grad dip technology report

Introduction to project

For over a century, Barrow-in-Furness's fortunes have beenintrinsically linked to the local shipyard. In this age of global disarmamentthe shipyard is struggling, since the end of the cold war Barrow with lessthan 70,000 inhabitants has suffered 14,000 redundancies. It has longbeen recognised that the town's over dependence on an industry thatonly brings prosperity in times of war cannot continue. Diversification isdesperately needed.

Finally it seems that change and diversification is coming. Barrowhas targeted itself as the gateway to Britain's energy coast, which is amajor proposal to use the natural assets (wind and waves) and existingnuclear skills base to transform the west coast of Cumbria into a hotspotof renewable energy generation and innovation. Barrow itself has justseen planning consent granted for two new offshore wind farms, whichwill add 132 new wind turbines to the existing 30 turbine strong windfarm. It is claimed that the largest of these two new wind farms willgenerate enough energy to power every residential property in Cumbriaone and a half times over.

The aim of this thesis is to fuse the study of renewabletechnologies and ecology into a single university faculty. The intention ito:

• provide a skilled workforce in order to ensure the futuresuccess of the renewable sector within Barrow.

• help ensure that proposals of the renewable sector will notdamage the rich and diverse ecology of the area.

• encourage cross discipline learning which should help inspiretechnological innovation through biomimicry.

1

Geographical informationWhere is Barrow-in-Furness?

2

Geographical informationBarrow-in-Furness

4

Geographical informationThe Site

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Roof plan in context @ 1:500

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Ground floor planin context @1:250

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First floor plan@1:250

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Second floor plan@1:250

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Third floor plan@1:250

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Forth floor plan@1:250

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Fifth floor plan@1:250

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Rendered image

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Sections AA and BB@1:250

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Section CC @1:250

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23

Structures

Structures

Structural Form

The buildings structure is treated differently in dif ferent parts of

the building. In the library wing columns and beams are hidden as much

as possible. However on the ground floor they are used to free up the

façade and aid in making the building appear lightweight. The tower on

the other hand is the complete opposite of the library wing, where the

structure is exposed and expressed in the form of an exoskeleton. This

was done to both free up the internal spaces (which may have been a

bit cramped with internal columns) and to break up the towers façade in

order to make it more aesthetically interesting.

Foundation type

The site has only ever been used as a railway sidings and has

never been built on. It was reclaimed/claimed from Barrow channel

during the 1860's as part of the construction of the dock system and a

large retaining wall separates the site from the adjacent dock.

Given that the site boasts, moisture rich soil, poor ground

conditions and a risk of subsidence, it seems wise to opt for piled

foundations, as is the case for all buildings in the area.

Construction material

On environmental grounds, timber would have been the material

of choice, however given the scale of the design (particularly the 52m

high tower) it seemed impractical. The decision was made therefore to

provide high tech building solutions, which also address environmental

ideas where possible.

The decision has been made to use steel as the primary

structural material, this is due to its capacity to carry high loads on

reasonably small structural members and for the obvious historical

reference, of Barrow once boasting the largest Iron and steel works in

the world. Tarmac Hollowcore and solid plank flooring will sit between

beams, the system will allow shallower floors and for the use of less

concrete.

Provisions for lateral stability

In the case of the tower lateral forces are naturally counteracted

through the towers leaning design, however for additional support the

structure ties back into the core. Another threat to the tower is twisting,

in order to prevent this a series of ring beams are placed at intervals of

at most 6m apart throughout the towers height, this also helps to reduce

the risk of buckling within the columns. The library obtains its lateral

stability for the two cores which run through it.

24

Identification of live anddead loads

25

Structural organisation

26

Foundation detail

27

Column calculations

First column calculation

In order to calculate the size of UC (universal column) required, the

weight it will need to support must first be calculated. This consists of

calculating the slab weight and the imposed loads (dead and live

loads).

150mm deep Tarmac Hollowcore slabs have been selected as the slab

of a composite floor system. They have a self weight of 2.42KN/m2.

