glossary - springer978-94-011-5594-6/1.pdf · glossary a absorption adsorption adsorption...
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Glossary
A
Absorption
Adsorption
Adsorption coefficient
Advection
Aeration
Aerobic
Anaerobic
Anion
Anisotropy
Antropogenic layer
B
Bio-immobilization
Biodegradation
Biomass
Biorestoration
Bio screen
Biosorption
The process of substances being taken up within another medium.
The process of substances attaching themselves to the surface of a solid substance;
The ratio between the number of particles in the solid and in the liquid phase, in an equilibrium situation.
Transport of dissolved substance by the groundwater flow, during which the dissolved substance travels at the same speed as the groundwater.
The addition of air.
Environmental condition in which oxygen is present.
Environmental condition in which no oxygen is present.
Negatively charged ion.
Degree to which the physical properties of soil differ according to the direction in which they are measured (depth, northwards, etc.).
Layer of soil applied by humans to raise the level of a section of ground.
Immobilization of contaminants by means of microbiological processes.
Degradation of substances by means of microorganisms.
Mass of organisms within a material.
Restoration of the soil by microorganisms that degrade the contaminants.
Containment of a contamination by creating a biologically active screen in situ, which removes the contaminants by biodegradation.
See Bio-immobilization.
99
Biosurfactants Surfactants produced by microorganisms that can facilitate the transport of contaminants.
100
c Capillary rise
Cation
Column test
Co-metabolism
Convective transport
D
Deepwell
Denitrification
Desorption
Detergent
Density flow
Diffusive transport
Dispersion
The process of water rising above phreatic level (groundwater talDle), as a result of surface tension within the pores. The smaller the pores, the higher the capillary rise.
Positively charged ion.
Laboratory test during which vertical columns of soil material (mixed I:>r undisturbed) are subjected to tests.
A process during which bacteria use an added (primary) substrate as a carbon source. In order to convert this substrate, the bacteria uses certain enzymes that catalyse conversion of the contaminant (the co-substrate). The contaminants are degraded 'en passant'.
Transport of substances by the flow of water or air.
Vertical extraction well with a submersed pump for groundwater extraction. The well usually has a diameter of 10 to 50 cm.
Conversion of nitrate and nitrite into nitrogen, with the nitrogen functioning as electron acceptor.
Process during which substances are released from the surface of soil particles.
Synthetical cleaning or washing agent, consisting of molecules that have a polar part that adheres to water particles, and a non-polar part that adheres to the contaminants.
Spreading as a consequence of different densities (e.g. CHCs and PAHs).
Spreading as a consequence of different concentrations. If within a liquid substance concentrations are not everywhere the, same, the molecules will move from places with high concentrations to those with lower concentrations, in order to neutralize the concentration differences.
A process during which a substance moves - with reference to the convective flow - as a consequence of turbulence and velocity differences within pores.
101
DNAPL
E
Early warning system
Ecotoxicology
EDTA
Electron acceptor
Electron donor
Enzymes
Exo-enzymes
F
Floating layer
H
Henry coefficient
Hot spot
Humane toxicology
Hydrophillic
Hydrophobic
Dense non-aqueous phase liquid. Organic (non-watery) liquids with a density higher than that of water. These liquids can form a sinking layer.
System which warns of the creation of soil contaminations.
The science that studies the influence of toxic substances on ecological systems.
Ethylene diamine tetra acetate: complex-former capable of keeping heavy metals in a watery solution, and preventing deposition or adsorption of the metals.
Substance taking up electrons during an oxidation process (biological or chemical). The most common oxidiser is oxygen.
Substance that gives up electrons during an oxidation process (biological or chemical). Usually, the contaminant is the electron donor.
Substances that are produced within bacteria and are used for degrading contaminations.
Enzymes discharged by bacteria, and that degrade contaminants outside the bacteria.
A layer of an LNAPL (light non-aqueous phase liquid) floating on the phreatic table (groundwater table).
Ratio between the concentration of a substance in air and water in an equilibrium situation.
Place where the core of a contamination is located, and where it is present in the highest concentrations.
The science that studies the influence of toxic substances on human beings.
Property of a substance that makes it like being in a watery environment.
Property of a substance that makes it dislike being in a watery environment, and that tends to separate it from water.
