8/13/2019 GPSEB

1/49

8/13/2019 GPSEB

2/49

NAFTA

On January 1, 1994, the North American Free TradeAgreement between the United States, Canada, and e!ico"NAFTA# entered into $orce

The ob%ecti&es o$ this Agreement, are to'

(rant the signatories most $a&oured nation status

)*iminate barriers to trade in and $aci*itate the cross+border mo&ement o$, goods and ser&ices between the

territories o$ the arties -romote conditions o$ $air cometition

.ncrease in&estment oortunities

-ro&ide rotection and en$orcement o$ inte**ectua*

roerty rights Create rocedures $or reso*ution o$ dis utessource'

8/13/2019 GPSEB

3/49

e$ore NAFTA, e!ican tari$$s on U0S0+made roducts were,on a&erage, 23 ercent higher than U0S0 duties on e!icanroducts0

Aro!imate*y 3 ercent o$ the tari$$s were abo*ishedimmediate*y when the agreement too5 e$$ect, and theremaining tari$$s were targeted $or gradua* e*imination0

One o$ the 5ey ro&isions o$ NAFTA ro&ided 6nationa*goods6 status to roducts imorted $rom other NAFTA

countries0 No state, ro&incia*, or *oca* go&ernments cou*dimose ta!es or tari$$s on those goods0

NAFTA oened u e!ican mar5ets to U0S0 comanies *i5ene&er be$ore0

NAFTA created the wor*d8s *argest $ree trade area, whichnow *in5s 43 mi**ion eo*e roducing 1: tri**ion worth o$goods and ser&ices

source'

8/13/2019 GPSEB

4/49

iticism U.S. Jobs Were Lost Labor is cheaer in

e!ico, many

manu$acturing industries mo&ed art o$ their

roduction $romhigh+cost U0S0 states

U.S. Wages Were Suppressed Mexio!s Far"ers Were Put Out o#

$usi%ess Farmbi** subsidi;ed U0S0 agribusinessby as much as 4< o$ net $arm income.

Ma&ui'adora Wor(ers Were Exp'oited

Mexio!s E%)iro%"e%t *eteriorated

8/13/2019 GPSEB

5/49

FREE TRA*E , MPACT

ON MECO

8/13/2019 GPSEB

6/49

NAFTA was contro&ersia* at the time o$ im*ementation, and is sti**considered contro&ersia*0 =hi*e some e$$ects, such as increased trade,imro&ed hea*th ser&ices are considered ositi&e, others such as the

reduction in a&erage (>- growth are negati&e

*epe%de%e o% t/e U.S. Eo%o"0' One resu*t o$ NAFTA is thate!ico8s deendence on the U0S0 economy has increased mar5ed*y0 morethat ?< o$ e!ican trade is sti** with the U0S 0

%)est"e%t $et1ee% t/e U.S. a%d Mexio' =ith the remo&a* o$e!ican *imits on $oreign in&estment, as we** as the remo&a* o$ tari$$s, ithas become much more ro$itab*e $or Americans to in&est in e!ico0

E##ets o% E"p'o0"e%t 2 There has been an increase inunderem*oyment, as we** as an increase in *ow+ay %obsand *ow+roducti&ity %obs0There$ore, e&en though unem*oyment has decreased,the incomes o$ the em*oyed ha&e actua**y $a**en0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

7/49

Mexia% Produti)it0, Exports a%d Pries ' =ith e!ico@s

entry into NAFTA, the e!ectation was that re*ati&e rices $orcertain e!ican cros wou*d decrease 0This was based on theeconomic e!ectation that, by remo&ing e!ico@s rice and tradeinter&entions in basic cros such as grains and oi*seeds, rices $orthe same goods in e!ico and the United States wou*deua*i;e0A$ter NAFTA, e!ican rices o$ basic cros such as mai;edroed and, subseuent*y, e!ican imorts o$ those crosincreased0 e!ican agricu*tura* roduction, howe&er, did notdecrease a$ter NAFTA0 The e!ican go&ernment@s uni*atera**ibera*i;ation o$ corn and NAFTA were both $actors in dec*iningrices o$ corn in e!ico0

Wor(er Rig/ts ' wor5er rights ha&e

not been ositi&e*y in$*uenced byNAFTA 0 NAFTA 6e!*icit*y e!c*udedany rotections $or wor5ing eo*e inthe $orm o$ *abor standards

