global water market 2014 · pdf fileglobal water market 2014 ... figure 1.31 pump market by...

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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Global Water Market 2014Volume 1: Introduction and The AmericasPublication information ii

Unit conversion factors used in this publication vExchange rates used in this publication vIndicators of utility service coverage viIndicators of water service coverage viIndicators of wastewater service coverage vi

Executive summary viiFive big themes viiTop markets vii

Brazil viiChina viiIndia viiUnited States of America vii

Evolution of capital expenditure in the top four markets, 2011–2018 viiiRapidly-growing markets viii

Colombia viiiIndonesia viiiMalaysia viiiMexico viiiRussia viii

Evolution of rapidly-growing markets, 2011–2018 ixLarge, established markets ix

Australia ixFrance ixGermany ixJapan ixUnited Kingdom ixSaudi Arabia x

Evolution of capital expenditure in established markets, 2011–2018 xSummary x

Total capital expendititure, 2011 and 2018 x

1. Introduction 11.1 What is the global water market? 1

Figure 1.1 The global water-related economy 1Figure 1.2 The global water treatment and distribution market 2Figure 1.3 The global water market: Capital expenditure 2Figure 1.4 The global water market: Operating expenditure 2

1.2 Water resources development 2Figure 1.5 Water withdrawal by sector, 2011 3Figure 1.6 Water risk in 2030 3Figure 1.7 Raw water sources for utilities and industry in 2011 4Figure 1.8 Raw water sources for utilities and industry in 2030 4

1.2.1 Expenditure on water resources development 4Figure 1.9 The water resources development market 2011–2018 5Figure 1.10 Cost comparison of different water scarcity solutions 5

1.2.2 The desalination market 6Figure 1.11 Global cumulative contracted and commissioned desalination capacity, 1965–2012 6Figure 1.12 Annual new contracted and commissioned capacity, 1980–2011 6

1.2.2.1 Desalination technologies 7Figure 1.13 Annual new contracted desalination capacity by technology, 2006–2012 8Figure 1.14 Total worldwide installed desalination capacity by feedwater quality 8

1.2.2.2 Expenditure on desalination 9Figure 1.15 Global seawater and brackish water desalination market, 2011–2018 9

GLOBAL WATER MARKET 2014

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Figure 1.16 Top 10 desalination markets, 2011–2018 91.2.2.3 Desalination market participants 10

Figure 1.17 Top 20 EPC contractors by capacity, 2006–2012 101.3 Networks 10

Figure 1.18 Water and wastewater network expenditure capital and operating costs, 2013 11Figure 1.19 Water network capital expenditure by category, 2013 11Figure 1.20 Wastewater network capital expenditure by category, 2013 11Figure 1.21 Water and wastewater network capital expenditure, 2011–2018 12Figure 1.22 Water network capital expenditure by category, 2011–2018 12Figure 1.23 Wastewater network capital expenditure by category, 2011–2018 12Figure 1.24 Municipal water network market by region 13Figure 1.25 The top 10 municipal water network markets, 2013–2017 13Figure 1.26 Municipal wastewater network market by region, 2011–2018 14Figure 1.27 The top 10 municipal wastewater network markets, 2013–2017 14

1.3.1 Equipment forecast definitions and explanations 151.3.1.1 Pipes 151.3.1.2 Pumps 151.3.1.3 Valves / fittings 151.3.1.4 Automation and control 151.3.1.5 Meters 151.3.1.6 Design and engineering 151.3.1.7 Civil engineering 15

1.3.2 Network market analysis 151.3.3 Network-related equipment 15

1.3.3.1 Pipes 15Figure 1.28 Total pipe market by material, 2013 16Figure 1.29 Major pipe suppliers 16

1.3.4 Network maintenance 17Figure 1.30 Network maintenance expenditure, 2011 17

1.3.5 Pumps 17Figure 1.31 Pump market by application, 2013 17Figure 1.32 Pump market forecast, 2011–2018 18Figure 1.33 Major pump suppliers active in the water sector 18

1.3.6 Valves 19Figure 1.34 Water valve market by application, 2013 19Figure 1.35 Water valve market forecast, 2011–2018 19Figure 1.36 Major water valve manufacturers 20

1.3.7 Meters, automation and control 20Figure 1.37 Major companies in the water meter market 20

1.4 Water and wastewater treatment 20Figure 1.38 Water and wastewater treatment: Industrial and municipal, 2013 20Figure 1.39 Municipal water treatment market forecast, 2011–2018 21Figure 1.40 Municipal water treatment plant market by region. 2011–2018 21Figure 1.41 The top 10 municipal water treatment markets, 2013–2017 22Figure 1.42 Municipal wastewater treatment market forecast, 2011–2018 23Figure 1.43 Municipal wastewater treatment plant market by region, 2011–2018 23Figure 1.44 The top 10 municipal wastewater treatment markets, 2013–2017 24

1.4.1 Water and wastewater treatment plant equipment forecast definitions 241.4.1.1 Screening / grit removal 241.4.1.2 Agitation / mixing / settling equipment 241.4.1.3 Aeration / flotation 241.4.1.4 Non-membrane filtration 241.4.1.5 Disinfection (chlorination, UV, ozonation) 251.4.1.6 Chemical feed systems 251.4.1.7 Test 251.4.1.8 Low pressure membrane elements (MF / UF) 251.4.1.9 High pressure membrane elements (RO/NF) 251.4.1.10 Ion exchange / EDI / adsorption 251.4.1.11 Sludge management 25

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Sludge thickening / dewatering 25Anaerobic digestion (sludge) 25Sludge drying / thermal processes 25Other sludge stabilisation 25

1.4.1.12 Other equipment 251.4.2 The water and wastewater treatment plant market 26

Figure 1.45 International water and wastewater treatment plant suppliers 261.4.3 Treatment plant procurement 27

Figure 1.46 Water and wastewater treatment plant market share by contracting model 291.5 The water treatment equipment market 29

1.5.1 The membrane market 29Figure 1.47 Membrane pore size and separation potential 29Figure 1.48 MF/UF and RO/NF membrane market 30Figure 1.49 MF/UF and RO/NF membrane markets by sector 30Figure 1.50 Low pressure membrane suppliers: market share of plants with a capacity over 10,000 m³/d 31

1.5.2 The ion exchange and adsorption market 31Figure 1.51 The ion exchange and adsorption media market, 2013 32Figure 1.52 The ion exchange and adsorption media market, 2013–2018 32Figure 1.53 Major companies in the ion exchange market 32Figure 1.54 Major companies in the electrodionisation market 33

1.5.3 The disinfection market 33Figure 1.55 The disinfection capital equipment market, 2013 33Figure 1.56 The disinfection capital equipment market, 2013–2018 34

1.5.4 The water quality testing market 34Figure 1.57 The water quality testing market, 2013 34Figure 1.58 The water quality testing market, 2013–2018 35

1.6 The water operations sector 351.6.1 Overview of global operating expenditure 35

Figure 1.59 Total utility water and wastewater operating expenditure, 2013 36Figure 1.60 Operating expenditure breakdown for WTPs and WWTPs, 2013 36Figure 1.61 Operating expenditure breakdown for water and wastewater networks, 2013 37Figure 1.62 Operating expenditure breakdown for non-water infrastructure items, 2013 38Figure 1.63 Total utility water and wastewater operating expenditure breakdown, 2013 38

1.6.2 The private water operations market 381.6.2.1 The private water operations market since 2000 39

Figure 1.64 Number of people served under new private sector participation contracts 391.6.3 Private water operators 40

Figure 1.65 The top 50 private water operators 401.7 Introduction to the industrial water market 41

Figure 1.66 UPW, seawater desalination and wastewater desalination by industrial segment, 2011-2018 42Figure 1.67 Industry-specific forecast categories and overall forecast categories 43

1.8 Oil and gas 44Figure 1.68 Oil and gas industry market forecast, 2011-2018 45Figure 1.69 Oil and gas industry, top country markets, 2013–2017 46

1.8.1 Forecasts 461.8.1.1 Unconventional gas 46

Figure 1.70 Oil and gas industry, unconventional gas combined by region, 2011–2018 471.8.1.2 Steam and water flood systems 47

Figure 1.71 Oil and gas industry, steam and water flood systems, by region 2011–2018 471.8.1.3 Produced water treatment systems 48

Figure 1.72 Oil and gas industry, produced water treatment systems by region, 2011–2018 481.9 Refining and petrochemicals 48

Figure 1.73 Future refining projects, 2012–2020 48Figure 1.74 Future additional refining capacity by country, 2012–2017 49

1.9.1 Forecast assumptions 49Figure 1.75 Refining and petrochemicals industry market forecast, 2011–2018 50Figure 1.76 Refining and petrochemicals industry, top country markets, 2013–2017 50Figure 1.77 Refining and petrochemicals industry: regional markets, 2013–2017 51

1.9.2 Seawater desalination 51Figure 1.78 Refining and petrochemicals industry, seawater desalination by region, 2011–2018 51


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1.10 Power 511.10.1 Overall picture 52

Figure 1.79 Power industry market forecast, 2011–2018 52Figure 1.80 Power industry, top country markets, 2013–2017 53Figure 1.81 Power industry: regional markets, 2013–2017 53

1.10.2 Forecast assumptions 53Figure 1.82 Power industry, seawater desalination by region, 2011–2018 54Figure 1.83 Power industry, water and ww treatment ex. seawater desalination, by region 2011–2018 54Figure 1.84 Power industry, co-located power/desalination by region, 2011–2018 55

1.11 Food and beverage 55Figure 1.85 Food and beverage industry market forecast, 2011–2018 56Figure 1.86 Food and beverage industry, top country markets, 2013–2017 56

1.11.1 Forecast assumptions 56Figure 1.87 Food and beverage industry by region, 2011–2018 57

1.12 Pharmaceutical 57Figure 1.88 Pharmaceutical industry market forecast, 2011–2018 58Figure 1.89 Pharmaceutical industry, top country markets, 2013–2017 58

1.12.1 Forecast assumptions 58Figure 1.90 Pharmaceutical industry market forecast by region, 2011–2018 59

1.13 Microelectronics 591.13.1 Fabrication plant (fab) projects 591.13.2 Overall picture 60

Figure 1.91 Microelectronics industry market forecast, 2011–2025 601.13.3 Regional trends 60

Figure 1.92 Microelectronics industry, top country markets, 2013–2017 611.13.4 Forecast assumptions 61

Figure 1.93 Microelectronics industry by region, 2011–2018 611.14 Pulp and paper 62

Figure 1.94 Pulp and paper industry market forecast, 2011–2018 62Figure 1.95 Pulp and paper industry, top country markets, 2013–2017 63

1.14.1 Forecast assumptions 63Figure 1.96 Pulp and paper industry by region, 2011–2018 63

1.15 Mining 631.15.1 Mining projects 64

Figure 1.97 An overview of future mining projects 641.15.2 Forecast assumptions 641.15.3 Overall picture 64

Figure 1.98 Mining industry market forecast, 2011–2018 65Figure 1.99 Mining industry, top country markets, 2013–2017 65Figure 1.100 Mining industry, regional markets, 2013–2017 65

1.15.4 Seawater desalination 66Figure 1.101 Mining industry, seawater desalination by region, 2011–2018 66

1.15.5 Water and wastewater treatment ex. seawater desalination 66Figure 1.102 Mining industry, water and ww treatment ex. seawater desalination by region, 2011–2018 66

1.16 Summary of technology trends 671.17 Industrial equipment forecast 68

Figure 1.103 Overall industrial equipment market forecast by industry, 2011–2018 68Figure 1.104 Overall industrial equipment market forecast by equipment line, 2011–2018 68Figure 1.105 Oil & gas equipment market forecast, 2011–2018 69Figure 1.106 Refining & petrochemicals equipment market forecast, 2011–2018 70Figure 1.107 Power equipment market forecast, 2011–2018 70Figure 1.108 Food & beverage equipment market forecast, 2011–2018 71Figure 1.109 Pharmaceuticals equipment market forecast, 2011–2018 72Figure 1.110 Microelectronics equipment market forecast, 2011–2018 72Figure 1.111 Pulp & paper equipment market forecast, 2011–2018 73Figure 1.112 Mining equipment market forecast, 2011–2018 74Figure 1.113 Other industries’ equipment market forecast, 2011–2018 74

1.18 Chemicals 75Figure 1.114 Municipal and industrial chemicals forecast, 2011-2018 75

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1.19 The industrial outsourcing market 761.19.1 Overview 76

Figure 1.115 The industrial outsourcing market size 761.19.2 Industrial water utilities 76

Figure 1.116 Major industrial utilities 771.19.3 BOT, DBO and O&M contracts for industrial process water and wastewater systems 77

Figure 1.117 Major players in the BOT, DBO, and O&M contracts market 78Figure 1.118 Regional and contract segmentation of the BOT, DBO, and O&M contracts market 78

1.19.4 Emergency water services 78Figure 1.119 Major players in the emergency water services market 79

1.19.5 Service contracts 79Figure 1.120 Major players in the service contracts market 79

1.19.6 Trucking and disposal well services 791.19.6.1 Challenges affecting the market 801.19.6.2 Market characteristics 80

Figure 1.121 Target market categories and industries 811.19.7 Opportunities in industrial outsourcing in different industrial markets 81

1.19.7.1 Oil & gas 81Upstream O&G: conventional 81

Figure 1.122 Water treatment processes in the oil and gas sector 81Upstream O&G: Oil sands & heavy oil 82Upstream O&G: Shale 82Upstream O&G: CSG/CBM 82

1.19.7.2 Mining 831.19.7.3 Power 831.19.7.4 Petrochemicals 831.19.7.5 Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics 841.19.7.6 Food & Beverage 84

1.19.8 Conclusion 841.20 Global market forecast 85

1.20.1 Utility forecast methodology 851.20.2 Industrial forecast methodology 851.20.3 Desalination forecast methodology 861.20.4 Equipment forecast methodology 86

Figure 1.123 Standard AACE cost estimating guidelines 861.20.5 Global market forecast summary 88

Figure 1.124 Market forecast, 2011-2018 88Figure 1.125 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 89Figure 1.126 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 90

1.21 Major water companies 921.21.1 Abengoa 92

Water revenues 92Figure 1.127 Breakdown of Abengoa’s revenues by segment 92

Development 92Figure 1.128 Structure of Abengoa group, 2013 92

Market position 93Figure 1.129 Abengoa’s main references in the water market 93

Strategy 931.21.2 Acciona Agua 94

Water-related revenues 94Development 94Market position 94Strategy 94

1.21.3 ACWA Power International 95Water revenues 95Development 95Market position 95Strategy 95Desalination interests 96

1.21.4 AECOM Technology Corporation 96Water revenues 96


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Development 96Market position 96Strategy 97Desalination interests 97

1.21.5 American Water 98Water-related revenues 98

Figure 1.130 Structure of American Water 98Development 98Market position 99Strategy 99

1.21.6 Aqua America 100Water revenues 100Development 100Market position 100Strategy 101

1.21.7 aqualia 101Water-related revenues 101Development 101Market position 102Strategy 102

1.21.8 Black & Veatch 102Water-related revenues 102Development 102Market position 102Strategy 103

1.21.9 CH2M Hill 103Water revenues 103Development 103Market position 103Strategy 104

1.21.10 Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction 104Water revenues 104Development 104Market position 104Strategy 105Desalination interests 105

1.21.11 Dow Water & Process Solutions 106Water-related revenues 106Development 106Market position 106Strategy 106

1.21.12 Ecolab (including Nalco) 107Water revenues 107Development 107

Figure 1.131 Structure of Ecolab 108Market position 108Strategy 108

1.21.13 GE Water 109Water revenues 109Development 109

Figure 1.132 Structure of GE Water 109Market position 110Strategy 110

1.21.14 GS Engineering & Construction 111Water revenues 111

Figure 1.133 Sales of GS Engineering & Construction, breakdown by segment 111Development 111Market position & financials 111Strategy 112Desalination interests 112

1.21.15 Hyflux 113Water revenues 113

Figure 1.134 Hyflux’s revenues by segment 113Development 113

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Market position 113Strategy 114Desalination interests 114

1.21.16 IDE Technologies 115Water revenues 115Development 115Market position 115Strategy 115Desalination interests 116

1.21.17 Kemira Oyj 116Water-related revenues 116

Figure 1.135 Structure of Kemira 116Development 116Market position 116Strategy 117Desalination interests 117

1.21.18 Kurita Water Industries 117Water revenues 117

Figure 1.136 Kurita Water Industries’ revenues, breakdown by markets 117Development 117Market position 118Strategy 118Desalination interests 118

