grade 7 history mr. norton€¦ · the french and indian war spread out of the ohio river valley...

Grade 7

History

Mr. Norton

Section 1: The French and Indian War

Section 2: Turmoil over Taxation

Section 3: From Protest to Revolution

Grade 7

History

Mr. Norton

Cornell notes from Chapter 5, Section 1 reading

Pen or pencil

A willingness to participate in discussion

That is all…put the textbook away!

Discuss how the rivalry of Britain and France led to war in North America

Explain how strategic mistakes and lack of unity led to British defeats early in the war.

Identify what turned the tide of war in Britain’s favor.

Discuss how British troops brought about the fall of New France.

French and Indian War

Albany Plan of Union

Plains of Abraham

Treaty of Paris

How did the rivalry of Britain and France lead to war in North America?

How did lack of unity and mistakes lead to British defeats early in the war?

What turned the tide of war in Britain’s favor?

How did British troops bring about the fall of New France?

European powers competed for trade and colonies around the globe.

France and England both claimed land in North America.

English settlers pushing westward clashed with French fur traders in the Ohio Valley.

Native Americans were caught up in the conflict. Algonquins and Hurons sided with the French. Iroquois supported the English.

In 1754, France and Great Britain began to fight in the Ohio River Valley. English settlers called the fight against France and their Indian allies the French and Indian War.

By the 1700s, Britain and France had been enemies for hundreds of years

They went to war with each other again in the 1750s, this time fighting over the Ohio River Valley Ohio River Valley is the land around the Ohio River, flowing

from the Appalachian Mountains to the Mississippi River

French traders exchanged guns and other goods for furs with the American Indians in the valley

British colonists wanted to trade furs and farm land around the Ohio River

In 1754, Virginia ordered George Washington to lead an army into the Ohio River Valley

A larger French army defeated Washington’s force

Britain sent a stronger army to North American and went to war with France

This war became known as The French and Indian War

The French and Indian war spread out of the Ohio River valley through eastern North America

Britain and it colonists fought against France and their American Indian allies

Most American Indians sided with the French, including: Delaware, Ottawa, and Shawnee They sided with the French because the French were their trading

partners France was more interested in trade than in settlement Britain sent many settlers to North America where France did not.

A few American Indian nations who had traded with the British for many years and formed close ties, like the Mohawks, became allies of the British

The Albany Congress in 1754 was a group of representatives who met to discuss how to fight France

Benjamin Franklin was a representative at the congress Had a plan to unite the colonies known as the Albany Plan of Union Believed the colonies could fight better if they worked together Each colony would keep its own government There would be an overall government to solve problems that

affected them all

The colonies did not accept the plan, they were not ready to join together under one government…yet!

Event

Albany Plan of Union

What Happened

To get the colonists to work together to defeat the French, Franklin proposed this plan for “one general government” for the 13 colonies.

Results

The colonial assemblies turned the plan down.

Fort Necessity Washington launched a surprise attack against the French.

French and Indian forces outnumbered Washington’s forces. Washington surrendered.

Fort Duquesne General Braddock led British and colonial troops toward Fort Duquesne.

The French launched a surprise attack and defeated Braddock’s troops.

Fort Oswego, Fort William Henry

The French succeeded in capturing these forts.

Britain’s Indian allies began to doubt the British.

Britain was loosing until 1757 when William Pitt became leader of Britain’s Parliament

Determined to win, he sent many ships and soldiers to North America to capture French forts 1759 defeated the French near Quebec 1760 captured Montreal

By 1763, France sought to make peace with Britain They signed an agreement called the Treaty of Paris that

gave Britain control of Canada and most of the land east of the Mississippi River.

Who or What

William Pitt

What Happened

Pitt became the new head of the British government. Pitt’s first goal was to win the war in North America.

Results

Pitt sent his best generals, money, and supplies to North America.

Louisbourg With the capture of the most important French fort in Canada, the tide of battle turned.

