocionado/a, entusiasmado/aexperience /BY'gUBLpiLmg/ experimentarfail /cMo/ suspenderfall in love with /cGo Bm 'oJd rBf/ namorarse defeel comfortable with /cAo 'YJlcWLVo rBf/ estar ben / sentirse cómodo/a confollow /'cFoN/ seguir, obedecer(be) fond of /(Vi) 'cFmX Ld/ (terlle) lei a forbid /cL'VBX/ prohibirfriendly /'cpCmXoi/ simpático/a, agradábelgenerosity /bCmL'pFgLWi/ xenerosidadegenerous /'bCmLpLg/ xeneroso/aget along /ZCW L'oFn/ levarse benget on (your) nerves /ZCW Fm (qG) 'mKdh/ poñer os nervios de puntaget to know /ZCW WL 'mN/ (chegar a) coñecergood-looking /ZHX'oHYBn/ guapo/agrateful /'ZpMWco/ agradecido/ahardly /'kEXoi/ apenashard-working /kEX'rKYBn/ traballador/ahave a sense of humour /kDd L gCmg Ld 'kqIlL/ ter sentido do humorhonesty /'FmLgWi/ honradez, sinceridadehorsedrawn carriage /'kGgXpGm YDpBb/ coche de cabalosin love /Bm 'oJd/ namorado/aisolate /'OgLoMW/ illarjealous /'XjCoLg/ envexoso/ajealous of /'XjCoLg Ld/ envexoso/a de keep in touch /YAU Bm 'WJWi/ estar en contactokind-hearted /YOmX'kEWBX/ bondadoso/alazy /'oCBhi/ lacazán/ana, preguiceiro/alifestyle /'oOcgWOo/ estilo de vidalose friends /oIh 'cpCmXh/ perder amigos/aslose (your) patience /oIh (qG) 'UMimg/ perder a paciencialoyalty /'oQLoWi/ lealdade, fidelidademake friends /lCBY 'cpCmXh/ facer amigos/asmiserable /'lBhpLVo/ triste, aflixido/amoody /'lIXi/ temperamental, de humor variábelnumber (v) /'mJlVL/ ascender a outgoing /'PWZNBn/ sociábel, extrovertido/aparents /'UCLpLmWg/ pais pass /UEg/ aprobarpatience /'UMimg/ pacienciapleased for /'UoAhX cL/ ledo/a, contento/a por (alguén)pleased with /'UoAhX rBf/ satisfeito/aproud /UpPX/ orgulloso/a, fachendoso/aproud of /'UpPX Ld/ orgulloso/a de, fachendoso/a dereject /pB'bCYW/ rexeitar

Wordlist


relative /'pCoLWBd/ parenterelaxed /pB'oæYgW/ relaxado/areliable /pB'oOLVo/ de confianzarelieve /pB'oAd/ aliviarrelieved /pB'oAdX/ aliviado/a (problema, situación)run away /pJm L'rCB/ fuxir, escapar, escapulirsatisfaction /gDWBg'cDYim/ satisfacciónsatisfied /'gDWBgcOX/ satisfeito/aself-centred /gCoc'gCmWLX/ egocéntrico/asense of humour /gCmg Ld 'kqIlL/ sentido do humorshare common interests /iS YFlLm 'BmWpLgWg/ compartir os mesmos interesesshy /iO/ tímido/a, apoucado/asibling /'gBVoBn/ irmán/ásimilar background /gBlLoL 'VDYZpPmX/ orixe semellantesorry about /'gFpi LVPW/ (sentir) mágoa/ lástima por (algo)sorry for /'gFpi cL/ (sentir) mágoa / lástima por spouse /gUPg/ cónxuxe; marido ou mullerterrified /'WCpBcOX/ arrepiado/atolerant /'WFoLpLmW/ tolerantetreat /WpAW/ tratartrust (sb) /WpJgW/ confianza turn a blind eye to /WKm L VoOmX 'O WL/ facer a vista gorda aturn their back on /WKm fS 'VDY Fm/ volverlle as costas aupset /JU'gLW/ magoado/a, desgustado/a; amolado/a, enfadado/ayouth /qIe/ (para) mozos/as

Expressing FeelingsWhat’s the matter? /rFWg fL 'lDWL/

Cal é o problema?, Que che pasa?

I’m sorry to hear that. /Ol gFpi WL 'kR fDW/

Síntoo / Laméntoo.

Congratulations! /YLmZpDaH'oMimh/

Parabéns!

