gps augmentations and enhanced loran: infrastructure precision and reliability asia gnss workshop...
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GPS Augmentations and Enhanced Loran: GPS Augmentations and Enhanced Loran: Infrastructure Precision and ReliabilityInfrastructure Precision and Reliability
Asia GNSS Workshop
Seoul, Korea - November 4, 2004
James J. Miller
DOT Office of the Secretary
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 20042
OverviewOverview
GPS Augmentations & ApplicationsGPS Augmentations & Applications Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS) Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS) Nationwide Differential GPS (NDGPS)Nationwide Differential GPS (NDGPS)
Loran developments in the U.S.Loran developments in the U.S. Loran Today Modernizing Loran Achieving “eLoran”
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 20043
GPS Augmentations & ApplicationsGPS Augmentations & Applications
Power Grid
Interfaces
Personal Navigation
Trucking &
Shipping
Surveying &
Mapping
Communications --Network
Synchronization
and Timing
Fishing &
Boating
Railroads
Off shore
Drilling
Aviation
Recreation
Satellite Ops --Ephemeris, Timing
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 20044
New Civil Applications New Civil Applications Continue To EmergeContinue To Emerge
• Child safety
• Wireless E-911
• Open pit mining
• Power grid management
• Spacecraft control
• Intelligent Transportation Systems
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 20045
Current GPS Civil CapabilitiesCurrent GPS Civil CapabilitiesApplications Integrity Availability Accuracy
Ocean transitCoastal navigationInland waterwayHarbor entrance & approachHighway navigationEmergency ResponseTransit vehicle managementRailroad train controlOceanic en routeDomestic en routeNon-precision approachesPrecision approaches
Mar
itim
eL
and
Avi
atio
n
Requirements can be Requirements are not met
met by GPS alone by GPS alone
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 20046
GPS Civil Capabilities GPS Civil Capabilities with Augmentationswith Augmentations
Application Integrity Availability AccuracyOcean transit GPS GPS GPSCoastal navigation GPS GPS GPSInland waterway NDGPS NDGPS NDGPSHarbor entrance & approach NDGPS NDGPS NDGPSHighway navigation GPS GPS GPSEmergency Response GPS GPS GPSTransit vehicle management NDGPS NDGPS NDGPSRailroad train control NDGPS NDGPS NDGPSOceanic en route GPS GPS GPSDomestic en route GPS WAAS GPSNon-precision approaches GPS WAAS GPSPrecision approaches WAAS/LAAS WAAS/LAAS WAAS/LAAS
Mar
itim
eL
and
Avi
atio
n
Requirements can be Requirements are met by
met by GPS alone GPS plus augmentations
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 20047
Differential GPS (DGPS)Differential GPS (DGPS) ConceptConcept
ReferenceReferenceStationStation
.
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 20048
Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)Wide Area Augmentation System (WAAS)
• Improves efficiency/capacity of airspace system– Advanced arrival and departure procedures
– Promotes airspace redesign
• Safety is most significant benefit– Vertical guidance at all runway ends
– Improves 3D situational awareness
• GPS/WAAS procedures in place
• Certified avionics are available now
• Improved access to airports for general, commuter, and business aviation
• Allows reduction of ground- based navigation aids
LNAV/VNAV 350’
LPV 250’
ILS 200’
3o
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 20049
WAAS StatusWAAS Status
Commissioned for IFR En Route Operations - July 10, 2003 Lateral Guidance
– 100% of CONUS, Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico Vertical Guidance
– 95% availability in CONUS & portions of Alaska
– LNAV/VNAV approaches (350’ minimums)
– LPV approaches (250’ minimums) first published - Sep 2003 WAAS Expanded LPV Coverage 2008
– Full continental U.S.
