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Glossary-Index
adoptionof an heir, 109–10pre- and postmortem, 109–12in the Yüan, 223
affinal tiesreinforced standing in the Sung, 143in the Sung, 65
agnatic group ties, 13–15agnatic kin groups
adoption in the Sung, 109–12in Confucian descent-line system,
144–50in the Sung, 2, 66under Yüan law, 220
agnatic lineagedescent-line system to support, 146under the Yüan, 295
agreement card (ting-t’ieh), 33Ah-Chuang , 245, 246Ahmad, 239, 239n112Ah-Tsang , 246n125an-ch’a ssu , 248n131Anhwei , 136, 249n135Anyang , 228, 248apportionment (po, piao-po), 93assets (tzu-ts’ai chi nu-pi), 55audit (chien-chiao), 96Ayurbarwada (Emperor Jen-tsung,
Buyantu khaghan) (r. 1311–1320),267–8
betrothal gifts (na-cheng), 52. See alsoproperty
black mouths (hei-k’ou), 214bondsmen
chien-min, 54
general (tsa-hu), 55n54government (kuan-hu), 55n54k’o-hu, 55n54
Book of Changes (I-ching), 184book-making industry
during the Sung, 10box
bamboo (ch’ieh), 32bamboo ( fei), 32for incense or perfume (lien), 31
brideprice systemin Mongol society, 201, 204
Buddhism, 21, 26Bukhumu (Pu-hu-mu, 1255–1300), 253Bureau of Military Affairs (shu-mi yuan),
223
caitiffs (lu), 207Case Studies of Sung and Yüan Confucians
(Sung-Yüan hsüeh-an), 160Ch’an Buddhism , 26Chan Hsien-ye (11th cent.), 69Chan Yen-fu (13th cent.), 69chang , 213Chang Fang-p’ing (1007–1091),
163Chang Hsiu-lan (1108–1137), 154Chang K’o (1046–1128), 154–5Chang Kuai-yai, see Chang Yungch’ang-p’ing-ts’ang , 22–3Chang Shih (1133–1180), 162n78,
171n86Chang Tsai (1020–1077), 144–5,
162n78, 171n87Chang Yung (styled Kuai-yai ,
946–1015), 77, 79, 81
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Ch’ang-an , 9Ch’ang-chou , 39Ch’ang-sun Wu-chi (?–659), 53Chang-te circuit , 228, 249, 268Chao Hsi-i , 195n159Chao Ju-Yü (1140–1196), 149Chao K’uang-yin (Emperor T’ai-
tsu, r. 960–976), 66Chao Liang-pi (1217–1286), 211Chao Ting (1085–1147), 94Chao Ting-ch’en (b. 1070, c.s.
1091), 174n96Ch’ao Yüeh-chih (1059–1129),
174n96chao-chih , 212ch’ao-kang , 216chao-ling , 216Che , 275Che-hsi , 263Chekiang , 16, 74, 278Ch’en Chih-ch’ao , 68, 69Ch’en Liang (1143–1194), 162, 165Chen Te-hsiu (1178–1235), 87,
149, 159, 162, 165, 167, 183–5, 289chen-chi-pu , 11, 137cheng-ch’ang t’ien , 137Ch’eng-Chu Confucianism , 24, 179,
183, 251, 267–8. See alsoConfucianism; Learning of the Way
ch’eng-fen , 124Ch’eng Hao (1032–1085), 24, 153Ch’eng I (1033–1107), 13, 24–5,
133, 144–5, 153, 161, 163, 171, 186,272
Cheng-ho county , 18Ch’eng-tsung (r. 1294–1307),
253–4, see also TemürCh’eng-tu , 49, 274ch’i (material essence) , 195ch’i (principal wife) , 81n43ch’i ch’u , 45n12, 131–2ch’i chuang-lien chih-tao t’ien-yeh teng
, 137Chi Ling (1081–1135), 157–8Ch’i Sung (Sung official), 105chia , 46–7, 56chia-ch’ü , 221n58chia-chuang , 31n85Chia-yu era (1056–1063), 108Chiang, Madam (1169–1235), 182
Chiang-che branch secretariat (hsing-sheng) , 260
Chiang-hsi branch secretariat (hsing-sheng), 262n180
Chiang-nan East circuit (lu) ,80–1, 101
Chiang-nan West circuit (lu) , 39,84. See also Kiangsi
Chiang-yin prefecture , 39chiao , 38Chia-ting era (1208–1224), 116chia-tzu , 37n107chi-ch’an , 38Chi-chou prefecture , 184n133,
188n145, 194n158ch’ieh (bamboo box) , 32ch’ieh (concubine) , 77n27, 81n43chieh-chiao-fu , 127chien (resolute) , 184ch’ien , 184–5Chien-an county , 18, 160chien-chiao , 96Chien-chou prefecture , see Chien-
ning prefectureCh’ien-fu lun (Discourses by a Man
in Hiding), 49Chien-k’ang circuit , 259chien-min , 54Chien-ning prefecture , 18–24, 68–9,
73, 80, 87, 107, 150, 153, 214commercial publishing in Chien-yang
county, 20Confucian revival in, 18in the Sung, 18–20trade routes through, 20
Chien-ning-fu , see Chien-ningprefecture
Chien-yang county , 18, 20–1, 80, 91,107, 121, 122, 186, 214
chih , 220n57ch’ih , 67chih shu-mi yüan , 160chih-chih era (1321–1323), 213n40chih-yuan era (1264–1294), 265n188Chih-yüan hsin-ko (New statutes of
the chih-yüan era), 211children
brothers’ (chih), 220n57tzu, 88, 220n57
chin , 275n214
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ch’in-ch’i , 98Chin dynasty
attack on the Sung (1126), 16of the Jurchens, 16–17law of, 228
Ch’in state history, 48legal code, 45–6
chin-ch’in , 98ch’ing (unit of land) , 39, 173, 190n147ch’ing (request) , 118Ch’ing dynasty
legal code, 265, 277–8rights of women under, 294
Ch’ing-chiang county , 177Chinggis khan (T’ai-tsu, r. 1206–1227),
17, 204–6 209, 212Ching-hu North circuit (lu) , 88Ching-hu South circuit (lu) , 87ching-li ch’i chia , 172Ch’ing-li era (1041–1048), 173Ch’ing-ming chi , 68, 90n70. See also
Collected Decisionsching-piao men-lü , 264Ching-shih ta-tien (Great
Compendium of Statecraft), 276ching-ting sui yu jih ch’ang-chih
, 70Ch’ing-yüan era (1195–1200), 67Ch’ing-yüan t’iao-fa shih-lei
(Classified Laws of the Ch’ing-yüanPeriod), 67
chin-shih , 20, 78, 134n227, 155, 160Chin-ssu lu , 145Cho Wang-sun , 48–9Cho Wen-chün , 48–9chou , 20Chou Ch’u , 40Chou dynasty , 42–4Chou Ping, 80Chou Pi-ta (1126–1204), 165Chou Tun-i , 162n78, 171n86chu , 53chü , 33ch’ü , 221n58ch’u chia , 102Chu Hsi (1130–1200), 8, 18, 20–30,
145–52, 162, 165, 167, 169, 235acceptance of some Sung law and
custom, 185–6
tolerance of remarriage, 185–6on women’s roles in households, 174–9.