8/13/2019 GPSEB

8/49

+o1 Mexio ateUSA

8/13/2019 GPSEB

9/49

8/13/2019 GPSEB

10/49

Lo%g3ter" stag%atio% a%d gro1i%g i%e&ua'it0 NAFTA has a*so contributed to growing income ineua*ity

and to the dec*ining re*ati&e wages o$ U0S0 wor5ers without

co**ege degree0 Gaid growth in U0S0 trade and $oreignin&estment as a share o$ U0S0 gross domestic roduct "(>-#has *ayed a *arge ro*e in the growth o$ ineua*ity in incomedistribution in the *ast 2 years0

First, the steady growth in trade de$icits has e*iminatedmi**ions o$ manu$acturing %obs and %ob oortunities0

Second, the e$$ects o$ growing U0S0 trade and trade de$icitson wages goes beyond %ust those wor5ers e!osed direct*yto $oreign cometition0

Fina**y, Bthreat e$$ects arise when $irms

threaten to c*ose *ants and mo&e them abroad

whi*e bargaining with wor5ers o&er wages

8/13/2019 GPSEB

11/49

Another bro5en romise o$ NAFTA was the idea thatthe trade dea* wou*d be a boon $or American$armers0 Since NAFTA , , $ami*y $armsin U0S0 ha&e been ut out o$ business0

The in$*u! o$ i**ega* immigrants that ha&e entered the U0S0.**ega* immigrants in the U0S0 ha&e increased to 12 mi**iontoday $rom 09 mi**ion in 199 0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

12/49

NATO

8/13/2019 GPSEB

13/49

W+AT S NATO4 Nort/ At'a%ti Treat0 Orga%i5atio% 7NATO8,mi*itary

a**iance estab*ished by the North At*antic Treaty "a*so ca**edthe =ashington Treaty# o$ Ari* 4, 1949, which sought tocreate a counterweight to So&iet armies stationed in centra*and eastern )uroe a$ter =or*d =ar ..0 .ts origina* memberswere be*gium, canada,>enmar5, France, .ce*and, .ta*y, Hu!embourg,the Nether*ands, Norway,-ortuga*, the United Iingdom, and the UnitedStates0 Joining the origina* signatorieswere (reece and Tur5ey "1932# =est (ermany "1933

$rom 199 as(ermany# Sain "19?2# the C;echGeub*ic, Kungary,and -o*and "1999#u*garia, )stonia, Hat&ia, Hithuania, Gomania, S*o&a5ia, and S*o&enia "24#and A*bania andCroatia "29#0 France withdrew $rom the

integrated mi*itary command o$ NATO in 19EE but remaineda member o$ the organi;ation it resumed its osition in

8/13/2019 GPSEB

14/49

NATO

The heart o$ NATO is e!ressed in Artic*e 3 o$ the North

At*antic Treaty, in which the signatory members agree that an armed attack against one or more of them in Europe or

North America shall be considered an attack against themall; and consequently they agree that, if such an armedattack occurs, each of them, in exercise of the right of

individual or collective self-defense recognized by Article !of the "harter of the #nited Nations, $ill assist the %arty or%arties so attacked by taking forth$ith, individually and inconcert $ith the other %arties, such action as it deemsnecessary, including the use of armed force, to restore andmaintain the security of the North Atlantic area&

Sig%i%g o# t/eNATO treat0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

15/49

EFFECT OF NATO The creation o$ NATO brought about

some standardi;ation o$ a**ied mi*itary termino*ogy,rocedures, and techno*ogy, which in many cases meant)uroean countries adoting U0S0 ractices0 The rough*y1 Standardi;ation Agreements codi$ied many o$ the

common ractices that NATO has achie&ed0

Kence, the :0E2L31 NATO ri$*e cartridge was introduced inthe 193s as a standard $irearm cartridge among manyNATO countries0

A*so,aircra$t marsha**ing signa*s were standardi;ed, so thatany NATO aircra$t cou*d *and at any NATO base0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