– Most of Alaska GPS Modernization ~ 2015
– L5 frequency
– WAAS 200’ minimums
– Interference mitigation
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200410
Local Area Augmentation System Local Area Augmentation System (LAAS)(LAAS)
• Precision approach for Category I, II & III• Multiple runway coverage• Complex procedures• Guided missed approaches• Guided departure procedures• Aircraft surface navigation
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200411
LAAS directed to be R&D program– CAT I contract becomes focused on integrity and
safety• Complete integrity design report and FHA
– CAT II/III Research and Development• GNSS/Inertial, EVS, RADALT integration study • Dual frequency LGF design analysis initiation• Ionosheperic threat model/monitoring algorithms• Dual frequency multipath limiting antenna
LAAS future TBD based on results of technical, operational, and economic assessments
LAAS StatusLAAS Status
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200412
Nationwide Differential (NDGPS)Nationwide Differential (NDGPS)
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200413
Five Categories of NDGPS ApplicationsFive Categories of NDGPS ApplicationsFive Categories of NDGPS ApplicationsFive Categories of NDGPS Applications
1. Original Code-Based NDGPS Applications 1 - 3 meters
Navigation, Precision Farming, Positive Train Control, Dredging, Buoy Positioning, Resource Management & GIS
2. Real-Time High Accuracy NDGPS Apps 10-15 centimeters
Real-time Automated Surveying of Roads, Railroads & Harbors; Highway Lane Keeping;Machinery Control; & Auto-Docking of Ships
3. Post-Processing NDGPS Applications 2 - 4 centimeters
Surveying, Mapping, Charting & Hydrography
4. Stationary Scientific NDGPS Applications 2 - 3 millimeters
Plate Tectonics Monitoring & Earthquake Prediction
5. Weather Forecasting Application Water Vapor Info
1. Original Code-Based NDGPS Applications 1 - 3 meters
Navigation, Precision Farming, Positive Train Control, Dredging, Buoy Positioning, Resource Management & GIS
2. Real-Time High Accuracy NDGPS Apps 10-15 centimeters
Real-time Automated Surveying of Roads, Railroads & Harbors; Highway Lane Keeping;Machinery Control; & Auto-Docking of Ships
3. Post-Processing NDGPS Applications 2 - 4 centimeters
Surveying, Mapping, Charting & Hydrography
4. Stationary Scientific NDGPS Applications 2 - 3 millimeters
Plate Tectonics Monitoring & Earthquake Prediction
5. Weather Forecasting Application Water Vapor Info
Categories of Applications Provides
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 2004
Nationwide DGPS (NDGPS)Nationwide DGPS (NDGPS) StatusStatus
NDGPS expansion is progressing
– 82 sites currently operational - 86 sites by December 2004
Single-station coverage – now 92% of CONUS
– Dual-station coverage currently 50% of CONUS
Nationwide single coverage by end of 2005 with the
addition of 5 more sites
Nationwide dual coverage by end of 2008
– Total of 110 sites in CONUS and 15 sites in Alaska
International Standard used in 40 countries
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200415
International StandardInternational Standard
NDGPS is designed to an international, non-proprietary standard– Compliant with RTCM SC-104
and ITU-R M.823
– Increases market for manufacturers
– Enhances Global interoperability
Signal is free to all users 47 other countries operate
systems compatible to ours Resulting in a seamless
international navigation system
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200418
Intelligent Transportation SystemsIntelligent Transportation Systems
• Improved roadway safety
– Minimize accidents
• Crash prevention
technologies research
• Road departure prevention
– Electronic mapping
– High-Accuracy NDGPS
• In-vehicle navigation for
precise position
determination
• Snowplow guidance
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200420