See also Learning of the WayChu Hsi’s Family Rituals (Chu-tzu chia-li),
145–6, 257Ch’ü T’ung-tsu, 48chüan , 68, 69n13ch’üan chia , 268Ch’üan-chou , 20, 184n131chuang (to adorn) , 31chuang (to wrap in a bundle), 31–2chuang-lien , 31, 189chuang-lien t’ien , 128Ch’ü-chou county , 248Ch’u-chou prefecture , 157chü-jen , 115n162chün , 79Chün-chou county , 249chün-ch’ü , 255chün fen , 79, 81, 89, 90, 285chung , 36, 117, 118, 120Ch’ung-an county , 18, 22, 68–9, 73,
153Ch’ung-jen county , 84chung-shu sheng (Central Secretariat
in Yüan), 231–2chün-p’ing , 79, 90chün-t’ien , 55n56Chu-shih ssu-niang , 39Chu-tzu chia-li (Chu Hsi’s Family
Rituals), 145–6, 257civil service examinations, 6–8, 10, 268,
290clarified instructions, (shen-ming), 67Classic of Etiquette and Ritual (I-li), 52Classified Laws of the Ch’ing-yüan Period
(Ch’ing-yüan t’iao-fa shih-lei), 67code (lü), 67n4Collected Decisions (Ch’ing-ming chi), 68–75,
77, 79–80, 87, 91–2cases about state preservation of
daughters’ inheritance, 96–7cases of wife’s property within marriage,
128–30inheritance of posthumous heirs,
107legal protection of widow’s private
property, 115–25related to daughters in cut-off
households, 98–104
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Collected Decisions (cont.)treatment at death of dowry property,
136–8Collected Penal Laws of the Great Chou (Ta-
Chou hsing-t’ung), 66commentaries, sub- (shu), 53commentaries (chu), 53complement (p’ei), 184Comprehensive Regulations of the Great Yüan
(Ta-Yüan t’ung-chih), 212–14, 227concubines, 3, 52, 65, 77n27, 81, 81n43,
83n49, 96, 97, 123, 129, 133, 152,153n38, 173, 173n95, 187, 192, 194,195n161, 198, 238, 243, 262, 277
Confucianismcommunal family concept, 197descent-line system of, 43–6, 60Hunan school of, 153husband and wife in family system, 128Learning of the Way, 24–30orthodox concept of marriage and
remarriage, 189–92revival, 24ritual patriline concept, 109, 114training during the Sung, 10widow chastity precept, 126
Confucianism, classicalideals of, 42–3Six Rites of Marriage, 52
Confucians, Sung (Sung-Yüan hsüeh-an),160
coparceners (he-fen jen), 84coparceners (ying-fen jen), 55corporate lineage
descent-line agnatic ideals of, 146foundations for estates, 13–15
culture, Mongolclash with Chinese culture, 201, 204
culture (wen), 25
Dasiman (Dashman), see Ta-shih-mandaughters
division of inheritance with posthumousheir, 110–12
married (ch’u chia), 102returned (kuei chia), 102unmarried (tsai shih), 102
Debates on Salt and Iron (Yen-t’ieh lun), 49decrees
chao-chih, 212
chao-ling, 216descent, patrilineal
Chinese, 42–3descent-line
heir (tsung-tzu), 43–4, 144lesser (hsiao-tsung), 43main (ta-tsung), 43system in the Han, 46–7system of (tsung fa), 14, 43, 46, 144
desires, selfish (shih-su chih ssu-ch’ing), 196director-general (tsung-kuan), 243Discourses by a Man in Hiding (Ch’ien-fu
lun), 49division of property, see inheritancedivorce
amicable (ho-li), 130property rights in the Han, 50Seven Conditions (ch’i ch’u), 131–2under Sung law, 130–4under T’ang and Sung legal codes,
130–4Dorchi (To-erh-ch’ih), 263dowry
donation encouraged under ideas ofConfucian revival, 151–61
in the Han, 48–51under Mongol law, 291relative absence in nomadic societies,
201significance in the Sung, 64–5as women’s property under the Sung, 11
dowry (chia-chuang), 31n85dowry donations
funerary inscriptions about, 162–8under Learning of the Way ideals,
143–4, 198in Southern Sung society, 288
edictsch’ih, 67collections (Pien-ch’ih), 67
elite status, Sung dynastydowries and affinal links, 65–6maintenance of, 4, 6property required for, 64–5
equitable (chün, chün-p’ing), 78, 79essay, biographical (hsing-chuang), 80n38,
183estate, charitable (i-chuang), 146ethics, Confucian, 60
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exile (i-hsiang), 132exogamy
Mongol practice of, 208Extended Meaning of the Great Learning (Ta-
hsüeh yen-i), 268
fa , 88, 128, 195family
ch’üan chia, 268Confucian concept of, 44conjugal unit ( fang), 99, 119cut-off line (hu-chüeh), 58, 97, 98descent-line system in Chou dynasty,
43–6household in Han dynasty, 46–51in Learning of the Way Confucianism,
26, 289nuclear family unit ( fang), 99, 119pre-Sung conception of, 43–4in the T’ang, 53without morals (pu tao chih chia), 126
family propertyin the Han, 46–7Sung state intervention in transmission
of, 99–100under Yüan laws, 261–4
Fan Chung-yen (989–1052), 14,146, 163, 172
Fan Tsu-yü (1041–1098), 176n104Fan Ying-ling (c.s. 1205), 84–5, 87,
107, 123, 125fang , 32, 47, 99, 119, 279n232Fang Ta-ts’ung (1183–1247), 165,
168fa-ssu , 233, 234n97, 257Fa-tu-ma (Fatima) , 246fei , 32fei li , 222, 245fen , 91fen ch’i chu-tzu , 192Feng-ch’eng county , 84n53Feng-hsien hung-kang , 214n49fields
daughter’s (nü-t’ien), 33t’ien, 33
filiality (hsiao), 93Fiscal Intendant (t’i-chü ch’ang-p’ing),
88n60fo ( fang) , 279n232footbinding, 12–13