1.21.19 Korea Water Resources Corporation (K-Water) 118Water revenues 118

Figure 1.137 Korean Water Resources Corporation’s annual results, 2010–2011 118Development 118Market position 119Strategy 119Desalination interests 120

1.21.20 Marubeni Corporation 120Water revenues 120

Figure 1.138 Marubeni Corporation’s net income, by segments and divisions, 2011 120Development 120Market position 120

Figure 1.139 Marubeni’s equity investments and EPC references 121Strategy 121Desalination interests 122

Figure 1.140 Marubeni’s IWPP references 1221.21.21 Metito 122

Water revenues 122Development 122Market position 122Strategy 123Desalination interests 123

1.21.22 Mitsubishi companies 124Water revenues 124

Figure 1.141 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries’ net sales by segments 124Development 124Ownership & financial performance 124Market position 125Strategy 125Desalination interests 126

1.21.23 Mitsui & Co. 126Water revenues 126

Figure 1.142 Mitsui & Co, net income by segments 126Development 126Ownership 127Company structure 127

Figure 1.143 Structure of Mitsui & Co. 127Market position 128

Figure 1.144 Investment Project References, December 2012 128Strategy 128Desalination interests 129


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1.21.24 Pentair 130Water-related revenues 130

Figure 1.145 Structure of Pentair 130Development 130Market position 130Strategy 131

1.21.25 Puncak Niaga 131Water revenues 131

Figure 1.146 Puncak Niaga Sdn Bhd’s annual results, 2011–2012 131Development 131Market position 132Strategy 132

1.21.26 Sembcorp 133Water revenues 133

Figure 1.147 Sembcorp’s turnover by segments by activities 133Development 133Company data 133Market position & outlook 134Strategy 134Desalination interests 134

1.21.27 Severn Trent plc 135Water-related revenues 135

Figure 1.148 Structure of Severn Trent 135Development 135Market position 135Strategy 135

1.21.28 Siemens Water Technologies 136Water-related revenues 136Development 136

Figure 1.149 Structure of Siemens Water Technologies 136Market position 137

Figure 1.150 Siemens Water Technologies offering and legacy brands as of April 2013 137Strategy 138

Figure 1.151 The six technology areas where Siemens Water aims to develop its leadership 1381.21.29 Suez Environnement 138

Water revenues 138Development 138

Figure 1.152 Structure of Suez Environnement 139Figure 1.153 Suez Environnement data 139

Market position 140Strategy 142

1.21.30 VA Tech Wabag 142Water revenues 142

Figure 1.154 VA Tech Wabag results (for year ending the 31st of March) 142Figure 1.155 Ownership 142

Development 142Market position 143

Figure 1.156 Revenue split, 2011–2012 143Strategy 143Desalination interests 144

1.21.31 Veolia Environnement 144Water revenues 144Development and ownership 144

Figure 1.157 Structure of Veolia Environnement 145Figure 1.158 Veolia Environnement data 145

Market position 146Strategy 147

1.21.32 Xylem 148Water-related revenues 148

Figure 1.159 Structure of Xylem 148Development 148Market position 149Strategy 149

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2. Argentina 1502.1 Main indicators 150

Figure 2.1 Population projections, 2010–2020 150Figure 2.2 Economic indicators 150

2.2 Water availability and demand 150Figure 2.3 Water resources 150Figure 2.4 Sectoral water withdrawal 150

2.3 Municipal water 150Figure 2.5 Water supply indicators 150Figure 2.6 Percentage of people connected to water network 151Figure 2.7 Meter coverage 151Figure 2.8 Non-revenue water 151

2.4 Municipal wastewater 152Figure 2.9 Wastewater indicators 152Figure 2.10 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 152Figure 2.11 Wastewater treated to secondary level 152

2.5 Private sector participation 153Figure 2.12 Private contracts 153

2.6 Market forecast 154Figure 2.13 Market forecast, 2011–2018 154Figure 2.14 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 155Figure 2.15 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 156

3. Bolivia 1583.1 Main indicators 158



3.3 Municipal water 158Figure 3.5 Water supply indicators 158

3.4 Municipal wastewater 159Figure 3.6 Wastewater indicators 159



4. Brazil 1644.1 Overview of indicators 164


4.2 Context and overview of challenges 1644.2.1 Organisation of the territory 164

Figure 4.3 Brazil’s territorial regions 165Figure 4.4 The 10 most populous cities of Brazil in 2010 165

4.2.2 Challenges 166Figure 4.5 Assessment of Brazil’s water supply and forecasted demand by 2015 166Figure 4.6 Water quality index of 1,988 Brazilian sampling points assessed 166

4.3 Water sector organisation and structure 1674.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 167

4.3.1.1 Federal ministries 167Figure 4.7 Ministries involved in the water sector: Ministry of the Environment 167Figure 4.8 Ministries involved in the water sector: Ministry of Health and Ministry of Cities 168

4.3.1.2 Other public authorities at federal level 168Figure 4.9 Management structure of water resources, water supply and sanitation in Brazil 169

4.3.1.3 Public authorities at state level 169


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4.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 170Figure 4.10 State water and sanitation utilities in Brazil, 2010 170Figure 4.11 Brazilian water supply by region and type of system, 2010 171

4.4 Government’s water strategy 171Figure 4.12 PLANSAB goals for water supply in Brazil by region, 2008–2030 171Figure 4.13 PLANSAB goals for sanitation in Brazil by region. 2008–2030 172

4.5 Water availability and demand 1734.5.1 Water availability 173

Figure 4.14 Number of municipalities by water supply system types in Brazil, 2010 173Figure 4.15 Improvements required by 2025 to meet demand in Brazil by region 173

4.5.2 Sectoral water demand 174Figure 4.16 Sectoral water withdrawal 174Figure 4.17 Volume of licensed water withdrawal in Brazil by end user, 2010–2011 174

4.6 Municipal water and wastewater 175Figure 4.18 Water supply indicators 175Figure 4.19 Wastewater indicators 175

4.6.1 Water treatment 175Figure 4.20 Water treatment and supply in Brazil by region, 2008 176Figure 4.21 Water treatment types used in Brazil, by region, 2008 176Figure 4.22 Major WTPs in Brazil, 2013 176

4.6.2 Desalination 177Figure 4.23 Breakdown of desalination capacity in Brazil by user category, 2013 177Figure 4.24 Breakdown of desalination capacity in Brazil by plant supplier, 2012 177

4.6.3 Wastewater treatment 177Figure 4.25 Number of municipalities in Brazil with wastewater treatment, 2008 177Figure 4.26 Wastewater treatment types used in Brazil by region, 2008 178Figure 4.27 Major WWTPs in Brazil, 2013 179

4.6.4 Water reuse 1794.7 Water finance 179

4.7.1 Funding sources 1794.7.1.1 Tariffs 180

Figure 4.28 Water tariffs in five major Brazilian cities, 2012 1804.7.2 Capital expenditure 181

Figure 4.29 Capital investment by source and destination 181Figure 4.30 Overview of water and wastewater funding from PAC1 and PAC2, 2007-2014 181Figure 4.31 PAC1 and PAC2 wastewater project funding allocations, 2007–2010 181Figure 4.32 Wastewater treatment and investment, by utilities 2005–2010 181

4.7.3 Operating expenditure 182Figure 4.33 Operating expenditure by level, 2010 182

4.8 Private sector participation 182Figure 4.34 Number of municipalities with private services in Brazil by region, 2010 182

4.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 1834.9.1 Historical background 1834.9.2 Overview of current process 1844.9.3 How to penetrate the market 184

4.10 Supply chain 1854.10.1 Consulting engineers 1854.10.2 Contractors 185

4.10.2.1 Brazilian contractors 185Figure 4.35 Main Brazilian contractors, 2012 185

4.10.2.2 Foreign contractors 1854.10.3 Private operators 186

4.10.3.1 Foz do Brasil (Odebrecht group) 186Figure 4.36 Foz do Brasil’s references in Brazil’s municipal market, 2012 187Figure 4.37 Foz do Brasil’s references in Brazil’s industrial market, 2012 188

4.10.3.2 AEGEA (Equipav group) 188Figure 4.38 AEGEA’s references in Brazil, 2012 188Figure 4.39 Nascentes do Xingu’s concession contracts in Brazil, 2012 188

4.10.3.3 CAB Ambiental (Galvão Infraestrutura) 189

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Figure 4.40 CAB Ambiental’s references in Brazil, 2012 1894.10.3.4 Saneamento Ambiental Águas do Brasil (SAAB) 190

Figure 4.41 SAAB’s references in Brazil, 2012 1904.10.4 Equipment suppliers 190

Figure 4.42 Main equipment suppliers in Brazil by type of equipment, 2012 1904.11 Current and future key projects 191

4.11.1 Current projects 191Figure 4.43 Distribution of PAC projects in water and sanitation by Brazilian state, 2012 191

4.11.2 Future projects 191Figure 4.45 Investments needed for rehab and expansion of water and wastewater infrastructure, 2011-2020 192

4.12 Future market directions 1924.12.1 Overview 1924.12.2 Notes on the forecast 192

4.13 Market forecast 193Figure 4.47 Market forecast, 2011-2018 193Figure 4.48 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 194Figure 4.49 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 195Figure 4.50 Industrial markets, 2013–2017 196

5. Canada 1975.1 Main indicators 197




5.4 Municipal wastewater 198Figure 5.6 Wastewater indicators 198Figure 5.7 Number of people connected to wastewater network 199Figure 5.8 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 199Figure 5.9 Volume of wastewater produced 200Figure 5.10 Wastewater collected 200



6. Chile 2066.1 Overview of indicators 206


6.2 Context and overview of challenges 2066.2.1 Challenges 206


Figure 6.3 Main national government water related institutions 2076.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 208

Figure 6.4 Water and wastewater coverage in urban areas in Chile, 2011 208Figure 6.5 Main water and sanitation service providers, 2011 209

6.4 Government’s water strategy 209Figure 6.6 MOP investment plan in the APR, 2010–2012 210

6.4.2.1 Drought and the public sector: short, medium and long term responses 2116.4.2.2 Implications of water scarcity on water governance 211


Figure 6.7 Water resources 213


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6.5.2 Sectoral water demand 213Figure 6.8 Estimates of water balance in Chile, 1996–2025 213Figure 6.9 Water uses by sector, 1990–2006 213Figure 6.10 Consumptive use of water by sector, 2006 214Figure 6.11 Consumptive use of water by sector, 2030 214


6.6.1 Water treatment 2156.6.2 Desalination 215

6.6.2.1 Municipal desalination 2156.6.2.2 Industrial desalination 216

6.6.3 Wastewater treatment 216Figure 6.14 Wastewater treatment technologies, 2011 217Figure 6.15 Major WWTPs in Chile, 2012 217



Figure 6.16 Aguas Andinas water and wastewater tariffs, 2012 2186.7.2 Capital expenditure 218

Figure 6.17 Investment plan, 2012–2022 2196.7.3 Operating expenditure 219

Figure 6.18 Service provider financial indicators (water and wastewater), 2010–2011 2196.8 Private sector participation 220

Figure 6.19 Service providers with CTDECS 220Figure 6.20 Investment by nine service providers with CTDECS up to 2011 220Figure 6.21 Main water and sanitation services groups in Chile in terms of clients, January 2012 221Figure 6.22 Process for granting concessions for water and wastewater service providers 222

6.8.1 Water scarcity and the private sector response: alternative water sources 2226.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 223

6.9.1 Municipal procurement 2236.9.1.1 Procurement model 2236.9.1.2 Tender process 223

Figure 6.23 Requirements for public tenders by water and wastewater service providers, MOP Decree 214 2236.9.1.3 Pre-qualification 2246.9.1.4 Criteria for awarding contracts and ensuring quality 224

6.9.2 Industrial procurement: water in mining 2246.9.3 Rural water services 225

6.10 Supply chain 2256.10.1 Consulting engineers 2256.10.2 Contractors 2266.10.3 Private operators 2276.10.4 Equipment suppliers 227

6.11 Current and future key projects 2276.12 Future market directions 227

6.12.1 Overview 2276.12.2 Notes on the market forecast 228


7. Colombia 2337.1 Overview of indicators 233


7.2 Context and overview of challenges 2337.3 Water sector organisation and structure 234

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7.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 234Figure 7.3 Structure of the water sector at the national level in Colombia 234

7.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 235Figure 7.4 Main service providers by population and subscribers, 2011 236Figure 7.5 Percentage of public, private and mixed water and wastewater service providers, 2009–2010 236

7.4 Government’s water strategy 2377.4.1 Water and wastewater service provision 237

Figure 7.6 National Development Plan 2010–2014: goals for the water and wastewater sector 2377.4.2 Water resources management 238


Figure 7.7 Water resources 238Figure 7.8 Surface water availability per basin, based on a 2010 survey 238

7.5.2 Sectoral water demand 239Figure 7.9 Total water demand per sector, 2008 239Figure 7.10 Total water demand, 2019 239


7.6.1 Water treatment 240Figure 7.13 Largest WTPs in Colombia by design capacity, 2008 240

7.6.2 Desalination 240Figure 7.14 Major desalination plants in Colombia, 2012 241

7.6.3 Wastewater treatment 241Figure 7.15 Largest WWTPs in Colombia by design capacity, 2009 241Figure 7.16 Design capacity of WWTPs in Colombia’s main urban areas, 2008 242


7.7.1 Funding sources 2437.7.1.1 Nation-wide funding sources 243

Figure 7.17 Government and service funding sources for the water and wastewater sector, 2009 and 2010 2447.7.2 PAP-PDA funding mechanism 244

Figure 7.18 Criteria for allocation and use of SGP water funds, Law 1176 of 2007 2447.7.2.1 Tariffs 245

Tariff setting 245Tariffs in main cities 246

Figure 7.19 Typical average water tariff, June 2010 246Figure 7.20 Bogota wastewater tariff structure (EAAB), December 2012 246

7.7.3 Capital expenditure 247Figure 7.21 Funding sources for investment in infrastructure, 2010 247Figure 7.22 Destination of SGP water funds, 2011 247

7.7.4 Operating expenditure 248Figure 7.23 Investment, costs and expenditure, 2009–2010 248

7.8 Private sector participation 2487.8.1 Development of PSP in the country 249

Figure 7.24 Financial criteria for selection of private operators by type of contract 249Figure 7.25 PME: Concession contracts by municipality size and investment required from the government 250

7.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 2507.9.1 Local authorities 2507.9.2 ESPs 251

7.9.2.1 Conception of the project 2517.9.2.2 Type of contract 2517.9.2.3 Tender process 2527.9.2.4 How companies tend to participate 2527.9.2.5 Other contract particularities 252



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7.11 Current and future key projects 2557.11.1 Current projects 2557.11.2 Future projects 255

7.12 Future market directions 2567.12.1 Overview 2567.12.2 Notes on the market forecast 256


8. Costa Rica 2618.1 Main indicators 261






9. Dominican Republic 2679.1 Main indicators 267






10. Ecuador 27310.1 Main indicators 273



10.3 Municipal water 273Figure 10.5 Water supply indicators 273Figure 10.6 Percentage of people connected to water network 274Figure 10.7 Non-revenue water 274



10.6 Market forecast 276

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Figure 10.10 Market forecast, 2011–2018 276Figure 10.11 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 277Figure 10.12 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 278

11. El Salvador 28011.1 Main indicators 280






12. Guatemala 28612.1 Main indicators 286






13. Honduras 29213.1 Main indicators 292







14. Mexico 29814.1 Main indicators 298




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14.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 298Figure 14.3 Regulatory structure of the environment sector 299Figure 14.4 Institutions that liaise with Conagua 299

14.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 30014.4 Government’s water strategy 300

14.4.1 Legal and policy framework 300Figure 14.5 Water Agenda for 2030, pillars and objectives 301


Figure 14.6 Water resources 30214.5.1.1 Surface waters 30214.5.1.2 Groundwater 302

14.5.2 Sectoral water demand 302Figure 14.7 Sectoral water demand by source, 2009 302


14.6.1 Water treatment 303Figure 14.10 Municipal drinking water plants in operation by type of treatment process, 2010 304

14.6.2 Desalination 304Figure 14.11 Planned investment in future desalination plants 305

14.6.3 Wastewater treatment 305Figure 14.12 Evolution of municipal wastewater treatment, 2007–2011 305Figure 14.13 Municipal wastewater plants in operation by type of technology, 2010 306

14.6.4 Water reuse 307Figure 14.14 Reuse of municipal and non-municipal wastewater, 2008 307

14.7 Water finance 307Figure 14.15 Investment in programmes, 2011 308


Figure 14.16 Domestic tariffs for drinking water and wastewater services in the main Mexican cities, 2011 310Figure 14.17 Domestic drinking water tariffs in main Mexican cities, 2010–2011 310Figure 14.18 Domestic, commercial and industrial water tariffs in selected cities, 2011 311