High Accuracy NDGPS Develop a nationwide 3-D dynamic positioning service that
has an accuracy better than 15 centimeter and time to alarm integrity of less than 2 seconds
Coexist with existing NDGPS infrastructure
New Initiatives - AccuracyNew Initiatives - Accuracy
GPS (13-24 meters)
HA-NDGPS Dynamic(0.1 meters)
NDGPS(1 to 3 meters)
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200421
HA-NDGPS StatusHA-NDGPS Status
HA-NDGPS Signal Successfully Broadcast from two locations– Static accuracy at 50 km better than 1cm 3-D– Dynamic accuracy at 250 km better than 20 cm 3-D
• Atmospheric Prediction Algorithms show promise
• Implementation Cost <$100,000 per site
• Benefits of multi-site broadcast
• Additional testing planned over next several months
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200422
High Accuracy - NDGPS PlansHigh Accuracy - NDGPS Plans
Hawk RunHawk Run
MaconMacon
GradyGrady
HackleburgHackleburg BoboBobo
GoodlandGoodland
TopekaTopeka
OnondagaOnondaga
MedfordMedford
EdinburgEdinburg
MedoraMedora
BillingsBillings
Great FallsGreat Falls
PolsonPolson SpokaneSpokane
AppletonAppleton
Klamath FallsKlamath Falls
AustinAustin
BakersfieldBakersfield
EssexEssex FlagstaffFlagstaff
AlbuquerqueAlbuquerque
SummerfieldSummerfield
PuebloPueblo
HudsonHudson FallsFalls
GWEN Sites New Site Coast Guard Site Green - Operating Red – Planned Dark Blue – HA-NDGPS broadcasting Light Blue – HA-NDGPS planned
Whidbey IsWhidbey Is
Robinson PtRobinson Pt
Fort StevensFort Stevens
Cape Cape MendocinoMendocino
Point BluntPoint Blunt
Pigeon PointPigeon Point
Point ArquelloPoint Arquello
Point LomaPoint Loma
Aransas PassAransas Pass
GalvestonGalveston
English TurnEnglish Turn
MobileMobilePointPoint
Egmont KeyEgmont Key
Key WestKey West
MiamiMiami
Cape CanaveralCape Canaveral
Fort MaconFort Macon
Cape HenryCape Henry
Cape HenlopenCape Henlopen
Sandy HookSandy Hook
MorichesMoriches
PortsmouthPortsmouth
BrunswickBrunswick
Millers FerryMillers Ferry VicksburgVicksburg
MemphisMemphis SallisawSallisaw
KansasKansasCityCity
St LouisSt Louis
RockRockIslandIsland
St. PaulSt. Paul
WisconsinWisconsin Point Point
UpperUpperKeweenawKeweenaw
Whitefish PtWhitefish PtNeebish IslandNeebish IslandCheboyganCheboygan
Sturgeon BaySturgeon Bay
DetroitDetroit
SaginawSaginawBayBay
MilwaukeeMilwaukee
YoungstownYoungstown
TucsonTucson MundayMunday
JacksonJackson
MytonMyton
El PasoEl Paso
INELINEL
DandridgeDandridge
CincinnatiCincinnati
MontereyMonterey
LangtryLangtry
RawlinsRawlins
WeiserWeiser
KanabKanab
HagerstownHagerstown
AshvilleAshville
MartinsvilleMartinsville
MiddleburyMiddlebury
Jack Jack CreekCreek
OdessaOdessa
GreensboroGreensboro
OmahaOmaha
Pine Pine RiverRiver
St. Mary’sSt. Mary’s
LouisvilleLouisville
AcushnetAcushnet
ElmiraElmira
KensingtonKensington
FayettevilleFayettevilleNew BernNew Bern
AnnapolisAnnapolis
Canton Canton
Iowa CityIowa City
St Mary’sSt Mary’s
LedyardLedyard
SenecaSeneca
LincolnLincoln
WenatcheeWenatchee
WhitneyWhitney
ClarkClark
ChicoChico
PenobscotPenobscot
CharlestonCharleston
SavannahSavannah
HartsvilleHartsville
Reedy PointReedy Point
DriverDriver
Pattern Pattern
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200423
NDGPS Partner ProjectsNDGPS Partner Projects
Continuously Operating Reference Stations (CORS) Program
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200424
NDGPS Partner ProjectsNDGPS Partner Projects (cont.) (cont.)
NOAA’s Forecast Systems Lab ContinuouslyMeasures Water Vapor
NDGPS Site in Whitney, NENDGPS Site in Whitney, NE
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200425
NDGPS Partner Projects NDGPS Partner Projects (cont.)(cont.)
University NAVSTAR Consortium (UNAVCO)
NDGPS Site in Pueblo, CONDGPS Site in Pueblo, CO
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200427
Status of Loran in the U.S.Status of Loran in the U.S.