Fort Duquesne

Major General Amherst captured the fort in 1758.

Fort Duquesne became Fort Pitt. The British seized it in 1758.

Added to British success. Fort Niagra, Crown Point, Fort Ticonderoga

The British seized them in 1759.

The British and French troops fought on the Plains of Abraham, outside the city of Quebec. The British won. Quebec surrendered.

Quebec, important city overlooking the St. Lawrence River

In the dark, British troops led by General Wolfe quietly climbed the cliff and surprised the French.

Britain and France signed the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

The treaty marked the end of French power in North America.

Britain gained Canada and all French lands east of the Mississippi River except New Orleans.

France kept two islands in the Gulf of St. Lawrence.

France kept some sugar-growing islands in the West Indies.

Spain gave up Florida to Britain.

Spain received New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi.

Spain kept its empire in Central and South America.

In North America, the French and the English clashed over

a) land claims and fur trade.

b) which Native Americans would be their allies.

c) clearing the forests.

d) rights to the Mississippi River.

As a result of the French and Indian War

a) the Iroquois deserted the British.

b) the city of Pittsburgh grew up.

c) France lost its empire in North America.

d) France controlled shipping on the St. Lawrence River.

Grade 7

History

Mr. Norton


Pen or pencil



Describe how Britain tried to ease growing tensions on the American frontier.

List the ways the colonists reacted to new taxes imposed by Parliament.

Identify the new colonial leaders who emerged as the conflict with Britain escalated.

Discuss the events that led to the Boston Massacre

Pontiac’s War (Pontiac’s Rebellion)

Proclamation of 1763

Stamp Act

Petition

Boycott

Repeal

Townshend Acts

Writ of assistance

Boston Massacre

Committee of correspondence

How did Britain attempt to ease growing tensions on the American frontier?

How did the colonists react to new taxes imposed by Parliament?

Which new colonial leaders emerged as the conflict with Britain escalated?

What events led to the Boston Massacre?

After the war, British colonists headed west to claim land and British soldiers remained there.

British settlers clashed with the Native American nations who wanted them to leave the Ohio Valley.

Britain sent Amherst to keep order. He raised the price of trade goods to Indians and allowed settlers on Indian lands.

Pontiac, an Ottawa chief, led American Indians in a war against the British.

It became known as Pontiac’s War or Pontiac’s Rebellion as angry Indian nations joined in attacks on British forts in the Ohio country.

When the French told the Indians they could no longer help, the Indian nations stopped fighting.

The British issued the Proclamation of 1763, drawing an imaginary line along the Appalachians. Colonists were forbidden west of the line.

Proclamation of 1763 said colonists could not settle west of the Appalachian Mountains and recognized Indian nations’ rights to their land

Many colonists disagreed and wanted to farm and settle in the Ohio River Valley

Colonists were also tired of British soldiers living with them and began working together to oppose the decision of the British government when taxes were imposed on them for the French and Indian War

The French and Indian War cost Britain a great deal

King George III and Parliament decide the colonies should help pay the costs

Britain plans to raise money by collecting taxes

The Sugar Act creates a new tax in 1764 Taxed not only sugar but other imported goods like

coffee and cloth

To avoid the tax, merchants imported goods illegally by smuggling so the goods would not be taxed

The Stamp Act is passed in 1765 by Parliament that taxed anything printed on paper

The new taxes upset the colonists because they did not take part in passing the tax laws American colonists had no representatives in the British

Parliament They did have them in their local governments

Patrick Henry in Virginia’s House of Burgesses makes an angry speech against the Stamp Act Britain was using its power unfairly Many across the colonies agree

The colonists begin forming groups known as the Sons of Liberty

Samuel Adams becomes an important member of the Sons of Liberty in Boston Organized protests against the Stamp Act Protest by events at which people complain about an issue

Sons of Liberty sometimes used violence to resist the Stamp Act Colonists wrecked the homes of a few British officials Colonists beat up tax collectors