I’m so pleased for you. /Ol gN 'UoAhX cL qI/

Alégrome moito por ti.

Don’t worry about it. /XLHmW 'rJpi LVPW BW/

Non te preocupes.

That’s great news! /eDWg 'ZpMW mqIh/

Que boas noticias!

What a shame! /rFW L 'iMl/

Que mágoa!, Que pena!

Brilliant! /'VpBoiLmW/

Xenial!, Fenomenal!

Asking For and Giving AdviceCan you give me some advice? /YLm qI ZBd li gLl LX'dOg/

Poderías aconsellarme?

What would you do if you were me? /rFW rHX 'qI XI Bc qI rL lA/

Que farías ti de min?

What should I do? /rFW iLX O 'XI/

Que debería / debo facer?

I think it would be a good idea to ... /O eBnY BW rHX Vi L ZHX O'XR WL/

Coido que sería (unha) boa idea...

Maybe you should ... /'lMVi qI iHX/

Talvez / Se cadra deberías...

It’s better to ... /BWg 'VCWL WL/

Será / É mellor...

If I were you, I would … /Bc 'O rL qI O rHX/

Eu de ti / De min a ti...

Why don’t you ... ? /rO 'XNmW qI/

Por que non...?

How about ... ? /kP L'VPW/

Que che parece se...?

Bridge to the Environmentattend /L'WCmX/ asistir aencourage /Bm'YJpBb/ animar, alentarharass /'kDpLg/ acosarincome /'BmYJl/ ingresosmake a living /lMY L 'oBdBn/ gañar a vidanon-profit /mFm'UpFcBW/ sen ánimo de lucroraise /pMh/ criarresources /pB'hGgBh/ recursosseedling /'gAXoBn/ planta de sementeirastubborn /'gWJVLm/ teimudo/asubmit /gLV'lBW/ someterse

UNIT 5accommodation /LYFlL'XMim/ aloxamentoactually /'DYWiToi/ certamente, realmenteadvice /LX'dOg/ conselloairfare /'CLcS/ tarifa aéreaairport /'CLUGW/ aeroportoair travel /'CL WpDdo/ viaxe en aviónbaggage /'VDZBb/ equipaxeboarding card /'VGXBn YEX/ tarxeta de embarquebore (v) /VG/ aborrecerboring /'VGpBn/ aborrecido/abreak /VpMY/ descansocamping trip /'YælUBn WpBU/ viaxe para ir de acampadacampsite /'YælUgOW/ área de acampadacaravan /'YDpLdDm/ caravanacome up with /YJl 'JU rBf/ atoparcrowded /'YpPXBX/ ateigado/a de xentecruise /YpIh/ cruceirodanger /'XMmbL/ perigodangerous /'XMmbLpLg/ perigoso/adeparture /XB'UEWiL/ saídadeparture time /XB'UEWiL WOl/ hora de saídadirections /XL'pCYimh/ indicacións

Wordlist


do volunteer work /XL dFoLm'WR rKY/ traballar como voluntario/aenterprising /'CmWLUpOhBn/ emprendedor/aevent /B'dCmW/ acontecemento exit /'CYgBW/ saídaforeign country /cFpLm 'YJmWpi/ país estranxeirofulfil the dream of a lifetime /cHocBo fL XpAl Ld L

'oOcWOl/ cumprir o soño de toda unha vidafun /cJm/ divertido/aget away from it all /ZCW L'rM cpLl BW Go/ fuxir de todogo abroad /ZLH L'VpGX/ ir ao estranxeiroguidebook /'ZOXVHY/ guía (libro)guided tour /ZOXBX 'WT/ percorrido turístico; visita guiadahectic /'kCYWBY/ atarefado/ahistorical /kB'gWFpBYo/ histórico/aimpressive /Bl'UpCgBd/ impresionanteintroduce /BmWpL'XqIg/ presentarisolate /'OgLoMW/ illar isolated /'OgLoMWBX/ illado/ajourney /'bKmi/ viaxejustify /'bJgWBcO/ xustificarlandmark /'oDmXlEY/ monumento (asociado a un lugar en particular); punto de referencialeisurely /'oCjLoi/ relaxado/alively /'oOdoi/ animado/a, marchoso/alocation /oN'YMim/ situación, emprazamentolook for adventure /oHY cG LX'dCmWiL/ procurar aventuramajor /'lMbL/ importante, de relevanciamake reservations /lCBY pChC'dMimh/ facer reservas, reservarmeet the locals /lAW fL 'oNYoh/ coñecer á xente da zonanoisy /'mQhi/ ruidoso/aoccur /L'YK/ acontecer, ocorrerpackage holiday /'UDYBb kFoLXM/ viaxe organizadapeaceful /'UAgco/ tranquilo/aplane ticket /'UoCBm WBYBW/ billete de aviónpleased to see you/UoAhX WL 'gA qI/ encantado/a de verterelaxing /pB'oæYgBn/ relaxantereminder /pB'lOmXL/ lembranza, recordoresort holiday /pB'hGW kFoLXM/ vacacións nun complexo turísticosafari /gL'cEpi/ safariscenery /'gAmLpi/ paisaxeseat belt /'gAW VCoW/ cinto de seguridadesee historical places /gA kBgWFpBYo 'UoMgBh/ ver lugares históricosservice charge /'gKdBg WiEb/cargo por servizosite /gOW/ lugartake it easy /WMY BW 'Ahi/ tomalo con vagartake off /WMY 'Fc/ irse, marchar

