globalization theories political final (1)
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
1/14
GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
Presenters: Daniel Coilla
Nadya Zapata
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
2/14
POLITICAL
GLOBALIZATION
THEORIESPolitical globalization theories deal with the
issues of global geopolitics and international
relations.
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
3/14
SIMPLE DEFINITION OF
GEOPOLITICS
The study of how geography and economics have
an influence on politics and on the relationsbetween nations
The political and geographic parts of something
The study of the influence of such factors as
geography, economics, and demography on the
politics and especially the foreign policy of a state
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
4/14
FRIEDRICH RATZEL
Friedrich Ratzel was a German geographer who
was responsible for coining the phrase
“anthrogeographical,” a term indicating the
combination of the disciplines of anthropology,
geography, and politics. For Ratzel (1940),
nation-states had many of the key characteristics
of living organisms.
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
5/14
RUDOLF KJELLEN
Johan Rudolf Kjellén. The first classical
geopolitician was a prolific writer and Kjellén
numerous works on geopolitics. He first used the
term “geopolitics” in 1899 in a Swedish
publication.Kjellén defined geopolitics as the theory of the
state as a geographical organism or phenomenon
in space. Power (influence, politics) and space
(territory, soil) were important.
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
6/14
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
A branch of political science
concerned with relationsbetween nations and primarily
with foreign policies
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
7/14
International relations attempts to explain the
interactions of states in the global interstate
system, and it also attempts to explain the
interactions of others whose behavior originates
within one country and is targeted towardmembers of other countries. In short, the study of
international relations is an attempt to explain
behavior that occurs across the boundaries of
states, the broader relationships of which suchbehavior is a part, and the institutions (private,
state, nongovernmental, and intergovernmental)
that oversee those interactions.
INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
8/14
Explanations of that behavior may be sought at any
level of human aggregation. Some look to
psychological and social-psychological understandings
of why foreign policymakers act as they do. Others
investigate institutional processes and politics asfactors contributing to the externally directed goals
and behavior of states. Alternatively, explanations
may be found in the relationships between and among
the participants (for example, balance of power), in
the intergovernmental arrangements among states(for example, collective security), in the activities of
multinational corporations (for example, the
distribution of wealth), or in the distribution of power
and control in the world as a single system.
INTERNATIONAL
RELATIONS
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
9/14
WORLD-SYSTEM THEORY
Globalization is the process, completed in the
twentieth century, by which the capitalist
world-system spreads across the actual globe.
Since that world-system has maintained someof its main features over several centuries,
globalization does not constitute a new
phenomenon. At the turn of the twenty-first
century, the capitalist world economy is incrisis; therefore, according to the theory's
leading proponent, the current "ideological
celebration of so-called globalization is in
reality the swan song of our historical system"
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
10/14
The modern world-system originated around
1500. In parts of western Europe, a long-term
crisis of feudalism gave way to technological
innovation and the rise of market institutions. Advances in production and incentives for long-
distance trade stimulated Europeans to reach
other parts of the globe. Superior military
strength and means of transportation enabledthem to establish economic ties with other
regions that favored the accumulation of wealth
in the European core. During the "long
sixteenth century," Europeans thus established
an occupational and geographic division of laborin which capital-intensive production was
reserved for core countries while peripheral
areas provided low-skill labor and raw
materials.
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
11/14
The unequal relationship between European core
and non-European periphery inevitably
generated unequal development. Some regions in
the "semiperiphery" moderated this inequality by
serving as a buffer. States also played a crucial
role in maintaining the hierarchical structure,
since they helped to direct profits to monopoly
producers in the core and protected the overallcapitalist economy.
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
12/14
In the twentieth century, the world-system reached
its geographic limit with the extension of capitalist
markets and the state system to all regions. It also
witnessed the rise of the United States as a
hegemonic power-one that has seen its relative
economic and political strength diminished since
the last years of the Cold War. Newly independent
states and communist regimes challenged corecontrol throughout the century, and some formerly
peripheral countries improved their economic
status, but none of this shook the premises of a
system that in fact was becoming more economically
polarized. The nineteenth-century ideology ofreform-oriented liberalism, which held out the hope
of equal individual rights and economic
advancement for all within states, became
dominant in the twentieth but lost influence after1968.
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
13/14
Such twentieth-century developments set the
stage for what Wallerstein calls a period of
transition.
New crises of contraction can no longer be solvedby exploiting new markets; economic decline will
stimulate struggle in the core; challenges to core
dominance will gather strength in the absence of
a strong hegemonic power and a globally acceptedideology; polarization will push the system to the
breaking point. While this chaotic transition may
not produce a more equal and democratic world,
it does spell the end of capitalist globalization.
-
8/17/2019 Globalization Theories Political Final (1)
14/14