For the purposes of the calculation, KN/m2. needs to be converted to

KN/m3 . Therefore:

1000mm�/�150mm=6.666�x�2.42KN/m2�=�16.13KN/m3

The calculation used for working out the slab weight is:

Weight�of�material�x�depth�of�slab�x�width�of�slab�x�length�of�slab�=� weight�

of�slab

The slabs span 5m between beams and 14m along the beams.

Therefore the slab weight is:

16.13KN/m3�x�0.15�x�5�x�14�=�169.365KN

Now that the slab weight has been identified, the imposed loads need

to be calculated. With the below calculation.

Imposed�load�in�KN/m2�x�width�of�slab�x�length�of�slab�=�total�imposed� load�in�

KN

Imposed loads:

Library 4KN/m2.

Class Rooms and similar spaces 3KN/m2

Imposed loads were taken from table 3 on pages 446-447 of the new

metric handbook.

The imposed load of the first floor (Library) is:

4 KN/m2�x�5m�x�14m=�280KN

The imposed load upon the second and third floors (classrooms) and

the roof (requires regular access) is:

3KN/m2�x�5m�x�14m=�210KN

The next stage is to combine the weight of the slabs and the imposed

loads together, in order to calculate the load that any given column

needs to support.

169.35KN�+�280KN�=�449.365KN�(total�load�of�first�floor)

169.35KN�+�210KN�=�379.365KN�(total�load�of�second,�third�and�roof�floors)

�449.365�+�(379.365�x�3)�=�1,587.46KN�(total�load)

Given that any given column will be supporting only one quarter of the

slab the total load can be divided by 4 however all columns, excluding

end columns are supporting one quarter of two seperate slabs,

therefore any given column is supporting half the total load of a slab and

the implied loads acting upon it, so:

1,587.46KN�/�2�=�793.73KN�(load�acting�upon�any�given�column)

Now that the total load has been calculated, the Euler buckling modulus

will be used to work out how much load a 203 x 203 x46 UC can take

before buckling. The equation for this is:

Pcrit�=�π2EI�/�L2

This translates as:

Critical�load�=�π2�x�Young's�modulus�(can�be�obtained�from�tables)�x� Second

moment�of�area�(can�be�obtained�from�tables)�/�distance�between�column�bracing2

(usually�floor�to�floor�distance).

In this instance the Young's modulus of steel is 207,000N/mm2 and the

second moments of area are 4568cm4 in the X-X axis, and 1548cm4 in

the y-y axis. As a UC could buckle in any dimension the weakest

second moment of area (the y-y axis) will be applied to the equation.

The greatest distance the column will span without any bracing is

4590mm.

The second moment of area is given in cm4 but for the purposes of the

Euler buckling modulus it needs to be converted to mm4. Therefore:

1548cm4�x�10,000=�15,480,000mm4

Now that all the inputs have been identified for the equation it's time to

apply them. Therefore the critical load of a 203 x 203 x46 UC over a

4590mm span is:

Pcrit�=�π2�x�207,000�x�15,480,000/45902�=�1,501,120.915�/�1000�=�

1,501.120915KN

As a 203 x 203 x46 UC can support 1,501.120915KN and the load acting

upon any given column within the building is 793.73KN, the specified UC

is large enough to deal with the buildings loads. However it is common

practice to apply a factor of safety by doubling the load acting on any

given column. Therefore:

793.73KN�x�2�=��1,587.46KN

This means that whilst a 203 x 203 x 46 UC could support the specified

weight, it is advisable to specify a larger steel.

Therefore a 203 x 203 x 52 UC with a second moment of area in the y-y

axis of 1778cm4 has a buck²ling load of:

1778cm4�x�10,000�=�17,780,000mm4

Pcrit�=�π2�x�207,000�x�17,780,000/45902�=�1,724,155.677�/�1000�=� �

1,724.155677KN

A 203 x 203 x 52 UC will support the building loads without buckling.

28

Column calculations

Second column calculation (the tower columns).

As the loads and spans of the tower are significantly different to the

lower portion of the building, the columns for the tower shall also be

worked out. Cold-formed circular hollow sections will be used for the

tower for both and aesthetic reasons and that higher loads can be

supported with slimmer sections.