take on a personal challenge /WMY Fm L UKgLmo

'WiDoLmb/ aceptar / enfrontarse a un reto persoalthrill /epBo/ emoción, entusiasmotravel-sickness /'WpædogBYmLg/ mareo (pola viaxe)travel agent /'Wpædo MbLmW/ axente de viaxestraveller’s cheques /'WpædLoLh aCYg/ cheque de viaxestrek /WpCY/ expediciónunderdeveloped /JmXLXB'dCoLUW/ subdesenvolvido/aunspoilt /Jm'gUQoW/ virxe, que non perdeu a súa beleza naturalwarning /'rGmBn/ advertencia, avisowell-earned /rCo'KmX/ ben merecido/ayouth hostel /'qIe kFgWo/ albergue / pousada xuvenil

Planning a HolidayAre there any cheap air tickets? /E fS Cmi WiAU 'S WBYBWg/

Hai algún billete de avión barato?

What will the weather be like then? /rFW rBo fL 'rCfL Vi oOY fCm/

Que tempo irá nese momento?

Will (we) be picked up from the (airport)?/rBo (rA) VA UBYW JU cpLl fL

('SUGW)/

Recolleranos en / Virán buscarnos a (o aeroporto)?

What is the best time of year to visit? /rFW Bh fL VCgW WOl Ld 'qR WL

dBhBW/

Cal é a mellor época do ano para ir de visita?

I want to travel around on my own. /O rFmW WL WpDdo LpPmX Fm lM

'Nm/

Quero viaxar pola miña conta.

Is (transport) included? /Bh ('WpDmgUGW) BmYoIXBX/

Está incluído (o transporte)?

We’d like to travel around (South America). /rCX oOY WL WpDdo LpPmX (gPe

L'lCpBYL)

Gustaríanos viaxar por (Sudamérica).

I’d like something inexpensive and near the (city centre). /OX oOY gJleBn BmBY'gUCmgBd

LmX mR fL (gBWi gCmWL)/

Quixera algo que non sexa moi caro e que estea preto de (o centro)

Describing PicturesHere you can see that ... /kBL qI YDm 'gA fDW/

Aquí pode verse que...

In the background, there is / there are … /Bm fL 'VDYZpPmX fS Bh /

fS L/

No fondo, hai...

It looks as if ... /BW 'oHYg Lh Bc/

Seica... / Parece coma se...

This must / could be ... /fBg 'lJgW / 'YHX VA/

Isto debe de / podería ser...

They seem to be ... /fM 'gAl WL VA/

Semellan estar / Seica están...

Wordlist


UNIT 6ancestor /'DmgCgWL/ devanceiro/acancel /'Yæmgo/ cancelarcelebrate /'gCoBVpMW/ celebrarcheer /aR/ aclamarclaim /YoMl/ asegurar, aseverarcommemorate /YL'lClLpMW/ conmemorarcomplain /YLl'UoMm/ queixarseconcerned /YLm'gKmX/ preocupado/acostume /'YFgWqIl/ disfracecultural event /YJoWiLpLo B'dCmW/ acontecemento culturalculture shock /'YJoWiL iFY/ choque culturalcustom /'YJgWLl/ costumedisguise (v) /XBg'ZOh/ disfrazar(se)dress up /XpCg 'JU/ disfrazarse; poñerse elegante, vestir(se) de etiquetadress up in traditional costumes /XpCg JU Bm WpLXBiLmo