14.7.2 Capital expenditure 312Figure 14.19 Total investment per category, 2002–2011 312

14.7.2.1 Future investment plans 312Figure 14.20 Water Agenda 2030 investment distribution 313Figure 14.21 Projections for National Water Programme 2013–2018 313

14.7.3 Operating expenditure 31314.8 Private sector participation 313

14.8.1 Legislative framework for private sector participation 31414.8.2 Private sector participation models 314

Figure 14.22 Concessions and management contracts in Mexico, 2013 315Figure 14.23 Main BOTs operating in Mexico, 2013 315

14.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 31514.10 Supply chain 316

14.10.1 Consulting engineers 316Figure 14.24 Main consulting engineers in Mexico 316

14.10.2 Contractors 317Figure 14.25 Main contractors in Mexico 317

14.10.3 Private operators 317Figure 14.26 Main private operators in Mexico 318

14.10.4 Equipment suppliers 31814.11 Current and future key projects 318

14.11.1 Current projects 31814.11.2 Future projects 318

Figure 14.27 Identified future projects 31814.12 Future market directions 319

14.12.1 Overview 319

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14.12.2 Notes on the market forecast 31914.13 Market forecast 320

Figure 14.28 Market forecast, 2011-2018 320Figure 14.29 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 321Figure 14.30 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 322Figure 14.31 Industrial markets, 2013–2017 323

15. Panama 32415.1 Main indicators 324







16. Paraguay 33016.1 Main indicators 330






17. Peru 33617.1 Overview of indicators 336



17.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 337Figure 17.3 Government ministries and agencies involved in water management 337

17.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 338Figure 17.4 All EPS in Peru showing main indicators, 2011 338

17.4 Government’s water strategy 34017.4.1 Water resources 34017.4.2 Municipal water 340


Figure 17.5 Water resources availability in Peru by watershed, 2011 34117.5.2 Sectoral water demand 341

Figure 17.6 Sectoral surface water use in Peru by watershed, 2010–2011 34117.6 Municipal water and wastewater 342


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Figure 17.7 Water supply indicators 342Figure 17.8 Wastewater indicators 342

17.6.1 Water treatment 342Figure 17.9 Types of access to drinking water (percentage of total households), 2011 342Figure 17.10 Major WTPs in Peru by design capacity 343

17.6.2 Desalination 34317.6.2.1 Desalination for municipal purposes 34317.6.2.2 Desalination for industrial purposes 343

17.6.3 Wastewater treatment 344Figure 17.11 Methods of wastewater disposal in Peru, 2011 344Figure 17.12 Major municipal WWTPs in Peru by design capacity 345Figure 17.13 Operating capacities and treatment technologies employed at Sedapal WWTPs in Lima, 2011 345Figure 17.14 PLANAA strategic actions and goals relating to wastewater treatment and reuse, 2012–2021 346


Figure 17.15 Investment required to meet objectives of the National Sanitation Plan 2006–2015 347Figure 17.16 Funding scheme for the period 2009–2015 347


Figure 17.17 Sedapal tariffs (variable charge), May 2012 34817.7.2 Capital expenditure 348

Figure 17.18 Government investment in urban water and sanitation works, 2005–2010 34917.7.3 Operating expenditure 349

17.8 Private sector participation 349Figure 17.19 Modalities of PSP according to the National Strategy for PSP in EPS 349

17.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 35017.9.1 Summary 350

Figure 17.20 Procurement models according to project size and broad procurement category 35117.9.2 Common characteristics to all procurement processes 351

17.9.2.1 Level of openness 35117.9.2.2 Private companies’ way of participation 35117.9.2.3 Prequalification stage 35117.9.2.4 Criteria for awarding contracts and ensuring quality 35117.9.2.5 Speed of procurement processes 352

17.9.3 Concessions 352Figure 17.21 Private Initiative flow diagram 353Figure 17.22 Water and wastewater plant concession projects up until 2012 354

17.9.4 Non-concession projects 35417.9.4.1 Common framework 35517.9.4.2 Large projects: DBO – DB 35517.9.4.3 Small projects: DBB 356

17.10 The supply chain 35617.10.1 Consulting engineers 35617.10.2 Contractors 35717.10.3 Private operators 35817.10.4 Equipment suppliers 358




18. Trinidad and Tobago 36418.1 Main indicators 364

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18.3 Municipal water 364Figure 18.5 Water supply indicators 364Figure 18.6 Number of water connections 365Figure 18.7 Municipal water supply capacity 365




19. United States of America 37119.1 Overview of indicators 371



19.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 37219.3.1.1 Federal 37219.3.1.2 Regional, state, river basin and local agencies 37219.3.1.3 Water industry-related associations 372

Figure 19.3 Major water industry associations, 2013 37319.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 373

Figure 19.4 Drinking water providers according to population served, 2012 373Figure 19.5 Major public water and wastewater providers in the U.S., 2013 374

19.4 Government’s water strategy 37419.5 Water availability and demand 375

19.5.1 Water availability 375Figure 19.6 Total renewable water resources in the United States, 2012 375

19.5.2 Sectoral water demand 375Figure 19.7 U.S. sectoral water withdrawal, 2005 375Figure 19.8 Water demand/drought models, 2013 375


19.6.1 Water treatment 377Figure 19.11 Drinking water production by water source, 2012 377Figure 19.12 Types of advanced technology employed by U.S. WTPs, 2013 377Figure 19.13 Major WTPs in the U.S. by operational capacity, 2013 378

19.6.2 Desalination 37819.6.2.1 Municipal desalination trend 37919.6.2.2 Industrial desalination trend 37919.6.2.3 Technology trend 379

Figure 19.14 The 10 largest municipal desalination plants in the U.S. by daily volume of water output, 2012 37919.6.3 Wastewater treatment 380

19.6.3.1 WWTP capacity and technology overview 380Figure 19.15 Number of WWTPs and cumulative capacities, 2011 380Figure 19.16 Treatment levels of U.S. municipal WWTPs, with future projections 381Figure 19.17 Major WWTPs in the U.S. by design capacity, 2013 381

19.6.3.2 Current trends in the wastewater treatment sector 38219.6.3.3 Nutrient management regulations 38219.6.3.4 Wastewater overflow regulations 38219.6.3.5 New opportunities for resource recovery 382


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19.6.4 Water reuse 38319.6.4.1 Municipal water reuse practice 383

Figure 19.18 Major municipal water reuse projects in the U.S. by operating capacity, 2013 38419.6.4.2 Industrial water reuse practice 384

19.7 Water finance 38519.7.1 Funding sources 385

Figure 19.19 Overview of the main project construction funding mechanisms in the U.S., 2013 38519.7.1.1 Finance availability and utility debt 38519.7.1.2 Trends in federal funding 386

Figure 19.20 Annual federal capitalisation grants for SRFs, 2002–2010 38619.7.1.3 Trends in private financing 38619.7.1.4 Tariffs 387

Figure 19.21 AWI Water Tariff Survey Highlights, United States, 2012 38719.7.2 Capital expenditure 388

Figure 19.22 Public versus private spending for water supply construction projects, 2002–2012 38819.7.2.1 Construction spending of state and local public utilities 388

Figure 19.23 Construction spending for water supply projects at state and local levels, 2002–2012 389Figure 19.24 Construction spending on ww, sludge & dry waste projects at state & local levels, 2002–2012 390

19.7.3 Operating expenditure 390Figure 19.25 Capital and operating expenditures for state and local public utilities, 2010 391

19.7.4 Water utility revenues 391Figure 19.26 Public versus private water and wastewater utility revenue, 2010 391Figure 19.27 Total spending versus revenue of public utilities, 1999–2010 392

19.7.4.1 Private contract operation & maintenance market revenue 392Figure 19.28 Top-five largest contract ops companies by revenue, 2011 393

19.8 Private sector participation 393Figure 19.29 Water and wastewater services by provider, 2012 394

19.8.1 Alternative project finance and performance management contracts 394Figure 19.30 Alternative finance and project management contracts in the U.S. 394Figure 19.31 Performance contracts in the prequalification stage 395

19.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 39619.9.1 Procurement models overview 396

Figure 19.32 Main procurement models in the U.S. 39619.9.1.1 Procurement regulations 396

19.9.2 Procurement process outline 39719.9.2.1 Procurement process steps 397

19.9.3 Project identification 39819.9.4 Project need 39819.9.5 Planning framework 39819.9.6 Where to look for new projects 398

19.9.6.1 Grass-root identification of new projects 39819.9.6.2 Project databases and other printed documents 39919.9.6.3 Selection process of a design firm 399

19.9.7 Technical specification and equipment selection 40019.9.7.1 Sole-sourcing practice 40019.9.7.2 Involvement of international companies 400

19.9.8 Bidding process for construction and equipment services 40019.9.8.1 Evaluation of bids 40019.9.8.2 Project performance guarantees and risk allocation 401

19.9.9 Procurement models trends 401Figure 19.33 Market forecast by project delivery model 401

19.10 Supply chain 40219.10.1 Design Firms 402

Figure 19.34 Major design firms active in the water and wastewater sector 40219.10.1.1 The role of local design firms 402

19.10.2 Construction contractors 403Figure 19.35 Major construction contractor firms active in the water and wastewater sector 403

19.10.3 Private operators 403Figure 19.36 Major regulated private water operators in the U.S. 403

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Figure 19.37 Major non-regulated O&M private operators in the U.S. 40419.10.4 Equipment suppliers 404

Figure 19.38 Major U.S. equipment suppliers 40419.10.4.1 Equipment sales strategies 40519.10.4.2 The role and influence of sales reps 40519.10.4.3 New product market entry 405


19.11.2.1 WTP projects 40619.11.2.2 WWTP projects 40619.11.2.3 Desalination 40619.11.2.4 O&M outsourcing 406



20. Uruguay 41220.1 Main indicators 412







21. Venezuela 41821.1 Main indicators 418



21.3 Municipal water 418Figure 21.5 Water supply indicators 418Figure 21.6 Number of people connected to water network 419Figure 21.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 419Figure 21.8 Municipal water supply capacity 419Figure 21.9 Meter coverage 420

21.4 Municipal wastewater 420Figure 21.10 Wastewater indicators 420Figure 21.11 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 421Figure 21.12 Wastewater treated to secondary level 421




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Volume 2: Europe and Africa22. Algeria 427

22.1 Overview of indicators 427Figure 22.1 Population projections, 2010–2020 427Figure 22.2 Economic indicators 427


22.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 42722.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 428

Figure 22.3 Institutional framework for water and wastewater provision in Algeria 428Figure 22.4 Water and wastewater service provision in 2012 in Algeria, by service provider 429

22.3.2.1 Public service providers 42922.3.2.2 Management contracts 429

Figure 22.5 Contracts for water and wastewater in Algeria’s four largest cities 42922.4 Government’s water strategy 430

22.4.1 Five-year plan, 2010–2014 43022.4.2 The National Water Plan (Plan National de l’Eau, PNE) 430

22.5 Water availability and demand 430Figure 22.6 Water availability and demand in 2005 with projected data for 2025 430

22.5.1 Water availability 430Figure 22.7 Water availability indicators, 1999–2014 431Figure 22.8 Water resources in Algeria, 2012 431

22.5.2 Sectoral water demand 431Figure 22.9 Sectoral water withdrawal 431


22.6.1 Water treatment 433Figure 22.12 Largest WTPs in Algeria by design capacity, 2012 433Figure 22.13 Frequency of water supply to the population, 1999–2011 433

22.6.2 Desalination 433Figure 22.14 Major desalination plants in Algeria 434Figure 22.15 Small SWRO plants in Algeria, 2012 435

22.6.3 Brackish water desalination 43522.6.4 Wastewater treatment 435

Figure 22.16 Major WWTPs by design capacity in Algeria, 2012 43522.6.5 Water reuse 436

Figure 22.17 Current and future reuse projects in Algeria 43622.7 Water finance 436


Figure 22.18 Current domestic water tariffs in Algeria 437Figure 22.19 Current wastewater and other water tariffs in Algeria 437

22.7.2 Capital expenditure 438Figure 22.20 Water and wastewater investment plan, 2006–2025 438Figure 22.21 Breakdown of investment within the water sector, 2006–2025 438

22.7.3 Operating expenditure 438Figure 22.22 ONA’s operational expenditure by type of activity, October 2012 439Figure 22.23 ONA’s operational expenditure by type of expense, October 2012 439

22.8 Private sector participation 43922.8.1 Management contracts 43922.8.2 Desalination 44022.8.3 O&M contracts 440

22.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 440

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22.9.1 Project inception and specification 44022.9.2 Request for proposals 44122.9.3 Evaluation of bids 44122.9.4 Award and commissioning 44222.9.5 BOT desalination plants 442

Figure 22.24 Simplified BOT structure for desalination plant in Algeria 44222.10 Supply chain 442

22.10.1 Consulting engineers 44222.10.2 Contractors 44322.10.3 Private operators 44422.10.4 Equipment suppliers 444


22.11.2.1 Desalination 445Figure 22.25 Future Algerian desalination projects 445

22.11.2.2 Wastewater 44522.11.2.3 Network upgrades 446

22.12 Future market directions 44622.12.1 Skills and expertise 44622.12.2 O&M challenges 44622.12.3 Network solutions 44622.12.4 Notes on the market forecast 446


23. Angola 45123.1 Main indicators 451




23.4 Municipal wastewater 452Figure 23.6 Wastewater indicators 452Figure 23.7 Number of people connected to wastewater network 452Figure 23.8 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 452


24. Austria 45724.1 Main indicators 457




24.4 Municipal wastewater 458Figure 24.6 Wastewater indicators 458Figure 24.7 Number of people connected to wastewater network 458Figure 24.8 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 459


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Figure 24.9 Wastewater treatment by technology 45924.5 Private sector participation 459

Figure 24.10 Private contracts 45924.6 Market forecast 460


25. Azerbaijan 46425.1 Main indicators 464







26. Belarus 47026.1 Main indicators 470






27. Belgium 47627.1 Main indicators 476



27.3 Municipal water 476Figure 27.5 Water supply indicators 476Figure 27.6 Number of people connected to water network 477Figure 27.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 477Figure 27.8 Number of water connections 477Figure 27.9 Municipal water supply capacity 478

27.4 Municipal wastewater 478Figure 27.10 Wastewater indicators 478Figure 27.11 Number of people connected to wastewater network 478Figure 27.12 Number of wastewater connections 479Figure 27.13 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 479

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Figure 27.14 Wastewater treated to secondary level 479Figure 27.15 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 480



28. Bulgaria 48528.1 Main indicators 485







29. Cameroon 49129.1 Main indicators 491







30. Côte d’Ivoire 49730.1 Main indicators 497






30.6 Market forecast 499Figure 30.8 Market forecast, 2011–2018 499


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Figure 30.9 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 500Figure 30.10 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 501

31. Croatia 50331.1 Main indicators 503



31.3 Municipal water 503Figure 31.5 Water supply indicators 503Figure 31.6 Number of water connections 504Figure 31.7 Municipal water supply capacity 504Figure 31.8 Non-revenue water 504

31.4 Municipal wastewater 505Figure 31.9 Wastewater indicators 505Figure 31.10 Number of wastewater connections 505Figure 31.11 Volume of wastewater produced 505Figure 31.12 Wastewater collected 506Figure 31.13 Wastewater treated to secondary level 506Figure 31.14 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 506



32. Cyprus 51232.1 Main indicators 512



32.3 Municipal water 512Figure 32.5 Water supply indicators 512Figure 32.6 Municipal water supply capacity 513

32.4 Municipal wastewater 513Figure 32.7 Wastewater indicators 513Figure 32.8 Wastewater treatment by technology 514



33. Czech Republic 51933.1 Main indicators 519



33.3 Municipal water 520Figure 33.5 Water supply indicators 520Figure 33.6 Number of people connected to water network 520Figure 33.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 521

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Figure 33.8 Municipal water supply capacity 521Figure 33.9 Non-revenue water 521

33.4 Municipal wastewater 522Figure 33.10 Wastewater indicators 522Figure 33.11 Number of people connected to wastewater network 522Figure 33.12 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 523Figure 33.13 Volume of wastewater produced 523



34. Denmark 52934.1 Main indicators 529







35. Egypt 53535.1 Overview of indicators 535



35.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 536Figure 35.3 Hierarchy of water and wastewater organisations in Egypt 536

35.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 537Figure 35.4 HCWW water and wastewater indicators 537

35.4 Government’s water strategy 53735.4.1 HCWW Master Plan for Water and Wastewater Sectors 53735.4.2 Water Policy and Regulatory Reform (WPRR) project 538