150mm deep Tarmac Hollowcore slabs with a self weight of 2.42KN/m2.

Shall be used again, however 400mm deep Tarmac Hollowcore slabs

with a self weight of 5.28 KN/m2 will be used for the floor supporting

the roof garden (trees) and the roof is glazed, plate glass has a self

weight of 2787 KN/m3.

The slab weights are:

Roof�2787�KN/m3�x�0.025�x�5�x�7�=� 2,438.625KN

Cafe�floor�2.42KN/m2�x�5�x�7.5�=� 90.75KN

Multi-purpose�floor�2.42KN/m2�x�5�x�8�=� 96.80KN

Roof�garden�5.28KN/m2�x�5�x�17�=� 448.8KN

Rake�of�auditorium�2.42KN/m2�x�5�x�15�=� 181.5KN

Imposed loads per KN/m2:

Roof 0KN/m2

Cafe�floor 3KN/m2

Multi-purpose�floor 5KN/m2

Roof�garden 20KN/m2

Rake�of�auditorium 5KN/m2

Imposed loads upon slab in KN:

Roof 0KN

Cafe�floor�3KN/m2�x�5�x�7.5�= 112.5KN

Multi-purpose�floor�5KN/m2�x�5�x�8�=� 200KN

Roof�garden�20KN/m2�x�5�x�17�= 1,700KN

Rake�of�auditorium�5KN/m2�x�5�x�15�= 375KN

Total load of slabs and imposed loads combined:

2,438.625KN�+�90.75KN�+�96.80KN�+�448.8KN�+�181.5KN�+ 112.5KN�+�200KN�+�

1,700KN�+�375KN�=�5,643.975KN

Load acting on any given column:

5,643.975KN�/2�=�2,821.9875

Inputs for the Euler buckling modulus for a 273mm diameter and 12mm

thick Cold-formed circular hollow section:

�Young's�modulus�of�steel�=� 207,000N/mm2

Second�moment�of�area�=�8,400cm4�x�10,000�=� 84,000,000mm

Maximum�distance�between�column�bracing�=� 6000mm

The buckling mass of a 273mm diameter and 12mm thick Cold-formed

circular hollow section is:

Pcrit�=�π2�x�207,000�x�84,000,000/60002�=�4,767,018.926�/�1000�=�

4,760.018926KN

A 273mm diameter and 12mm thick Cold-formed circular hollow section

is not strong enough to support the required load. Is a 273mm diameter

and 16mm thick Cold-formed circular hollow section strong enough?

Second�moment�of�area�=�10,700cm4�x�10,000�=�107,000,000mm

Pcrit�=�π2�x�207,000�x�107,000,000/60002�=�6,072,274.108�/�1000�=�

6,072.274108KN

A 273mm diameter and 16mm thick Cold-formed circular hollow section

is strong enough to support the loadings of the tower including the

factor of safety.

29

Beam calculations

30

33

Environment and services

Environment and services

There are two distinct levels of environment, which will be

addressed in this section. They are the buildings internal environment

(local) and the impact that the building has on the global environment in

both its construction and use.

Local environment

Buildings must provide their users with a comfortable internal

environment. The core considerations for providing a desirable internal

environment are the temperature, air quality, lighting quality and

acoustics. Each of these core considerations will be discussed in greater

depth in relation to the proposed building over the preceding pages.

Global environment

Due to the significant negative impact that buildings can have on

the global environment, it is essential that buildings are designed so to

minimise the amount of energy required to provide the core internal

considerations discussed above. Ideally all new buildings would be

carbon neutral or even supply renewable energy beyond its needs so to

supply its neighbours with renewable energy. Intelligent material choices

and construction techniques can also be used to reduce the buildings

carbon footprint.

35

Environmental Analysis: General

Barrow's coastal diversity, independent weather patterns1 and

existing skills base make it an ideal location for renewable energy

testing and innovation. The following few pages will analyse Barrow's

weather patterns in order to identify the potential renewable forms of

energy that may be suitable for use on the site.