16/49

2PCTURES

NATO mar5s the Eth anni&ersary o$the accession o$ (reece and Tur5ey

to the A**iance, on 1? February0

A 5ite $esti&a* is he*d in Chicago on 19ay in the run u to the NATOSummit0

9 Ju*y mar5ed the 13th anni&ersary o$ the

signing o$ the Charter on a >istincti&e-artnershi between NATO and U5raine in199:0 Since then, dia*ogue and ractica*cooeration ha&e become we**+estab*ished in awide range o$ areas, and U5raine is a much+&a*ued contributor to NATO+*ed oerations0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

17/49

On 19 arch, NATO A**ies agree to e!tendthe A**iance@s counter iracy na&a*

oeration o$$ the Korn o$ A$rica, OceanShie*d, unti* the end o$ 2140 OerationOcean Shie*d contributes to ro&idingmaritime security in the region and ishe*ing to reduce the o&era** irate attac5success rate M this year, on*y : success$u*

irate attac5s had been recorded in theregion by end No&ember, down $rom a tota*o$ 42 in 210

A tribute is aid to the troos o$ NATOmember and artner countries at a

baseba** game between the ChicagoCubs and the Chicago =hite So!, at=rig*ey Fie*d in Chicago, on 19 ay,on the e&e o$ the NATO Summit0(enera* John G0 A**en, Commander o$the NATO+*ed .nternationa* Security

Assistant Force in A$ghanistan,sa*utes during the US nationa*

8/13/2019 GPSEB

18/49

9=t/Ja%uar0,9:;>

First NATO -atriot battery in Tur5ey oerationa*

MONS, $e'giu" ? T/e #irst o# six Patriot "issi'ebatteries dep'o0i%g to Tur(e0 1as de'aredoperatio%a' a%d p'aed u%der t/e o""a%d a%do%tro' o# NATO o% Saturda0, 9= Ja%uar0.

The battery, ro&ided by the Nether*ands, wi** he* torotect the city and eo*e o$ Adana against missi*e

;@t/Ja%uar0, 9:;>

Kungarian -resident ma5es $irst &isit to NATO headuartersNATO Seretar0 -e%era' A%ders Fog/ Ras"usse% t/a%(ed+u%gar0s Preside%t JB%os der #or /is ou%tr0s stro%gsupport to t/e A''ia%es operatio%s i% A#g/a%ista% a%d Doso)o,duri%g t/e preside%ts #irst )isit to NATO +ead&uarters o%

T/ursda0 ;@ Ja%uar0.Kungary hosts NATO@s Strategic Air*i$t Caabi*ity, three C+1: hea&ytransort *anes which are shared by 1 A**ies and two artners0Kungary a*so articiates in other mu*tinationa* ro%ects, such asoo*ing and sharing medica* treatment $aci*ities0

NATO3urre%t'0..

8/13/2019 GPSEB

19/49

Sout/ East Asia Treat0Orga%i5atio%

"SEATO#

8/13/2019 GPSEB

20/49

W+AT S SEATO4

An internationa* organi;ation $or co**ecti&ede$ence0

Created by the Sout/east Asia Co''eti)e

*e#e%e Treat0, or Ma%i'a Pat To oose $urther Communist gains in

Southeast Asia on ?th Setember 1934in ani*a, -hi*iines

Created a$ter the French withdrew $rom .ndo+China, causing North ietnam to become acommunist regime0

? embers ' The United States, the UnitedIingdom, France, Austra*ia, New ea*and,

Thai*and, the -hi*iines, and -a5istan0 A*though ca**ed the 6Southeast Asia Treaty

8/13/2019 GPSEB

21/49

SEATO TIMELINE

;G' S)ATO was$ormed

;= 'Used by US as areason to re$use toreuni$y ietnam,

considering it s*it at the1:th ara**e* as N0ietnam P S0 ietnam

;@> '-a5istan

withdrew $rom S)ATO ;@G 'France withdrew

$rom S)ATO ;@'ietnam =ar

ended

8/13/2019 GPSEB

22/49

REASONS FORJONN- SEATO

The -hi*iines +c*ose ties with the UnitedStates, out o$ concern o&er the nascentcommunist insurgency0

Thai*and+ %oined a$ter *earning o$ a new*yestab*ished 6Thai Autonomous Gegion6 inSouth China0

