glossary of common terms_ oil & gas

7/28/2019 Glossary of Common Terms_ Oil & Gas

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ossaryos

BTM Buoyant Turret Mooring

Developed for typhoon or iceberg prone areas where a rapid disconnection/

reconnection is required.The disconnectable part of the turret is a submerged buoy which supports the

crude oil and gas risers and the mooring legs. In the operating mode, the mooring

buoy is connected to the turret by a structural connector. The turret structure is

located in the forepeak of the tanker and supported on a weathervaning bearing.

The turret extends up through the tanker with the reconnection winch, flowline

and control manifolds and fluid swivels located above the main deck. The

disconnection and subsequent reconnection is carried out from the tanker

without external intervention.

CALM Catenary Anchor Leg Mooring

A floating structure that performs the dual function of keeping a tanker moored

on a single point and transferring fluids (generally oil, gas or by-products) while

allowing the ship to weathervane. It consists of a circular floating buoy anchored

to the seabed by means of four, six or eight chain legs draped radially in a

catenary curve. The bottom ends of the chains are fixed to the seabed by either

conventional anchor legs or piles. The buoy itself is free to move up and down,

sideways and in pitching and rolling motions. The tanker is moored by hawsers

to a turntable attached through heavy-duty roller bearings to the top of the buoy.

This turntable is free to rotate through 360 degrees and is fitted with piping,

valves, mooring equipment, floating hose connections, navigation aids and, in

most cases, lifting facilities to support maintenance activities.

Condensates Liquids condensed from a gas stream, made up of a range of heavier

hydrocarbons. For gas fields, condensate typically refers to the hydrocarbon

liquid separated from the well stream fluid, which can be stabilised, stored and

exported as a high value liquid product.

Crane vessel A ship-shape vessel with one crane or semi-submersible vessel with one or two

cranes for lifting platform modules and structures at sea. The crane hoisting

capacities are substantial and range from 300 tons to 8000 tons. Cranes allow for

moving the hook-load vertically and horizontally (in a 360 degree radius).

Nowadays also frequently used to install heavy equipment on the seabed.

In medium water depths the crane vessel is anchor-moored. In deepwater areas

the vessel is dynamically positioned.

Cryogenic Low temperature processing, generally sub zero. For LNG this can be as low as

minus 162 degrees centigrade.

Technology creating value has been the motto of IHC Caland N.V. for several years. Sometimes however, theterms used to describe the Groups technology are not self-explanatory, and require clarification. Also certain

of the Groups key products deserve a detailed description, which should not be included in the body of the

Annual Report for one particular year. Accordingly, this Glossary of technical terms and product descriptions

has been produced to ensure that key terms and products are clearly explained and understood. An explanation

of some financial terms is included as well.

OFFSHORE OIL AND GAS ACTIVITIES


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DCU Dry Completion Unit

A floating facility carrying surface completed wells, i.e. the xmas trees are located

above the surface of the sea, on the floater, as opposed to the seabed.

The rigid pipes (tubing, casing etc.) that link the trees to the wells require high

tension to avoid buckling. A key feature of a DCU is therefore the need forconstant tension to compensate for the floating heave motion.

Generally, a DCU also carries basic drilling equipment to allow down-hole

intervention on a tender assist mode. It can also feature a full drilling capability.

Deepwater More than 300 metres water depth.

Desulphatation The removal of sulphate ions from seawater prior to use as injection water. This

operation is required when the formation contains barium and strontium and to

a lesser extent calcium to prevent re-agitation of sulphates which will cause

plugging of the flow-path of the produced fluids from the reservoir.

D.p. Dynamic positioning

A station keeping system for floating units which uses thrusters to compensate

wind, wave and current forces in a dynamic controlled mode to keep the unit on

a predetermined location and heading at sea.

Drill ship A ship-shape vessel for drilling and completing wells in medium to deepwater

applications. The drilling equipment onboard of the ship enables drilling the well,

running the protective casing in the well (preventing collapse of the drilled hole),

and installation of the subsea xmas tree.

In medium water depths the drill ship is anchor-moored. In deepwater areas the

ship is dynamically positioned.

Dry production trees See Surface (xmas) trees.

DSV Diving Support Vessel

A dedicated vessel, most frequently d.p., for assistance of subsea diving and

installation work.