36

Environmental Analysis: Wind speed

The power of the 15-20 knot winds around Barrow2 are already

being harnessed by a 30 turbine strong offshore wind farm, each

turbine generates 3MW of power, which amounts to a net total of 90MW

of power3. Barrow's high wind speeds are as a result of being at the

end of a peninsula and being surrounded by water on three sides,

leaving the town exposed to vapour laden winds coming from the Irish

Sea4.

38

Environmental Analysis: Rainfall

The vapour laden winds coming from the Irish Sea are a cause

of Barrow and Furness's high levels of rainfall5. Calculations based on

MetOffice information suggest that on average in Barrow every 1m2 of

ground will receive 0.516m3 of rainfall per annum. The hope is that this

high level of rainfall will be able to supply the building's grey water

demands, and possibly even the building's entire water requirements.

Barrow's slogan is, “Where the Lakes meet the sea”. A large

proportion of the high levels of rain that falls on the Lakeland fells drains

into the sea around Barrow. This makes Barrow an ideal area for the

study of a new form of renewable energy known as osmotic energy.

Osmotic energy works by forcing fresh water (river water) and salt water

(sea water) into adjacent chambers, separated by a membrane, through

which the fresh water will pass but salt water cannot. The result is an

increase in pressure in what was the salt water chamber. This pressure

is then released to drive a turbine6.

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Environmental Analysis: Sunshine Duration

Barrow receives 1200 to 1400 hours of sunshine per annum7.

Whilst coastal areas receive more sunshine than inland areas, the south

receives noticeably more than northern areas8. This suggests that

Barrow may not be the best place for the study of photovoltaics and

solar panels but that both could contribute to the building meeting its

own energy and heating demands.

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Environmental Analysis: Frost and Ground Temperature

Coastal areas tend to have fewer days of air/ground frost and

enjoy warmer ground temperatures9. This is due to the insulation

provided by the sea. As a result of Barrow being surrounded by sea on

three sides, this effect has likely been intensified.

Barrow has 20-40 days of air frost, significantly less than much of

the country. This indicates that air source heat pumps could prove

exceptionally efficient in the area.

The town sees 60-80 days of ground frost, which is again

significantly less than most of the country. The average annual 30cm soil

temperature is 10-110C, making the ground of the Furness peninsula the

warmest in Cumbria and one of the most northern English settlements

with such high ground temperatures10. This suggests that ground source

heat pumps and possibly geothermal energy may prove highly efficient

in and around Barrow.

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Heating and ventilationstrategy

Due to the heating and ventilation strategies being intrinsically

linked they will be discussed as such. The initial intention of the design

was that it would be solely naturally ventilated, it was realised however

that on an exceptionally windy, coastal site that there will be periods of

time when natural ventilation would be impractical. For this reason the

decision was made to consider a summer and winter heating and

ventilation strategy.

The strategy now uses a composite of natural principles and

man-made technologies, which complement each other. The passive

and active technologies to be used are:

• Natural ventilation

• Passive solar design

• Thermal mass

• A ground source heat pump

• An energy recovery ventilator (heat exchanger)

• Underfloor heating

• Chilled beams

Natural ventilation

In order to ensure that natural ventilation was a feasible option

within the building. The lower portion of the building has been

orientated to sit almost parallel to the prevailing wind (per fectly parallel is

structurally undesirable due to the increased wind loads). No room or

floor has a depth to height ratio any greater than 4.2 to 1 (as a rule of

thumb, spaces with a depth to height ratio of 5 to 1 or less, can be

naturally ventilated).

Passive solar Design

“To make the most of solar gain, the main solar collecting

facades11” “should face within 300 of due south. Orientations further east

or west than this will receive less solar gain, particularly in winter when it

is of most use12”. Currently the glazed area, which will be used to

maximise solar heat gains sits at exactly 300 of due south. Meaning that

the building has been suitably laid out to take advantage of solar gains.