The Stamp Act Congress meets in October 1765 Nine colonies sent representatives to New York City They decide only the colonial governments could tax colonists

Merchants in New York and Philadelphia agree to hold a boycott of British goods. Boycott – a group of people refuses to buy, sell, or use certain goods Colonists stopped buying British cloth and other goods Trying to hurt British trade and force the British government to

cancel the Stamp Act

Boycotts and protests work – Stamp Act repealed 1766

British government still needs money so Parliament makes new taxes in 1767 Pay for the services of British governors in the colonies Pay for the soldiers in the colonies

New taxes are called the “Townshend Acts” and tax Tea Glass Lead Paints Paper

The colonists in Boston get angry!

They threaten to use violence against British tax officials

Britain sends soldiers to protect the government officials

Many people in Boston do not want the soldiers in their city

Because of the Townshend Acts, the colonists start a boycott of the goods they used the most

They began to make their own things, such as cloth, instead of importing them

Daughters of Liberty made their own cloth and used it to make clothes They did chores in the early morning Gathered to weave all day Then returned home to do more chores

British merchants lost money! Parliament decides to remove the taxes from

Glass Lead Paints Paper

The tax on tea remained! Congress wanted to show they had the power to tax the

colonies

Colonists thought there should be no taxes!

British Action

Sugar Act of 1764

What It Did

Lowered the tax on molasses; made it easier for British officials to try colonial smugglers.

Colonial Reaction

Stamp Act of 1765 Placed new duties on legal documents; taxes newspapers, almanacs, playing cards, and dice.

• Colonists protested angrily. • Colonists coined the slogan “No

Taxation Without Representation.” • Colonists united. Delegates met in a

Stamp Act Congress. • The Congress drew up a petition, a

formal written request to someone in authority, signed by a group of people.

• Colonists boycotted, or refused to buy, British goods.

• Parliament repealed, or canceled, the Stamp Act.

British Action

Townshend Acts of 1767

What It Did

• Taxed goods such as glass, paper,

paint, lead, and tea.

• Set up new ways to collect taxes,

including writs of assistance,

legal documents that allowed

officers to inspect another

person’s property without giving

a reason.

Colonial Reaction

• Colonial merchants and planters

signed agreement to stop

importing taxed goods.

• Sons of Liberty and Daughters

of Liberty, mock hangings,

petitions, boycotts, threats.

Colonists settle on Indian lands in the west

Pontiac’s War breaks out on the frontier

Proclamation of 1763 stops settlement in the west

Stationing British troops in the colonies proves costly

British government decides American colonists should help pay for troops

Sugar and Stamp Acts burden colonists with new taxes

Stormy protests break out in many colonies

Britain had sent soldiers to protect officials in Boston The people of Boston did not want the soldiers there

The people were frustrated and often fought with soldiers

People of Boston see the soldiers as bullies and some lead attacks on them

March 5, 1770 – The Boston Massacre

On March 5, 1770, Bostonians gathered outside the Boston customs house, shouting insults and throwing things at the British guards.

British soldiers fired into the crowd. Five colonists were killed Crispus Attucks, an African American sailor, is among the killed

and today remembered as a hero

Colonists protested the incident, calling it the Boston Massacre.

Paul Revere created that image of the Boston Massacre It shows colonists who are peaceful, not angry The Sons of Liberty used the picture to convince the colonists

that British soldiers were dangerous

John Adams defends the British soldiers who were put on trial He wanted to show that colonial courts were fair He tried to prove the soldiers were protecting themselves Six soldiers were found innocent and two lightly punished

Samuel Adams wants to spread the news quicker: In 1772 he ends up working with other colonial leaders in

Boston to set up Committees of Correspondence

The goal is to share news with other colonies

Every colony starts Committees of Correspondence Sent each other letters about what the British were

doing

Advised of what actions the colonists would take

Primary Sources

Does this

picture show the

actual truth?

