governmental policy and supply and demand. price controls price ceilings – highest legal price of...
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![Page 1: Governmental Policy and Supply and Demand. Price Controls Price Ceilings – Highest legal price of a product or good – Binding if below market equilibrium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5518ace8550346881f8b4d5a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Governmental Policyand
Supply and Demand
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Price Controls• Price Ceilings– Highest legal price of a product or good– Binding if below market equilibrium• Leads to shortage
– Non-binding if above• Price Floor– Lowest legal price of a product or good– Binding if above market equilibrium• Leads to surplus
– Non-binding if below
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Price Ceilings
D SP
Q
D SP
Q
Shortage
S* D*
No Effect
P^
P^
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Examples: Caution-Using a Model• OPEC limits output, US gov’t places price
ceiling on gas– Led to shortage, long lines for gas– Unexpected side effect : small cars boom
• NY rent control– Short run (inelastic) vs Long run (more elastic)• SR small shortage, LR large shortage
– Other ways around• Key deposits, paying finders fees
– Other adverse effects• People less likely to move, inefficient • Lower quality housing (less incentive to keep up)
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Price Floors
D SP
Q
D SP
Q
Surplus
S*D*
No Effect
P_
P_
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Example: Caution-Using a Model• Minimum Wage– 1938 Fair Labor Standards Act
• Market– Workers Supply Labor (elastic/inelastic ?)– Employers Demand Labor (elastic/inelastic ?)
• Impact– Above equilibrium: surplus (unemployment)– Higher wages for those with jobs
• Difference by skills – Skilled Workers unaffected – why?– Unskilled/youth affected – why?
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Subsidies and Taxes• Subsidy: get paid to buy or get paid to
produce/sell– Give incentive to participate in market– Market increases in size
• Tax: have to pay to buy or have to pay to produce/sell– Give disincentive to participate in market– Market decreases in size
• For both change in market size depends on combined elasticity of supply demand– More elastic bigger change
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Subsidy• Regardless of subsidize buyer or seller– Outcome quantity is the same– Realized buyer/seller price the same– Market price differs by subsidy (also buyer/seller)
• Both Gain, but:• Who gains the most from the subsidy (seller or
buyer) depends on who’s curve is most inelastic
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P
P’
Q’ Q
Subsidy
D’’D’
SP=P’’
BP=P’’-S
Q’’
P
P’
Q’ Q
Subsidy
D’
SP=P’’+S
BP=P’’
Q’’
S’’S’S’
Buyer Gets Subsidy Seller Gets Subsidy
Outcome P, Q, BP, SP(why shift curves up/down?)
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SubsidyWedge
P’
SP
BP
D’
S’’
S’S’D’’
D’ D’
Subsidy WedgeView
Buyer Gets SubsidyView
Seller Gets SubsidyView
Q’ Q’’ Q’’ Q’’Q’ Q’
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P’
D’
D’’ D’
S
D’’S
BP
BP
SPSP
Supply Curve More Inelastic soSeller Gains More
Demand Curve More Inelastic soBuyer Gains More
Who Gains? : Price Effect
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SD’’
D’
S
D’’
D’
Q’ Q’’ Q’’Q’
Very Inelastic So Small Change In Quantity
Very Elastic So Large Change In Quantity
Effect on Size of Market
![Page 13: Governmental Policy and Supply and Demand. Price Controls Price Ceilings – Highest legal price of a product or good – Binding if below market equilibrium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5518ace8550346881f8b4d5a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Winners/Losers• Winners– Buyers in market– Sellers in market
• Losers– Tax payers not in market– Competitors (trading partners)
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Examples• Farm Subsidies– Who wins/loses– Rational
• Home Buying Subsidies (2 kinds)– Who wins/loses– Rational
• Ethanol Subsidies– Who wins/loses– Rational
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Taxes• Regardless of taxing buyer or seller– Outcome quantity is the same– Realized buyer/seller price the same– Market price differs by tax (also buyer/seller)
• Both Lose, but:• Who loses the most from the tax (seller or
buyer) depends on who’s curve is most inelastic– Tax incident
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P
Q’’ Q
Tax
D’D’’
P’SP=P’’
Q’
P
P’
Q’’ Q
Tax
D’
SP=P’’-T
BP=P’’
Q’
S’S’’S’
Buyer Gets Taxed Seller Gets Taxed
Outcome P, Q, BP, SP(why shift curve down/up?)
BP=P’’+T
![Page 17: Governmental Policy and Supply and Demand. Price Controls Price Ceilings – Highest legal price of a product or good – Binding if below market equilibrium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5518ace8550346881f8b4d5a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
P’
D’
D’’
D’
SD’’
S
BP
BP
SPSP
Supply Curve More Inelastic soSeller Loses More
Demand Curve More Inelastic soBuyer Loses More
Who Loses? : Price Effect
P’
Tax
Tax
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SD’
D’’
S
D’
D’’
Q’’ Q’ Q’Q’’
Very Inelastic So Small Change In Quantity
Very Elastic So Large Change In Quantity
Effect on Size of Market
![Page 19: Governmental Policy and Supply and Demand. Price Controls Price Ceilings – Highest legal price of a product or good – Binding if below market equilibrium](https://reader035.vdocuments.mx/reader035/viewer/2022062619/5518ace8550346881f8b4d5a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Winners/Losers• Losers– Buyers in market– Sellers in market
• Winners– Recipients of the tax money– Competitors (trading partners)
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Examples• Payroll Tax – good is labor supplied by workers
demanded by firms– Employee and employer both pay half
• True Tax incidence– Depends on elasticity of supply(workers) and
demand(firms)• Change in market size– Depends if markets are elastic or inelastic
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Example 2• Luxury tax introduced in 1990 to tax those
that can most afford to ‘splurge’– Luxury demand is elastic– Supply relatively inelastic
• Outcome– Most of tax incidence fell on suppliers– So repealed in 1992
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Main Points – Subsidies/Taxes
• Tax or subsidy “creates” new hypothetical supply/demand curve– Same outcome if put on seller or buyer
• Subsidies increase market, taxes reduce it– How much depends how elastic market is
• Gain or lose from subsidy/tax split between buyers and sellers– Who gets more or pays more depends on who is more
inelastic• Difference between buyer/seller price is the tax or
subsidy size
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TaxWedge
Buyer share of tax
Seller share of tax
Tax and its incidence
Subsidy Wedge
Seller share of subsidy
Buyer share of subsidy
P’ P’
Subsidyand its incidence
Review of Graphs(Note whose on ‘top’ switches)