fu , 20fu ch’eng fu fen , 79n35Fu-chou prefecture (Fukien) , 20, 186fu-jen , 268Fukien , 18–24, 68, 74, 91, 92, 153,
186, 214funds, personal (ssu-fang), 88n63funerary inscriptions (mu-chih-ming), 28
gender rolesin Confucian tradition, 26–30, 143–4influence of Mongol rule on, 1–2in Learning of the Way philosophy, 169
gentry (shih), 4, 6, 67gifts, betrothal (na-cheng), 52government, sacred (sheng-cheng), 216graduates, metropolitan (chin-shih), 20granaries
charitable (i-ts’ang), 22community (she-ts’ang), 23ever-normal (ch’ang-p’ing-ts’ang), 22
Great Compendium of Statecraft (Ching-shihta-tien), 276
Great Learning (Ta-hsüeh), 183
Hai-pei Kuang-tung region (tao) ,262
Ha-la-ha-sun (Kharghasun,1257–1308), 253
Han Ch’iu (d. 1150) , 180Han dynasty , 43, 46–51, 131Han Fei (280–233 b.c.), 44, 45n12Han Fei-tzu , 44, 45n12Han shu , 49Han Yü (768–824), 24Han Yüan-chi (1118–1187),
156–8, 165, 168, 179–80, 190Hangchow , 10, 16, 77, 92, 160, 245he fen jen , 84hei-k’ou , 214Heilungkiang , 278heir
descent-line (tsung-tzu), 43–4established (li-chi), 109mandated (ming-chi), 109posthumous, 109–10
Heng-chou prefecture , 153, 154Ho-chien circuit , 232, 233Ho Jung-tsu (dates unknown), 211ho-li , 130
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Honan , 249HopeiHo-tung county , 252hou , 49household
auxiliary (hsieh-chi hu), 222n62concept in Han dynasty, 46–51in Confucian tradition, 27–8cut-off (hu-chüeh), 58, 99, 127, 220individual (chia), 46–7, 56, 145joint (t’ung-chü kung-ts’ai), 53military households of the Yüan, 217property held in common by head of,
113rights of nuclear family in joint, 99separate woman’s, 195as source of taxes in the Yüan, 217, 221supervisor (ching-li ch’i chia), 172when family line cut off, 97–104women as managers of, 169–74
Hsia state (Hsi Hsia, Western Hsia), 15Sung treaty with, 15Tangut people of, 15
hsiang , 190n147Hsiang-ko (Sangha, d. 1291), 211,
239n111hsiao , 93hsiao tsung , 43Hsiao-tsung (Sung emperor, r.
1163–1189), 107, 108hsi-ch’in , 36n99Hsi-chou , 234Hsieh I (d. 1113), 174n96hsieh-chi hu , 222n62hsien-hsing t’iao-ling , 81hsien-wei , 81n41Hsien-ye hou-jen , 69Hsin-chou , 105hsin-fu chün , 261hsing-chuang , 80n38hsing-pu , 234n97hsing-sheng , 262n180Hsin-kan county , 188, 194hsi-shu , 33Hsiung-nu , 207hsiung-ti chün-fen , 138hsiu-shen , 25hsü , 152Hsü Heng (1209–1281), 210, 253,
267, 268
Hsü Hsüan (916–991), 163Hsü Yüan-chieh (1194–1245),
165, 167Hsüan (Han emperor, r. 73–47 b.c.),
49hsü-hun , 233n94Hu An-kuo (1074–1138), 153Hu Chih-yü (1227–1295), 208,
210, 236Hu Hung (1106–1161), 153Hu Yin (1098–1156), 153–6, 162,
165, 167Hu Ying (Hu Shih-pi , c.s. 1232,
d. ca.1270), 87–8, 123, 126, 129,130, 132
Hua-chou , 241Huai river , 17Huai-nan tzu , 78Huang Kan (1152–1221), 18, 23,
25–6, 123, 126, 133, 165, 168,185–200, 207, 253–4, 262–3,289–90, 294. See also Learning of theWay
Huang T’ing-chien (1045–1105),174n96
Huang Tsung-hsi , 148Huang-yu era (1049–1053), 173Hu-chou , 39, 160hu-chüeh , 58, 97, 98, 146hu-chüeh fa , 58, 99, 127hui , 185Hui-chou circuit , 263hui-hui ta-shih , 235humaneness ( jen), 93Hunan , 74Hung Mai (1123–1202), 36Hupei , 45, 74, 112n150, 112n151hu-pu , 232Hu shih-pa mei , 39
i (duty, what is right) , 85, 147n11i (yielding) , 185I-ching (Book of Changes), 184i-chuang , 146i-chüeh , 133, 251i-hai , 238i-hsiang , 132I-hsing county , 40I-li (Classic of Etiquette and Ritual), 52i-li , 244
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Imperial College (Kuo-tzu chien), 267Imperial University (t’ai hsüeh), 157Important Documents of the Sung (Sung hui-
yao), 67inheritance
in Confucian descent-line system,144–50
daughter’s, 79, 91, 99, 124of daughters without surviving brothers,
97–104division of family property in the Han,
47–8, 78division of family property in the Sung,
78–90division of family property in the T’ang,
79early Yüan law, 217, 220–1equal division among brothers (hsiung-
ti chün-fen), 138equal division (chün fen), 79, 81, 89,
285gender-related under Mongol law,
291–2of husband’s portion ( fu ch’eng fu fen),
79n35under Learning of the Way
Confucianism, 192Mongol levirate marriage practice, 201,
204–6posthumous heirs in the Sung, 109–12right of adopted heir to, 109son’s (tzu ch’eng fu fen), 79, 88n62, 138,
285in the Sung, 227Sung state intervention in issues of,
65–6in T’ang statutes, 54–60, 76–7women’s rights in the Sung, 78–104under Yüan law, 217, 222–7
instructions, clarified (shen-ming), 67i-ts’ang , 22
jen , 93Jen-tsung (r. 1311–1320), see
Ayurbarwadajou , 184, 185judgments
p’an, 59written (shu p’an), 67
Judicial Intendant (t’i-hsing), 80
Jui Yeh (1114–1172), 181n125Jurchens
Chin dynasty of, 16–17invasion ending Northern Sung, 4
kai-chia , 233n94Kaifeng , 9, 16, 234K’ai-p’ing , 256kang , 185kang-muK’ang-ting era (1040–1041), 173Kao K’ang (1097–1153; c.s. 1131),
78–80, 99, 144Kao, Madam, 182K’ao-t’ing shu-yüan , 21Kao-tsung (Sung emperor, r.