DTU Dry Tree Unit

A motion stabilized floating vessel that supports vertical steel risers from sea floor

well-heads providing well access for drilling or work-over operation.


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Dwt Dead weight

The total weight of cargo, fuel, fresh water, stores and crew that a ship can carry

when immersed to her load line.

E/P or E&P Exploration and Production

EPCI Engineer, Procure, Construct, Install

A form of contracting that provides for turnkey delivery of facilities.

FEED Front End Engineering and Design

A study used to analyse the various technical options for new field developments

with the objective to define the facilities required.

Flowlines Pipelines carrying reservoir fluid on the seabed from wells to risers.

FPDSO Floating Production, Drilling, Storage and Offloading system

For a description refer to the FPSO, add the capability to drill, complete andworkover wells from this facility. Generally this term applies to systems receiving

the production stream from several subsea completed wells and where the unit is

capable of intervention on (or drilling of) one well while production continues to

flow from the others.

The Group has patented a concept to accommodate dry trees on board the

FPDSO.

Also see TLD.

FPSO Floating Production, Storage and Offloading system

An FPSO is a floating facility installed above or close to an offshore oil and gas

field to receive, process, store and export hydrocarbons.

It consists of a floater (a newbuild or converted tanker) permanently moored on

site. The cargo capacity of the vessel is used as buffer storage for the oil produced.

The process facilities (topsides) and accommodation are installed on the floater.

The mooring configuration may be of the spread mooring type or a single point

mooring system, generally a turret.

The high pressure mixture of produced fluids is delivered to the process facilities

mounted on the deck of the tanker, where the oil, gas and water are separated.

The water is discharged overboard after treatment to eliminate hydrocarbons.

The stabilised crude oil is stored in the cargo tanks and subsequently transferred

into shuttle tankers either via a buoy or by laying in tandem to the FPSO. The gas

is used for enhancing the liquid production through gas lift, and for energy

production onboard the vessel. The remainder is either flared, or compressed and

transported by pipeline to shore or reinjected into the reservoir.

Fractionation The process to separate a mixed hydrocarbon stream by distillation, making use

of the difference in boiling points of the components to be separated. The lower

boiling point components are recovered from the top of the fractionation column,

and the heavier boiling point components from the bottom. This process is used

in LPG processing systems to separate products such as propane and butane.

FSRU Floating storage and re-gasification unit, a floating vessel that has the capability

to be permanently moored at a site where it receives LNG from carriers, stores

and re-gasifies the LNG at a rate required by natural gas users.


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GAP Gravity Actuated Pipe

A concept developed by the Group, consisting of a bundle of mid water pipes

floating between surface and seabed to minimise pipeline length and temperature

problems in deepwater developments. These pipes typically connect a DCU to a

floating production facility and carry the flow of gases, oil, water and controlsignals over large distances. The bundle is stabilised vertically and horizontally by

maintaining tension at each end, created by gravity from suspended masses.

Gas and water injection To enhance the crude oil recovery by maintaining sufficiently high reservoir

pressure throughout the production life, it is becoming usual to inject water

and/or gas to replace the produced volumes. This reinjection performed above

reservoir pressure requires heavy-duty pumps and compressors consuming large

amounts of energy. The associated production gas is normally used as fuel.

Gas lift It is becoming normal practice on FPSOs, particularly for heavy crudes, tofacilitate the flow of live crude from the wells by injecting gas either at xmas tree

level or down-hole to lower the back pressure on the wells. In fact, the lift gas is

the associated gas from the field, which is treated, compressed and re-circulated

into the flow system.

GTL Gas To Liquids conversion

A process, based on Fischer Tropsch technology, which polymerises several gas

molecules into a longer chain hydrocarbon molecule that can exist in liquid phase

at ambient conditions. This process is being developed as a competitor to LNG for

commercialisation of remote gas reserves.

HAZID/HAZOP HAZard IDentification/HAZard and OPerability analysis

Systematic design review methods to identify and address hazards to ensure that

the necessary safety measures to eliminate or mitigate hazards are incorporated

in the design and operation of the unit.

Heave compensation system Working offshore often includes working in inclement weather and rough seas.

The lifting and lowering of loads from barges and vessels is affected by these

conditions and can cause uncontrolled upswing movements in vertical direction,

which can lead to damage of the load. To suppress the movements of the load a

mechanical system, often referred to as heave compensation system, is devised

to dampen and control vertical movements. Two methods of heave compensation

exist; passive systems and active systems.