Figure 35.5 Estimated water resources in Egypt, 2010/2011 53835.5.2 Sectoral water demand 539

Figure 35.6 Water use by sector in Egypt, 2007–2017 539Figure 35.7 Estimated industrial water demand by sector in Egypt, 2017 539

35.6 Municipal water and wastewater 53935.6.1 HCWW water production 539

Figure 35.8 HCWW water production breakdown, 2010 539Figure 35.9 Water supply indicators 540Figure 35.10 Wastewater indicators 540

35.6.2 Water treatment 540Figure 35.11 Improvement in water service in Egypt since 2005 540Figure 35.12 Sample of WTPs operating in Egypt 541


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35.6.3 Desalination 541Figure 35.13 Desalination production and use by sector in Egypt, 2011 541Figure 35.14 Planned desalination plants by total capacity in four key governorates, 2017–2037 542Figure 35.15 Estimated desalination investment required until 2037 542Figure 35.16 Largest desalination plants in Egypt, 2012 543

35.6.4 Wastewater treatment 543Figure 35.17 Improvement in wastewater service since 2005 543Figure 35.18 Largest WWTPs in Egypt, 2012 544

35.6.5 Water reuse 544Figure 35.19 Reuse of treated wastewater in Egypt, 2010 545


35.7.1.1 Tariffs 545Figure 35.20 Tariff structure in Egypt, 2009/10 546

35.7.1.2 Direct government subsidy 546Figure 35.21 Government subsidy to water companies 546

35.7.1.3 International funding 54635.7.2 Capital expenditure 547

Figure 35.22 Planned capital investment requirements in Egypt, 2012–2037 54735.7.3 Operating expenditure 547

35.8 Private sector participation 54735.8.1 The Public-Private Partnership Law 547

35.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 54835.9.1 Public tendering 54835.9.2 PPP projects 548





36. Estonia 55736.1 Main indicators 557



36.3 Municipal water 557Figure 36.5 Water supply indicators 557Figure 36.6 Percentage of people connected to water network 558

36.4 Municipal wastewater 558Figure 36.7 Wastewater indicators 558Figure 36.8 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 558Figure 36.9 Wastewater treatment by technology 559



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37. Ethiopia 56437.1 Main indicators 564






38. Finland 57038.1 Main indicators 570




38.4 Municipal wastewater 571Figure 38.6 Wastewater indicators 571Figure 38.7 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 571Figure 38.8 Wastewater treatment by technology 571


39. France 57639.1 Overview of indicators 576



39.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 577Figure 39.3 Government ministries and agencies 577Figure 39.4 Map of the six French water agencies 578

39.3.2 Local authorities 57839.3.3 Direct management 579

Figure 39.5 Direct/régie management 57939.3.4 Delegated management 579

Figure 39.6 Lease contract 579Figure 39.7 Concession contract 580

39.3.5 Water and wastewater service providers 580Figure 39.8 Distribution of water services by service type, 2012 580Figure 39.9 Distribution of sanitation services by service type, 2012 581

39.4 Government’s water strategy 58139.4.1 Decrease in drinking water consumption 581

Figure 39.10 Evolution of drinking water consumption, 1998–2008 58139.4.2 Position towards the European legislative framework 58139.4.3 Specific governmental plans 581


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39.4.4 Network renewal 582Figure 39.11 Characteristics of the water and wastewater networks in France, 2008 582


Figure 39.12 Water resources, 2011 58339.5.2 Sectoral water demand 583

Figure 39.13 Annual water withdrawals by end user, 2006–2009 583Figure 39.14 Withdrawals from surface water and groundwater by sector, 2009 583


39.6.1 Water treatment 584Figure 39.17 Drinking water production capacity by WTP size, 2007 584Figure 39.18 Drinking water production capacity by treatment type, 2007 585Figure 39.19 Major WTPs in France 585

39.6.2 Desalination 58539.6.3 Wastewater treatment 586

Figure 39.20 Treatment capacity of municipal WWTPs, 2008 586Figure 39.21 Breakdown of municipal WWTPs according to treatment level, 2008 586Figure 39.22 Major WWTPs in France 586

39.6.4 Water reuse 587Figure 39.23 Treatment capacity of selected reuse projects, 2009 587Figure 39.24 Distribution of reuse projects by treatment capacity, 2009 587


Figure 39.25 Total value of collected water bills, 2006–2009 58839.7.2 Tariffs 588

39.7.2.1 Water tariff composition 588Figure 39.26 Typical water tariff composition 589

39.7.2.2 Water billing distribution 589Figure 39.27 Distribution of water bills by recipient, 2006–2009 589Figure 39.28 Distribution of wastewater bills by recipient, 2006–2009 589

39.7.3 Capital expenditure 58939.7.3.1 Capital expenditure for water infrastructure 589

Figure 39.29 Investment in water infrastructure in France, 2005–2010 59039.7.3.2 Capital expenditure in wastewater infrastructure 590

Figure 39.30 Capital expenditure on wastewater infrastructure in France, 2005–2010 590Figure 39.31 Capital expenditure on collective sanitation in France, 2005–2010 590

39.7.4 Operating expenditure 59039.7.4.1 Operating expenditure on water infrastructure 590

Figure 39.32 Water operating expenditure in France, 2005–2010 59039.7.4.2 Operating expenditure in wastewater infrastructure 591

Figure 39.33 Wastewater operating expenditure in France, 2005–2010 591Figure 39.34 Collective sanitation operating expenditure in France, 2005–2010 591

39.8 Private sector participation 59139.8.1 Facts and figures 591

Figure 39.35 Distribution of water services according to management type, 2009 591Figure 39.36 Distribution of sanitation services according to management type, 2009 591

39.8.2 A business model in decline 592Figure 39.37 Water concession contracts held by private operators in major French cities, 2012 592

39.8.3 Consequences 59239.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 593

39.9.1 Overview of the procurement process 59339.9.2 How the market works 59339.9.3 Market penetration 594

39.10 Supply chain 59439.10.1 Consulting engineers 594

Figure 39.38 Main consulting engineers active in the water and wastewater market 59539.10.2 Contractors 595

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39.10.3 Overview of the sector 595Figure 39.39 EPC contractors active in the water and wastewater market 596

39.10.4 Relationship between EPC contractors and equipment suppliers 596Figure 39.40 Relationships between EPC contractors and equipment suppliers 597

39.10.5 Private operators 597Figure 39.41 Breakdown of water services by operator, 2008–2010 597Figure 39.42 Breakdown of wastewater services by operator, 2008–2010 598Figure 39.43 Operators active in water and wastewater market 598

39.10.6 Equipment suppliers 599Figure 39.44 Large equipment suppliers active in the water and wastewater market, 2011 599Figure 39.45 Independent equipment suppliers in the water and wastewater market 600


Figure 39.46 WWTPs in need of refurbishment, 2013–2018 601Figure 39.47 WWTPs in need for refurbishment with design capacities >10,000 PE, 2013–2015 601



40. Germany 60740.1 Overview of indicators 607



40.3.1 Federal ministries and agencies 60840.3.2 State water authorities 60840.3.3 Local authorities 60840.3.4 Water and wastewater service providers 608

Figure 40.3 Organisational forms in the German water and wastewater sector 609Figure 40.4 Organisational forms in the water production and distribution sector, 1997–2008 609Figure 40.5 Distribution of water utilities by state, 2010 610

40.3.4.1 Wastewater service providers 610Figure 40.6 Organisational forms in the wastewater sector, 1997–2009 610Figure 40.7 Distribution of wastewater utilities by state, 2007 611


40.5.1 Water availability 612Figure 40.8 Water resources, 2011 612

40.5.2 Sectoral water demand 612Figure 40.9 Sectoral water demand, 1990–2010 612


40.6.1 Water treatment 613Figure 40.12 Sources of drinking water, 2010 613Figure 40.13 Water distribution losses, 1991–2010 614Figure 40.14 Evolution of per capita daily water consumption, 1990–2011 614Figure 40.15 Distribution of WTPs by state, 2010 615


Figure 40.16 Distribution of WWTPs by state, 2007 61640.6.4 Water reuse 616

Figure 40.17 Water use in the top 5 water intensive industries, 2007 616


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40.7.1.1 Tariffs 617Figure 40.18 Drinking water and wastewater annual expenditure, 2000–2010 618

40.7.2 Capital expenditure 618Figure 40.19 Water supply capital expenditure, 1990–2010 618Figure 40.20 Water capital expenditure breakdown, 2010 619Figure 40.21 Distribution of different types of investments in wastewater treatment, 2011 619

40.7.2.1 Future investments 61940.7.3 Operating expenditure 620

Figure 40.22 Cost structure of water supply, 2008–2010 620Figure 40.23 Cost structure of wastewater supply, 2008–2010 620

40.8 Private sector participation 62140.8.1 Models for private sector participation 621

40.8.1.1 Public-private partnerships 62140.8.1.2 Concession agreements 621

40.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 62140.9.1 Characteristics of the German procurement process 622

40.9.1.1 Overview of the procurement process 62240.9.1.2 Particular influence of European regulation 62240.9.1.3 Federalism and the “Mittelstand” spirit 622

40.9.2 Importance of professional associations 62340.9.2.1 Overview of professional associations 623

Figure 40.24 Comparison between the DVGW and the DWA 62340.9.2.2 Role of professional associations 62340.9.2.3 Market penetration 624


Figure 40.25 Implementation of main consulting engineers 62540.10.2 Contractors 625

40.10.2.1 Krüger Wabag GmbH 62640.10.2.2 WTE Wassertechnik 62640.10.2.3 SH+E Group 626

Figure 40.26 Structure of the SH+E Group 62640.10.2.4 Von Roll BHU Umwelttechnik GmbH 627

40.10.3 Private operators 62740.10.3.1 REMONDIS Aqua GmbH & Co. KG/ Eurawasser Aufbereitungs- und Entsorgungs GmbH 627

Figure 40.27 Operation contracts undertaken by REMONDIS Aqua 627Figure 40.28 Operation contracts undertaken by EURAWASSER 628

40.10.3.2 Gelsenwasser AG 629Figure 40.29 Participations of Gelsenwasser AG 629

40.10.4 Equipment suppliers 63140.10.4.1 Small integrators 631

Figure 40.30 Small integrators in the German market 63140.10.4.2 Equipment and components suppliers 631

Figure 40.31 Equipment suppliers in Germany 63240.10.4.3 Concrete elements suppliers 632

40.11 Current and future key projects 63340.12 Future market directions 633



41. Ghana 63841.1 Main indicators 638

Figure 41.1 Population projections, 2010–2020 638

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Figure 41.2 Economic indicators 63841.2 Water availability and demand 638

Figure 41.3 Water resources 638Figure 41.4 Sectoral water withdrawal 638





42. Greece 64442.1 Main indicators 644



42.3 Municipal water 644Figure 42.5 Water supply indicators 644Figure 42.6 Number of people connected to water network 645Figure 42.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 645Figure 42.8 Municipal water supply capacity 645

42.4 Municipal wastewater 646Figure 42.9 Wastewater indicators 646Figure 42.10 Number of people connected to wastewater network 646Figure 42.11 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 646Figure 42.12 Wastewater treated to secondary level 647Figure 42.13 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 647



43. Hungary 65243.1 Main indicators 652



43.3 Municipal water 652Figure 43.5 Water supply indicators 652Figure 43.6 Number of people connected to water network 653Figure 43.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 653Figure 43.8 Number of water connections 653Figure 43.9 Municipal water supply capacity 654Figure 43.10 Meter coverage 654

43.4 Municipal wastewater 655Figure 43.11 Wastewater indicators 655Figure 43.12 Number of wastewater connections 655Figure 43.13 Wastewater treated to secondary level 656Figure 43.14 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 656

43.5 Private sector participation 657


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44. Ireland 66244.1 Main indicators 662




44.4 Municipal wastewater 663Figure 44.6 Wastewater indicators 663Figure 44.7 Volume of wastewater produced 663Figure 44.8 Wastewater collected 664Figure 44.9 Wastewater treated to secondary level 664Figure 44.10 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 664Figure 44.11 Wastewater treatment by technology 665



45. Italy 67045.1 Overview of indicators 670



Figure 45.3 Government ministries and agencies responsible for the water sector in Italy 67145.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 67145.3.2 Local authorities 67245.3.3 Concession 67245.3.4 Water and wastewater service providers 673

Figure 45.4 Map of the awarded concession in Italy, 2010 673Figure 45.5 Number of entrusted operators of the SII by type of company, 2009 674


45.5.1 Water availability 675Figure 45.6 Water resources in Italy, 2011 675

45.5.2 Sectoral water demand 675Figure 45.7 Annual water withdrawals by end user, 1999 676

45.6 Municipal water and wastewater 676Figure 45.8 Average age of works of the water supply system, 2009 676Figure 45.9 Water supply indicators 677Figure 45.10 Wastewater indicators 677

45.6.1 Water treatment 677Figure 45.11 Drinking water production capacity by region, 2008 678Figure 45.12 No. of water supply systems by volume of water withdrawn and prevailing water source, 1999 678Figure 45.13 Major WTPs in Italy 679

45.6.2 Desalination 679Figure 45.14 Largest desalination plants in Italy 679

45.6.3 Wastewater treatment 680Figure 45.15 Treatment capacity of municipal WWTPs in Italy, 2008 680

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Figure 45.16 Number of municipal WWTPs by treatment level in Italy, 2008 681Figure 45.17 Major WWTPs in Italy 681


45.7.1 Funding sources 68245.7.2 Tariffs 682

45.7.2.1 Water tariff until 2012 683Figure 45.18 Average water and wastewater service tariff for a consumption of 200 m³ by region, 2010 683Figure 45.19 Average percentage composition of the SII tariff for a consumption of 200 m³/yr, 2010 684

45.7.2.2 New tariff method 68445.7.3 Capital expenditure 684

Figure 45.20 Planned capital investments by geographical area in Italy, 2010–2039 684Figure 45.21 Investments in the water and wastewater sectors by region, 1999–2009 685

45.7.4 Operating expenditure 686Figure 45.22 Operating costs and revenues, 2007–2010 686

45.8 Private sector participation 68645.8.1 Private participation in water service 686

Figure 45.23 Examples of public-private operators of the SII in Italy 68745.8.2 Private financing in the Italian water market 687

Figure 45.24 Examples of private financing in the Italian water market 68845.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 688

45.9.1 Overview 68845.9.1.1 Regulatory framework 68845.9.1.2 Procurement models 689

Figure 45.25 Summary of procurement models in Italy 68945.9.2 Procurement stages 689

45.9.2.1 Tender 689Figure 45.26 Requested documents for tender participation 690

45.9.2.2 Evaluation of bids 69045.10 Supply chain 691

45.10.1 Consulting engineers 69145.10.2 Contractors 691

Figure 45.27 Contractors active in the large water and wastewater project market in Italy 69145.10.3 Private operators 692

Figure 45.28 Private operators of the SII in Italy 69245.10.4 Equipment suppliers 692

Figure 45.29 Large equipment suppliers active in the Italian water and wastewater market 69245.11 Current and future key projects 693

45.11.1 Current projects 693Figure 45.30 Current projects in the Italian water sector 693

45.11.2 Future projects 693Figure 45.31 Future projects in the Italian water sector 693



46. Kazakhstan 69946.1 Main indicators 699





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47. Kenya 70547.1 Main indicators 705







48. Latvia 71148.1 Main indicators 711






49. Lithuania 71749.1 Main indicators 717






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50. Luxembourg 72350.1 Main indicators 723






51. Netherlands 73051.1 Main indicators 730



51.3 Municipal water 730Figure 51.5 Water supply indicators 730Figure 51.6 Number of people connected to water network 731Figure 51.7 Number of water connections 731Figure 51.8 Municipal water supply capacity 732Figure 51.9 Meter coverage 732Figure 51.10 Non-revenue water 733

51.4 Municipal wastewater 733Figure 51.11 Wastewater indicators 733Figure 51.12 Number of people connected to wastewater network 734Figure 51.13 Wastewater treatment by technology 734



52. Nigeria 73952.1 Overview of indicators 739



52.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 74052.3.1.1 Federal level ministries and agencies 740

Figure 52.3 Federal government level ministries/agencies 74152.3.1.2 State and local level ministries and agencies 741

Figure 52.4 Standardised structure of state level government ministries/agencies 74252.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 742

52.3.2.1 Water service providers 742Figure 52.5 Operational data for selected state water agencies and boards in Nigeria 742Figure 52.6 IBNET state water agencies and boards benchmarking data, 2011 743


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52.3.2.2 Alternative water services 74352.3.2.3 Access to water 744

Figure 52.7 Urban and rural access to piped on premises water services, 1990–2008 74452.3.2.4 Wastewater service providers 744

