good morning july 5 th, 2013. semantic qualifiers problem characteristics ill-appearing/ toxic...
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GOOD MORNING
July 5th, 2013
Semantic Qualifiers
Problem Characteristics
Ill-appearing/Toxic
Well-appearing/Non-toxic
Localized problem
Systemic problem
Acquired Congenital
New problem Recurrence of old problem
Symptoms
Acute /subacute Chronic
Localized Diffuse
Single Multiple
Static Progressive
Constant Intermittent
Single Episode Recurrent
Abrupt Gradual
Severe Mild
Painful Nonpainful
Bilious Nonbilious
Sharp/Stabbing Dull/Vague
Acute Colitis DDx**
Infectious enterocolitis Pseudomembranous colitis (C. diff) Lymphocytic colitis Eosinophilic enterocolitis HSP HUS IBD Intestinal malignancies (Non-Hodgkin
lymphoma)
Colonoscopy
Illness Script
Predisposing Conditions Age, gender, preceding
events (trauma, viral illness, etc), medication use, past medical history (diagnoses, surgeries, etc)
Pathophysiological Insult What is physically happening
in the body, organisms involved, etc.
Clinical Manifestations Signs and symptoms Labs and imaging
IBD Epidemiology
Mean age at diagnosis: 12.5 years <20% diagnosed before 10y <5% diagnosed before 5 years
Male: more likely pediatric Crohn’s disease Family history of IBD
Up to 25% of children who develop IBD w/ + family hx
1st degree relative with CD or UC = 10-13x higher risk!
European or African descent Jewish ancestry Industrialized world Tobacco use: 2x increased risk
Crohn Disease Epidemiology
3-5 per 100,000 30% of patients diagnosed before age 20
Pathophysiology
Precise cause of IBD remains unknown
Genetic predisposition PLUS
Dysregulation between the immune system and the antigenic environment of the GI tract…which leads to GI inflammation and damage
Clinical Manifestations
What complaints would you expect a patient with UC to present with?** Cardinal symptoms: diarrhea, rectal bleeding, and
abdominal pain Most present without systemic symptoms (fever,
wt loss) More severe presentation
Abdominal cramping associated with fecal urgency Malaise Low-grade/intermittent fevers Anorexia with weight loss Reflux or dyspepsia associated with upper GI
inflammation
Clinical Manifestations
What complaints would you expect a patient with CD to present with?** Classic presentation
Abdominal pain Crampy, diffuse or RLQ
Diarrhea Non-bloody, melanotic, or frank blood
Weight loss Very important to plot height and weight in
patients Poor appetite, fevers, recurrent ulcers
Growth and IBD**
Growth failure may be the ONLY sign of IBD in 5% of patients. What are some causes of growth failure both before and after treatment is started?** Occurs in 15-40% of children with IBD (CD > UC)
Reasons are multifactorial** Food avoidance secondary to abdo pain/diarrhea Increased cytokines anorexia and growth hormone
resistance In Crohn Disease
Active inflammation of the small intestine Decreases the intestinal surface absorption area Causes protein-losing enteropathy + fat soluble vitamin
deficiencies Steroid treatment
Clinical Manifestations
Other than the abdomen, what important physical exam component MUST be assessed for disease? Abdominal exam
Diffuse tenderness Possibly RLQ tenderness or mass Distension with more severe disease
Rectal exam…what might you see in a patient with CD versus UC? CD: higher likelihood of fissures, skin tags, fistulas,
and abscesses; can be an early indicator of disease**
UC: often normal
Clinical Manifestations**
Oral exam for aphthous ulcers, as recurrent aphthous-stomatitis also occurs in Crohn’s Disease.**
Clinical Manifestations
The following can also be seen on PE: Pallor Digital clubbing A benign abdomen Small for age
Work-Up**
What abnormal labs might you expect in a patient with IBD? CMP: albumin, possible in transaminases, Ca++ CBC: anemia of iron deficiency, B12/folate
deficiency, or anemia of chronic disease Elevated ESR and CRP Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin
Released by neutrophils that have migrated to the intestinal wall
Non-invasive markers of gut inflammation and can be elevated in other diagnoses
Abnormal IBD serologic panel
Serology
IBD 7 tests for 7 markers of IBD Used to differentiate UC vs. CD ASCA and Anti-Omp C – specific for CD
Work-Up**
An infectious cause should be eliminated before diagnosing IBD Stool studies: Salmonella, Shigella, E. coli,
Campylobacter, Yersinia, Giardia, Cryptosporidium
C. difficile toxin PPD and Hepatitis test…should also be done
before initiation of treatment with immunosuppressive Remicade
Upper GI, CT for complications, MRI What is the “gold standard” for IBD diagnosis?