Samuel Adams of Massachusetts was a talented organizer. He arranged protests and stirred public support.

John Adams of Massachusetts had a knowledge of British law that earned him respect.

Mercy Otis Warren of Massachusetts wrote plays that made fun of British officials.

Abigail Adams of Massachusetts wrote to spur colonists to action.

George Washington of Virginia joined in protesting the Townshend Acts.

Patrick Henry of Virginia gave speeches that stirred others to action.

Thomas Jefferson of Virginia was a rising law student.

Britain’s main reason for taxing the colonies was that

a) it expected the colonists to help pay the costs of the French and Indian War.

b) it gave them an excuse to bring smugglers to trial.

c) it expected the colonists to pay the costs of the Proclamation of 1763.

d) it wanted to make the colonists feel closer to Great Britain.

Colonists said they objected to the Stamp Act and other taxes mainly because

a) the taxes were too high.

b) the taxes would not go to help the colonies.

c) the tax laws were passed by a Parliament in which colonists had no representatives.

d) the taxes were too low to do any good.

Grade 7

History

Mr. Norton


Pen or pencil



Discuss how a dispute over tea led to tension between the colonists and the British government.

Describe how Parliament struck back at the people of Boston.

Explain why fighting broke out at Lexington and Concord.

Tea Act

Boston Tea Party

Intolerable Acts (Coercive Acts)

Quebec Act

First Continental Congress

Militia

Minuteman

Battles of Lexington and Concord

How did a dispute over tea lead to tension between the colonists and the British government?

How did Parliament strike back at the people of Boston?

Why did fighting break out at Lexington and Concord?

The British East India Company sold tea to colonial tea merchants. The tea merchants sold the tea to the colonists for a higher price.

When the British East India Company had money troubles, Parliament passed the Tea Act. The act said British East India Company could sell directly to colonists.

American merchants protested being cut out of the tea trade. Other colonists said it was a trick to force colonists to pay the tax on tea.

Colonists boycotted tea.

The Boston Sons of Liberty showed their displeasure by staging the Boston Tea Party. Disguised as Indians, they raided three ships and dumped their cargo of tea into Boston harbor.

In 1773, Parliament passes the Tea Act Allowed the East India Tea Company to sell tea in America at a low

price It made taxed tea cheaper than smuggled tea

Colonists still did not believe that Parliament should tax them without their agreement Also did not want one company to control trade

Setting the stage: Boston merchants would not sell the East India Tea It remained unloaded on the ships in Boston harbor British officials refused to allow the tea to return to Britain Colonists decided to get rid of the unwanted tea

December 16, 1773 Several dozen Sons of Liberty Colonists decided to get rid of the unwanted tea They board the ships in Boston Harbor illegally They throw the tea into the harbor

The “Boston Tea Party” shocked the British Parliament, led by Lord Frederick North, passed laws to punish the colonists The laws were called the Coercive Acts by Parliament

Coerce means to use force Britain was going to use force to get the colonist to comply

The colonists called the laws the Intolerable Acts Intolerable means unbearable

Intolerable Acts—passed to punish Massachusetts

The port of Boston was closed.

Massachusetts colonists could not hold town meetings more than once a year without the governor’s permission.

Customs officers and other officials could be tried in Britain or Canada instead of in Massachusetts.

A new Quartering Act said colonists must house British soldiers in their homes.