Figure 52.8 Wastewater coverage in Abuja (FCT) and Lagos States 74452.3.2.5 Alternative wastewater services 744

52.4 Government’s water strategy 74552.4.1 Overview 745

Figure 52.9 Government expenditure on water, sanitation and hygiene, 2001–2008 745Figure 52.10 Water and wastewater targets in Nigeria and their status of implementation 745

52.4.2 Private sector partnership 74652.4.3 Investment plans 746


Figure 52.11 Water resources 74652.5.2 Sectoral water demand 747

Figure 52.12 Annual water withdrawals by end user, 1998–2007 74752.6 Municipal water and wastewater 747


52.6.1 Water treatment 748Figure 52.15 Major WTPs in Nigeria 748

52.6.2 Desalination 749Figure 52.16 Planned desalination projects in Lagos, Nigeria 749

52.6.3 Wastewater treatment 74952.6.3.1 Access to sanitation 749

Figure 52.17 Urban and rural access to sanitation services in Nigeria, 1990–2008 74952.6.3.2 Wastewater treatment overview 74952.6.3.3 Wastewater treatment characteristics 750

Figure 52.18 Major WWTPs in Nigeria 75052.6.4 Water reuse 751


Figure 52.19 Cost sharing and distribution for capital and O&M costs 75252.7.1.1 Tariffs 75252.7.1.2 Overview 75252.7.1.3 Water tariff structures 75252.7.1.4 Domestic water tariffs 752

Figure 52.20 Domestic water tariffs in selected states 75352.7.1.5 Industrial and commercial water tariffs 754

Figure 52.21 Industrial, commercial and institutional water tariffs in selected states 75452.7.1.6 Other funding sources 754

Figure 52.22 PSP funded projects at the federal level 75452.7.2 Capital expenditure 755

52.7.2.1 Overview 75552.7.2.2 State level future capex plans 75552.7.2.3 Lagos Water Supply Plan 2010–2020 755

Figure 52.23 LWC short to long-term water production statistics, 2010–2020 756Figure 52.24 Summary of capex implications, 2010–2020 756

52.7.2.4 Ogun State water corporation investment plan 2010–2030 757Figure 52.25 OGSWC capex breakdown for the immediate term 757Figure 52.26 Capex breakdown in the medium- to long-term 757

52.7.2.5 Lagos State wastewater infrastructural development plan 2011–2015 758Figure 52.27 Map of Lagos wastewater infrastructural development plan 2011–2015 759Figure 52.28 Five year breakdown of Lagos wastewater infrastructural plan 760

52.7.3 Operating expenditure 760Figure 52.29 Lagos Water Corporation opex, 2011–2012 760

52.8 Private sector participation 76052.8.1 History and overview 760

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Figure 52.30 Nigerian legislative framework governing PPPs 76152.8.2 Private sector participation contracts and financing 761

Figure 52.31 Federal and state level PPP projects 76252.8.3 State level private sector participation of the water sector 762

52.8.3.1 Lagos State private sector participation 76252.8.3.2 Ogun State private sector participation 762

52.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 763Figure 52.32 Procurement process stages at federal and state levels 763

52.9.1 Procurement models and financing structures 76452.9.1.1 Multi-lateral donor financing 764

52.9.2 The tender process 76452.9.2.1 Market penetration 764


Figure 52.33 National and international water/wastewater sector consulting engineering firms 76552.10.2 Contractors 767

Figure 52.34 National and international water/wastewater sector contractors 76752.10.3 Private operators 76952.10.4 Equipment suppliers 769

Figure 52.35 Nigerian water/wastewater sector equipment suppliers 76952.11 Current and future key projects 769


52.12 Future market directions 77052.12.1 Overview 77052.12.2 Planned expenditure 77152.12.3 Notes on the market forecast 771


53. Norway 77653.1 Main indicators 776



53.3 Municipal water 776Figure 53.5 Water supply indicators 776Figure 53.6 Number of people connected to water network 777Figure 53.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 777Figure 53.8 Municipal water supply capacity 778Figure 53.9 Meter coverage 778Figure 53.10 Non-revenue water 778

53.4 Municipal wastewater 779Figure 53.11 Wastewater indicators 779Figure 53.12 Number of people connected to wastewater network 779Figure 53.13 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 780Figure 53.14 Volume of wastewater produced 780Figure 53.15 Wastewater collected 780Figure 53.16 Wastewater treatment by technology 781




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54. Poland 78654.1 Main indicators 786



54.3 Municipal water 786Figure 54.5 Water supply indicators 786Figure 54.6 Number of people connected to water network 787Figure 54.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 787Figure 54.8 Number of water connections 787Figure 54.9 Municipal water supply capacity 788Figure 54.10 Non-revenue water 788

54.4 Municipal wastewater 789Figure 54.11 Wastewater indicators 789Figure 54.12 Number of people connected to wastewater network 789Figure 54.13 Number of wastewater connections 790Figure 54.14 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 790Figure 54.15 Volume of wastewater produced 790Figure 54.16 Wastewater collected 791Figure 54.17 Wastewater treated to secondary level 791Figure 54.18 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 791Figure 54.19 Wastewater treatment by technology 792



55. Portugal 79755.1 Main indicators 797




55.4 Municipal wastewater 799Figure 55.9 Wastewater indicators 799Figure 55.10 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 799Figure 55.11 Wastewater collected 800Figure 55.12 Wastewater treatment by technology 800



56. Romania 80656.1 Overview of indicators 806


56.2 Context and overview of challenges 806

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Figure 56.3 The government ministries and agencies responsible for the water sector in Romania, 2012 80856.3.2 Local authorities 80856.3.3 Water and wastewater service providers 809

Figure 56.4 Number of people served by regional utilities in Romania, 2009–2010 809Figure 56.5 Major regional utilities in Romania by number of inhabitants served, 2010 809


56.5.1 Water availability 810Figure 56.6 Water availability in Romania by source, 2011 811

56.5.2 Sectoral water demand 811Figure 56.7 Romanian water demand and withdrawal by activity, 2011 811


56.6.1 Water treatment 812Figure 56.10 Major WTPs in Romania, 2013 813


Figure 56.11 Number of existing WWTPs in Romania by treatment type, 2005 813Figure 56.12 Number of agglomerations with respective population equivalents (PE), 2005 813Figure 56.13 Major WWTPs in Romania’s 10 largest cities, 2013 814



Figure 56.14 The structure of the water tariff in Romania, 2011 815Figure 56.15 The lowest, highest and average water and wastewater tariff in Romania, 2011 815

56.7.1.2 EU funding 81656.7.2 Capital expenditure 81656.7.3 Operating expenditure 816

Figure 56.16 Total revenues and expenses for regional utilities, 2009 and 2010 816Figure 56.17 Largest utilities in Romania by revenues and expenses, 2010 817

56.8 Private sector participation 81756.8.1 Private capital investment 81756.8.2 Operations and maintenance 818

56.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 81856.9.1 Overview 81856.9.2 Procurement models for PSP 818

Figure 56.18 Procurement models for PSP 81856.9.3 The tender process 819

56.9.3.1 Project inception and specification 81956.9.3.2 Prequalification process and request for bids 82056.9.3.3 Evaluation of bids 82056.9.3.4 Award and commissioning 820


Figure 56.19 Major consulting engineers, 2010–2013 82256.10.2 Contractors 822

Figure 56.20 Major contractors in Romania, 2010–2013 82256.10.3 Private operators 82356.10.4 Equipment suppliers 823


Figure 56.21 Major projects under preparation, 2012 82456.12 Future market directions 824

56.12.1 Overview 824


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56.12.2 Potential new directions 82556.12.3 Planned expenditure 82556.12.4 Notes on the forecast 825


57. Russian Federation 83057.1 Overview of indicators 830



57.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 831Figure 57.3 Main government ministries and agencies related to the water sector in the Russian Federation 831

57.3.2 Regional authorities (subordinate entities of the Russian Federation) 83257.3.3 Local authorities 83257.3.4 Water and wastewater service providers 833

57.3.4.1 Major water and wastewater service providers in the Russian Federation 833Figure 57.4 Major water and wastewater service providers in the Russian Federation, 2011 833

57.3.4.2 Private operators of utilities 834Figure 57.5 Market share of private operators in the Russian Federation, 2011 834Figure 57.6 Major private operators of utilities in the Russian Federation, 2011 834

57.4 Government’s water strategy 834Figure 57.7 Water strategy of the Russian Federation, 2009–2020 834

57.4.1 Main federal water programmes 83557.4.1.1 FCP Clean Water 835

Figure 57.8 Projected target indicators of the FCP Clean Water programme for the period 2011–2017 83557.4.1.2 Development of Water Utilisation Systems of the Russian Federation for the period 2012–2020 835

Figure 57.9 Targets and measures for lowering negative human impacts on water resources, 2012 83657.4.2 Other federal water programmes 836

Figure 57.10 Target indicators of FCP Modernisation of Municipal Infrastructure Objects, 2011–2015 83657.5 Water availability and demand 837

57.5.1 Water availability 837Figure 57.11 Water resources in the Russian Federation 837

57.5.2 Sectoral water demand 837Figure 57.12 Water use by sector in the Russian Federation, 2000–2011 837Figure 57.13 Detailed sectoral water withdrawal in the Russian Federation, 2011 838

57.6 Municipal water and wastewater 838Figure 57.14 Water supply to various consumers connected to the water supply network, 2011 838Figure 57.15 Wastewater collected from wastewater network, 2011 839Figure 57.16 Water supply indicators 839Figure 57.17 Wastewater indicators 839

57.6.1 Water treatment 839Figure 57.18 Major Russian municipal WTPs by design capacity, 2012 840


Figure 57.19 Major WWTPs in the Russian Federation by design capacity, 2012 84157.6.4 Water reuse 841


57.7.1.1 Tariffs 842Figure 57.20 Current procedure for setting tariffs in the Russian Federation, 2012 842Figure 57.21 Water and wastewater tariffs in the main Russian cities including VAT (18%), 2012 843

57.7.2 Capital expenditure 843Figure 57.22 Deterioration levels of the key components of Russian vodokanal infrastructure, 2011 843

57.7.2.1 Budget investments 844Figure 57.23 Priority investment projects supported by the IF in municipal water and wastewater sectors, 2012 844

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Figure 57.24 Investments in municipal water and wastewater within the main federal programmes 84457.7.2.2 Extra-budgetary investments 845

Figure 57.25 EBRD activities regarding municipal environmental infrastructure, 2012 84557.7.3 Operating expenditure 845

Figure 57.26 Breakdown of total operating expenditure, 2011 845Figure 57.27 Operating costs of the largest vodokanals for water supply, 2011 846Figure 57.28 Operating costs of the largest vodokanals for wastewater disposal, 2011 846

57.8 Private sector participation 847Figure 57.29 Federal private operators 848

57.8.1 Legislative framework of PPP 849Figure 57.30 Investments in municipal water & ww projects under the Clean Water programme 2011–2017 850

57.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 85057.9.1 Projects procured under federal law No.94-FZ 85057.9.2 Projects procured under federal law No.223-FZ 85157.9.3 Projects procured under federal law No.115-FZ 85157.9.4 Project inception and specification 85157.9.5 Procurement models 851

57.9.5.1 Procurement of projects financed by International Financial Institutions (IFIs) 85257.9.6 The tender process 85257.9.7 Evaluation of bids 853

57.10 Supply chain 85457.10.1 Consulting engineers 85457.10.2 Contractors 85557.10.3 Private operators 856

Figure 57.31 JSC Mosvodokanal WTP & WWTP projects based on BOOT model 85657.10.4 Equipment suppliers 856




58. Serbia 86458.1 Main indicators 864



58.3 Municipal water 864Figure 58.5 Water supply indicators 864Figure 58.6 Number of people connected to water network 865Figure 58.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 865Figure 58.8 Number of water connections 865Figure 58.9 Municipal water supply capacity 866Figure 58.10 Meter coverage 866Figure 58.11 Non-revenue water 866

58.4 Municipal wastewater 867Figure 58.12 Wastewater indicators 867Figure 58.13 Number of people connected to wastewater network 867Figure 58.14 Number of wastewater connections 868Figure 58.15 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 868Figure 58.16 Volume of wastewater produced 868Figure 58.17 Wastewater collected 869


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Figure 58.18 Wastewater treated to secondary level 869Figure 58.19 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 869Figure 58.20 Wastewater treatment by technology 870


59. Slovakia 87559.1 Main indicators 875



59.3 Municipal water 875Figure 59.5 Water supply indicators 875Figure 59.6 Number of people connected to water network 876Figure 59.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 876Figure 59.8 Municipal water supply capacity 876Figure 59.9 Non-revenue water 877

59.4 Municipal wastewater 877Figure 59.10 Wastewater indicators 877Figure 59.11 Number of people connected to wastewater network 877Figure 59.12 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 878Figure 59.13 Wastewater treatment by technology 878



60. Slovenia 88360.1 Main indicators 883



60.3 Municipal water 883Figure 60.5 Water supply indicators 883Figure 60.6 Number of water connections 884Figure 60.7 Municipal water supply capacity 884Figure 60.8 Non-revenue water 884

60.4 Municipal wastewater 885Figure 60.9 Wastewater indicators 885Figure 60.10 Number of wastewater connections 885Figure 60.11 Volume of wastewater produced 885Figure 60.12 Wastewater collected 886Figure 60.13 Wastewater treated to secondary level 886Figure 60.14 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 886Figure 60.15 Wastewater treatment by technology 887



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61. South Africa 89261.1 Overview of indicators 892



61.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 893Figure 61.3 Ministries and agencies involved in water and wastewater sector 893

61.3.1.1 Central level 89361.3.1.2 At local level 894

Figure 61.4 Provinces of South Africa, with population breakdown, 2011 894Figure 61.5 Number of South African municipalities, 2011 894Figure 61.6 List of provinces and Water Management Areas in South Africa, 2013 895Figure 61.7 Agencies supervised by the DWA, 2013 895

61.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 89661.3.2.1 Overview of service providers 896

Figure 61.8 Municipalities considered as Water Service Authorities, 2010 89661.3.2.2 Water boards 896

Figure 61.9 Water Boards’ operational presence, 2012 89761.4 Government’s water strategy 89761.5 Water availability and demand 898

61.5.1 Water availability 898Figure 61.10 Water sources in South Africa 898Figure 61.11 Estimated water deficit by 2025 898

61.5.2 Sectoral water demand 899Figure 61.12 Sectoral water demand in South Africa, 2010 899


61.6.1 Water treatment 900Figure 61.15 Water access: breakdown of population in South Africa by province, 2011 900Figure 61.16 Number of municipal WTPs in South Africa by province, 2011 901Figure 61.17 Largest municipal WTPs in South Africa 901

61.6.2 Desalination 901Figure 61.18 Desalination capacities in South Africa by raw water source, 2012 901Figure 61.19 Desalination capacities in South Africa by end user, 2012 902

61.6.3 Wastewater treatment 902Figure 61.20 Wastewater access: breakdown of population in South Africa by province, 2011 902Figure 61.21 Number of municipal WWTPs in South Africa by province, 2010 903Figure 61.22 Breakdown of municipal WWTPs in South Africa by size, 2010 903Figure 61.23 Breakdown of municipal WWTPs in South Africa by performance, 2010 903Figure 61.24 WWTPs with the largest design capacities in South Africa 904

61.6.4 Water reuse 904Figure 61.25 Breakdown of wastewater treated by RO membranes in South Africa by end user, 2013 905Figure 61.26 Main reuse projects in South Africa, 2013 905


61.7.1.1 National, regional and municipal budgets 90661.7.1.2 Water tariffs 906

Figure 61.27 Water tariffs in two major South African cities, 2012 90761.7.2 Capital expenditure 907

61.7.2.1 Capital expenditures by Water Boards 907Figure 61.28 Water Boards’ capital expenditure, 2009 907

61.7.2.2 Capital expenditure by municipalities 908Figure 61.29 Breakdown of capital expenditure in South Africa by municipality type, 2006–2013 908

61.7.3 Operating expenditure 90861.7.3.1 Operating expenditures by Water Boards 908

Figure 61.30 Operating expenditure by Water Board, 2009 90861.7.3.2 Operating expenditure by municipalities 909


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Figure 61.31 Breakdown of operating expenditure by type of municipality in South Africa, 2006–2013 90961.8 Private sector participation 90961.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 909

61.9.1 Specificity of the South African procurement process 90961.9.2 Procurement models 91061.9.3 Procurement process 911

61.9.3.1 Pre-qualification 91161.9.3.2 Evaluation of bids 911


Figure 61.32 Main consulting engineers in South Africa, 2013 91261.10.2 Contractors 913

Figure 61.33 Main contractors in South Africa, 2013 91361.10.3 Private operators 91361.10.4 Equipment suppliers 913