'YFgWqIlh/ vestirse con traxes tradicionais / típicosemotional /B'lNiLmo/ emotivo/a, conmovedor/aendangered /Bm'XMmbLX/ en perigo de extinciónethnic group /'CemBY ZpIU/ grupo étnicoexciting /BY'gOWBn/ emocionanteexpense /BY'gUCmg/ gasto (at the ~ of: a custa de)extravagant /BY'gWpDdLZLmW/ extravagantefall on deaf ears /cGo Fm XCc 'Rh/ caer en saco rotofamily get-together /cDlLoi 'ZCWWLZCfL/ xuntanza / festa familiarfeel emotional /cAo B'lNiLmo/ emocionarsefestival /'cCgWBdo/ festa; festivalgive gifts /ZBd 'ZBcWg/ dar galanosidentity /O'XCmWLWi/ identidadeincreasing /Bm'YpAgBn/ crecentejoin in the celebrations /bQm Bm fL gCoB'VpMimh/ participar nas festasjoyful /'bQco/ feliz, alegre, ledo/aleaflet /'oAcoLW/ folletolocal (sb) /'oNYo/ veciño/alocal / national celebration /oNYo / mDimLo gCoB'VpMim/ festa local/nacionallook forward to /oHY 'cGrLX WL/ desexar / devecer por, agardar con impacienciamaintain /lCBm'WMm/ mantermarriage /'lDpBXj/ matrimoniooccur /L'YK/ celebrarse; acontecer, ocorreroffer congratulations /FcL YLmZpDWiI'oMimh/ dar os parabénsotherwise /'JfLrOh/ do contrariooutskirts /'PWgYKWg/ aforasparade /UL'pMX/ desfileparty-goer /'UEWiZNL/ asiduo/a a festasperform /UL'cGl/ interpretar (música); actuar

postpone /UL'gULHm/ aprazar, adiar, posporprovide /UpL'dOX/ subministrar, ofrecerreligious /pB'oBbLg/ relixioso/areligious ceremony /pBoBbLg 'gCpLlLmi/ cerimonia relixiosaremember /pB'lLlVL/ lembrarse de, recordarremind /pB'lOmX/ lembrarsay prayers /gM 'UpSh/ rezar, pregarserious /'gBLpiLg/ serio/aslave /goMd/ escravo/aspectator /gUCY'WMWL/ espectador/atake part in /WMY 'UEW Bm/ participar entake place /WCBY 'UoMg/ celebrarse, ter lugartense /WCmg/ tenso/atension /'WCmim/ tensión, tirantezthreat /epCW/ ameazathreaten /'epCWm/ ameazartrademark /'WpCBXlEY/ marcaturn up /WKm 'JU/ aparecer, presentarseunique /qI'mAY/ único/a, excepcionalvary /'dCLpi/ variarvenue /'dCmqI/ local, lugar para celebrar un acontementoviewer /'dqIL/ telespectador/awave flags /rMd 'coDZh/ axitar bandeiraswedding /'rCXBn/ voda

Discussing FestivalsWhat is the name of the holiday? /rFW Bh fL mMl Ld fL 'kFoLXM/

Como se chama a festa?

How often does it take place? /kP 'Fcm XJh BW WMY UoMg/

Con que frecuencia se celebra?

When does it occur? /'rCm XJh BW LYK/

Cando se celebra?

Where does it take place? /'rCL XJh BW WMY UoMg/

Onde se celebra?

What do people do? /'rFW XL UAUo XI/

Que fai a xente?

Describing an EventA typical food is … /L 'WBUBYo cIX Bh/

Unha comida típica é...

It’s customary to ... /BWg 'YJgWLlLpi WL/

É (o) costume...

According to tradition ... /LYGXBn WL WpL'XBim/

Segundo a tradición...

Historically ... /kB'gWFpBYoi/

Historicamente...

The best part is ... /fL 'VCgW UEW Bh/

A mellor parte é...

One custom is ... /'rJm YJgWLl Bh/

Un costume é...

It’s acceptable to ... /BWg LY'gCUWLVo WL/

É aceptábel...