102
Hysteresis
Immobilization
In situ clean-up
In situ remediation
Intervention value
Intrinsic biorestoration
Ion exchange
Isochrone
Isotropy
L
Ligands
LNAPL
Lute
The phenomenon that equilibrium coefficients of adsorption and desorption differ.
Physical or chemical fixation of a substance, in order to prevent migration (spreading) due to natural processes.
Technique during which a contamination is removed without moving earth.
Approach to a soil contamination during which the contamination is treated in situ.
Environmental quality level indicating a substance concentration level above which the soil contamination is to be called 'seve riel'.
Type of remediation based on the self-cleansing properties of soil.
The exchange of ions on a solid substance for ions that can more easily be adsorbed, in the water phase.
Line of equal travelling time from a certain point in a groundwater flow diagram.
The degree to which the physical properties of a soil are equal in all measured directions (downwards, to the north, etc.).
Compounds capable of increasing the solubility of metals.
Light non-aqueous phase liquid. Organic (not watery) liquids with a lower density than water. Can form a floating layer.
Mineral soil components (clay) with a diameter < 2 pm.
103
M
Micelle
MAR
N
Natural attenuation
Nomogram
Non-polar
Nutrients
o On-line measuring techniques
Oxygenase
p
Partition coefficient
Permeability
Percolation
Conglomerate of detergents, in which the polar molecule heads are on the outside of the micelle, and the non-polar tails on the inside. There is a water-repellent environment within a micelle, to which organic contaminants are attracted.
Maximum allowable risk: a standard used to determine environmental reference values that are sound in terms of human toxicological and ecotoxicological risks.
See intrinsic biorestoration
A diagram built by experiment, graphically representing the ratio between two variables for standard situations.
A substance property: there are no differences in charges on the surface of the molecule.
Nutrients for microorganisms, mostly nitrogen (N) and phosphate (P).
Measuring techniques involving measurements taken taken from extraction drains.
Enzymes active only in an oxygen-rich environment.
Indicates the ratio of substance contents in two phases in an equilibrium situation.
Ability of soil to let water or air pass through it.
Seepage of liquid into the vadose zone under the influence of gravity.
Petroleum hydrocarbons Collective name for oil products obtained from petroleum. In the practice of soil remediation, this name is used to refer to the hydrocarbon fraction C,o to C40•
Pilot plant
Polar
Field experiments on a semi-practice scale.
Substance property, indicating there are different electric charges on the molecule surface.
104
Preferential flow Process during which groundwater or soil vapour mainly flows via large pores or cracks in the soil.
105
R
Rebound
Redox potential
Redox situation
Respiration
Remaining risk
Retardation
Retardation factor
s Sand pile
Shake test
Sinking layer
Speciation
Stagnant zone
Well point dewatering system
Substrate
Surfactants
The degree to which concentrations in groundwater change/increase after remedial activities have ceased.
Variable that indicates the degree to which electrons are available for redox reactions.
See redox potential
Uptake of oxygen by microorganisms. A measure of the biological activity within a soil.
The risk posed by contaminants remaining behind after completion of remedial measures.
Slowing down of the transport of substances in the soil relative to the flow velocity of the groundwater, as a consequence of adsorption/desorption, dispersion, etc.
Factor indicating the extent of retardation relative to the groundwater flow velocity.
A vertical column with a diameter of some decimeters, inserted in the soil and filled with coarse sand or gravel. Used to improve dewatering of higher soil layers.
Laboratory test during which a solid substance is mixed with a liquid (usually water) in order to determine the partition coefficient of the substance.
A layer formed by a DNAPL, situated on a poorly permeable layer beneath the groundwater table.
Distribution of a substance over the various chemical and physical bonds in which it is present (adsorbed to different soil particles, as a salt, as pure product, etc.).
Zone in the soil that is not flushed during remedial measures.
Groundwater extraction system using vertically-linked filters connected to a collector drain and an aboveground vacuum pump. If necessary, 'hauling tubes' are inserted in the filters. Also called: gravitation drainage.
Organic compound supplying the required energy and carbon to bacteria.
Surface active agents (see detergents).
106
T
Target value (S Value)
Tracer
Tracer test
u
Soil quality target value to be attained by remedial measures.
Biologically undegradable substance, and/or a substance that does not adsorb to soil particles.
A tracer is inserted in the soil and its concentration levels are monitored, in order to study physical processes.