Figure 61.34 Main equipment suppliers in South Africa, 2013 91361.11 Current and future key projects 914

Figure 61.35 Investments needed in water and wastewater infrastructure in South Africa each year 914Figure 61.36 Upcoming water and wastewater projects in South Africa 914



62. Spain 92062.1 Main indicators 920



62.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 921Figure 62.3 Government authorities with responsibilities for the water and wastewater sector, 2013 921

62.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 92262.4 Government’s water strategy 92262.5 Water availability and demand 922

62.5.1 Water availability 922Figure 62.4 Water resources, 2011 922

62.5.2 Sectoral water demand 923Figure 62.5 Sectoral water demand, 2010 923


62.6.1 Water treatment 924Figure 62.8 Sources for water supply, 2010 924Figure 62.9 Evolution of per capita daily water consumption, 1990–2011 924Figure 62.10 Water distribution losses, 2000–2010 925Figure 62.11 Examples of large WTPs in major Spanish cities 925

62.6.2 Desalination 926Figure 62.12 Major desalination plants in Spain by capacity, 2013 926

62.6.3 Wastewater treatment 927Figure 62.13 Regional breakdown of WWTPs 927Figure 62.14 Volume of wastewater collected and treated in municipal WWTPs, 2000–2010 928Figure 62.15 Degree of compliance with the UWWTD, 2010 928Figure 62.16 Investments in wastewater treatment infrastructure, 2005–2012 929

62.6.4 Water reuse 929Figure 62.17 Breakdown of wastewater reuse volumes by river basins, 2009 929

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Figure 62.18 Distribution of treated wastewater by use, 2006 93062.7 Water finance 930


Figure 62.19 Estimates for average water and wastewater prices, 2007–2009 931Figure 62.20 Estimates for average water prices by CCAA, 2010 931

62.7.2 Capital expenditure 931Figure 62.21 Investments in water and wastewater infrastructure in Spain, 2005–2012 932Figure 62.22 Capital expenditure on water supply and wastewater treatment services, 2007–2010 932

62.7.3 Operating expenditure 933Figure 62.23 Revenue from water supply and wastewater collection and treatment charges, 2007–2010 933

62.8 Private sector participation 93362.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 933

62.9.1 The tender process 93462.9.1.1 Project inception and specification 934

62.9.2 Prequalification process and request for proposals 93562.9.2.1 Evaluation of bids 93562.9.2.2 Award and commissioning 935

62.9.3 Procurement models for private sector participation 93662.9.4 Industrial clients 936

62.10 The supply chain 93762.10.1 Consulting engineers 937

Figure 62.24 Examples of major consulting engineering firms in Spain 93762.10.2 EPC contractors 93762.10.3 Private operators 93862.10.4 Equipment suppliers 938

Figure 62.25 Main equipment categories imported in Spain 93862.11 Current and future projects 938




63. Sudan 94563.1 Main indicators 945







64. Sweden 95164.1 Main indicators 951


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64.4 Municipal water supply capacity 95264.5 Municipal wastewater 952

Figure 64.6 Wastewater indicators 952Figure 64.7 Wastewater treated to secondary level 953Figure 64.8 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 953Figure 64.9 Wastewater treatment by technology 954



65. Switzerland 95965.1 Main indicators 959




65.4 Municipal wastewater 960Figure 65.7 Wastewater indicators 960Figure 65.8 Number of people connected to wastewater network 961Figure 65.9 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 961Figure 65.10 Volume of wastewater produced 961


66. Tanzania 96666.1 Main indicators 966



66.3 Municipal water 966Figure 66.5 Water supply indicators 966Figure 66.6 Number of water connections 967Figure 66.7 Meter coverage 967Figure 66.8 Non-revenue water 967

66.4 Municipal wastewater 968Figure 66.9 Wastewater indicators 968Figure 66.10 Number of wastewater connections 968


66.6 Market forecast 969Figure 66.12 Market forecast, 2011–2018 969Figure 66.13 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 970

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Figure 66.14 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 971

67. Turkey 97367.1 Main indicators 973




67.4 Municipal wastewater 975Figure 67.9 Wastewater indicators 975Figure 67.10 Number of people connected to wastewater network 975Figure 67.11 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 976Figure 67.12 Volume of wastewater produced 976Figure 67.13 Wastewater collected 976Figure 67.14 Wastewater treated to secondary level 977Figure 67.15 Wastewater treated to tertiary level 977Figure 67.16 Wastewater treatment by technology 978



68. Uganda 98368.1 Main indicators 983



68.3 Municipal water 983Figure 68.5 Water supply indicators 983Figure 68.6 Non-revenue water 984

68.4 Municipal wastewater 984Figure 68.7 Wastewater indicators 984Figure 68.8 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 984



69. Ukraine 99069.1 Main indicators 990




69.4 Municipal wastewater 991


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Figure 69.6 Wastewater indicators 99169.5 Market forecast 992


70. United Kingdom 99670.1 Overview of indicators 996



70.3.1 England & Wales 99770.3.2 Scotland 99770.3.3 Northern Ireland 99870.3.4 Water and wastewater service providers 998

70.3.4.1 Water and wastewater service providers in England & Wales 998Figure 70.3 Water indicators for WoCs and WaSCs in England & Wales 999Figure 70.4 Wastewater indicators for WaSCs in England & Wales, 2011 999

70.3.4.2 Water and wastewater service provider in Scotland 1000Figure 70.5 Water and wastewater indicators for Scottish Water, 2009–2012 1000

70.3.4.3 Water and wastewater service provider in Northern Ireland 1000Figure 70.6 Water and wastewater indicators from Northern Ireland Water, 2007–2012 1000


70.5.1 Water availability 1001Figure 70.7 Water resources in the UK, 2011 1001

70.5.2 Sectoral water demand 100170.5.2.1 Sectoral water demand in England & Wales 1001

Figure 70.8 Water abstraction by sector in England & Wales, 2000–2011 1002Figure 70.9 Water abstraction from sources by sector, 2011 1002

70.5.2.2 Sectoral water demand in Scotland 1002Figure 70.10 Water abstraction by subsector in Scotland, 2004 1002

70.5.2.3 Sectoral water demand in Northern Ireland 100370.5.2.4 UK sectoral water demand 1003

Figure 70.11 Annual water withdrawals by sector, 1988–2007 1003Figure 70.12 UK water abstraction by water source 1003


70.6.1 Water treatment 1004Figure 70.15 Water treatment plants and supply by utility in the UK 1004Figure 70.16 Major WTPs in the UK 1005

70.6.2 Desalination 1005Figure 70.17 Major desalination plants in the UK 1006

70.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1006Figure 70.18 Treatment capacity breakdowns of WWTPs, 2011 1006Figure 70.19 Treatment categories of UK WWTPs, 2011 1007Figure 70.20 Major WWTPs in the UK 1007


70.7.1 Funding sources 100870.7.1.1 Tariffs in England & Wales 1008

Figure 70.21 Average annual price limits for England & Wales (K factor) 1009Figure 70.22 ‘K’ factors for England & Wales, 2010–2015 1009Figure 70.23 Average metered and unmetered water and wastewater charges, 2011/2012 1010

70.7.1.2 Tariffs in Scotland 1010Figure 70.24 Unmetered household water and wastewater tariffs, 2012/2013 1010

70.7.1.3 Tariffs in Northern Ireland 101070.7.2 Capital expenditure 1011

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70.7.2.1 England & Wales 1011Figure 70.25 Capital expenditure by service, 2005–2010 1011Figure 70.26 Gross capital expenditure on water and wastewater services by service area, 2005–2010 1011Figure 70.27 Capital spending targets on water and wastewater services, 2010–2015 1012Figure 70.28 Capital spending & infrastructure renewals in England & Wales for AMP4 and AMP5 1012Figure 70.29 Capital spending areas, 2010–2015 1012

70.7.2.2 Scotland 1013Figure 70.30 Capital and PFI investments, 2010–2015 1013

70.7.2.3 Northern Ireland 1013Figure 70.31 Public expenditure in Northern Ireland, 2013–2015 1013

70.7.3 Operating expenditure 101370.7.3.1 England & Wales 1013

Figure 70.32 Total operating expenditure breakdown by service, 2005–2010 1013Figure 70.33 Operating expenditure for water and wastewater services by function 1014

70.7.3.2 Scotland 1014Figure 70.34 Operating expenditure from, 2005–2012 1014

70.8 Private sector participation 101470.8.1 Overview 101470.8.2 Private Finance Initiative reform 1015

70.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 101570.9.1 Overview 1015

Figure 70.35 Minimum competitive procurement process threshold 101570.9.2 The tender process 1015

70.9.2.1 Invitation to tender 101670.9.2.2 Pre-qualification 101670.9.2.3 Tender evaluation 1016

70.9.3 Asset management plans 101670.9.4 Framework agreement contracts 101770.9.5 AMP6 Alliance frameworks 1018

70.9.5.1 Anglian Water Alliance framework 101870.9.5.2 Thames Water Alliance framework 1018

Figure 70.36 Joint ventures and programme manager candidates for Thames Water AMP6 cycle 101970.10 Supply chain 1019

70.10.1 How the market works 101970.10.1.1 Supply chain inefficiencies 102070.10.1.2 Procurement models and contracts 102070.10.1.3 Project risks 102070.10.1.4 Market access 1021

70.10.2 Consulting engineers 1021Figure 70.37 Consulting engineering firms active in the UK water and wastewater industry 1022

70.10.3 Contractors 1022Figure 70.38 AMP5 framework contractors for WaSCs, 2010–2015 1022Figure 70.39 Contractors in the UK water and wastewater industry 1024

70.10.4 Private operators 102470.10.5 Equipment suppliers 1024

Figure 70.40 Equipment suppliers in the UK water and wastewater market 102470.11 Current and future key projects 1025

70.11.1 Current projects 102570.11.1.1 England & Wales 102570.11.1.2 Scotland 1025

70.11.2 Future projects 102570.11.2.1 England & Wales 102570.11.2.2 Scotland 102670.11.2.3 Northern Ireland 1026

70.12 Future market directions 102670.12.1 Overview 102670.12.2 Planned expenditure 102670.12.3 Notes on the market forecast 1026



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Figure 70.41 Market forecast, 2011-2018 1027Figure 70.42 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 1028Figure 70.43 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 1029Figure 70.44 Industrial markets, 2013–2017 1030

Volume 3: Middle East and Asia Pacific71. Australia 1031

71.1 Overview of indicators 1031Figure 71.1 Population projections, 2010–2020 1031Figure 71.2 Economic indicators 1031


71.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 103171.3.1.1 Federal organisations: Water management 1031

Figure 71.3 Australia federal water governance 103271.3.1.2 Federal organisations: Water management of environmental flows 103271.3.1.3 State organisations 1033

Figure 71.4 Water regulatory structure in NSW (left) and Southern Australia (right) 1033Figure 71.5 Water regulatory structure in Queensland 1034Figure 71.6 Water regulatory structure in Tasmania 1034Figure 71.7 Water regulatory structure in Victoria 1035Figure 71.8 Water regulatory structure in ACT (left) and Northern Territory (right) 1035Figure 71.9 Water regulatory structure in Western Australia 1036

71.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 1036Figure 71.10 Water utilities in Australia by State or Territory 1037Figure 71.11 Major water and wastewater utilities in Australia, 2012 1038

71.4 Government’s water strategy 103871.4.1 National Water Initiative 103871.4.2 The Water for the Future project 1038

Figure 71.12 Projects under the National Urban Water and Desalination Plan 103971.4.3 Raising National Water Standards 1040

Figure 71.13 Areas funded under the Raising National Water Standards programme 104071.5 Water availability and demand 1041

71.5.1 Water availability 1041Figure 71.14 Sources of water available in Australia 1041

71.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1041Figure 71.15 Sectoral water consumption in Australia, 2010–2011 1041


71.6.1 Water treatment 1042Figure 71.18 Major WTPs in Australia 1042

71.6.2 Desalination 1043Figure 71.19 Major desalination plants in Australia 1044

71.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1045Figure 71.20 Major WWTPs in Australia 1045

71.6.4 Water reuse 1046Figure 71.21 Major water reuse plants in Australia 1046Figure 71.22 Total volume of recycled water supplied by major utilities in Australia, 2010–2011 1047

71.7 Water finance 1047Figure 71.23 Financial indicators for the major utilities in Australia, 2010–2011 1047


Figure 71.24 Average annual residential tariff for water and wastewater by major utility 1048Figure 71.25 Major utilities’ net profit after tax, 2006–2011 1048

71.7.2 Capital expenditure 1048Figure 71.26 Water and wastewater capital expenditure for major utilities in Australia, 2006–2011 1049Figure 71.27 Water and wastewater capital expenditure by a utility 1049

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71.7.3 Operating expenditure 1049Figure 71.28 Water and wastewater operating costs for major utilities in Australia, 2006–2011 1049

71.8 Private sector participation 1050Figure 71.29 Examples of O&M contracts and other PPPs 1050

71.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 105171.9.1 Procurement models overview and trends 1051

Figure 71.30 Overview of the procurement models used in Australia 105271.9.1.1 Influence on project development outcome 105271.9.1.2 Future trends in the usage of procurement models 1053

71.9.2 Identification of projects 105371.9.3 Tender process 1053

71.9.3.1 Lump-sum EPC tendering process 105371.9.3.2 Competitive EPC Alliance tendering process 1054

71.9.4 Equipment specification 105471.9.4.1 Pre-qualification process and preferred equipment suppliers list 105571.9.4.2 Sole-sourcing 1055

71.9.5 Quality assurance 105571.9.5.1 Quality assurance in long-term O&M contracts 1055

71.10 Supply chain 105571.10.1 Design firms 105571.10.2 Contractors 1056

71.10.2.1 Prequalification criteria 105671.10.2.2 Local preference 1056

71.10.3 Private operators 105771.10.4 Equipment suppliers 1057

71.10.4.1 Equipment sales strategies 105871.10.4.2 Partnership restrictions for development of desalination plants 1058

71.11 Current and future key projects 105871.11.1 Current projects 1058

Figure 71.31 Contracted water and wastewater projects in Australia 105871.11.2 Future projects 1059

Figure 71.32 Future water and wastewater projects in Australia 105971.12 Future market directions 1059



72. Bahrain 106472.1 Main indicators 1064








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73. Bangladesh 107073.1 Main indicators 1070






74. China 107674.1 Overview of indicators 1076



Figure 74.3 China’s government bodies performing water-related roles 107874.3.1 Water and wastewater service providers 1079

Figure 74.4 Examples of large public and private water utilities by the size of population served in China 107974.4 Government’s water strategy 107974.5 Water availability and demand 1081

74.5.1 Water availability 1081Figure 74.5 Annual water resources in China, 2008–2011 1081Figure 74.6 Annual water withdrawal in China, 2007–2011 1081

74.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1082Figure 74.7 Annual water withdrawal by sector, 2007–2011 1082


74.6.1 Water treatment 1083Figure 74.10 Major WTPs by design capacity in China, 2012 1083

74.6.2 Desalination 1083Figure 74.11 Major desalination plants by design capacity in China, 2012 1084

74.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1084Figure 74.12 Major WWTPs by design capacity in China, 2012 1085Figure 74.13 Wastewater treatment targets included in the 12 FYP, 2011–2015 1085

74.6.4 Water reuse 1085Figure 74.14 Water reuse projects by design capacity in China, 2012 1086


74.7.1.1 Tariffs 1087Figure 74.15 Water tariffs of municipal utilities of the main cities in China, 2011–2012 1087

74.7.2 Capital expenditure 1088Figure 74.16 Total fixed assets investment plan of water sector, 2007–2011 1089

74.7.3 Operating expenditure 108974.7.4 Future investment 1089

74.8 Private sector participation 109074.8.1 Extent of PPP 109074.8.2 Legal & policy framework 109074.8.3 Role of foreign companies 1090

74.9 Introduction to procurement in industrial projects 109174.9.1 State-owned enterprises (SOEs) 1091

74.9.1.1 The impact of SOEs on the water market 1091

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74.9.1.2 Relationship between SOEs and the government 109174.9.2 Non-SOEs 109274.9.3 State-linked water solution providers 109274.9.4 Non-state-linked water solution providers 1092

74.10 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 109274.10.1 Project inception and specification 109274.10.2 The tender process proper 109374.10.3 Bid evaluation 109374.10.4 Contractual/tariff negotiations 109474.10.5 Local versus foreign players 109474.10.6 Current procurement trends in China 1095

74.11 Supply chain 109574.11.1 Design institutes 109574.11.2 Contractors 1096

74.11.2.1 Relationship between contractors and suppliers 109774.11.3 Equipment suppliers 1097

74.12 Current and future key projects 1098Figure 74.17 Current projects in China 1098Figure 74.18 Future projects in China 1098