Wordlist


Bridges 2 Galician © B Burlington Books 26

aim at: estar encamiñado/a, pretender (algunha cousa)ask for: pedirbe over: ter(se) acabadobreak away from: separarse de, romper conbreak down: avariarse, derramarsebreak into: introducirse / meterse en; entrar a roubar enbreak up: separarse, romper; rematarbump into: tropezar / atoparse concall on: pasar a ver, visitarcarry on: continuar, levar adiantecatch on: ter éxitocater for: atender / ofrecer servizos acheck in: rexistrarse (hotel); facturar (aeroporto)check out: mirar, botar unha ollada; pagar e marchar (hotel)clean up: limparclear away: quitar, retirarclose down: pechar (definitivamente)close off: acordoar (unha zona)come back: regresar, volver come down: baixarcome on: vamos!, veña!come over: pasar pola casa, vir (visitar)come up with: atoparcut down: talar, cortarcut in: interrompercut off: cortar (o subministro), interromper(se) (conversa)cut out: suprimir, recortardeal with: tratar dedress up: disfrazarse; poñerse elegante, vestir de etiquetaend up: acabar, rematarfall off: caer defeel like: apetecer, ter ganas defigure out: comprender, entenderfill in: cubrir (impreso, documento)find out: saber de; descubrir, esculcarget across: comunicar, facer entender; cruzar, atravesarget along: levarse benget around: desprazarse / moverse porget away: escapar, fuxir, escapulirget back: volver, tornar; recuperarget by: defenderse (lingua); amañarseget in: entrarget into: entrar / caber (roupa); contraer (débedas); entrar / meterse enget off: baixar (dun autobús, tren)get over: superarget rid of: desfacerse deget through: comunicar(se)

get to: chegar aget together: reunir(se), xuntar(se)get up: erguerse give away: revelar; delatargive back: devolver, volvergive up: deixar, renunciar ago against: ir en contra de, ser contrario ago away: marchar, irsego back: volver, regresargo down: baixargo off: marchar, irse; soar (alarma)go on: continuar, seguirgo out: saírgrow up: crecerhand out: repartir, distribuírhang out: pasar o tempoidentify with: relacionar / asociar conjoin in: tomar parte / participar enkeep on: seguir, continuarkeep out: non deixar entrar /pasarleave out: omitir, saltarse, deixar fóralet in: deixar entrar; facer pasarlog into: acceder a, entrar en (unha páxina web)look after: coidar (a / de)look around: botar unha ollada, mirar arredor (dun mesmo)look around for: buscarlook back: mirar cara atrás (no tempo)look back at: lembrarlook down: mirar cara abaixolook for: buscar, procurarlook forward to: desexar, devecer porlook into: investigar, esculcarlook out: ter coidado / contalook up: visitar, ir ver a alguén; procurar (información)make up: inventar(se); reconciliarse, facer as pacesmake up for: compensarmove out: mudarse, marcharpass by: pasar por diantepass down: transmitir, pasarpass on: dar, pasarpay back: volver (cartos); (fig.) vingarsepay for: pagar (por)pay off: pagar a penapick out: elixir, escollerpick up: recoller, ir buscarpoint out: sinalarpull up: subir, erguerput away: gardar, poñer no seu sitio

PHRASAL VERBS

Bridges 2 Galician © B Burlington Books 27

put off: desanimar(se)put out: sacar, tirar, expulsarput up: poñer, pór, ofrecerring up: chamar, telefonarrun around: (fig.) ir ao seu airerun away: fuxir, escapar, escapulirrun for: presentarse como candidato/a (a un cargo)set out: saír, pórse en camiñoset up: establecer(se), fundarshop around: comparar prezosshow up: aparecer / presentarse nun sitiosit down: sentar(se)slow down: reducir a velocidade, ir máis amodostand up: erguerse, poñerse a péstart over: comezar outra vez / desde cerotake after: asemellarse atake back: volver; retractarse, retirar (o dito)take down: baixar; apuntar, tomar nota de

take in: meter (a unha peza de vestir)take off: ir(se)take on: aceptar (un reto)take out: convidar; sacartake part in: participar entake up: comezar athrow down: tirar, lanzar, guindartry on: probarse (roupa, calzado)turn down: baixar (o volume); rexeitarturn into: converter(se) enturn off: apagarturn on: acender, prenderturn out: resultarturn over: dar a volta (a unha cousa)turn up: aparecer, presentarwin over: convencerwork out: facer exerciciowrite back: contestar (por escrito)

PREPOSITION LIST

Verbs + Prepositionsagree with: estar de acordo conappear on: saír aapply for: solicitararrive in: chegar a (unha cidade, un país)believe in: crer enbelong to: pertencer acare about: preocuparse / interesarse porcome to: chegar aconcentrate on: concentrarse endecide on: decidirse pordream of: soñar conearn from: gañar grazas alisten to: escoitar (a)look at: mirar (a)search for: procurar, esculcarserve as: servir despend on: gastar ensucceed in: ter éxito / triunfar entalk about: falar de / sobretalk to: falar conthink about: opinar (sobre), parecer; coidar en

