Good morningPlease make sure that you have used the bathroom, you have your supplies,

and your pencils are sharpen.

Bell Ringer: Why do you think it is important to know where things are and how did the map activity help

with answering this question?

DCAS Review Part 2

Geography2014-2015

Culture and Placement of Settlements

O Cultural differences produce patterns of diversity in language, religion, economic activity, social custom, and political organization across the Earth's surface. Places reflect the culture of the inhabitants as well as the ways that culture has changed over time. Places also reflect the connections and flow of information, goods, and ideas with other places. People live in an increasingly interconnected world need an understanding of the processes that produce distinctive places and how those places change over time.

O Site and situation explain the nature of particular places. Site choices at different time periods help explain the distribution of places in Delaware. The earliest European settlements such as Lewes, New Castle, Dover, Odessa, and Seaford were at the head of navigable rivers and streams that flowed into the Delaware River or Chesapeake Bay. Soils were fertile (site) and locations gave easy transport access to markets (situation). Inland locations were not populated. In the 19th century, the railroad offered better access to markets from the center of the Delmarva Peninsula, and a new string of towns such as Middletown, Harrington, and Camden-Wyoming developed (situation).

Places are unique, and they change over time.

O Cultures can be understood as a set of “ways of doing.” While all cultures prepare and eat food, they select different ingredients and combine them in different ways. While all cultures build shelter, the form of the homes people build is culturally distinctive.

O When people move, they take their culture with them. The effects of trade, travel and immigration are often observed in a landscape. The movement of cultural traits across space is called cultural diffusion. Cultural hearths are places where a unique cultural cluster of language, customs and other traits developed. Diffusion from these hearths can be traced by noting evidence in the landscape. As people move away from the core, they may share their cultural ideas with people in the new areas. However, they often modify or adapt to the new culture in ways that can be spotted in the landscape.

O  

Key Terms1. Cultural diffusion

- The movement of customs and ideas from one culture to another.

2. Acculturation- The process of accepting

borrowing, and exchanging ideas and traits among cultures.

1. What are some things that can affect culture?

O New ideas, technology such as radio and television, and changes in the environment.

2. How does the story about jeans explain culture?

O Jeans were invented in the United States but are now popular around the world.

3. What is an example of acculturation in sports today?

O The Japanese play baseball but have adapted the game to fit their own culture.

Cultural Diffusion: The Spread of Wheat-Growing

1. First it spread from the Fertile Crescent to Egypt to Europe and from Egypt to Ethiopia

O Europe to Russia to North America to Central America to South America to south Africa and Australia

O Fertile Crescent to India to China

Partner timeDiscuss with your partners and give

examples of cultural diffusion in Delaware. Write you examples on

the bottom of cultural diffusion page.

Human Settlement

O Writing promptO Answer this question:

Why might people settle in these areas and what would be their impact on the environment?

Types of RegionsO Regions are helpful ways for people

to understand the world. There are so many places in the world, and each one is a little different. It helps if we can group places that are close together and similar in some ways into regions. Geographers group the regions of the world into three types.

Formal regionsO The boundaries of formal regions are fixed and

agreed upon. When people buy land, establish a national park, or start a new country they are establishing a formal region. Formal regions have legal and political standing, which means that the same laws, regulations, and protections apply everywhere within the boundaries. People who own land have the boundaries surveyed and the deed registered with the government to show that they own all the land inside the boundaries. Government borders are established by treaties between nations or states.

Formal regions con’t…O It is possible to change the boundaries of formal

regions, but some sort of official action is needed. For example, the United States has expanded its borders many times after it was established in 1776. Sometimes new land was purchased from other countries that controlled the territory, or the land was taken in a war or negotiated with another country. Sometimes people living in territories asked to join the United States. Each time the boundary was changed, however, the new area became an equal part of the formal region called the United States of America.

Functional regionsO Functional regions are defined by how the area is

used or operates in the environment. These regions are defined by some characteristic or set of characteristics. But the characteristics may be spotted more often toward the center or core of the region, and less frequently toward the edges. As you move toward the edges or periphery of the region, the intensity of what defines it tends to decline. A functional region, therefore, has less intensity away from the center and the boundary between it and an adjoining region may be a zone rather than a precise boundary line.

Functional regions con’t…

O The boundaries of functional regions are sometimes hard to define. Often there isn’t a clear line between functional regions. Instead there is a fuzzy border zone where the region “fades out.” Think of the edge of a town in a rural area: often there will be some farm characteristics (fields, farm machinery) and some town characteristics (signs, businesses along the road). The borders of functional regions can change easily as people change their minds about how to use their space. Physical regions based on climate, landforms, or other natural factors are functional regions. Their characteristics can vary across the space of the region and the boundaries of the region are often blurred. The boundaries of physical regions can change, but changes are usually slow.