Thermal Mass

Each floor is supported by steel beams spaced an average of

five meters apart, spanning between the beams will be 150mm thick

Tarmac Hollowcore concrete slabs. The large thermal mass of the

concrete slabs will absorb heat from the sun's rays during the day,

particularly in winter, and slowly release the heat during cooler periods

(generally the evening). The advantage of this is that it helps to reduce

the need for supplementary heating and thus the amount of CO2.

Ground source heat pump

As previously highlighted, the ground temperature around

Barrow-in-Furness is quite high due to the sea surrounding and

insulating the town on three sides. For this reason it was felt that a

ground source heat pump could prove exceptionally efficient in the area.

The Christ the King Centre for Learning in Knowsley which is of a similar

scale to this project , employs a ground source heat pump to

supplement its heating requirements. The heat pump provide 75% of the

buildings peak energy demands and 90% of its cooling demand13. If this

level of efficiency could be attained within my building, and there is no

reason to suspect it could not, then it would play a major role in the

buildings efficiency.

Energy recovery ventilator

Due to the potential of the ground source heat pump, an energy

recovery ventilator may be a step beyond the buildings needs. If on cold

winter days the approach thus far discussed cannot meet the buildings

heating demands then the energy recovery ventilator will be used to

draw cool external air in to the building, heat it up, distribute it and then

recycle it. The advantage of this system is that heat is retained, as

opposed to released as it is with natural ventilation and that the air is

kept moving and thus doesn't become stagnant.

Underfloor heating

Underfloor heating is to be used as it heats at ground level

(where the people are at) and as such it requires less energy to keep

the buildings users comfortable, than traditional heaters which need to

heat the entire space before the room temperature is comfortable for

the buildings users. The demand for less energy also puts less strain on

the ground source heat pump and energy recovery ventilator thus

increasing there efficiency and increasing the buildings potential to be

carbon neutral.

42

Working out passive solarangles

43

Centralised plant andground source heat pump

44

Heating and ventilationstrategy: Winter

The winter heating and ventilation strategy is to use the heat

provided by both the ground source heat pump and energy recovery

ventilator to supply the underfloor heating. The heat given off by

underfloor heating, people and machinery is allowed to rise naturally to

the ceiling, here the warm air is ducted through the building back to the

energy recovery ventilator, which releases the heated air to the outside

world, importantly however it uses the heated air to heat new, cooler

incoming air.

46

Heating and ventilationstrategy: Summer

On hot days, when there is a surplus of heat and the act of

retaining the heat would cause the building to become uncomfortably

warm, a natural cross ventilation strategy will be employed. The lower

portion of the building has been orientated almost parallel to the

prevailing wind and depth to height ratios kept within the advised limits

to make natural ventilation. The tower also employs natural ventilation,

however in this portion of the building the stack effect is used.

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Alternative heating andcooling

Sadly it is not plausible for all spaces within the building to be

naturally ventilated. The following charts seek to identify the types of

heating and ventilation that the various rooms within the building

require. The information obtained from these flow charts will then be

presented on a section.

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Lighting strategy

A core objective of the environmental strategy was to maximise

the amount of natural daylight that the building receives. The simple

reasons for this is that natural daylight reduces the need for energy

sapping artificial lighting and provides passive solar heat gains, which

reduces the buildings heating demands.

Natural lighting

When identifying the feasibility of the building being natural lit,

the primary concern is, other buildings obstructing light entering the

proposed building. This is worked out by drawing a line at 250 from

either two meters above the ground or from the centre of the proposed

windows. If any buildings are blocking the penetration of light, then the

daily period of time at which natural light will not enter the proposed

building should be worked out and deducted from the amount of sun

received per annum.

Fortunately having done this exercise, there should be no

blocked light. The dock to the south of the site is over 200m wide and

so there is not a building within 200m of the south facing facade, nor is

it likely there will be in future. The only real building of concern was the

reasonably nearby railway men's club, but as the study shows light

should be able to comfortably enter the building from the north. This

means that the building should receive the full 1400-1500hrs per annum

of sunlight that Barrow receives.