1127–1162), 20, 58Khaishan (Emperor Wu-tsung, Külüg
khaghan) (r. 1307–1311), 212,266–7, 275
Kharghasun (Ha-la-ha-sun, 1257–1308),253
Khitan, 1, 15. See also Liao stateKhubilai (Emperor Shih-tsu, Sechen
khaghan) (r. 1260–1294), 210–11,220–1, 229, 231n87, 236–40, 242,245, 253, 265, 257
Kiangsi , 74, 92, 123, 194, 213Kiangsu , 40, 256, 278ko , 67, 212, 214ko li , 213k’o-hu , 55n54k’o-po , 87Kuai-yai, see Chang YungKuang-nan East circuit (lu) , 86Kuang-p’ing circuit , 248Kuang-yün , 31kuan-hu , 55n54Kuan-yin , 39ku-chih , 87kuei , 190, 191kuei chia , 102k’un , 184kung , 196K’ung Ch’i (ca. 1310– after 1365),
292n4kung-shih , 115n162K’ung-tzu chia-yü , 45n12Kung-yang chuan , 45n12Kuo-tzu chien , 267
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Kuo-tzu hsüeh , 253Kwangtung , 136, 262, 292
landattached to a woman, 113bought from wife’s dowry (ch’i chuang-
lien chih-tao t’ien-yeh teng), 137brought along (sui-chia t’ien-t’u), 32cosmetic-case (lien-t’ien), 114divided among all children ( fen ch’i chu-
tzu), 192as dowry, 32, 114, 122, 189, 194equal field (chün-t’ien), 55n56exchange under the Sung, 10–11measure of (chiao), 38measure of (ch’ing), 39, 118, 173measure of (chung), 36, 117, 118, 120measure of (mou), 34, 36, 38, 39, 85measure of (pa), 117n167, 124–5measure of (pu), 38ownership in the Sung, 11registers (chen-chi pu), 137sacrificial (cheng-ch’ang t’ien), 137sustenance (yang-shan t’ien), 136
lawarticles of (lü), 124classified (T’iao-fa shih-lei), 67definite (ting-fa), 89dowry lands (sui-chia t’ien fa), 129fa, 88, 128, 195related to land attached to a woman,
113related to property in the Sung, 65t’iao, 130
law code, Sungcode article (lü), 79code clause (lü), 53codes following Confucian doctrine,
138statutes, regulations, ordinances, and
edicts, 67Sung Penal Laws (Sung hsing-t’ung), 66,
77, 98T’ang law repeated in, 79. See also legal
system, Sunglaw code, T’ang
The T’ang Code, 53–4, 61–3following Confucian doctrine, 138repeated in Sung legal code, 79. See also
legal system, T’ang; The T’ang code
law in the Yüanabsence of code, 210–11development of, 208–9of marriage and property, 208separation of Mongol and Chinese law
(1260–1271), 230–8Law Office (fa-ssu), 233, 234n97, 257law secretary (ssu-fa), 88Learning of the Way (tao-hsüeh), 24–6
adherence to agnatic line, 197–8agenda for women, 28–9Ch’eng-Chu school, 183concern with women’s property within
marriage, 150–69descent-line system, 144–6dowry donations, 151–62enforcement of ideals of, 185–96Huang Kan’s interpretation of, 26as intellectual, religious and social
movement, 25–6lifelong devotion of wife, 197meaning for daily life, 26meaning for women, 26–30as new interpretation, 143–4private academies teaching, 21reasons for emergence of, 197view of family and society, 289violations of, 288women’s household responsibility
under, 288–9women’s property under, 66. See also
Chu Hsi; Huang Kanlegal cases, collected, 69legal system, Sung
challenges and complexities of, 76half-share rule, 76–90laws as written judgments, 67–72, 80laws of inheritance and confiscation,
65, 79laws on confiscation of property, 105–6posthumous heir and regular adoptee,
110protecting orphan girls and boys, 65,
91–2, 95protection of women’s property under,
197remarriage sanctions, 125–7rules for division of property, 288task of judges in, 74–5. See also Collected
Decisions
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legal system, T’anglaws in Sung code, 98statutes on inheritance, 54–60, 62,
76–7, 79legal system, Yüan
Confucian influence on mourningperiod, 257–61
family property under, 261–4related to levirate marriage, 254–7widow chastity under, 264–77women as property under, 261–4
lei-shu , 74levir
defined, 204widow’s role in absence of, 205–6
levirate marriagelenient enforcement under Yüan law
(1276–1294), 245–53outlawed in the Ming and Ch’ing,
277–9restrictions on (1294–1307), 254–7universal application of (1271–1276),
238–44levirate, practice of
Chinese abhorrence of, 207operation in Mongol society, 2–3,
204–6, 292–3li (precedent) , 67, 84, 212, 213, 214li (principle) , 92, 93, 130, 195li (profit) , 85li (unit of distance) , 262Li, Madam (1104–1177), 180–1Li Ao (772–841), 24Li Ch’ung (Later Han dynasty), 50Li Hsin (d. after 1123), 174n96Li Hsiu-chi (fl. late 12th cent.),