Endoscopy with biopsies
Clinical Manifestations
Label the picture as either Crohn Disease or Ulcerative Colitis
Crohn Disease Ulcerative Colitis
Ulcerative Colitis vs. Crohn** UC Crohn
Rectal bleed Usual Sometimes
Abdominal pain
Common Common
Malaise, fever, weight loss
Common Common
Perianal disease
Rare Common
Ileum involved None Common
Strictures Rare Common
Fistulas Rare Common
Skip lesions - +
Transmural - +
Granulomas Rare Common
Crypt Abscesses
Usual Variable
Risk of cancer ↑↑↑ ↑
Ulcerative Colitis vs. Crohn
Crohn Disease can have eosinophila non-specific: h. pylori, EE, parasitic
infections
UC Crohn
Cobblestoning - +
Ulceration of IC valve
- +
Rectal sparing +/- +
Extra-intestinal Findings
1/3 develop extra-intestinal manifestations, may occur before intestinal symptoms.
Your patient, who you suspect has IBD, also complains of stiffness and pain in his lower back. What do you suspect?
Ankylosing spondylitis Is this more often associated with UC or
CD? Ulcerative colitis Which serum marker may be seen in this
diagnosis? HLA-B27 Arthalgias and arthritis are common
Pauciarticular arthritis disease course correlates with intestinal disease activity.
Extra-intestinal Findings
Name 2 skin findings associated with IBD and tell which dx (CD or UC) it is more often associated with. Erythema nodosum
More common in Crohn disease Tender, warm, red nodules or plaques
localized to the extensor surfaces Pyoderma gangrenosum
More common in UC…up to 5% of pts Associated w/ extensive colonic
involvement Lesions: discrete pustules with
surrounding erythema deep ulceration with well-defined border and deep color
Extra-intestinal Findings
Why would you want to consult ophthalmology upon diagnosis of IBD? Risk of uveitis, episcleritis, corneal
ulceration, and retinal vascular damage
Bone findings Osteopenia Osteoporosis
Decreased BMD seen in 25% of patients before steroids started
Aseptic necrosis
Extra-intestinal Findings
You are caring for a patient with known UC. His LFTs are elevated. He also complains of fatigue and anorexia. Mom feels like his eyes look yellow, and you notice him scratching throughout your exam. What is the most likely diagnosis? Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)
More common in UC patients Increased GGT and Alkaline Phosphatase Cholangiography and liver biopsy help confirm
diagnosis Increases risk of cancer
Nutritional Deficiencies
Crohn’s Disease Anemia (folic acid and B12 deficiency) Vitamin D deficiency Hypocalcemia (related to low Vit, low
albumin) Zinc deficiency
Due to Inadequate nutrition +/- poor absorption Corticosteroid use
Admission
Severe Colitis Fever Hypoalbumnemia Anemia >5 bloody stools/day
Toxic megacolon Occurs in up to 5% of adults with UC Perforation may occur… very
dangerous Treatment upon admission
Bowel rest TPN IV steroids Careful monitoring
Treatment Proper nutrition
Low residue diets or special formulas TPN if severe disease and malnourishment
Mediations guided by GI specialists Corticosteroids (budesonide) 5-ASA (UC) Immunomodulators (AZA, 6-MP, MTX) biologic therapy, monoclonal Ab (Infliximab -
Remicade) Antibiotics (metronidazole, cipro for fistulas)
Surgery For Crohn’s disease complications For UC…total colectomy can be curative
Treatment
Other medications Rifaximin - PO Antibiotic not absorbed Probiotics
Check TMPT (thiopurine methyltransferase enzyme) Prior to starting 6-MP
Alternative Therapy Helminth Marijuana
Famous People with CD
Noon conference:
Thanks!!!
Noon Conference!