Whilst light to the proposed building is not blocked by any other

building it was also important to ensure that the proposed building

wouldn't block any light from accessing other buildings. Again the only

building of concern was the railway men's club. The study shows that

although close the proposed building doesn't block light to the railway

men's club. That said it would be unwise to increase the height of the

proposed building.

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Heat gains and glare

One of the problems with maximising the amount of natural light

entering the building, is that it maximises solar heat gains, whilst this is

advantageous in the winter months, during summertime it leads to

overheating and thus makes the users feel uncomfortable. Another

problem with an abundance of natural lighting is glare, this is of

particular concern on the first floor of the library, which is essentially a

computer floor.

There are numerous methods to control overheating and glare,

an early solution within the design process was to provide louvres as

they block the heat of the suns ray from entering the building and allow

the light to be bounced onto the ceiling to provide a diffuse light.

however it was felt that they detracted from the aesthetic of the building.

The proposed solutions to the problems are very simple, in order

to keep the building cool, windows will be opened, allowing the natural

ventilation strategy to keep the building temperature down and in order

to reduce glare, simple Venetian blinds will be fitted. The advantage of

them being that they allow for the user to control them locally.

Artificial lighting

On occasions when spaces within the building are not

sufficiently lit by natural daylight I.e. in the evening, artificial lighting will

be used as a substitute. The strategy is to have down lighters evenly

spaced between the beams of the building. Within classrooms lighting

will be user controlled, however in the library, particularly around the

bookshelves the lighting will use a motion sensor and time switch so

that the light is only turned on when a user is present. This system will

be employed in all spaces where it is feasible. Individual task lights will

also be provided within the library for reading and computer use.

This system increases the efficiency with which artificial lighting

is used and allows the user full control of the lighting conditions within

their localised environment.

Acoustics

Despite being situated in close proximity of the UK's largest

naval shipyard and a nuclear submarine undergoing repairs directly

opposite the site, on the other side of the dock, external noise levels are

relatively low. The only real noise is caused by the steady flow of traffic

on the strand, roughly 40 meters away.

A tutors voice must be able to carry from the front of the

classroom to the back, given that the distance is never greater than ten

meters, this should not prove a problem.

Noise from the plant will also be minimal as the building, as part

of a campus utilises a central and externally independent plant, the

building itself has only a very small plant room.

Materiality

The material choices of this building may seem slightly unusual

for a building which is seeking to be the embodiment of the subjects it

has been designed to facilitate the teaching of (ecology and renewable

technologies). Steel and concrete are not exactly famous for their

environmental credentials, it may be expected that a building of this use

would be built with, timber, rammed earth, old car tires or recycled

bottles. There are a few reasons this approach wasn't taken.

The first was that the high level view on the site was to good to

be ignored as such a tower was required of a height to great for all the

aforementioned methods other than perhaps laminated timber.

The second reason was the desire for the building to reference

Barrow's past as having been the home of the worlds largest iron and

steel works.

The third reason was information was acquired which highlighted

that perhaps concrete and steel aren't quite as environmentally

damaging as had previously been assumed.

Whilst steel is highly polluting in its manufacture, particularly in

comparison to timber, it is endlessly recyclable unlike timber, in fact 99%

of structural steelwork and 94% of all steel products are recycled, this is

a greater percentage than any other construction material. In addition

the high strength to weight ratio of steel allows less material to be used

than other construction methods and because less material is used

fewer vehicles are needed to deliver the material to site, thus reducing

transportation costs and emissions. Thanks to the large spans of steel

internal spaces are more flexible allowing the buildings use to be

adapted more readily thus increasing the likely hood that the building

will have a long life span. Research also suggests that steel beams

allow floor depths and concrete slabs to be of the optimal depth for a

good thermal mass14.

The concrete floor slabs to be used within this building are

150mm thick hollowcore concrete slabs. Hollowcore salbs are, well

hollow and so use less concrete in their manufacture and so are a more

environmentally conscious choice than a standard concrete slab. There

deign allows, much like a folded piece of paper, for the slabs to span

greater distances with shallower depths than a traditional concrete slab.