182Li Kang (1083–1140), 163Li Kou (1009–1059), 163, 171–2,
174n96Liang-che circuit , 157Liao Kang (1071–1143), 162, 163,
168Liao state , 1
Jurchens threaten, 16Khitan of, 1, 15
Liao-yang branch secretariat Li-chi (Record of Rites), 44–5, 52, 109,
131, 132li-chi , 109, 110n145
lien , 31, 33Lien Hsi-hsien (1231–1280),
239lien-chü , 32n94, 34lien-chü chuang , 33lien-fang ssu , 262lien-fei , 32lien-t’ien , 114Lin Hsi-i (ca. 1210–1273), 165,
168Lin Kuang-ch’ao (1114–1178),
165, 168Lin-an fu (prefecture) , 92,
112n150, 112n151Lin-chiang prefecture , 188Lin-ch’uan , 180lineage
effect on women’s inheritance in theSung, 146
tsu, 43–4, 60tsung-tsu ch’in-jen, 268and Yüan marriage and property law,
295ling , 54, 67, 74, 79, 80, 98, 212Liu Ch’ing-chih (1130–1195),
79n33Liu K’o-chuang (1187–1269),
80–4, 92, 115n160, 121, 130, 131,166, 168, 183n129
Liu Kung (styled Kung-fu,1122–1178), 149
Liu Mien-chih (1091–1149),147–8, 150, 152
Liu Tsai (1166–1239), 36, 166,183–4
Liu Tzu-hui (1101–1147), 166,167
Liu Yen (1048–1102), 163Lou Yüeh (1137–1213), 166Loyang , 51, 251lu (caitiffs) , 207lu (circuit) , 216, 219lü , 53, 67n4, 79, 124Lü, Madam, 176Lu Chiu-yüan (1139–1193),
166Lu Tien (1042–1102), 163, 174n96,
172–3Lü Tsu-ch’ien (1137–1181), 25,
145, 156, 158–9, 162, 166, 181
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Lu Yu (1125–1210), 166Lu-shan county , 92
Ma-he-ma (Mohammed), 235Manichaeanism, 21Man-t’ing tseng-sun , 68marriage
changing laws in the Yüan related to,229–54
under Mongol rule, 2–3second (hsü-hun), 233n94women’s property within, 113–25See also levirate marriage; remarriage
marriage lawConfucian transformation of
(1294–1320), 253–4in Learning of the Way morality, 25
marriage, Mongolby inheritance (the levirate), 204–5
Ma-sha , 20Mencius, 43, 109Min, Kingdom of , 21Min river , 18n43ming (intelligence) , 185ming (verse section of inscription) ,
185Ming dynasty
legal code, 265, 277–8rights of women under, 294
ming-chi , 109Ming-chou prefecture , 151–2ming-fen , 146Ming-kung shu-p’an ch’ing-ming chi
, 68. See also CollectedDecisions
ming-li , 54Ministry of Revenue (hu-pu), 232Mohammed (Ma-he-ma), 235money
paper (ting), 275private (se-koi), 279n232
Mongol conquest of Chinaeffect on gender property regime,
290–1ending Southern Sung, 4, 17influence on gender relations, 1–2See also Yüan dynasty
Mongol lawseparation from Chinese law
(1260–1271), 230–8
universal application of the levirate(1271–1276), 238–44
MongolsAfrican model of production and
reproduction, 18threats to Chin dynasty, 17
moralityof Learning of the Way Confucianism,
25–6mou , 34, 36, 38, 39, 51, 85mu-chih-ming , 28Muslim cleric (hui-hui ta-shih), 235
na-cheng , 52Naito Konan (Torajiro,
1866–1934), 4n1Nan-chien prefecture , 122, 154, 162Nan-ching circuit (Kaifeng), 223,
234, 243, 250nang , 32nang-ch’ieh , 32, 33nang-t’o , 32, 33nei , 27, 30Nei-huang , 273New Laws of the Great Yüan (Ta-Yüan hsin-
ko), 211New Statutes of the Chih-yüan Era (Chih-yüan
hsin-ko), 211Neo-Confucianism, see Confucianism;
Learning of the WayNingpo , 152nü ch’eng fu fen , 79nü ch’eng-fen , 93nü shou-fen , 93nü-fen , 91nü-hu , 95, 222, 224nü-kungnumbers
major (ta-shu), 33minor (hsi-shu), 33
nu-pi , 55n54nü-t’ien , 33
official door insignia (ching-piao men-lü),264
Oghul Khaimish, 205ordinance (shih), 67n4Ou-ning county , 18, 136Ou-yang Hsiu (1007–1072), 24,
163, 170
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pa , 117n167, 124–5Pai-hu t’ung , 44n6p’an , 59Pao Hsüan , 50Pao-ting circuit , 247patrilineality
after Mongol conquest of China, 2revival in the Sung of Confucian,
144–50women’s property under, 31
peck (tou), 23n65p’ei , 184Peking (Ta-tu circuit), 235, 240pi , 93pi ssu chi-chü , 44piao-po , 93Pien-ch’ih, 67pien-kuan , 132P’ing-chiang circuit , 260, 275ping-hsü , 231P’ing-luan circuit , 250Ping-pu lang-chung , 154P’ing-yang circuit , 248, 252, 255po , 93Po-hai , 231po-po , 232n91P’o-yang county , 80, 84P’o-yang lake , 80, 81precedents
li, 67, 84, 214tuan-li, 212
prestige title (san-kuan), 157n57principle