Legacy Loran Today
Loran Modernization – Achievements – Differential Loran
– Loran Data Channel
– Loran Station Electronics
– Control Station Electronics
Loran Modernization – Expectations– Complete Electronics modernization
– Implement Time of Transmission (TOT) control
– Evolve to Enhanced Loran (eLoran) in both CONUS and Alaska
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200428
Legacy LoranLegacy Loran
Loran is currently:– A hyperbolic radionavigation system…
• …operating between 90 kHz and 110 kHz…• …that uses a very tall antenna…• …that broadcasts primarily a ground wave• …at high power…• …that provides both lateral position…• …and a robust time and frequency standard
– A supplemental system for enroute aviation navigation in the U.S. National Airspace System (NAS)
– A system for maritime navigation in the coastal confluence zone (CCZ)
– A Stratum 1 frequency standard (i.e., 1 x 10-11) that also provides time within 100 ns of UTC (USNO)
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200429
As a radionavigation system, Loran provides:
– A predicted 2drms accuracy of 0.25 nm (460 m) and a repeatable accuracy of 60-300 ft (18-90 m)*
– An availability of 99.7% (based on triad operation)*
– A level of Integrity based on exceeding certain operational parameters measured at the transmitters and at system area monitor sites
– Continuity no greater than 99.7% (its availability), but potentially worse depending on receiver characteristics and geometry of the triad being used…
– Loran today does not meet high-performance, precision standards relative to other Nav aids…
* U.S. Federal Radionavigation Plan (FRP)
Legacy Loran Legacy Loran (cont.)(cont.)
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200430
North American Loran SystemNorth American Loran System
New SSX Installed!
George, Washington;
Dana, Indiana; and
Fallon, NV
New TFE also Installed! Baudette, MN; Seneca, NY;
Boise City, OK; Malone, FL; and Havre, MT
TTX Stations: 88 US, 11 Canadian
Control Stations
New SSX Stations:New SSX Stations: 33 US
LSU
SSX Stations: 88 US, 44 Canadian
SSX Stations w/New TFE: 5 USSSX Stations w/New TFE: 5 US
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200431
Today’s Coverage in North AmericaToday’s Coverage in North America
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200432
“The Government is evaluating the ability of an enhanced Loran system to support non-precision approach for aviation users, harbor entrance and approach for maritime users, and improved performance for time and frequency users.”
“If the Government concludes as a result of the evaluations that Loran-C is not neededis not needed or is not cost is not cost effectiveeffective, the United States Coast Guard (USCG) will plan to disestablish the system by the end of fiscal year 2008 with appropriate public notice.”
Current U.S. Loran PolicyCurrent U.S. Loran Policy
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200433
U.S. DOT Navigation Task Force ReportU.S. DOT Navigation Task Force Report
“If Loran can meet
requirements for non-
precision approach for
aviation users, harbor
entrance and approach for
maritime users, and
improved performance for
time and frequency users,
and is cost effective,
Loran should be included in the future radionavigation mix.”
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200434
eLoraneLoranLoran-CLoran-C
Loran Technical Evaluation ConclusionsLoran Technical Evaluation Conclusions
“The evaluation shows that the modernized Loran system could satisfy the current NPA, HEA, and timing/frequency requirements in the United States and could be used to mitigate the operational effects of a disruption in GPS services...
“…If the decision is made to retain Loran as one of the federally provided radionavigation systems, the extent to which these modifications are accepted and implemented will define the actual characteristics of the resulting enhanced Loran (eLoran) system.”
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200435
Achieving “Enhanced Loran”Achieving “Enhanced Loran”
“Enhanced Loran” means a modernized Loran that meets the current requirements of GPS navigation and timing users and, therefore, can be used as a GPS back-up
Requirements must be met for:– Maritime Harbor Entrance & Approach (HEA)
• Accuracy within 20 meters
– Aviation Non-Precision Approach (NPA)• Probability of Hazardous or Misleading information no greater
than 1 x 10-7 per hour
– Timing• Within 100 nanoseconds of UTC
Enhanced Loran (eLoran) availability:– CONUS by December 31, 2008– Alaska by December 31, 2009
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200436
Loran-C vs. Loran-C vs. eLoraneLoran
The Loran technical evaluation showed that eLoran could meet the aviation requirements for non-precision approach (NPA) and the maritime requirements for harbor entrance and approach (HEA)
0.999 - 0.99990.999 - 0.9999over 150 secover 150 sec
0.997
Continuity
0.99999990.9999999(1 x 10-7)(1 x 10-7)0.999 – 0.99990.999 – 0.99990.004 - 0.01 nm0.004 - 0.01 nm
(8 – 20 m)(8 – 20 m)eLoran
10 second alarm/
25 m error0.997
0.25 nm(463 m)Loran-C
IntegrityAvailabilityAccuracy