Heavy load skidding system A system specially developed by MSC to move a heavy drilling package on the

deck of a jack-up drilling rig.

The cantilever and drill floor structures have been combined to one fixed package,

which can be skidded both longitudinally and transversely relative to the deck of

the drilling jack-up.

The main advantages of the system are a larger reach of the drilling tower,

simplified handling of drilling equipment and minimum obstruction of the deck

of the drilling jack-up.


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Hydrocarbons Oil, gas and other chemical components carrying hydrogen and carbon atoms.

Jack-up drilling rig A mobile drilling unit, which can elevate itself well above the sea surface on three

or more legs to become a stable seabed supported drilling platform. Drilling jack-

ups can operate in water depths up to 150 metres. On most jack-up drilling rigsthe drill tower is placed on cantilever beams such that wells supported by an

adjacent platform can be drilled in work-over mode by skidding the cantilever

over that fixed platform.

J-lay tower A pipe-lay method used in deepwater to allow the pipe to leave the pipe-lay unit

at a vertical departure angle. The tower supports the up-ended pipes.

LNG Liquefied Natural Gas

Natural gas (mainly methane) refrigerated to reach liquid phase suitable for

transportation in specialised vessels (LNG carriers).

LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas

Butane and propane mixture, separated from well fluid stream. LPG can be

transported under pressure in refrigerated vessels (LPG carriers).

Manifolds A pipe spool in which a number of incoming pipes are combined to feed to a

common output line.

MARPOL MARine POLution

International regulations produced by the International Convention for the

Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 1973, as adopted by the International

Conference on Marine Pollution convened by the International Maritime

Organisation, which is the regulatory body in respect of pollution by oil, noxious

substances, harmful substances in packaged forms, sewage and garbage.

Mid water pipe A pipeline to transfer fluids or gases between two floating facilities when ultra-

deepwater makes sea bottom pipe configurations uneconomical or technically

unacceptable. Typically, a mid water pipe would be configured at a depth of

100 to 300 metres.

MMSCFD Millions of standard cubic feet per day.

A commonly used unit to measure gas flows.


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MPV Multi-Purpose Vessel

A dedicated vessel that is able to perform multiple tasks for offshore installations.

MSV Multi-Service Vessel

A dedicated vessel which is able to perform multiple maintenance services on

platforms, floaters, subsea wells, pipelines and risers.

Non-flaring operations Operations where the produced gas from an oil field is not allowed to be flared

and therefore either has to be transported, used as a fuel source or reinjected.

Pipe-lay barge A flat-bottom, ship-shape or semi-submersible vessel for the offshore installation

of subsea pipelines. Individual pipe joints are welded together on the vessel (to

make a continuous string) and subsequently laid onto the seabed in a controlled

manner.

In medium water depths the pipe-lay barge is anchor-moored. In deepwater areas

the barge is dynamically positioned.

Risers Steel or flexible pipe, which transfer well fluids from the seabed to the surface.

ROV Remote Operated Vehicle

An underwater robot.

SALM Single Anchor Leg Mooring

The configuration of a SALM is highly elastic over a very wide range of

waterdepths. This inherent elasticity enables cargo transfer operations to

continue under adverse weather and sea-state conditions. This built-in resiliency

also enables the SALM to yield in the event of collision thus minimising impact

forces and structural damage.

A SALM can also be employed as an unmanned tanker loading or discharge

terminal with multiple fluid transfer circuits.

SCR Steel Catenary Riser

A steel pipe hung in a catenary configuration from a floating vessel in deep water

to transmit flow to or from the sea floor.

SeaStar See TLP + mini TLPs.

Semi-submersibles A floating unit, with its deck supported by columns to enable the unit to becomealmost transparent for waves and provide a favourable motion behaviour.


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Spar A deep draft cylindrical and vertical floating production unit (single column) with

possible storage for crude oil in small quantities inside the column. This facility,

although not heave-restrained, can accommodate surface completed wellheads.