Urgency of remediation Period of time within which a remediation must be completed; regulated by law.
v Vacuum drainage Groundwater extraction system using vertically-linked
filters connected to a collector drain and an aboveground vacuum pump (gravity drainage). Also called: gravitation drainage. See also well point dewatering system.
107
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OM
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DS
cycl
ohex
anon
2
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e+
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.34
e+0
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98
9
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e-0
4
1.8
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1.0
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07
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e-0
2
46
00
1
36
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l ben
zyl p
htha
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e+
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1
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e-0
3
31
2
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5e-
05
4
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2
.00
e-0
6
3.0
0e-
02
25
di(2
-eth
ylhe
xyl]
phth
alat
e 2.
85e-
01
8.61
e-0
4
39
0
5.0
0e-
04
5
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2
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e-0
6
3.0
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02
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5
phth
alat
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l)
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6
0
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pyri
dine
2
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e+
02
3
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e+
03
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4.48
e-01
3
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2
.00
e-0
6
3.0
0e-
02
1
12
0
15
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2.5
styr
ene
3.0
0e+
02
6
.67
e+
02
1
04
9
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e-0
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3.0
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2.0
0e-
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8
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tetr
a hyd
ro fu
r an
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ahyd
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ioph
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e+
03
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8
8.5
2e
+0
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4.0
6
2.0
0e-
06
3
.00
e-0
2
18
0
65
0
4.1
11
4
legend to the substance constants table
s Vp M Klw Kow pKa OPE OA MAR TCl HC50 Kd
water solubility vapour pressure mol mass air-water partitioning coefficient octanol-water partitioning coefficient acid dissociation constant permeation coefficient diffusion coefficient in free air human MAR-value (maximally allowable risk) admissible concentrations in air ecological HC50 value for standard soil soil-water partitioning coeffident soil-water partitioning coeffident corrected for organic carbon bio-concentration factor in fish, dry weight basis bio-concentration factor tubmous plants, dry weight basis
Koc BCFfidw BCFr BCFs bio-concentration factor leafy plants, dry weight basis
parameters for chromium(llI) these 10gKoc values were calculated with the formula of Karickhoff: Koc=O.411 *Kow the 10gKoc of a group is based on the average of the log Koc values for the individual compounds of that group.
4 the TCl of benzene deviates from value stated in the Circular. The value stated in this table is the correct value (Vermeire, 1993).
115
COLOPHON
The authors of this book are Arne Alphenaar, Almar Otten, Charles Pijls, Frank Spuij and Han de Wit. All five work for the environmental consultancy agency Tauw Milieu bv, and have many years of experience in the field of in situ soil remediation.
Mr Dr Ir P.A. Alphenaar (MSc, PhD) graduated from Wageningen Agricultural University as an environmental scientist, after conducting doctoral research in the field of anaerobic water treatment. He has been with Tauw Milieu since 1993, where as a member of the R&D department he is actively involved in (particularly biological) in situ remediations.
Mr Ir A.M. Otten (MSc) graduated in 1989 from Wageningen Agricultural University as an agricultural engineer. He joined Tauw Milieu as a geohydrologist, then switched to soil remediation, with emphasis on in situ remediation projects.
Mr Ir C.G.J.M. Pijls (MSc) graduated in 1989 from Eindhoven Technical University as a chemical technologist. Since then he has worked in Tauw Milieu's department of Soil Remediation. He has been involved in the design and execution of in situ remediations right from the start, and thus holds specific expertise in this field.
Mr Ir F. Spuij (MSc) graduated in 1988 from Wageningen Agricultural University as an environmental scientist, and immediately joined Tauw Milieu's department of Soil Remediation. He has closely observed developments of in situ remediations right from the start, and therefore has an impressive background in this field. He is currently Project Manager in the Soil Remediation department.
Mr Dr Ir J.C.M. de Wit (MSc, PhD) graduated from Wageningen Agricultural University as an environmental scientist, and then conducted doctoral research in the field of soil chemistry. His PhD thesis was entitled "Proton and metal ion binding to humic substances". Since 1993 he has been with Tauw Milieu's R&D department, where he is closely involved in the development of in situ remediation techniques.
The authors want to thank Corinne Hijink for the hours she spent on the translation of the Dutch book. The authors also want to thank Han van Duijvendijk for the work he did to make the publication of this book possible.
116