censorate principles (t’ai-kang), 216contrary to (fei-li), 245female (k’un), 184li, 92, 93, 130, 195male (ch’ien), 184–5public (t’ien-hsia chih kung-li), 196
printing industry, 10, 64, 75production
African model of, 18Eurasian model in the Sung, 65Eurasian model of, 17–18
propertybetrothal gifts in Confucian ritual,
51–2betrothal gifts in the Han, 52betrothal gifts in the T’ang, 77brought with bride, 32
changing laws in the Yüan related to,229–54
common (t’ung-chü kung-ts’ai), 46, 113concept in Confucianism, 197under Confucian family system, 138conjugal, 279n232disposal under Sung law of, 113for elite status in the Sung, 64–5of household in the Han, 47importance in the Sung, 64–5landed, 32–3under Mongol law, 2–3, 290–1movable, 32n94, 34for orphan boys and girls, 65, 91–2, 95own (chi-ch’an), 38personal (ssu-ts’ai), 50private purchases of (ssu-fang chih-tao
wu-yeh), 123redivision, 55n55share ( fen), 91shared under Confucian descent-line
system, 144ts’ai-ch’an, 37n107women inheriting (nü ch’eng fen), 93women receiving (nü shou-fen), 93woman’s private, 32, 129. See also
women’s propertyproperty, private
accumulating for self (pi ssu chi-chü), 44Confucian opposition in marriage to,
150–69of women within marriage, 288tzu-sui chih wu, 129words denoting, 31–3
property lawConfucian transformation of
(1294–1320), 253–4incentive not to remarry, 126–7remarriage in the Sung, 125–7Sung dynasty, 2, 126–7in the T’ang, 53–63
property rightsof widows in the Sung, 143of widows under Yüan law, 217, 222of women in the Sung, 65–6of women in the Yüan, 3women’s defense of, 3See also women’s property rights
pu (unit of land), 38pu (not), 267n193
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pu i , 189pu tao chih chia , 126pu te li nü-hu , 195public-mindedness (kung), 196P’u-ch’eng county , 18P’u-chiang , 182pu-ch’ü , 55n54pu-i chih shen , 87pu-jen chih shen , 93Pu-hu-mu (Bhukumu, 1255–1300),
253P’u-t’ai county , 245pu-te ch’e-keng lun fen , 55n55P’u-t’ien county , 80P’u-yang county , 243, 245
quasi-husband, see chieh-chiao-fu
Record of Rites (Li-chi), 44–5, 52, 131, 132Reflections on Things at Hand (Chin-ssu lu),
145region (tao), 262Regional Investigation Office (lien-fang
ssu), 262regulations, 244
Comprehensive Regulations of the Yüan (Ta-Yüan t’ung chih), 212, 227
ko, 67ting-chih, 212
relativesagnatic (chin-ch’in), 98, 98n101cousins of fourth generation (ssu-ma),
109ch’in ch’i, 98, 98n101
remarriageof divorced and widowed women under
Sung law, 133–4, 142to outsider (kai-chia), 233n94under Sung law, 125–7Sung law encouragement of, 114–34
reproductionAfrican model of, 18Eurasian model of, 17–18
retainers (pu-ch’ü), 55n54room, conjugal ( fang), 32, 47rules, administrative (shih), 67
sacklarge (nang), 32small (t’o), 32
Sangha (Hsiang-ko, d. 1291), 211,239n111
san-kuan , 157n57School for Sons of the State (Kuo-tzu
hsüeh), 253Secretariat, Central (chung-shu sheng),
231–2Secretariat for State Affairs (Shang-shu
sheng), 212, 225, 231n87, 232se-koi , 279n232self-cultivation (hsiu-shen), 25selfishness (ssu), 196se-mu , 260Sengge Ragi , 275–6servile status
under the Sung, 11–12servitude, penal (pien-kuan), 132Shang dynasty , 42Shanghai , 256Shang-kuan, Great Lady
(1094–1178), 156–8, 179–80, 190Shang-kuan Hui , 157n57shang-she , 157Shang-shu sheng , 212, 225, 231n87,
232Shang-tu circuit , 256, 261Shansi , 249, 252, 255Shantung , 245Shan-yin county , 173Shao, Madam (1113–1183), 176, 177Shao Yung (1011–1077), 162n78,
171n86Shao-chou prefecture , 88Shao-hsing era (1131–1162) , 79Shao-hsing prefecture , 94Shao-wu prefecture , 157–8, 180Shao-yang county , 87, 123Shen Chi-tsu (c.s. 1169) , 148–9Shen Kua (1030–1095), 75sheng , 23n65sheng-cheng , 216shen-ming , 67shen-mu , 232–3Shensi , 255Shen-tsung (Sung emperor, r.
1067–1085), 16sheriff (hsien-wei), 81, 81n41she-ts’ang , 23shih (literati) , 4, 6shih (administrative rules) , 67
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Shih Ch’i , 152Shih Hao , 152Shih Ju-i (1110–1174), 176Shih T’ien-tse (1202–1275), 211Shih-chi (Records of the Historian),
48–9shih-huoshih-su chih ssu-ch’ing , 196Shih-tsu (r. 1260–1294). See KhubilaiShih-tsung (Jurchen emperor, r.