SPM Single Point Mooring system (e.g. CALM)

Spread mooring In the case of a spread moored FPSO/FSO, the tanker or process barge is moored

in a fixed heading with up to 12 anchor lines distributed over the bow and stern

of the vessel, to anchor points situated on the seabed around the vessel. The

chosen heading is determined by the prevailing sea and weather conditions. The

spread moored FPSO/FSO can only be used on locations where currents, waves

and winds are very moderate or normally come from a prevailing direction.

With this type of FPSO/FSO no turret or swivel stack is required, as the vessel

does not change heading in relation to the risers connecting the tanker with the

wells on the seabed. This means that a greater flexibility exists in the number of

risers from the wells and manifolds on the seabed that can be connected onto the

FPSO/FSO than would be the case with a turret moored vessel. One disadvantageis however that for spread moored FPSOs/FSOs a separate tanker loading facility

should be provided, as the offtaking tanker cannot safely moor in tandem to the

FPSO/FSO, due to changing current, wind and wave direction, possible

interference with the FPSOs/FSOs anchor lines, and high risk of collision.

STL Submerged Turret Loading

STP Submerged Turret Production

Subsea facilities Sub-sea xmas trees, manifolds, control boxes, valves, pipelines, risers, umbilicals,

cables, etc.

Subsea (xmas) trees The xmas tree completing the well is located on the seabed.

Surface (xmas) trees The xmas tree completing the well is located either on a fixed platform (shallow

water) or on a floating platform (deepwater DCU) such as a SeaStar, Spar, TLD

or TLP.

Swivel stack The component on a full weathervaning FPSO that allows for continuous transfer

of fluids, gas, controls and power from the static mooring to the facilities on the

rotating part of the FPSO.

SYMO Soft Yoke Mooring and Offloading

Combines a solid structural mooring with a hard-piped/swivels fluid transfer

system. It can be connected and operated in much higher sea states than other

LNG offloading systems. The SYMO can be used in a variety of LNG transfer

applications:

The SYMO is used to moor an LNG carrier in tandem to the stern of an FLNG

(Floating LNG production system) offshore or at the stern of an FSRU near

shore.

The SYMO is used to moor temporarily an LNG carrier to an import terminal

in shallow water. LNG is either transferred to shore via a cryogenic pipeline or

alternatively re-gasification takes place on the terminal allowing high-pressure

gas to be exported.


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TLD Tension Leg Deck

A passive system for tensioning risers on floating deepwater production facilities.

The concept uses gravity as the tensioning means unlike other systems such as

spars or TLP's which use buoyancy. This unique system, proprietary to SBM, is

being developed for integration into FPSO's.

TLP + mini TLPs Tension Leg Platform

A floating platform, positioned and stabilised by at least three separated, vertical

tendons anchored to the seabed. The tendons are tensioned using the buoyancy of

the underwater hull of the platform. Subjected to wave, wind and current action,

the platform moves sideways, but remains horizontal due to the parallel actions

of the tendons. The vertical motion (heave) is eliminated and the facility is

therefore suitable for surface completion of the wells.SeaStar developed by Atlantia Offshore, is the state-of-the-art example of an

TLP, using a monocolumn structure as opposed to multicolumn (typically four)

developed by ABB, McDermott, Modec, etc.

Topsides See FPSO.

Turnkey supply Delivery of an operational system.

Turret mooring The turret system is integrated into or attached to the hull of the tanker, in most

cases near the bow, and allows the tanker to weathervane around it and thereby

take up the line of least resistance to the combined forces of wind, waves and

current. A high pressure oil and gas swivel stack is mounted onto the mooring

system. This swivel stack is the connection between the risers from the subsea

flowlines on the seabed to the piping onboard the vessel. It allows the flow of oil,

gas and water onto the unit to continue without interruption while the FPSO

weathervanes. For reasons of size and cost, the number of swivels is kept to a

minimum, and therefore the flow of oil and gas has to be manifolded in the turret

area, particularly when the system produces from a large number of wells.

The turret mooring and high pressure swivel stack are thus the essential

components of an FPSO.

ULCC Ultra Large Crude Carrier

Oil transportation vessel from 320,000 to 600,000 dwt.

Ultra-deepwater More than 1000 metres water depth.

Umbilicals Flexible cables carrying electrical and instrument wiring, hydraulic tubing and

chemical tubing.

VLCC Very Large Crude Carrier

Oil transportation vessel from 200,000 to 320,000 dwt.

Xmas trees See Subsea (xmas) trees.