56

This further reduces the amount of concrete used in the construction, but

also the amount of steel work required to support it, thus further

reducing the carbon footprint of the building.

On site renewable energygeneration

As a university faculty which specialises in the teaching of

renewable technologies, it was decided to bring a rich and diverse

range of renewable technologies to the project. For the most part the

energy supplied by these technologies, particularly the osmotic power

plant, will be negligible. However the key exemption is wind power, the

site is large enough to allow several small turbines to be placed upon it

and due to the exposed location of the site within a coastal town wind

speeds are comfortably high enough to run wind turbines efficiently.

As a rule of thumb if the average wind speed of a site is 6.5m/s

or greater at 45m above ground level (agl) then wind turbines should be

feasible. Using the windspeed database it is possible to identify the

average windspeed within a 1km grid square of the proposed site at

10m, 25m and 45m agl. The site sees an average windspeed of 7.3m/s

at 45m agl, therefore the tower turbine which will stand in excess of 60m

agl should be highly efficient. However 45m is simply to high for the

other turbines as they would begin to overwhelm the site, fortunately

the wind speed at 25m agl is 6.7m/s meaning turbines just 25m tall

would also be feasible, in fact turbines as low as 10m agl would still

work reasonably well although would have nowhere near the energy

output of the taller turbines. The average wind speed at 10m agl is

5.9m/s.

57

59

Construction

Construction

This section of the technology report focuses primarily on the

tower as it is by far the most complex part of the building. The building is

steel framed with composite concrete floor slabs. The foundations are

steel piles, piles have been used due to the risk of subsidence. The

external envelope of the tower differs greatly throughout its profile, due

to complex geometry, structural requirements and materiality. Simplified

the tower consists of a structural exoskeleton on one half and a large

preformed concrete mass on the other, upper floors are surrounded

with glazing on three sides, whilst the auditorium on the ground floor is

encased in concrete.

A series of details follow over the preceding pages the part of

the building they refer to is highlight on the section to the right. Areas

highlighted in red are up to date details, whilst details highlighted in

orange are no longer up to date as the design has evolved since they

were drawn, however in all but a few details the changes are only slight.

P.S please ignore the hand written detail numbering the typed numbers

correlate to the numbering shown on the section, whilst for the most

part the hand written numbering does not.

60

Detail 1

63

Detail 2

64

Detail 3

66

Details 4 and 5

68

Details 6 and 7

69

Details 7 and A

70

Details 8 and B

71

Detail B

72

Details B and C

73

Details D and 9

74

Details 10, 11, F and G

75

Fire: Travel distances

76

Endnotes

1. Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT AN ILLUSTRATED

HISTORY 2nd Edition, 1968

2. Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet]

3. BOWind, It's windy …. and it's officially open, 25th

September 2006 [Internet]





6. Gregory, Mark, BBC News, Norway's Statkraft opens first

osmotic power plant, 24 November 2009 [Internet]






11. Littlefair,P,J, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight A

guide to good practice, 2003, p.15

12. Littlefair,P,J, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight A

guide to good practice, 2003, p.15

13. Target zero, Key findings

14. Sustainable steel construction, Building a sustainable

future

80

Bibliography

Books

Littlefair,P,J, Site layout planning for daylight and sunlight A guide to goodpractice, BRE, 2003

Barnes, Fred, BARROW & DISTRICT, AN ILLUSTRATED HISTORY, 2ndEdition, Barrow-in-Furness Corporation,1968

Magazines/Journals/newspapers/leaflets

Target zero, Key findings

Sustainable steel construction, Building a sustainable future

Internet

BOWind, It's windy …. and it's officially open [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.bowind.co.uk/press250906.shtml >[Accessed08.12.2009]

Gregory, Mark, BBC News, Norway's Statkraft opens first osmoticpower plant [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/8377186.stm>[Accessed 08.12.2009]

Metoffice, Climate UK Averages [Internet] Availablefrom:<http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/averages/ukmapavge.html#>[Accessed 16.10.2009]

81

grad dip technology report

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barrow channelduring

ground floor planin

new wind turbines

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