Stopped trade between Boston and Britain

Ended most town meetings

Gave Britain control over the colony’s government

British soldiers returned to Boston

Bostonians had to quarter the soldiers Quarter means to provide them food and shelter

Committees of Correspondence spread the news of the acts

People throughout the colonies became furious with Britain They felt the laws were too harsh

Colonists agreed to hold a meeting to discuss the Intolerable Acts

Delegates were sent to Philadelphia Delegate – someone who is chosen to speak and act for

others Delegates met on September 5, 1774 Every colony represented except Georgia The meeting became known as the First Continental

Congress

The congress wrote a letter to the British government and the American colonists They said the colonists should have the same freedoms

as other British citizens

The letter asked King George III and Parliament to stop taxing colonists without their agreement

They asked Parliament to repeal the Intolerable Acts

The delegates made plans: They decided to meet again if the king did not agree

They stopped trade with Britain

They began to train for battle in case war with Britain developed

The king made plans as well: He planned to send more soldiers to Boston

He declared that the colonists had begun a rebellion

Many colonists felt the Intolerable Acts were too harsh More than 3,000 British soldiers in Boston Boston Harbor closed – no ships in or out

Patriots opposed the British rule Mercy Otis Warren was a Patriot writer of plays that criticized the

British officials in Boston Patrick Henry of Virginia was eager for war with Britain Many other colonists shared their views

Throughout the colonies militias prepared for war Militia – a group of ordinary people who train for battle, most of the

men in the militia were farmers

General Thomas Gage is the new British governor of Massachusetts Has orders to stop any possible rebellion Learned the Patriots were storing gunpowder & cannons in Concord Decides to send soldiers on a night march to destroy the supplies

Patriots found out about Gage’s plan Lanterns in the tower of Boston’s Old North church warn Patriots

outside the city that the soldiers are coming Two riders are sent to warn the militia: Paul Revere and William

Dawes. Others such as Samuel Prescott also helped spread the alarm

On April 18, 1775, an army of 700 British soldiers departs Boston for Concord

Revere, Dawes, Prescott and other riders warn the minutemen, “The Regulars are coming out!” Minutemen – militia with special training to be ready at a

moments notice Regulars – the British soldiers

British soldiers capture Revere in Lexington, but later release him

Dawes and Prescott avoid capture

Prescott rides on to warn Concord

Lexington – April 19, 1775 Minutemen are waiting on the Lexington green British officers tell the Minutemen to leave As they go to leave, a shot is fired. No one knows who fired it Both sides begin shooting

8 colonists are killed and 9 wounded 1 British soldier hurt

The British march on to Concord

Concord – April 19, 1775 British soldiers search Concord for hidden weapons More Minutemen gather nearby and fighting starts The British are forced to turn back toward Boston

Poet Ralph Waldo Emerson called this event “The shot heard ‘round the world.”

The road back to Boston Patriots from the towns all around Boston and Concord wait

along the road back to Boston Patriots attack the British as they march down the road from

behind trees and stone walls More than 250 British soldiers are wounded or killed before

they get back to Boston

After the battles of April 19, 1775 News spreads quickly in the colonies More militia members come to surround the city of Boston The British soldiers in Boston are trapped there

Who or What

Quebec Act

What Happened

Parliament set up a government for Canada.

Results

Angered colonists because it included the land between the Ohio and Missouri rivers as part of Canada, which the English colonists claimed.

First Continental Congress

Delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia.

• Agreed to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods

to Britain.

• Urged each colony to set up a militia, which is an army of

citizens who serve as soldiers in an emergency.

• Agreed to meet again the next year.

Minuteman A volunteer prepared to resist the British.

British heard that the minutemen had arms stored near Boston.

Lexington Village near Boston. Minutemen met British soldiers on the village green.

Shots rang out. Colonists were killed.

Concord Town near Boston. Minutemen met British soldiers on Concord bridge.

Colonists forced the British to retreat. With the battles at Lexington and Concord, war had begun.

Parliament passed the Intolerable Acts to

a) collect taxes on tea.

b) punish Massachusetts for the Boston Tea Party.

c) separate French Canadians from English colonists.

d) protest against unfair laws.

When British troops marched on Lexington and Concord, they

a) found a store of weapons and gunpowder.

b) shouted “The redcoats are coming!”

c) surprised the colonists.

d) clashed with armed minutemen.

grade 7 history mr. norton€¦ · the french and indian war spread out of the ohio river valley...

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