Internal turret External turret


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Boosters Pump-station, used when the discharge distance is too great for the dredgers own

pump capacity.

Cable layer A vessel capable of laying trans-ocean communication cables, or power cables.

Cutter suction dredger Stationary dredger using a special cutting device for the loosening of the soil in

front of the suction inlet, and moored by means of anchors and/or spuds (poles).

Large centrifugal pumps transport the dredged soil as a fluid mixture (slurry)

through a pipeline to the dumping site, or discharged into barges. Specific

applications for this equipment are the dredging of channels and rivers, thebuilding of dams, roads and reclamation sites for industrial, airport or living area

development.

The main advantages of this type of vessel are its ability to operate in shallow

water and to dredge a wide range of materials including rocks, as well as being

able to produce a uniform bottom level.

DTPS Dredge Track Presentation System

Fully intelligent integrated Combined fully automatic control of navigation and dredging operation.

bridge and dredging control

Grab hopper dredger A grab hopper dredger is a self-propelled vessel with a hopper. The hopper will be

loaded by means of an on board placed grab crane. Unloading of the hopper takes

place by means of bottom doors. The grab hopper dredger is ideal for maintaining

small harbours and for working along the quays and other constructions.

Hydraulic dredgers Dredgers with centrifugal pumps for the suction and transport of the dredged soil

as a slurry. For the loosening of the soil in front of the suction head various types

of equipment are used such as cutters, wheels, dragheads and high pressure water

jets. Examples are trailing suction hopper dredgers and cutter suction dredgers.

Hydrohammer Offshore and onshore hydraulic pile hammers.

DREDGER/SPECIALISED SHIPBUILDING ACTIVITIES


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IHC Beaver standard IHC Hollands range of standard types of cutter suction dredgers.

Mechanical dredgers Equipment with which the soil is loosened and transported by mechanical means

such as grabs, dippers and buckets.

Various types are bucket dredgers, backhoe dredgers and grab cranes.

Offshore supply vessel A vessel for assistance to and supplying of offshore production or exploration

units.

Product tanker A tanker used for transporting various products.

Ro-Pax ferry A vessel for transport of cars and/or trucks which can drive on and off the vessel

as well as for transport of passengers with passenger accommodation (cabins).

Ro-Ro ferry A vessel for transport of large lorries and cars, which drive on and off the vessel

and are parked on special car decks during transport.

Rpm Revolutions per minute.

Splittrail The IHC Splittrail is an example of this type of trailing suction hopper dredger.

The halves are swung apart to permit discharge and are then closed and secured

with the aid of hydraulic rams.

Submerged dredge pump Pump under water, working close to the sea or river bed.

Suction tube Pipe through which slurry is transported into the hopper of a dredger.


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Trailing suction hopper A dredger used to remove and transport soil from water bottoms by dragging a

dredger long suction tube with a draghead over the bottom, loosening the soil in front of

the suction head. Big centrifugal pumps transport the dredged soil as a slurry to

the hopper, from which it is later dumped (released via the vessels keel) or

pumped (through a pipeline or rainbowed) to a reclamation area.Specific activities in this field includes the construction or deepening of harbours

and waterways.

The main advantages of this type of vessel are its relative immunity to weather

and sea conditions and the ability to transport soil over long distances.

Furthermore it can operate independently with hardly any interference to other

shipping traffic. A unit with a capacity of around 20000m3 or more is often

referred to as a jumbo hopper dredger.

Tunnelling equipment Tunnelling equipment or more precisely; a tunnel boring machine is a machine

that excavates underground tunnels (with a diameter of 6 up till 15 meters) for

highways or railways.

Wheel dredger The wheel dredger, like its conventional counterpart the cutter suction dredger, is

a hydraulic dredger, which implies that the spoil is drawn up with the aid of a

centrifugal pump.


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Value of production Total output of the Group, including delivered orders, the value added to tangible

fixed assets (relates mainly to FPSOs/FSOs in the lease fleet), plus the increase

or decrease in stocks and work in progress.

WACC Weighted Average Cost of CapitalThe overall cost of the capital employed, consisting of the after-tax interest cost

of long-term debt and the cost of equity, calculated as the risk-free rate of return

on long-term government bonds, plus the market risk premium multiplied by the

company stocks beta (indicating relative volatility of the stock versus the market

index).


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