75. India 110475.1 Overview of indicators 1104



75.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 1105Figure 75.3 Organisational structure of water and wastewater management in India, 2012 1105

75.3.1.1 Central Government Level 1105Figure 75.4 Central Government agencies involved in the water and wastewater sector, 2012 1106

75.3.1.2 State Government Level 1106Figure 75.5 State-level organisations responsible for water & wastewater services by state, 2012 1106

75.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 110775.4 Government’s water strategy 1107

75.4.1 Twelfth Five Year Plan, 2012–2017 110775.4.2 Central government programmes/schemes 1108

Figure 75.6 Existing JNNURM structure 110875.5 Water availability and demand 1109

75.5.1 Water availability 1109Figure 75.7 Water resources in India, 2011 1109

75.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1109Figure 75.8 Future water demand in India for various sectors, 2000–2050 1109

75.5.3 Water in industry 1109Figure 75.9 Estimated values of industrial water withdrawal for 2008–2030 1110


75.6.1 Water treatment 1111Figure 75.12 Major WTPs by design capacity in India, 2012 1112

75.6.2 Desalination 1112Figure 75.13 Major desalination plants in India by design capacity, 2012 1112

75.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1113


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Figure 75.14 Municipal wastewater generation and treatment in India for Class-1 and Class-2 cities, 2009 1113Figure 75.15 WWTPs in Class 1 & 2 cities & small towns by treatment technology & design capacity, 2005 1113



Figure 75.16 Water and wastewater tariffs per m³ in sample cities/towns in India, 2012 111475.7.1.2 Sources of funding for the 12th FYP 1115

Figure 75.17 Sources of funding for water, wastewater & overall infrastructure during the 12th FYP, 2012–2017 111575.7.2 Capital expenditure 1115

Figure 75.18 Projected investment in water and ww infrastructure for the 12th Five Year Plan, 2012–2017 1116Figure 75.19 Water, wastewater and drainage projects approved under JNNURM, July 2012 1116Figure 75.20 Proposed water supply and wastewater budget by state, 12th Five Year Plan, 2012–2017 1117


75.8.1 Policy 111875.8.2 Market direction 1118

75.8.2.1 Slow pace of PPPs 111875.8.2.2 Developments 1118

Figure 75.21 Prominent water and wastewater PPP projects, India 111975.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 1120

75.9.1 Procurement models 112075.9.1.1 EPC model 112075.9.1.2 PPP models 112075.9.1.3 Unsolicited bids 112175.9.1.4 Business-to-business (B2B) model 1121

75.9.2 How the market works 112175.9.2.1 Opaque procurement process 112175.9.2.2 Relationships and connections 112175.9.2.3 Complex institutional structure and delays 112275.9.2.4 Consulting engineers’ influence 112275.9.2.5 Partnering with local players 1122

75.9.3 Market penetration 112275.10 Supply chain 1123

75.10.1 Consulting engineers (CE) 112375.10.1.1 Role 112375.10.1.2 Market players 1123

75.10.2 Contractors 112475.10.2.1 Role 112475.10.2.2 Market players 1124

Figure 75.22 Prominent water contractors, India, 2012 112675.10.3 Private operators 112675.10.4 Equipment suppliers 1127

75.10.4.1 Role 112775.10.4.2 Market players 1127

75.11 Current and future key projects 1128Figure 75.23 Current water PPP projects in India 1128Figure 75.24 Future water PPP projects in India 1129



76. Indonesia 113576.1 Overview of indicators 1135

Figure 76.1 Population projections, 2010–2020 1135

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Figure 76.2 Economic indicators 113576.2 Context and overview of challenges 1135

76.2.1 Challenges in Indonesia’s water and wastewater sector 113576.3 The water sector organisation and structure 1136

76.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 1136Figure 76.3 Central and local governmental bodies responsible for the water sector in Indonesia 1136Figure 76.4 Organisational structure of the Ministry of Public Works 1137Figure 76.5 Other organisations involved in Indonesia’s water sector 1138

76.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 1138Figure 76.6 Indonesian water utility capacities based on province 1139Figure 76.7 The 10 largest public water utilities by number of household connections in 2010 1139

76.4 Government strategies 114076.4.1 Water sector strategies 1140

76.4.1.1 The Urban Water Supply Programme 114176.4.1.2 The Rural Water Supply Programme 1141

76.4.2 Wastewater Sector Strategy 114276.4.2.1 Institutional-based approach 114276.4.2.2 Community-based approach 1142


Figure 76.8 Indonesian water resources, 2011 1143Figure 76.9 Indonesian Islands’ potential water reserves 1143

76.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1143Figure 76.10 Sectoral water use trends in Indonesia, 1990–2011 1143

76.6 Municipal water and wastewater 1144Figure 76.11 Public access to piped water supply in Indonesia, 1990–2010 1144Figure 76.12 Percentage of households in urban and rural areas by drinking water source, 2010 1144Figure 76.13 Water supply indicators 1144Figure 76.14 Wastewater indicators 1145

76.6.1 Water treatment 1145Figure 76.15 The 10 largest water utilities in Indonesia by design and operational capacity 1145

76.6.2 Desalination 1146Figure 76.16 Desalination plants by sector in Indonesia 1146

76.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1146Figure 76.17 Existing WWTPs in Indonesia, 2011 1146


76.7.1 Funding sources 114776.7.1.1 PDAM budget, and local (municipal/regencial) government funds 114776.7.1.2 PDAM tariffs 1147

Figure 76.18 Water tariffs charged by the largest public utilities, 2010 114776.7.1.3 Private sector investment 114876.7.1.4 On-lending 114876.7.1.5 On-granting 114876.7.1.6 Commercial credit support 114876.7.1.7 Government funding agencies 114876.7.1.8 Government budgets for the wastewater sector 1148

76.7.2 Capital expenditure 1149Figure 76.19 Funding details for Indonesian Water Sector Programmes, 2011–2014 period 1149


76.8.1 Public-private partnership (PPP) 1150Figure 76.20 Current PPP contracts in Indonesia 1150

76.8.1.1 Build-Operate-Transfer (BOT) 115076.8.1.2 Concession 1151

76.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 115176.9.1 Business-to-business (B2B) procurement model 1151

76.9.1.1 Overview 115176.9.1.2 Procurement process for B2B projects 1151


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76.9.1.3 Current projects procured under B2B model 115276.9.2 Unsolicited PPP procurement method 1152

76.9.2.1 Overview 115276.9.2.2 Procurement process for unsolicited projects 1153

76.9.3 Solicited PPP procurement method 115376.9.3.1 Overview 115376.9.3.2 Procurement process for solicited projects 115376.9.3.3 Current obstacles in procurement of solicited PPP projects 1154


Figure 76.21 Equipment suppliers in Indonesia 115676.11 Current and future key projects 1157


76.11.2.1 Large-scale priority projects 115776.11.2.2 Large-scale potential projects 1157



77. Iran 116377.1 Main indicators 1163







78. Iraq 116978.1 Main indicators 1169





78.5 Market forecast 1171Figure 78.7 Market forecast, 2011–2018 1171Figure 78.8 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 1172

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Figure 78.9 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 1173

79. Israel 117579.1 Main indicators 1175




79.4 Municipal wastewater 1176Figure 79.6 Wastewater indicators 1176Figure 79.7 Volume of wastewater produced 1176Figure 79.8 Wastewater collected 1177Figure 79.9 Wastewater treatment by technology 1177



80. Japan 118380.1 Overview of indicators 1183



80.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 1184Figure 80.3 Governmental organisational structure in the water sector, as of 2011 1184

80.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 1185Figure 80.4 Number of public utilities for water, wastewater and industrial water, 2010 1185

80.4 Government’s water strategy 1185Figure 80.5 Water-related targets specified by MLIT, 2011–2016 1186


Figure 80.6 Water resources 118680.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1186

Figure 80.7 Water demand in Japan by sector, 2006–2009 1186Figure 80.8 Industrial water usage in Japan by sector and application, 2010 1187


80.6.1 Water treatment 1188Figure 80.11 Number of WTPs and the volume of water treated in Japan by technology, 2011 1189Figure 80.12 Number of WTPs employing advanced water treatment in Japan by technology, 2009 1189Figure 80.13 WTPs in the municipality of Tokyo, as of 2008 1189Figure 80.14 Major WTPs in Japan, 2011 1190

80.6.2 Desalination 1190Figure 80.15 Major desalination plants in Japan by design capacity, 2008 1190

80.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1190Figure 80.16 Volume of wastewater treated to primary, secondary and tertiary levels by plant size, 2009 1191Figure 80.17 Major WWTPs in Japan, 2009 1191

80.6.4 Water reuse 1191Figure 80.18 Number of reuse facilities in Japan by water reuse application, 2006 1191


80.7.1.1 Tariffs 1192Figure 80.19 Typical tariff systems in Japan, 2006 1192


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80.7.2 Capital expenditure 1192Figure 80.20 Capital investment in public enterprises, 2012 1193Figure 80.21 Funding sources of capital expenditure for the development of new facilities, 2006 1193Figure 80.22 Capital investment into water and wastewater, 2008–2012 1194

80.7.3 Operating expenditure 1194Figure 80.23 Funding sources for operating expenditure of existing facilities 1195Figure 80.24 Breakdown of O&M costs, 1975–2010 1195

80.8 Private sector participation 119680.8.1 Relevant laws and regulation 119680.8.2 Modes of private sector participation (PSP) 1196

80.8.2.1 O&M contracts 119680.8.2.2 Design-build-operate (DBO) 119680.8.2.3 Build-transfer-operate (BTO) 119780.8.2.4 Concessions 1197

80.8.3 EPC 119780.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 1197

80.9.1 Procurement models 119780.9.2 Project development 119880.9.3 Development of specifications 1198

80.9.3.1 Specifications for EPC projects 119880.9.3.2 Specifications for DBO an BTO projects 1198

80.9.4 Tender announcement 119880.9.5 Prequalification 119880.9.6 Bidding 1199

80.9.6.1 Bidders for EPC contracts 119980.9.6.2 Bidders for DBO and BTO contracts 1199

80.9.7 Evaluation of bids 119980.9.8 Award and contract negotiation 120080.9.9 Foreign participation 1200

80.10 Supply chain 120080.10.1 Overview 120080.10.2 Consulting engineers 120080.10.3 EPC contractors 120080.10.4 Private operators 120180.10.5 Equipment suppliers 1202

Figure 80.25 Major equipment suppliers in the Japanese water sector 120280.11 Current and future key projects 1203

80.11.1 Current projects 1203Figure 80.26 Current projects in Japan 1203

80.11.2 Future projects 1204Figure 80.27 Examples of announced projects 1204



81. Jordan 121081.1 Main indicators 1210




81.4 Municipal wastewater 1211

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Figure 81.6 Wastewater indicators 121181.5 Private sector participation 1211



82. Korea, Republic 121682.1 Main indicators 1216



82.3 Municipal water 1216Figure 82.5 Water supply indicators 1216Figure 82.6 Number of people connected to water network 1217Figure 82.7 Percentage of people connected to water network 1217Figure 82.8 Municipal water supply capacity 1217Figure 82.9 Non-revenue water 1218

82.4 Municipal wastewater 1218Figure 82.10 Wastewater indicators 1218Figure 82.11 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 1219



83. Kuwait 122483.1 Main indicators 1224







84. Lebanon 123084.1 Main indicators 1230






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85. Libya 123685.1 Main indicators 1236







86. Malaysia 124286.1 Overview of indicators 1242



86.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 1243Figure 86.3 Government ministries and agencies 1244

86.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 124486.3.2.1 Water service providers 1244

Figure 86.4 Water supply providers in Malaysia by state 124586.3.2.2 Wastewater service providers 1246

86.4 Government’s water strategy 124686.4.1 10th Malaysia Plan (2011–2015) 1246

Figure 86.5 Government strategy for the water services industry in Malaysia 124686.4.2 National Water Resources Policy (NWRP) 124786.4.3 Wastewater strategy 124786.4.4 Water and wastewater projects within the Economic Transformation Programme 1247


Figure 86.6 Water resource availability in Malaysia by state 124886.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1249

Figure 86.7 Projected sectoral water demand for Malaysia, 2010–2050 1249Figure 86.8 Breakdown of water demand by sector, 2010–2050 1249


86.6.1 Water treatment 125186.6.1.1 Metered water consumption and NRW 1251

Figure 86.11 Metered domestic and non-domestic consumption, 2007–2011 1251Figure 86.12 Volume of water feeding the system and percentage of NRW by state, 2011 1252Figure 86.13 Breakdown of water supply network by types of pipe, 2011 1253

86.6.1.2 Water treatment capacity 1253Figure 86.14 Water treatment design and operational capacity by state, 2011 1254Figure 86.15 Projected potable water demand for 2020 vs WTP design capacities as of 2011 1254Figure 86.16 Major WTPs in Malaysia 1255

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86.6.1.3 Water treatment in Selangor 125586.6.2 Desalination 125686.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1256

Figure 86.17 Wastewater services for Peninsular Malaysia, 2011 1256Figure 86.18 Public STPs in Peninsular Malaysia by type, 2011 1256Figure 86.19 Distribution of STPs by state, 2010 1257Figure 86.20 Number of STPs for the connected wastewater facilities by capacity, 2011 1257Figure 86.21 Major WWTPs in Malaysia 1258



Figure 86.22 Average domestic water tariffs for the first 35 m³ in Malaysia, 2009–2012 1259Figure 86.23 Structure of wastewater tariff in Malaysia by type of customer, 2012 1259

86.7.2 Capital expenditure 126086.7.2.1 Capital expenditure in the water sector 1260

Figure 86.24 Schedule of proposed water supply projects in Malaysia and estimated costs, 2010–2050 1260Figure 86.25 Water supply projects in Malaysia until 2050 by state 1261

86.7.2.2 Capital expenditure in the wastewater sector 1261Figure 86.26 Capital investments in wastewater sector in Peninsular Malaysia, 2008–2011 1261Figure 86.27 Capital investments in the wastewater sector according to federal programme 1262

86.7.3 Operating expenditure 1262Figure 86.28 Total operating costs, total expenditure and revenues in the water sector, 2010–2011 1262Figure 86.29 Evolution of total expenditure and revenue in the water sector, 2007–2011 1262Figure 86.30 Total operating costs, total expenditure and revenues in the wastewater sector, 2010–2011 1263Figure 86.31 Evolution of total expenditure and revenue in the wastewater sector, 2007–2011 1263

86.8 Private sector participation 1263Figure 86.32 Summary of PPI projects in Malaysia 1264

86.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 126486.9.1 Procurement procedures 126586.9.2 Procurement requirements 1265

Figure 86.33 Registration requirements for supply chain companies in Malaysia 1265Figure 86.34 PKK classes for civil work contractors 1265

86.9.3 Procurement stages 126686.9.3.1 Tender 1266

Figure 86.35 Procurement process of Malaysia 126786.9.4 Procurement models 1267

86.10 Supply chain 126786.10.1 Consulting engineers 126786.10.2 Contractors 1268

Figure 86.36 Major EPC contractors active in more than one sector of the supply chain in Malaysia 126986.10.3 Private operators 1270

86.10.3.1 Selangor case 127086.10.4 Equipment suppliers 1271

86.11 Current and future key projects 127286.11.1 Current projects 1272

Figure 86.37 Water supply projects under the 10th Malaysia Plan for the period 2011–2012 1272Figure 86.38 Current projects in the Malaysian water industry 1272

86.11.2 Future projects 1273Figure 86.39 Future projects in the Malaysian water industry 1273


86.13 Market forecast 1274Figure 86.40 Market forecast, 2011–2018 1274Figure 86.41 Market forecast breakdown, 2013 1275Figure 86.42 Market forecast data, 2011–2018 1276Figure 86.43 Industrial markets, 2013–2017 1277


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87. Morocco 127887.1 Main indicators 1278




87.4 Municipal wastewater 1279Figure 87.6 Wastewater indicators 1279Figure 87.7 Wastewater treated to secondary level 1279



88. New Zealand 128488.1 Main indicators 1284




88.4 Municipal wastewater 1286Figure 88.9 Wastewater indicators 1286Figure 88.10 Volume of wastewater produced 1286Figure 88.11 Wastewater treatment by technology 1287



89. Oman 129289.1 Main indicators 1292







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90. Pakistan 129890.1 Main indicators 1298






91. Philippines 130491.1 Overview of indicators 1304



91.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 1305Figure 91.3 Organisations of the water sector in the Philippines 1305