1161–1189), 231shu (subcommentaries) , 53shu (purity) , 185shu-p’an , 67, 69n13Shu-fang , 20shu-mi yuan , 223shun , 184, 185Shun-ch’ang county , 122Shun-ti (Yüan emperor) , 276Shun-t’ien circuit , 247slave
nu-pi, 55n54war slave chün-ch’ü, 255
societyEurasian model of, 65Learning of the Way Confucianism and,
30Learning of the Way view of, 289in the Sung, 4, 6–18in the T’ang, 4
ssu , 196ssu-fa , 88ssu-fang , 88n63ssu-fang chih-tao wu-yeh , 123Ssu-k’u , 216. See also Ssu-k’u ch’üan-
shuSsu-k’u ch’üan-shu , 216, 217ssu-ma , 109Ssu-ma Ch’ien (ca. 145–90 b.c.),
207Ssu-ma Hsiang-ju (179–117
b.c.), 48–9Ssu-ma Kuang (1019–1086), 24,
27, 91, 145, 163, 171ssu-ts’ai , 50status responsibilities (ming-fen), 146statutes
in effect (hsien-hsing t’iao-ling), 81to enforce joint family living, 53–60ko, 213, 214
ling, 212, 54, 67, 74, 79, 80, 98New Statutes of the Chih-yüan Era (Chih-
yüan hsin-ko), 211t’iao, 124, 130t’iao-ko, 212tien, 213
Statutes from the Comprehensive Regulations(T’ung-chih t’iao-ko), 213
statutes and precedents (ko li), 213statutes and precedents, collection of (Ta-
te tien-chang), 212Statutes and Precedents of the Yüan (Yüan
tien-chang), 213–17Su Shih (1036–1101), 164Su Sung (1020–1101), 164, 168succession, testamentary
in the Sung, 108–12in the T’ang, 108
Suchou prefecture , 38sui , 155, 174n97, 240sui-chia t’ien fa , 129sui-chia t’ien-t’u , 32Sung Dynastic History (Sung shih), 148Sung dynasty
commercial expansion during, 9–10economic development during, 8–12elites of, 4, 6–13, 64–5end of Northern, 16features of, 4invasions ending, 4outside threats to, 15–16revival of Confucian patrilineality,
144–50revival of Confucianism during, 24Southern Sung, 16–17. See also law
code, Sung; Learning of the way;legal system, Sung
Sung hsing-t’ung , 66. See also SungPenal Laws
Sung hui-yao (Important Documentsof the Sung), 67
Sung Penal Laws (Sung hsing-t’ung), 66, 77,98
on inheritance of married daughters,99–100
law on cut-off households, 105related to divorced or widowed women,
101Sung shih (Sung Dynastic History),
148
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Sung stateappropriation of private land, 105–6intervention in testamentary succession,
108–12intervention in family inheritance
issues, 104–9intervention in transmission of family
property, 99–104regulation of inheritance of daughters,
101–4threats from non-Chinese states, 15. See
also Sung dynastySung-ch’i county , 18Sung-Yüan hsüeh-an (Case
Studies of Sung and Yüan Confucians),160
superintendent (t’i-chü), 259Superior College (shang-she), 157Szechwan , 77
Ta-Chou hsing-t’ung (CollectedPenal Laws of the Great Chou), 66
Ta-hsüeh (Great Learning), 183Ta-hsüeh yen-i (Extended Meaning
of the Great Learning), 268t’ai hsüeh , 157Tai Liang , 49–50T’ai-ho code (T’ai-ho lü), 206n13, 209–10,
229–30abolition of, 238–9Khubilai abrogates, 210maintained separate Jurchen and
Chinese law, 231T’ai-ho lü , see T’ai-ho codeT’ai-ho era (827–836), 57t’ai-kang , 216T’ai-p’ing temple , 39T’ai-tsu (Chinggis khan, r.
1206–1227), 212. See also Chinggiskhan
T’ai-tsung (T’ang emperor, r.627–649), 53
T’ai-yüan , 258Ta-ming circuit , 249T’ang dynasty
canal system, 9characteristics of society, 4communal living and common
property, 53–63Confucian revival during, 24
land tenure controls, 10price controls and regulated markets
during, 9T’ang lü shu-i (The T’ang Code),
53. See also The T’ang codeThe T’ang Code (T’ang lü shu-i), 53. See also
The T’ang codeThe T’ang code, 53–4, 61–3
articles of, 53–4commentaries and subcommentaries,
53General Principles (ming-li), 54influence of, 53statutes (ling), 54–60
tang-t’i ch’i fu chih i , 190T’ang-yin county , 228tao (the Confucian Way, morality), 25,
150tao (region, Yüan administrative term),
262tao-hsüeh , 24–6. See also
Confucianism; Learning of the Way
Taoist text (Huai-nan tzu), 78tao-t’ung , 25Ta-shih-man (Dashman or
Dasiman), 239n111ta-shu , 33Ta-Tai li-chi , 45n12, 52n42Ta-te tien-chang , 212ta-tsung , 43Ta-tu circuit (Peking), 235, 240Ta-Yüan hsin-lü (New laws of the
great Yüan), 211Ta-Yüan lü-ling (Laws and
statutes of the great Yüan), 211Ta-Yüan sheng-cheng kuo-ch’ao tien-chang
, 213. See alsoStatutes and Precedents of the Yüan;Yüan tien-chang
Ta-Yüan sheng-cheng tien-chang, hsin-chi chih-chih t’iao-li ,214n45
Ta-Yüan t’ung-chih(Comprehensive regulations of thegreat Yüan), 212–14, 227
Te-chou , 255Temür (Emperor Ch’eng-tsung ,
r. 1294–1307), 253–4t’iao , 124, 130
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t’iao-fa shih-lei , 67t’iao-ko , 212t’iao-li , 214n45t’i-chü , 259n172t’i-chü ch’ang-p’ing , 88n60tien , 213, 214n45t’ien , 33t’ien-hsia chih kung-li , 196T’ien-shui (Sung Judge, no dates),
115, 118–20, 126, 191–2t’i-hsing , 80ting , 275ting-chih , 212ting-fa , 89ting-t’ieh , 33ti-yin , 34t’o , 32t’o-chung , 32t’o-chung chuang , 32n92To-erh-ch’ih (Dorchi), 263Töregene, 205tou , 23n65, 38n108tribute scholar (kung-shih), 115n162trousseau list (lien-chü chuang), 33tsa-hu , 55n54Ts’ai Hsiang (1012–1067), 164, 168,
184n133Ts’ai, Madam (1154–1223), 184tsai shih , 102ts’ai-ch’an , 37n107ts’an-chih cheng-shih , 160Ts’ao-chou prefecture , 246n126Tseng Kung (1019–1083), 164tsu , 43–4, 60tsu-chang , 109Ts’ui Yü (d. 1298), 211tsu-jen , 173tsung , 43, 46n17tsung-fa , 14, 144tsung-tzu , 43–4, 144tsung-kuan , 243tsung-tsu ch’in-jen , 268tuan (family name), 269n202tuan-li , 212Tu-ch’ang county , 81Tugh Temür (Emperor Wen-tsung, r.
