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Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A. Menken Smith Buss & Jacobs LLP

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Page 1: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues

Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference

June 2, 2015

David A. MenkenSmith Buss & Jacobs LLP

Page 2: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

NYS Identifies Many Benefits ofUsing Social Media in Government

Redefines Government/Public relationshipImproves transparencyIncreases collaborationEncourages participationCreates efficiencies

Page 3: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Two Groups of Legal Issues

Free Speech and 1st Amendment Issues

Compliance with Open Meetings, FOIL and Record Retention Requirements

Page 4: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Free Speech and the First Amendment

First Amendment:• "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press; or the right of the people peaceably to assemble, and to petition the Government for a redress of grievances."

Application of First Amendment to Local Government      • Gitlow v. New York (US Supreme Court1925)

Application to Government Use of Social Media• Limitations on Speech by the Public• Limitations on Speech by Government Employees

Page 5: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Limitations on Speech by the Public

Traditional public orum

A place by devoted to public assembly

Substantial leeway permitted

Designated public orum

A specific place open for public discourse

Government restrictionexpected, but must be narrowly tailored

Non‐public forum A place tradi‐tionally not open to the public

Government may impose content‐based

Page 6: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Restrictions on the Public

•There must be a compelling government interest to restrict participation.

•There should be a "policy" to provide for orderly public participation.

•There should be a neutral moderator who can maintain some level of control.

Page 7: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Should Anonymity be Permitted?

ederalist Papers – published under the Pseudonym “Publius”

Through the use of chat rooms, any person with a phone line can become a town crier with a voice that resonates farther than it could from any soapbox … through the use of web pages, mail exploders and newsgroups, the same individual can become a pamphleteer.”  

US Supreme Court in Reno v. ACLU.

Page 8: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Restrictions on Government Employees

Key question:  Is restriction on a government employee's speech permitted bythe 1st Amendment.

General Rule:  Government employees have diminished 1st Amendmentrights.

arameter:  Is the post regarding a topic of government concern?

Page 9: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 10: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 11: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 12: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 13: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 14: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 15: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 16: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 17: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 18: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 19: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 20: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What Could Go Wrong?

Page 21: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Compliance with State Records Laws

•Freedom of Information Act

•Open Meetings Law

•Record Retention Laws

•Personal Privacy Protection Law

Page 22: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Freedom of Information ActDefinition of a "Record“ ‐

"Record" means any information kept, held, filed, produced or reproduced by, with or for an agency or the state legislature, in any physical form whatsoever including, but not limited to … computer tapes or discs….. 

Public Officers Law §86(4)

Requirement to Make Records Available

Obligation to Produce

Page 23: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Legal Issues for FOIL

s content on a social media site a "record" as defined in FOIL?

• State of the Law ‐ "Maybe"

• FOIL is to be construed "liberally"

• Settled law: government data is subject to FOIL even if not in "physical form“ – e.g., email!

• Is this an Acceptable Presumption: Email/SMS and Social Media content should be treated the same?

Page 24: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Record Retentionefinition of a "Record" is Different – Broader than OIL’s

"Record" means any book, paper, map, photo‐graph, or other information‐recording device, regardless of physical form or characteristic, that is made, produced, executed, or receivedby any local government or officer thereof pursuant to law or in connection with the transaction of public business. 

Arts and Cultural Affairs Law §57.17(d)(4)

Page 25: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Legal Issues for Record Retention Law

NYS Archives:

"Because the technology is new, it’s not yet clear to what extent traditional records retention and disposition practices apply to social media content."

http://www.archives.nysed.gov/a/records/mr_social_media.shtml

Page 26: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

What the Law Requires

shall be the responsibility of every local officer 

• to maintain records …

• .. . for so long as the records are needed for the conduct of the business of the office; 

• to adequately protect such records; 

• to pass on to his successor records needed for the continuing conduct of business of the office. 

Arts and Cultural Affairs Law §57.25

n towns, records no longer needed for the conduct of the business of the office hall be transferred to the custody of the town clerk for their safe‐keeping and ltimate disposal.

Arts and Cultural Affairs Law §57.25(a) 

Page 27: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A
Page 28: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Open Meetings Law

pen Meetings Law §103(a):

“Every meeting of a public body shall be open to the general public…” [exception for executive sessions].

Page 29: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Legal Issues for Open Meetings Law

ssues:

• When do interactions of Public officials on social media sites constitute meetings in accordance with the NY Open Meetings Law.

• What if a majority of a public body's members post on a local government's social media site on a matter before them?

No NY case law ‐ No NY opinions

Page 30: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A
Page 31: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Personal Privacy Protection Law

tate recognized public concern about privacy and the relationship between government and the people.

The law is intended to protect privacy by regulating the manner in which the state collects, maintains and disseminates personal information. 

Page 32: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Generally, the Personal Privacy Protection Law:

Grants rights of access to a person; 

Permits a person to correct or amend; 

Prohibits an agency from collecting personal information, unless it is "relevant and necessary";

Requires an agency to tell the target why the information is being collected, where it will be kept, and how it will be used

Page 33: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Legal Issues for PPPL

Might the government's use of social media result in the creation of ecords subject to the requirement s of the Personal Privacy Protection aw?

xample:  Cookies left on a person’s computer!Meta data in an email header

o date, no law on this.

Page 34: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Can a Person Agrees to Reduced Privacy?

Do you know what you’re agreeing to?

By placing an order via this Web site on the first day of the fourth month of the year 2010 Anno Domini, you agree to grant us a non‐transferrable option to claim, for now and forever more, your immortal soul.”

8% success rate!!

Page 35: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

Adopting a Social Media Policy

• Which sites can be used (Facebook, Twitter, Etc.)• What types of information and opinion are to be included/excluded

• Who can post• Whether to use a moderator/gatekeeper• Policy for deleting material• Policy for FOIL production• Policy for archiving• Acceptable Use Policy for Public and Government Users• Privacy Policy

Page 36: Government Use of Social Media The Legal Issues · PDF fileGovernment Use of Social Media The Legal Issues Presented to the NYS ITS Cyber Security Conference June 2, 2015 David A

If you have any questions please ask now, or contact me:

David MenkenSmith Buss & Jacobs LLP733 Yonkers Avenue

Yonkers, New York 10704

[email protected] / 914‐457‐4186