Nouns + Prepositionsan average of: unha media debreak from: descanso dechange in: cambio encost of: prezo /custo deidea of: idea deimportance of: importancia demajority of: maioría demember of: membro denature of: natureza denumber of: cantidade / número depopulation of: poboación dereminder of: lembranza / recordo design of: sinal de

Adjectives + Prepositions (after to be)afraid of: asustado deappropriate for: apropiado / axeitado paraaware of: consciente defond of: (terlle) lei ainterested in: interesado enjealous of: envexoso depleased for: ledo/a, alegre, contento por (alguén)pleased with: satisfeito deproud of: orgulloso / fachendoso desorry about: (sentir) mágoa / pena por (algunha cousa)sorry for: (sentir) mágoa / pena porsurprised by: sorprendido por / con

Preposition List


base form (V1) Past simPle (V2) Past ParticiPle (V3) GaleGo

be /VA/ was / were /rFh/rK/ been /VAm/ ser, estarbeat /VAW/ beat /VAW/ beaten /'VAWm/ golpear, baterbecome/VB'YJl/ became /VB'YMl/ become /VB'YJl/ chegar a serbegin /VB'ZBm/ began /VB'Zæm/ begun /VB'ZJm/ comezar, empezarbend /VCmX/ bent /VCmW/ bent /VCmW/ dobrar(se)bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ bet /VCW/ apostarbite /VOW/ bit /VBW/ bitten /'VBWm/ trabarbleed /VoAX/ bled /VoCX/ bled /VoCX/ sangrarblow /VoLH/ blew /VoI/ blown /VoLHm/ soprarbreak /VpMY/ broke /VpLHY/ broken /'VpLHYm/ crebar, romper, racharbring /VpBn/ brought /VpGW/ brought /VpGW/ traerbuild /VBoX/ built /VBoW/ built /VBoW/ construírburn /VKm/ burnt / burned /VKmW/VKmX/ burnt / burned /VKmW/VKmX/ queimarburst /VKgW/ burst /VKgW/ burst /VKgW/ estoupar, estourarbuy /VO/ bought /VGW/ bought /VGW/ mercarcatch /Yæa/ caught /YGW/ caught /YGW/ coller, agarrarchoose /aIh/ chose /aLHh/ chosen /'aLHhm/ elixircome /YJl/ came /YMl/ come /YJl/ vircost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ cost /YFgW/ custarcut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cut /YJW/ cortardeal /XAo/ dealt /XCoW/ dealt /XCoW/ comerciar, tratardig /XBZ/ dug /XJZ/ dug /XJZ/ cavar, sachardo /XI/ did /XBX/ done /XJm/ facerdraw /XpG/ drew /XpI/ drawn /XpGm/ debuxardream /XpAl/ dreamt / dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ dreamt / dreamed /XpClW/XpAlX/ soñardrink /XpBnY/ drank /XpænY/ drunk /XpJnY/ beberdrive /XpOd/ drove /XpLHd/ driven /'XpBdm/ conducireat /AW/ ate /CBW/ eaten /'AWm/ comerfall /cGo/ fell /cCo/ fallen /'cGom/ caerfeed /cAX/ fed /cCX/ fed /cCX/ alimentarfeel /cAo/ felt /cCoW/ felt /cCoW/ sentir(se)fight /cOW/ fought /cGW/ fought /cGW/ loitarfind /cOmX/ found /cPmX/ found /cPmX/ atoparfly /coO/ flew /coI/ flown /coLHm/ voarforget /cL'ZCW/ forgot /cL'ZFW/ forgotten /cL'ZFWm/ esquecerforgive /cL'ZBd/ forgave /cL'ZMd/ forgiven /cL'ZBdm/ perdoarfreeze /cpAh/ froze /cpLHh/ frozen /'cpLHhm/ conxelar(se)get /ZCW/ got /ZFW/ got /ZFW/ conseguir; recibirgive /ZBd/ gave /ZMd/ given /'ZBdm/ dargo /ZN/ went /rCmW/ gone /ZFm/ irgrow /ZpN/ grew /ZpI/ grown /ZpNm/ crecer; cultivarhang /kæn/ hung / hanged /kJn/kænX/ hung / hanged /kJn/kænX/ pendurarhave /kæd/ had /kæX/ had /kæX/ terhear /kBL/ heard /kKX/ heard /kKX/ oír, ouvirhide /kOX/ hid /kBX/ hidden /'kBXm/ acocharhit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ hit /kBW/ golpear, bater, pegarhold /kNoX/ held /kCoX/ held /kCoX/ suxeitar, sosterhurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ hurt /kKW/ ferir, facer danokeep /YAU/ kept /YCUW/ kept /YCUW/ gardar, manterknow /mN/ knew /mqI/ known /mNm/ saber, coñecerlay /oCB/ laid /oCBX/ laid /oCBX/ poñer, pór, estenderlead /oAX/ led /oCX/ led /oCX/ guiar, conducirlearn /oKm/ learnt / learned /oKmW/oKmX/ learnt / learned /oKmW/oKmX/ aprenderleave /oAd/ left /oCcW/ left /oCcW/ deixar; marchar, saír