91.3.2 Local authorities 1306Figure 91.4 Regional breakdown of LGUs in the Philippines, 2010 1306

91.3.3 Water and wastewater service providers 1307Figure 91.5 Regional breakdown of the population served in 2009, by water service provider 1307

91.3.3.1 Service providers in Metro Manila 1307Figure 91.6 Characteristics of concessionaires in Metro Manila 1308

91.3.3.2 Service providers outside Metro Manila 130891.4 Government’s water strategy 130891.5 Water availability and demand 1309

91.5.1 Water availability 1309Figure 91.7 Water resources 1309

91.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1309Figure 91.8 Sectoral water demand in the Philippines, 2011 1309


91.6.1 Water treatment 131091.6.1.1 Overview 1310

Figure 91.11 Levels of water system in the Philippines, official definitions 1310Figure 91.12 Breakdown of households in the Philippines by level of water access, 2009 1310

91.6.1.2 Water treatment in Metro Manila 1311Figure 91.13 Characteristics of the water service in Metro Manila, by zone 1311Figure 91.14 Raw water reservoirs in Metro Manila 1311Figure 91.15 Major WTPs in the Philippines, by capacity 1312

91.6.1.3 Water treatment outside Metro Manila 131291.6.2 Desalination 131291.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1312

91.6.3.1 Overview 1312Figure 91.16 Characteristics of the wastewater service in Metro Manila, by zone 1313

91.6.3.2 Wastewater treatment in the west zone of Metro Manila 1313Figure 91.17 Main wastewater systems in Metro Manila 1313Figure 91.18 Work undertaken by Maynilad on Metro Manila’s wastewater infrastructure 1314

91.6.3.3 Wastewater treatment in the east zone of Metro Manila 1314Figure 91.19 Major WWTPs in the Philippines, by capacity 1314

91.6.4 Water reuse 1314


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91.7.1.1 Tariffs 1315Figure 91.20 Water tariffs for residential users in Metro Manila and Davao City, 2012 1315

91.7.1.2 Sagana at Ligtas na Tubig sa Lahat 131591.7.1.3 Philippines Water Revolving Fund (PWRF) 131691.7.1.4 Metro Manila Wastewater Management Project 1316

Figure 91.21 Projected progression of wastewater network coverage in Metro Manila, 2012–2037 131691.7.2 Capital expenditure 1317

Figure 91.22 Capital expenditure for water and wastewater infrastructure in the Philippines, 2008–2010 131791.7.3 Operating expenditure 1317

Figure 91.23 Operating expenditure for water and wastewater infrastructure in the Philippines, 2008–2010 131791.8 Private sector participation 1317

91.8.1 Emphasis on private sector participation since 2010 131791.8.1.1 Framework for private sector participation 131791.8.1.2 The PPP Center, a dedicated agency 1318

Figure 91.24 PPP projects underway in the Philippines, 2013 131891.8.2 Private sector participation: Current situation 1318

91.8.2.1 Overview 1318Figure 91.25 Concessions outside of Metro Manila awarded to Manila Water 1318

91.8.2.2 Future perspectives 131991.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 1319

91.9.1 Procurement process followed by governmental entities 1319Figure 91.26 Procurement process followed by governmental entities in the Philippines 1320

91.9.2 Procurement process followed by private entities 132191.10 Supply chain 1321

91.10.1 Consulting engineers 1321Figure 91.27 Consulting engineers present in the water and wastewater market in the Philippines 1322

91.10.2 Contractors 1322Figure 91.28 Contractors present in the water and wastewater market in the Philippines 1322

91.10.3 Private operators 1322Figure 91.29 Private operators present in the water and wastewater market in the Philippines 1323

91.10.4 Equipment suppliers 1323Figure 91.30 Equipment suppliers present in the water and wastewater market in the Philippines 1323

91.11 Current and future key projects 1324Figure 91.31 Breakdown of the Metro Manila Wastewater Management Project 1324



92. Qatar 132992.1 Main indicators 1329







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93. Saudi Arabia 133593.1 Overview of indicators 1335



93.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 133693.3.1.1 The Ministry of Water and Electricity 133693.3.1.2 The National Water Company 133693.3.1.3 The Saline Water Conversion Corporation 133793.3.1.4 The Water and Electricity Company 133793.3.1.5 Electricity and Co-generation Regulatory Authority 133793.3.1.6 Other institutions 1337

93.3.2 Water and wastewater service providers 133793.3.3 The structure of water supply in Saudi Arabia 1338

Figure 93.3 Water and wastewater authorities in Saudi Arabia 133893.4 Government’s water strategy 1338

93.4.1 National Water Strategy 133893.4.1.1 Conserving and developing water resources 1339

Figure 93.4 MOWE conservation targets, 2013 133993.4.1.2 Improving governance and management 1339

Figure 93.5 Regions with regulated aquifer withdrawal in Saudi Arabia, 2010–2040 133993.4.1.3 Improving water services 1339

Figure 93.6 MOWE service targets, 2013 134093.4.2 Renewable energy 1340

Figure 93.7 Projected water supply in Saudi Arabia by source, 2011 134193.4.3 Privatisation 1341


Figure 93.8 Estimated water resources in Saudi Arabia, 2010 134293.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1342

Figure 93.9 Estimated water demand by source in Saudi Arabia, 2010–2060 134293.6 Municipal water and wastewater 1342


93.6.1 Water treatment 1343Figure 93.12 Domestic water supply by source in Saudi Arabia, 2010 1343Figure 93.13 WTPs in Saudi Arabia serving Riyadh 1344

93.6.2 Desalination 1344Figure 93.14 The largest seawater desalination plants in Saudi Arabia 1344

93.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1345Figure 93.15 Wastewater flow and treatment capacity in Saudi Arabia, 2010 1345Figure 93.16 Major WWTPs by design capacity in Saudi Arabia, 2013 1346

93.6.4 Water reuse 1346Figure 93.17 Reuse in Saudi Arabia by sector, 2010–2035 1346Figure 93.18 MOWE guidance on treated wastewater quality 1347


93.7.1.1 Tariffs 134793.7.1.2 The National Water Company’s TSE programme 1348

Figure 93.19 NWC income projections by source, 2012–2030 134893.7.2 Capital expenditure 1348

93.7.2.1 National Water Company 1348Figure 93.20 NWC capital investment forecast, 2012–2017 1349

93.7.2.2 Saline Water Conversion Corporation 134993.7.3 Operating expenditure 1349

93.8 Private sector participation 1349


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93.8.1 Independent Water and Power Projects (IWPPs) 135093.8.2 SWCC privatisation 135093.8.3 NWC privatisation 1350

93.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 135193.9.1 National Water Company (NWC) 1352

93.9.1.1 Prequalification 135293.9.1.2 Bidding 135293.9.1.3 Bid evaluation and award 1352

93.9.2 MOWE 135393.9.3 Saline Water Conversion Corporation 1353

93.9.3.1 Prequalification 135393.9.3.2 Bidding and award 1353

93.9.4 Marafiq and the Royal Commission for Jubail and Yanbu 135493.9.5 Industrial customers 1354


93.10.1.1 Water and wastewater 135493.10.1.2 Desalination 1355

93.10.2 Contractors 135593.10.2.1 Leading thermal desalination contractors 1356

93.10.3 Developers 1356Figure 93.21 Saudi IWPP developers 1356

93.10.4 Private operators 1357Figure 93.22 NWC’s key city water managers 1357

93.10.4.1 IWPPs 1357Figure 93.23 IWPP O&M contracts in Saudi Arabia 1357

93.10.4.2 Other private operators 135793.10.5 Equipment suppliers 1358


93.11.2.1 NWC’s wastewater pipeline 135893.11.2.2 SWCC desalination pipeline 135993.11.2.3 Marafiq project pipeline 1359



94. Singapore 136594.1 Main indicators 1365



94.3 Municipal water 1365Figure 94.5 Water supply indicators 1365Figure 94.6 Percentage of people connected to water network 1366Figure 94.7 Number of water connections 1366Figure 94.8 Non-revenue water 1366

94.4 Municipal wastewater 1367Figure 94.9 Wastewater indicators 1367Figure 94.10 Number of wastewater connections 1367Figure 94.11 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 1368Figure 94.12 Volume of wastewater produced 1368

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Figure 94.13 Wastewater collected 136894.5 Private sector participation 1368



95. Sri Lanka 137395.1 Main indicators 1373



95.3 Municipal water 1373Figure 95.5 Water supply indicators 1373Figure 95.6 Percentage of people connected to water network 1374Figure 95.7 Number of water connections 1374Figure 95.8 Municipal water supply capacity 1374

95.4 Municipal wastewater 1375Figure 95.9 Wastewater indicators 1375Figure 95.10 Number of wastewater connections 1375


96. Taiwan 138096.1 Main indicators 1380


96.2 Municipal water 1380Figure 96.3 Water supply indicators 1380Figure 96.4 Number of people connected to water network 1380Figure 96.5 Percentage of people connected to water network 1381Figure 96.6 Number of water connections 1381

96.3 Municipal wastewater 1382Figure 96.7 Wastewater indicators 1382Figure 96.8 Number of people connected to wastewater network 1382Figure 96.9 Number of wastewater connections 1383Figure 96.10 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 1383Figure 96.11 Volume of wastewater produced 1383Figure 96.12 Wastewater collected 1384Figure 96.13 Wastewater treatment by technology 1384



97. Thailand 138997.1 Main indicators 1389



97.3 Municipal water 1389


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Figure 97.5 Water supply indicators 138997.4 Municipal wastewater 1390

Figure 97.6 Wastewater indicators 1390Figure 97.7 Percentage of people connected to wastewater network 1390Figure 97.8 Wastewater treatment by technology 1391



98. Tunisia 139698.1 Main indicators 1396







99. United Arab Emirates 140299.1 Overview of indicators 1402



99.3.1 Government ministries and agencies 140399.3.1.1 Supply, water transmission and distribution 1404

99.3.2 Water and wastewater companies 140499.3.2.1 Regulated water-generating companies 140499.3.2.2 Regulated wastewater treatment companies 1405

99.3.3 Structure of water supply in Abu Dhabi 1405Figure 99.3 Organisation of the water and electricity sector in Abu Dhabi 1405

99.4 Government’s water strategy 140699.4.1 Plan Abu Dhabi 2030 140699.4.2 Waterwise and demand management 140699.4.3 Renewable energy 1406


Figure 99.4 Estimated renewable water resources in Abu Dhabi, 2013 140799.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1407

Figure 99.5 Water sources and water use in Abu Dhabi, 2007 1407Figure 99.6 Potable water consumption by sector in Abu Dhabi, 2009 1408

99.5.3 Supply to the Northern Emirates 1408Figure 99.7 ADWEC’s estimated peak daily demand from Abu Dhabi and Northern Emirates, 2011–2030 1408


99.6.1 Water treatment 140999.6.2 Desalination 1409

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Figure 99.10 The largest desalination plants in Abu Dhabi 141099.6.3 Wastewater treatment 1410

Figure 99.11 Treated sewage effluent quality at the Mafraq WWTP, 2007 1410Figure 99.12 Largest WWTPs in Abu Dhabi 1411



Figure 99.13 Water tariff rates in Abu Dhabi 141299.7.1.2 Government subsidy 1412

99.7.2 Capital expenditure 141299.7.3 Operating expenditure 1413

99.8 Private sector participation 141399.8.1 Independent water and power projects 141399.8.2 Wastewater BOOs 141499.8.3 Wastewater network operation 1414

Figure 99.14 Abu Dhabi’s wastewater infrastructure areas 141499.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 1414

99.9.1 Private sector contract models 1414Figure 99.15 Typical BOO contract structure 1415

99.9.2 ADWEA 141599.9.2.1 Prequalification 141599.9.2.2 Bidding and award 1416

99.9.3 ADSSC 141699.10 Supply chain 1416

99.10.1 Consulting engineers 141699.10.2 Contractors 1416

99.10.2.1 Desalination 141699.10.2.2 Wastewater 1417

99.10.3 Developers 1417Figure 99.16 Private developers in Abu Dhabi 1417

99.10.4 Private operators 141899.10.4.1 Private plant operators 1418

Figure 99.17 Private plant operators in Abu Dhabi 141899.10.4.2 Wastewater network operators 1418

99.10.5 Equipment suppliers 141899.11 Current and future key projects 1419




100. Vietnam 1425100.1 Overview of indicators 1425



Figure 100.3 Governmental ministries and agencies responsible for the water sector in Vietnam 1426100.3.1 Main governmental agencies 1426100.3.2 Other agencies 1427100.3.3 Classification of urban areas in Vietnam 1427

Figure 100.4 Classification of Vietnam’s urban areas and future projections 1427100.3.4 Water and wastewater service providers 1428


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100.3.4.1 Water service providers 1428Figure 100.5 Water utilities in Vietnam, 2009 1428

100.3.4.2 Wastewater service providers 1428100.4 Government’s water strategy 1428

100.4.1 Vietnam’s national water strategy 1428100.4.2 Urban water plans 1429

Figure 100.6 Vietnam’s water targets for urban areas, 2015–2025 1429100.4.3 Urban wastewater plans 1429

Figure 100.7 Vietnam’s wastewater targets for urban areas, 2015–2025 1430100.4.4 Rural water supply and sanitation (RWSS) programme 1430

Figure 100.8 National Target Programme (NTP) for RWSS – targets to be met by 2015 1430100.5 Water availability and demand 1430

100.5.1 Water availability 1430Figure 100.9 Water resources in Vietnam, 2011 1431

100.5.2 Sectoral water demand 1431Figure 100.10 Freshwater withdrawal in Vietnam by sector, 2005 1431Figure 100.11 Water withdrawal in Vietnam by water source, 2005 1431

100.6 Municipal water and wastewater 1431100.6.1 Drinking water sources in Vietnam 1431

Figure 100.12 Breakdown of households in Vietnam by main drinking water source, 2002–2010 1431Figure 100.13 Breakdown of households in urban & rural areas of Vietnam by main drinking water source, 2010 1432

100.6.1.1 Urban water supply 1432Figure 100.14 Performance of water utilities in Vietnam in 2009 1432Figure 100.16 Total water produced in Vietnam, 2007–2009 1432

100.6.1.2 Rural water supply 1433100.6.2 Water treatment 1433

Figure 100.17 The 10 largest WTPs in Vietnam 1433Figure 100.18 Water supply indicators 1434Figure 100.19 Wastewater indicators 1434

100.6.3 Sanitation in Vietnam 1434100.6.4 Wastewater treatment 1435

Figure 100.20 Existing WWTPs in Vietnam, 2012 1435100.6.5 Desalination 1435


100.7.1.1 Tariffs 1435Figure 100.21 Water tariffs in Hanoi and HCMC, 2012 1436

100.7.1.2 Official development assistance (ODA) funding 1436Figure 100.22 ODA funding in Vietnam’s water and wastewater sector since 1996 1436

100.7.2 Future investment needs 1437100.7.2.1 Urban water and wastewater 1437

Figure 100.24 Future investment needs to achieve water supply targets by 2020 1437Figure 100.25 Future investment needs to achieve drainage and wastewater targets by 2020 1437

100.7.2.2 Rural water supply and sanitation programme (RWSS) 1437Figure 100.26 Budget for RWSS implementation, 2012–2015 1437

100.7.3 Operating expenditure 1437Figure 100.27 Estimated operating costs and revenues, 2007–2009 1437

100.8 Private sector participation 1438100.8.1 General issues regarding private involvement in the water sector 1438100.8.2 Regulatory framework for PPP 1438

100.8.2.1 Decree 108 1438100.8.2.2 Decision 71 1439100.8.2.3 Equitised assets 1439100.8.2.4 Private-private contracts 1439

Figure 100.28 JICA PPP preparatory survey funded projects 1440100.9 Procurement process for water and wastewater infrastructure 1440

100.9.1 Overview of the procurement process 1440100.9.2 Standard public procurement 1440

100.9.2.1 Standard procurement on paper 1441

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100.9.2.2 Standard procurement in practice 1442100.9.3 IFI-financed projects 1443100.9.4 Bilateral donor-financed projects 1443100.9.5 Other opportunities for private companies 1444100.9.6 Corruption 1444


Figure 100.29 Consulting engineers active in Vietnam 1445100.10.2 Contractors 1445

Figure 100.30 EPC companies active in Vietnam 1446100.10.3 Private operators 1447100.10.4 Equipment suppliers 1447

Figure 100.31 Equipment suppliers active in Vietnam 1447100.11 Current and future key projects in Vietnam 1448

Figure 100.32 Current and future projects funded by the ADB and World Bank in Vietnam 1448Figure 100.33 List of future WWTPs in Vietnam 1449Figure 100.34 List of future WTPs in Vietnam 1450



101. Yemen 1455101.1 Main indicators 1455






References 1461

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