Perceptual regionsO Perceptual regions exist only in our minds, such as “the

South” or “the Far West” with no agreed-upon boundaries, but they are important because we make decisions based on what we know about perceptual regions. People think of parts of the country in different ways. When they speak of “The West” they may be thinking of cowboys, Native Americans, oil wells, and dry lands. Or they could be thinking of California orange groves, Hollywood actors, and surfers on sandy beaches. There is no agreed on definition of the West, and no official borders. Which states are in the West? It depends on what characteristics you think of as western. Would you move to the West? Where does the West begin? These are questions that come up when we talk about perceptual regions.

Underline the regions below that are formal. Circle the functional regions. Write P after each region that is perceptual.

O Arizona O Rocky Mountains O Tornado AlleyO The Badlands O IdahoO Ute Indian Reservation

Human Settlement

O Writing promptO Answer this question:

Why might people settle in these areas and what would be their impact on the environment?

Types of Economic Systems

O Every country has an economic system.O An economic system is the way a country

answers the 3 basic questions (What goods and services should be produced? How should the goods and services be produced? Who will get the goods and services?)

O There are 3 basic kinds of systems:O TraditionalO CommandO Market

3 Basic QuestionsO What goods and services should be

produced?O How should these goods and

services be produced?O Who will get the goods and

services?

Traditional EconomyO This type of economy makes

decisions based on what has been done in the past.

O People produce the goods and services the way they have always produced them.O Examples:

O Herding cattleO Making pottery

O People in this kind of economy usually share equally in the goods and services provided.

Command EconomyO The government decide the answers to the

basic economic questions in this system.O The government also controls the

productive resources.(land, labor and capital)

O The government also decides where people will work, how they will produce goods and how much they will be paid.

O The government then decides who will be able to buy the goods and services produced.

Market EconomyO This is the opposite of the command economy.O In this system, the people answers the 3 basic

questions.O People may buy and sell whatever they like.O People decide whether they will make things by hand

or machine.O The most important part of this system is the market.

O The market is how goods and services are bought and sold

O The types of goods that are produced are up to the person making them.

O Goods and services are available to all but only certain groups can afford them.

Understanding Demand

O Demand is the ability and desire of consumers to buy a good or pay for a service. Because buyers demand goods, sellers supply the various goods and services that they desire.

The Law of Demand O As the price of a good increases, the

demand for the good will decrease. As the price of a good decreases, the demand for the good will increase.

Graphing a Demand Curve

Price of Pizza

# of slices

$20 0$15 2$10 4$5 6

Changes in DemandO Other factors besides prices can

affect the demand for goods and services. Consumers look at more than just price when determining whether or not to make a purchase.

What causes a shift in the Demand Curve?

O Income – money people earn by workingO Earn more money –

O Earn less money -

O Consumer Tastes/Advertising -

O Prices of Related Goods OSubstitutes – goods consumed

in place of one anotherEx: one shampoo for another

OCompliments – goods consumed together

Ex: shampoo and conditioner

Understanding SupplyO What would you do if you owned a

business and you discovered that customers would suddenly be willing to pay twice as much for your product? Most would attempt to supply more of the product to make a larger profit. This is the law of supply.

Law of SupplyO As the price of a good increases, the

supply will increase. As the price of a good decreases, the supply will decrease.

O As the price of a good rises, producer will create more of the good to earn additional money.

O If the price of a good drops, companies may produce less or they may drop out of the market.

Graphing the Supply Curve

Price of Pizza

# of slices

$20 6

$15 4

$10 2

$5 0

Changes in SupplyO We discussed several factors (other

than price) that affected the change in demand. Supply also has factors that cause the supply curve to shift either left or right, decreasing or increasing the quantity supplied.

Input CostsO Input costs are any raw materials, time or labor

used to create a product or service. A rise in the price of these items will cause a decrease in supply. Why?

 TechnologyO Input costs can also decrease. Advances in

technology can help to lower production costs. Some examples include:O Computer/video game technologyO Cell phonesO _________________________________

If technology helps in lowering production costs, supply will increase.

Supplier ExpectationO If the supplier expects the price of their

good to change in the future, the supplier may pull the goods and sell than at a later date or sell them immediately to make a profit.

The Number of SellersO An increase in the number of sellers will

also lead to an increase in supply.

Reasons for BanksO The role of banks and other financial

institutions in the economy is to transfer funds, directly or indirectly, from savers to borrowers.

O The money households do not spend is called savings.

O When loans are made to borrowers, it stimulates the nation’s economy.

O Starting or improving a business or purchasing or renovating a home requires large amounts of money (financial capital).

O Since most people do not have large amounts of savings to finance such ventures, money (financial capital) has to be borrowed from other sources. O For example, if a business finds demand

for its goods and/or services increases, it might borrow money to purchase capital goods to expand. This expansion might result in hiring more workers. This increases the overall level of income in the community.

O Banks receive deposits from savers and provide loans to borrowers.

O Banks provide an incentive to savers by paying interest on the deposits, and then charging interest to borrowers. O The difference between the two is the

bank’s profit. O Banks also facilitate exchange by

providing access to money. O Bank depositors can write checks or

withdraw cash in order to purchase goods and services.

The population of this town has increased by 2,000 in the past year.

How might a bank help one of these businesses meet the increased demand for its goods and services? Use one of the businesses from the town map to explain your answer.