IRREGULAR VERBS


lend /oCmX/ lent /oCmW/ lent /oCmW/ emprestarlet /oCW/ let /oCW/ let /oCW/ permitir, deixarlie /oO/ lay /oCB/ lain /oCBm/ tombarse, deitarselie /oO/(regular verb) lied /oOX/ lied /oOX/ mentirlight /oOW/ lit /oBW/ lit /oBW/ acender, prenderlose /oIh/ lost /oFgW/ lost /oFgW/ perdermake /lCBY/ made /lCBX/ made /lCBX/ facer, fabricarmean /lAm/ meant /lCmW/ meant /lCmW/ significar, querer dicirmeet /lAW/ met /lCW/ met /lCW/ coñecer a; reunirse conpay /UM/ paid /UMX/ paid /UMX/ pagarput /UHW/ put /UHW/ put /UHW/ poñer, pórread /pAX/ read /pCX/ read /pCX/ lerride /pOX/ rode /pLHX/ ridden /'pBXm/ montarring /pBn/ rang /pæn/ rung /pJn/ chamar, telefonarrise /pOh/ rose /pLHh/ risen /'pBhm/ elevarse, erguerserun /pJm/ ran /pæm/ run /pJm/ corrersay /gM/ said /gCX/ said /gCX/ dicirsee /gA/ saw /gG/ seen /gAm/ versell /gCo/ sold /gLHoX/ sold /gLHoX/ vendersend /gCmX/ sent /gCmW/ sent /gCmW/ enviarset /gCW/ set /gCW/ set /gCW/ colocarsew /gN/ sewed /gNX/ sewn /gNm/ cosershake /iMY/ shook /iHY/ shaken /'iMYm/ axitarshine /iOm/ shone /iFm/ shone /iFm/ brillar, escintilarshoot /iIW/ shot /iFW/ shot /iFW/ dispararshow /iLH/ showed /iLHX/ shown /iLHm/ amosarshut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ shut /iJW/ pecharsing /gBn/ sang /gæn/ sung /gJn/ cantarsink /gBnY/ sank /gænY/ sunk /gJnY/ afundirsit /gBW/ sat /gæW/ sat /gæW/ sentarsleep /goAU/ slept /goCUW/ slept /goCUW/ durmirsmell /glCo/ smelt / smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ smelt / smelled /glCoW/glCoX/ ulir, cheirarspeak /gUAY/ spoke /gULHY/ spoken /'gULHYm/ falarspell /gUCo/ spelt / spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ spelt / spelled /gUCoW/gUCoX/ soletrearspend /gUCmX/ spent /gUCmW/ spent /gUCmW/ gastar; pasar (tempo)spill /gUBo/ spilt / spilled /gUBoW/gUBoX/ spilt / spilled /gUBoW/gUBoX/ verterspoil /gUQo/ spoilt / spoiled /gUQoW/gUQoX/ spoilt / spoiled /gUQoW/gUQoX/ arruinar, estragarspread /gUpCX/ spread /gUpCX/ spread /gUpCX/ untar; espallarspring/gUpBn/ sprang /gUpæn/ sprung /gUpJn/ choutar, brincarstand /gWæmX/ stood /gWHX/ stood /gWHX/ estar a pésteal /gWAo/ stole /gWLHo/ stolen /'gWLHom/ roubarstick /gWBY/ stuck /gWJY/ stuck /gWJY/ apegar sting /gWBn/ stung /gWJn/ stung /gWJn/ picar (un insecto)swear /grCL/ swore /grG/ sworn /grGm/ xurarsweep /grAU/ swept /grCUW/ swept /grCUW/ varrerswim /grBl/ swam /græl/ swum /grJl/ nadartake /WMY/ took /WHY/ taken /'WMYm/ coller, levarteach /WAa/ taught /WGW/ taught /WGW/ aprender, ensinartear /WCL/ tore /WG/ torn /WGm/ rachar, esgazartell /WCo/ told /WLHoX/ told /WLHoX/ dicir, contar think /eBnY/ thought /eGW/ thought /eGW/ coidar, pensarthrow /epN/ threw /epI/ thrown /epNm/ guindar, tirarunderstand /JmXC'gWæmX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ understood /JmXC'gWHX/ comprender, entenderwake up /'rMYJU/ woke up /'rLHYJU/ woken up /'rLHYmJU/ espertarwear /rCL/ wore /rG/ worn /rGm/ levar posto, poñer, vestirwin /rBm/ won /rJm/ won /rJm/ gañarwrite /pOW/ wrote /pLHW/ written /'pBWm/ escribir