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200437
Loran Data ChannelLoran Data Channel
Loran must transmit information to users to achieve the accuracy, availability, integrity, and continuity requirements for NPA and HEA
eLoran will transmit this information by adding a 9th Pulse to the Loran transmission
It preserves navigation information on pulses 1-8
Its feasibility has been proven with solid-state transmitters
U.S. has successfully tested its ability to broadcast and receive station ID, integrity, time, and differential messages
Facilitates all-in-view vs. chain operation
Each Loran station becomes essentially a pseudolite
U.S. is planning to activate 9th pulse at Loran Station Seneca, NY and perform additional testing in Boston and New York using differential corrections from several monitors
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200438
Time of Transmission (TOT) ControlTime of Transmission (TOT) Control
Evolving from the current System Area Monitoring (SAM) control to Time-of-Transmission Control is essential to achieving eLoran All of CONUS should be completed by
December 2005, including:• Loran and Control Station electronics modernized • Loran on Time-of-Transmission control implemented• All-in-view/9th pulse receivers development• Differential Loran information developed for specific
harbors
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200439
New Loran Station ElectronicsNew Loran Station Electronics
New Solid State New Solid State Transmitter (NSSX)Transmitter (NSSX)
New Timing & New Timing & Frequency Equipment Frequency Equipment
(NTFE)(NTFE)
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200440
New Control-Station ElectronicsNew Control-Station Electronics
New Loran Consolidated Control New Loran Consolidated Control System (NLCCS)System (NLCCS)
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200441
Differential Loran – Real WorldDifferential Loran – Real World
Maritime EnvironmentMaritime Environment Shipboard InstallationShipboard Installation
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200442
Differential Loran – Real TimeDifferential Loran – Real Time
-10 -8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8 10 1221
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
Longitude-min re 76W
Latit
ude-
min
re
39N
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 500
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Horizontal Error - meters
Cum
ulat
ive
dist
ribut
ion
Vessel’s Track LineVessel’s Track Line
Accuracies AchievedAccuracies Achieved
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200443
Prototype Loran Card inPrototype Loran Card inMulti-Mode Avionics ReceiverMulti-Mode Avionics Receiver
Rockwell Collins has continued the work on their own to incorporate low cost gyros into the integrated receiver solution
Integrated GPS/LORAN receiver for general aviation is also being developed by FreeFlight Systems and Locus under FAA contract
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200444
FreeFlight/LocusFreeFlight/LocusGA Multi-Mode ReceiverGA Multi-Mode Receiver
Phase I Prototype (Two-box initial solution) similar to GPS/WAAS/LORAN Rockwell Collins MMR/Locus development
Phase I Prototype testing of Integrated GPS/WAAS/LORAN receiver testing progressing at this time
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200445
Phase II Prototype to become available for testing Spring 2005
FreeFlight/Locus GA Multi-Mode FreeFlight/Locus GA Multi-Mode ReceiverReceiver
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200446
Megapulse/Reelektronika/Si-Tek Megapulse/Reelektronika/Si-Tek Multi-Mode Marine ReceiverMulti-Mode Marine Receiver
Front End & ADC77 x 47 mm
Signal Processor
77 x 51 mm
Prototype became available for testing: Spring 2004
Production units expected: Winter 2004
GPS – WAAS
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200447
New Loran/GPS/WAAS New Loran/GPS/WAAS Megapulse/Reelektronika ReceiverMegapulse/Reelektronika Receiver
85 mm
110 mm
30 mm
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 20041
Summary As the global standard for positioning, navigation, and timing, GPSGPS
use continues to grow in all modes of transportation and numerous civil applications
GPSGPS modernization and its augmentations are integral components of the emerging robust and reliable positioning, navigation, and timing (PNT) infrastructure
Modernization of Loran continues as part of the U.S. transportation infrastructure
The decision to continue Loran services in the U.S. is currently under review. A U.S. government decision is pending
GPS augmentations and “eLoran” type systems all have a potential role to play in the radionavigation and positioning mix of the future
Greater PNT capabilities for civil users worldwide Greater PNT capabilities for civil users worldwide
Asia GNSS Work Shop – Seoul Nov. 4, 200449
POINT OF CONTACT INFO.
James J. Miller, Deputy DirectorU.S. Department of Transportation, Office of the
SecretaryNavigation & Spectrum Policy, Nassif Bldg.,
Rm. 10223E400 Seventh Street, S.W., Washington, D.C.
20590
(202) 366-5918 [email protected]