1328–1329, 1330–1333), 275tui-yüeh , 87n59Tui-yüeh chi , 69n13, 87n59T’ung-ch’eng county , 88
T’ung-chih t’iao-ko (Statutes fromthe Comprehensive Regulations), 213–14
t’ung-chü kung-ts’ai , 46, 53, 113Tungusic people (the Jurchens), 16Tunhuang , 57tzu , 88, 220n57tzu ch’eng fu fen , 79, 88n62, 138,
285Tzu-lai circuit , 245tzu-sui chih wu , 129tzu-sui-t’ien , 32, 114, 122, 194tzu-ts’ai chi nu-pi , 55
violation of duty (i-chüeh), 133, 251
wai , 27wai-shih , 172wan , 185wan, i, shu, hui , 185Wang An-shih (1021–1086), 16,
24, 164, 170, 172nn89,91Wang Fu (ca. 90–165), 49Wang Po-ta (d. 1253), 134–5Wang Tzu-yü , 96Wang Wan-shu (1143–1205), 184Wang Yüeh (fl. 904–905), 59–60Wang Yün (1227–1304), 211the Way (tao), 25Wei Ch’u (Yüan official) , 211Wei Liao-weng (1178–1237), 159,
162, 166, 182wen , 25wen-chi , 69Weng Fu (Weng Hao-t’ang , c.s.
1226), 109, 128, 193–4, 198Wen-tsung (r. 1328–1329,
1330–1333), see Tugh Temürwidows
authority over household property, 127chastity under Yüan law, 264–77Chinese women return to natal family,
207–8choices of Mongol women about
remarriage, 205–6law related to remarriage in the Sung,
125–38, 141–2Mongol women remaining in husband’s
household, 207Mongol women under rule of levirate
marriage, 206
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widows (cont.)as property owners in the Han, 50–1property rights under Yüan law, 217,
222responsibilities of, 63, 289role in Learning of the Way, 30remarriage in Sung law, 125–7See also women’s property; women’s
property rightswidows, Mongol
as object of inheritance, 206–7property rights of, 206
wife, principal (ch’i), 81n43wives, Mongol
means to obtain, 201, 204woman ( fu-jen), 268women
agenda in Learning of the Way, 28–30connections for official positions
through, 7defending property rights, 3dowry under Mongol law, 291–2following husbands into exile, 132footbinding for, 12–13as household managers, 29–30; 169–74household responsibility under
Learning of the Way, 288–9inheritance rights under Mongol law,
291–2inheritance under Yüan law, 217, 220as land owners, 38meaning of Learning of the Way for,
26–30, 144property under Confucian ideology, 2as property under Yüan laws, 261–4remarriage if husband disappeared,
132–3responsibility in Learning of the Way,
169–85, 197, 200role in Confucian tradition, 26–7role in Learning of the Way morality,
25–30in Sung elite class, 12, 6Sung property law affecting, 2without property, 3See also widows
women, Mongolfreedoms of, 205marriage practices associated with, 201,
204–5
property after marriage, 206resistance to levirate marriage, 206responsibilities of, 205
women’s propertyafter marriage (Mongol), 206bride’s, 31–6, 61in Chou dynasty, 44–6Confucian concept of, 45in Confucian ideology, 2disposition at death, 134–8in division of property in the Sung,
78–104dowry disposition in divorce, 130–4dowry donation in the Sung, 151–62as dowry property, 11economic significance of, 37–40in the Han, 46–53, 48–9landed property in the Sung, 31–2legal guarantees in late Sung, 80within marriage, 113–25in marriage in the Yüan, 228–9of married women, 33, 36–7under Mongol rule, 2in patrilineal society, 31power of disposal within marriage, 127in revival of Confucian ideal, 150–69in Sung times, 76terms and conceptions in the Sung,
31–40women’s property rights
Learning of the Way questions, 186state support in the Sung for, 95–6before the Sung, 41–6in the Sung, 42, 64–6
Wu Ch’eng (1249–1339), 210Wu county (Suchou), 38Wu Ko (Sung judge, no dates), 92–3Wu-i Mountains , 22, 23, 68–9Wu-tsung (r. 1307–11), see Khaishan
Ya-chou , 92Yang Chieh (late 11th cent.), 164Yang I (974–1020), 164, 167Yang Shi (1053–1135), 162, 164,
168Yang Wan-li (1127–1206), 166yang-shan t’ien , 136Yangtze region , 9, 22, 256Yangtze River , 16–17Yao Shu (1219–1296), 211
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Yeh Miao-hui (1104–1185),160–1
Yeh Shih (1150–1223), 166Yellow River, 17Yen-t’ieh lun (Debates on Salt and
Iron), 49Yesün Temür (Yüan emperor, r.
1323–1328), 214yin , 7, 65Yin-chou prefecture , 256ying-fen jen , 55yü , 188n145Yüan dynasty
absence of legal code during, 3Comprehensive Regulations of the Great
Yüan (Ta-Yüan t’ung chih), 212, 214dynastic history (Yüan shih), 210, 273,
274family and marriage law, 208Huang Kan’s interpretation of
Confucianism during, 26Laws and Statutes of the Great Yüan (Ta-
Yüan lü-ling), 211New Laws of the Great Yüan (Ta-Yüan
hsin-lü), 211Statutes and Precedents of the Yüan (Yüan
tien-chang), 213, 214Yüan shih (Yüan dynastic history),
210, 273
Yüan Shuo-yu (1140–1204), 160,166, 167
Yüan stateChu Hsi’s influence under, 26comparison of laws with Sung, 221–7financial and military organization of,
217influence of Learning of the Way on,
186inheritance law of, 217laws related to women’s property, 294limits on women’s financial autonomy
under, 292link between woman and her property
in, 193marriage laws under, 292–4new laws on marriage and property,
290reinstatement of civil service exams,
290widow chastity rule, 293–4
Yüan tien-chang (Statutes andPrecedents of the Yüan), 213–17
Yüan Ts’ai (fl. 1140–1195), 91,113n157, 120–1, 176n105, 191
Yüan-chou circuit , 216Yüan-yu era (1086–1093), 108Yüeh-chou , 173yü-shih t’ai , 248n131
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