base form (V1) Past simPle (V2) Past ParticiPle (V3) GaleGo

Irregular Verbs

30

LEMBRA: os tempos verbais do Subxuntivo galego tradúcense en inglés polos seus correspondentes en indicativo. Así, o Presente de Subxuntivo, o Futuro de Subxuntivo e o Pretérito Imperfecto de Subxuntivo traduciranse igual.ca o Presente, o Futuro e o Pretérito Imperfecto de Indicativo, respectivamente

PERÍFRASE

Eu estou a andar / andandoTi estás a andar / andando

El/Ela está a andar / andandoNós estamos a andar / andandoVós estades a andar / andando

Eles/Elas están a andar / andando

PERÍFRASE

Eu estaba a andar / andandoTi estabas a andar / andando

El/Ela estaba a andar / andandoNós estabamos a andar / andandoVós estabades a andar / andando

Eles/Elas estaban a andar / andando

PERÍFRASE

Eu teño andadoTi tes andado

El/Ela ten andadoNós temos andadoVós tedes andado

Eles/Elas teñen andado

tEnSES

PRESENT SIMPLE

I walkYou walk

He/She walksWe walkYou walkThey walk

PRESENT CONTINUOUS

I am walkingYou are walking

He/She is walkingWe are walkingYou are walkingThey are walking

PAST CONTINUOUS

I was walkingYou were walking

He/She was walkingWe were walkingYou were walkingThey were walking

PAST SIMPLE

I walkedYou walked

He/She walkedWe walkedYou walkedThey walked

PRESENT PERFECT

I have walkedYou have walked

He/She has walkedWe have walkedYou have walkedThey have walked

tEMPOS VERBAIS

PRESENTE

Eu andoTi andas

El/Ela andaNós andamosVós andades

Eles/Elas andan

PRETÉRITO IMPERFECTO

Eu andabaTi andabas

El/Ela andabaNós andabamosVós andabades

Eles/Elas andaban

PRETÉRITO PERFECTO

Eu andeiTi andaches

El/Ela andouNós andamosVós andastes

Eles/Elas andaron

temPos Verbais teNsesoUtras

eQUiValeNcias

CADROS RESUMO DAS EQUIVALEnCIAS DOS tEMPOS VERBAIS EntRE O InGLÉS E O GALEGO

Bridges 2 Galician © B Burlington Books


Para a tradución do Future Continuous e Future Perfect repasa os puntos correspondentes na RevisiónGramatical e na Unidade 1 deste mesmo apéndice gramatical.

PRETÉRITOPLUSCUAMPERFECTO

Eu andaraTi andaras

El/Ela andaraNós andaramosVós andarades

Eles/Elas andaran

FUTURO

Eu andareiTi andarás

El/Ela andaráNós andaremosVós andaredes

Eles/Elas andarán

FUTURO DO PRETÉRITO

Eu andaríaTi andarías

El/Ela andaríaNós andariamosVós andariades

Eles/Elas andarían

INFINITIVO CONXUGADO

Eu andarTi andares

El/Ela andarNós andarmosVós andardes

Eles/Elas andaren

PAST PERFECT

I had walkedYou had walked

He/She had walkedWe had walkedYou had walkedThey had walked

WILL

I will walkYou will walk

He/She will walkWe will walkYou will walkThey will walk

CONDITIONAL

I would walkYou would walk

He/She would walkWe would walkYou would walkThey would walk

INFINITIVE / GERUND

to) walk / walking)

PERÍFRASE

Eu tiña andadoTi tiñas andado

El/Ela tiña andadoNós tiñamos andadoVós tiñades andado

Eles/Elas tiñan andado

IH-006-275

teNsestemPos Verbais eQUiValeNciasoUtras

Cadros Resumo

grammar appendix grammar review - amazon web services · grammar appendix grammar review present...

Documents