The (ene&a Agreements o$ 1934 signedre&ented ietnam, Cambodia andHaos".ndochina# $rom %oining any

internationa* mi*itary a**iance, though these

8/13/2019 GPSEB

23/49

REASONS FOR JONN-SEATO

Austra*ia and New ea*and +interestedin Asian a$$airs

(reat ritain and France + had *ong

maintained co*onies in the region -a5istan + otentia* $or recei&ing

suort in its strugg*es against .ndia0

United States+ U0S0 o$$icia*s be*ie&edSoutheast Asia to be a crucia* $rontierin the $ight against communiste!ansion, so it &iewed S)ATO asessentia* to its g*oba* Co*d =ar o*icyo$ containment0

ROLE AN* RELEHANCE

8/13/2019 GPSEB

24/49

ROLE AN* RELEHANCEOF SEATO

.t maintained no mi*itary$orces o$ its own, but theorgani;ation hosted %ointmi*itary e!ercises $or

member states each year0 The treaty bound the

signatories to mutua* aid toresist armed attac5 an

armed attac5 on onesignatory was interretedas a danger to a**0

S)ATO wor5ed tostrengthen the economic$oundations and *i&ing

.t sonsored a &ariety o$meetings and e!hibitionson cu*tura*, re*igious andhistorica* toics0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

25/49

8/13/2019 GPSEB

26/49

8/13/2019 GPSEB

27/49

=hat *ed to ietnam =ar France began its conuest o$ .ndo+China

in the *ate 1?3@s >uring ==.., French were de$eated by

(ermany in 1940 France co**aborated with Jaanese Army

to ru*e ietnam0

Jaanese Army too5 contro**ed o$ theentire ietnam0 >uring this time the iet inh was

$ounded by Ko Chi inh "communist#0 =ith the suort o$ So&iet Union and

U0S0, iet inh made the Jaanese army

surrender0 Ko Chi inh dec*ared the .ndeendent

>emocratic Geub*ic o$ ietnam andbecame the ru*er0

France with the suort o$ ritish andU0S0S0G armies again too5 ietnam under

its contro*0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

28/49

Co*d =ar began between the So&ietUnion and the =estern wor*d0

.n 1949, Chinese Communist won theChinese ci&i* war and ro&ided

reuired $unds and arms to the ietinh0

193, the communist countriesrecogni;ed the iet inh@s >emocraticGeub*ic o$ ietnam, based in Kanoi,

as the main go&ernment0 =hi*e the non+communist nations

recogni;ed the French+bac5ed State o$ietnam in Saigon, *ed by $ormeremeror ao >ie, as the main

go&ernment0 iet inh in 1934, with the suort o$

U0S0S0G0 and -GC de$eated the Frencharmy "att*e o$ >ien ien -hu#0

ietnam was temorari*y artitionedat the 1:thara**e* at the (ene&a

8/13/2019 GPSEB

29/49

The >omino Theory

American o*icyma5ers de&e*oed the

B>omino Theory as a %usti$ication $or thein&o*&ement0

This theory stated, B.$ South ietnam $a**s tothe Communist, Haos, Cambodia, Thai*and,urma, .ndia and -a5istan wou*d a*so $a***i5e dominos0 The -aci$ic .s*ands and e&en

8/13/2019 GPSEB

30/49

Oosition to (ene&aAccords

The United States re&ented thee*ections that were romisedunder the (ene&a con$erencebecause it 5new that the

Communists wou*d win0 Secretary o$ State John Foster >u**esthought the (ene&a Accords grantedtoo much ower to the Communist-arty o$ ietnam0

Ke and -resident >wight >0

)isenhower suorted the creation o$a counter+re&o*utionary a*ternati&esouth o$ the 1:thara**e*0

This was accom*ished through$ormation o$ the SOUTK )AST AS.A

TG)ATQ OG(AN.AT.ON "S)ATO#0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

31/49

Fa** o$ Saigon and S)ATO

U0S0 *ost this war in 19: and$orces were ca**ed bac50 From arch 19: unti* the $a**

o$ Saigon on Ari* , 19:3,the South ietnamese armytried deserate*y to sa&e the

South $rom o*itica* andmi*itary co**ase0 The end $ina**y came when

North ietnamese tan5sro**ed south a*ong Nationa*Kighway One0

On the morning o$ Ari* ,Communist $orces caturedthe residentia* a*ace inSaigon, ending the ietnam=ar0

Kence with the rime moti&ebehind S)ATO being *ost, the

8/13/2019 GPSEB

32/49

Other reasons $or the $ai*ure o$S)ATO

S)ATO de$ence treaty ca**ed on*y $or consu*tation,

*ea&ing each indi&idua* nation to react indi&idua**y tointerna* threats0

Un*i5e the North At*antic Treaty Organi;ation "NATO#,S)ATO had no indeendent mechanism $or obtaininginte**igence or de*oying mi*itary $orces, so the otentia*$or co**ecti&e action was *imited0

As it incororated on*y three Asian members, S)ATO$aced charges o$ being a new $orm o$ =esternco*onia*ism0

Hinguistic and cu*tura* di$$icu*ties between the memberstates a*so comounded its rob*ems, ma5ing it di$$icu*t

$or S)ATO to accom*ish many o$ its goa*s0 -a5istan $orma**y *e$t S)ATO in 19:, because the

organi;ation had $ai*ed to ro&ide it with assistance inits ongoing con$*ict against .ndia0

=hen the ietnam =ar ended in 19:3, the most

rominent reason $or S)ATO8s e!istence disaeared0 Asa resu*t, S)ATO $orma**y disbanded in 19::0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

33/49

CENTO

8/13/2019 GPSEB

34/49

CENTO The Centra* Treaty Organi;ation" a*so

re$erred to as C)NTO origina* namewas midd*e east treaty organi;ationor )TO a*so 5nown as the aghdad

-act# was $ormed in 1933 by .ran,.ra, -a5istan, Tur5ey and the UnitedIingdom0

.ran uit the act in 193? and thesame year USA %oined it andrenamed it C)NTO0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

35/49

8/13/2019 GPSEB

36/49

OG.(.N .n the ear*y 193s, the United States

(o&ernment e!ressed an interest in the$ormation o$ a idd*e )ast Command to rotectthe region against communist encroachment0

The nature o$ some o$ the ongoing tensions inthe region, *i5e Arab+.srae*i con$*ict and

)gytian+*ed anti+co*onia*ism, made it di$$icu*tto $orge an a**iance that wou*d inc*ude both.srae* and =estern co*onia* owers0

.nstead, the U0S shi$ted its $ocus to the6Northern Tier,6 re$erring to the *ine o$ countries

that $ormed a border between the U0S0S0G0 andthe idd*e )ast0 The idea was to conc*ude ana**iance that wou*d *in5 the southernmostmember o$ the North At*antic TreatyOrgani;ation "NATO#, Tur5ey, with the

westernmost member o$ the Southeast AsiaTreaty Organi;ation "S)ATO#, -a5istan0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

37/49

O$JECTHE The ob%ecti&e o$ the a**iance was to

re&ent the sread o$ communismand o$ So&iet .n$*uence in the idd*e)ast0

The aim was to strengthen theregimes $a&ouring the west0

C)NTO was created as a con&entionmi*itary a**iance in the Co*d =arc*imate o$ the 193s and ser&ed asthe centra* *in5 in the chain o$strategic de$ence acts against the

So&iet Union and its a**ies

8/13/2019 GPSEB

38/49

Un*i5e NATO, C)NTO didn@t ha&e auni$ied mi*itary command structure,

nor were many U0S0 Or UI mi*itarybases estab*ished in membercountries, a*though the U0S0 had

communications and e*ectronicinte**igence $*ights o&er the USSG$rom bases in -a5istan0

The UI had access to $aci*ities in-a5istan and .ra at &arious timeswhi*e the treaty was in e$$ect0

.n addition, Tur5ey and the U0S0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

39/49

C)NTO didn@t inter$ere in the Arab .srae*con$*ict, nor in the .ndo+-a5 wars" inwhich -a5 wanted C)NTO to he* it#

C)NTO did *itt*e to re&ent thee!ansion o$ So&iet in$*uence to nonmember states in the area0 =hate&er

containment &a*ue the act might ha&ehad was *ost when the So&iets R*ea$rogged@ the member states,estab*ishing c*ose mi*itary and o*itica*

re*ationshis with go&ts0 .n )gyt, Syria,.ra, Soma*ia, Hibya, the -eo*e@s>emocratic Geub*ic o$ Qemen0

.ndeed by 19:, the U0S0S0G0 had

de*oyed o&er 2, troos to )gyt

8/13/2019 GPSEB

40/49

C)NTO was dys$unctiona* muchbe$ore its o$$icia* termination when,in 19:4, Tur5ey in&aded Cyrus, a

mo&e that was se&ere*y critici;ed bythe =estern -owers0

O$$icia**y it ended when the .s*amicGe&o*ution too5 *ace in .ran and itwithdrew $rom the A**iance "Feb 13,

19:9#

8/13/2019 GPSEB

41/49

8/13/2019 GPSEB

42/49

8/13/2019 GPSEB

43/49

Gesonse to the integration o$ =est(ermany into NATO in 19330

=arsaw act was a mutua* de$encetreaty between eight communist stateso$ eastern )uroe in e!istence duringthe co*d war0

)stab*ished under the initiati&e o$the So&iet Union and signed on 14 ay

1933, in =arsaw i*itary com*iment to the Counci* $or

utua* )conomic Assistance "Co)con#,the regiona* economic organisation $or

the communist states o$ )astern

=AGSA= -ACT

8/13/2019 GPSEB

44/49

Natio%s2i0 So&iet Unionii0A*bania

iii0-o*andi&0)ast (erman&0C;echos*o&a5ia&i0Gomania

&ii0Kungary&iii0u*garia

8/13/2019 GPSEB

45/49

The =arsaw act was $ormu*ated tore&ent, at a** costs ,the recurrence o$ anin&asion o$ Gussian soi* as has occurredunder nao*eon in 1?12, (erman $orces in

191? and Kit*er in 1941,*eading to e!tremede&astation and human *osses0

Two+$o*d' the -o*itica* Consu*tati&eCommittee hand*ed o*itica* matters, and

the Combined Command o$ -act ArmedForces with headuarters in =arsaw,-o*and0

The *atter was in charge o$ a** mi*itary

acti&ities o$ the a**iance, whi*e the $irstcontro**ed e&er thin e*se0

-UG-OS)

8/13/2019 GPSEB

46/49

+UN-ARANREHOLUTON3 ;=

Communists too5 o&er in 1949, *iberation becamedomination and the Kungarian go&ernment was tota**ysubordinate to So&iet contro*0

There was $reedom in the air on October 2, 193Ewhen Kungarian students began demonstrating

against the Communist go&ernment0 .mre Nagy, the new communist arty *eader,

withdrew Kungary $rom the =arsaw -act and endedKungary8s a**iance with the So&iet Union0

A$ter 193E the So&iet Union ractica**y disbanded theKungarian -eo*e8s Army and reinstituted a rogram

o$ o*itica* indoctrination in the units that remained0 unab*e to re*y on Kungarian $orces to maintain order,

the So&iet Union increased its troo *e&e* in Kungary

T+E PRA-UE

8/13/2019 GPSEB

47/49

T+E PRA-UESPRN- OF ;=

.n ay 19EE when there were com*aints that theSo&iet Union was e!*oiting the eo*e o$C;echos*o&a5ia0

A wea5 economy e!acerbated the situation andnone o$ the re$orms that were introduced wor5ed0

The wor5ers remained in oor housing and *edthe most basic o$ *i$esty*es0

)ar*y in 19E? by A*e!ander >ubce5 became the*eader0

The go&ernment o$ C;echos*o&a5ia seeming*ywanted to democrati;e the nation0

The -rague Sring ended with a So&iet in&asion,the remo&a* o$ A*e!ander >ubce5 as arty *eader

and an end to re$orm within C;echos*o&a5ia0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

48/49

>.SAN>)>

.n 19E2, A*bania stoed articiating in theactions o$ the treaty and $orma**y droed outo$ the a**iance in 19E?0

y the 19?s, the =arsaw Treaty Organi;ationwas beset by rob*ems re*ated to the economics*owdown in a** )astern )uroean countries0

.n Setember 199, )ast (ermany *e$t the -actin rearation $or reuni$ication with =est(ermany0

y October, C;echos*o&a5ia, Kungary, and-o*and had withdrawn $rom a** =arsaw -actmi*itary e!ercises0

A rotoco* ,dibanding the warsaw act, wassigned in rague on %u*y 1,1991, in connection

with re$orms *aunched in the so&iet union andother centra* and east euroean countries0

8/13/2019 GPSEB

49/49